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HIU NG HN V CHT LNG TNH

Cho dy cc cht: Ca(HCO3)2, NH4Cl, (NH4)2CO3, ZnSO4, Al(OH)3, Zn(OH)2. S cht trong dy c tnh cht lng tnh l: A. 4 B. 5 C. 2 D. 3 p n m B GD-T a ra l: 4 (tr ZnSO4 v NH4Cl) y l mt p n hon ton hp l, ph hp vi cc kin thc SGK hin hnh v logic v mt kin thc. 1, Acid l phn t hay ion c th nhng proton 2, Base l phn t hay ion c th nhn proton 3, Phn t hay ion va c th cho proton, va c th nhn proton l phn t hay ion lng tnh. 4, Phn ng acid base l phn ng trao i proton 5, Phn ng oxh kh l phn ng trao i electron Trong ha hc, khi ni mt cht l lng tnh, hm l m ch n phn ng acid baz ca n, trong n va c th l acid, va c th l baz, cng c ngha l n va c th l cht cho proton, va c th l cht nhn proton hoc hiu n gin hn na l n va c th tc dng vi acid, va tc dng vi baz. Al, Zn, Cr, . v cc kim loi c oxit v hidroxit lng tnh khc va c th phn ng vi acid, va c th phn ng vi base. Nhng phn ng ca kim loi vi acid l phn ng oxh kh, khng phi l phn ng acid base v hon ton khng c s trao i proton y. Do , trong phn ng ny, khng bao gi ta c xem acid l cht cho proton v kim loi ng vai tr l baz. iu l hon ton sai. Nhc li: Al, Zn, Cr, . l cc kim loi c oxit v hidroxit lng tnh, khng phi l kim loi lng tnh, cng khng h c ci gi l tnh lng tnh. Nn nh rng: tnh cht ha hc ca mt cht l do cc b phn cu to nn n gy ra. Nu c hiu mt cch my mc rng tnh lng tnh ca (NH4)2CO3 l do cc ion ca n gy ra ch khng phi ca bn thn n th qu sc sai lm. Thng thng, ta vn ni NaOH, KOH, .... l mt baz mc d thc ra ch c ion OH- ca n khi phn ly trong nc mi c kh nng nhn proton. Tng t nh vy cc acid HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 c tnh acid l nh kh nng cho proton ca ion H+ sinh ra khi phn ly trong nc. Nu coi rng ion OH- mi c tnh base v ion H+ mi c tnh acid ch khng phi l tnh cht ca c phn t y th l no NaOH, KOH, .... khng phi l baz, HCl, HNO3, .... khng phi l acid. Nhc li: Tnh cht ha hc ca mt cht l do cc b phn cu to nn n to nn. iu ny lun lun ng, c vi cc cht hu c. V d: Styren va c tnh cht ca hp cht khng no kiu anken, va c tnh cht ca nhn thm. Anilin va c tnh cht ca mt amin, va c tnh cht ca hp cht thm. Cc bn nn nh rng: theo tm l thng thng, khi c mt bi vit phn bin, bao gi ta cng thy n mi, n l v n cun ht hn bnh thng, cha k thng thng tc gi phn bin thng vin dn nhng l do, nhng trch dn, ti liu to tt thu ht s ng h ca mi ngi (k c bi vit ny). Do khi tip nhn nhng bi vit nh vy, ngi c phi c mt thi ht sc bnh tnh v c quan im, lp trng r rng, phn bit c nhng l l ng v sai t rt ra cho mnh kt lun chun xc nht. Khng th ph nhn vic thi H hin nay vn cn mt vi ht sn v cung cch t chc ra thi cn qu nhiu bt cp, nhng y l mt trong nhng ti liu chun quc gia, c thm nh k cng v chu trch nhim trc cng lun. thi tt nghip mn L nm nay c sai st, lp tc c tha nhn ngay. iu cho thy l cc cn b ca B khng qu bo th nh ta tng. R rng l trong cu hi v cc cht lng tnh ny, nhng ngi trong ban ra c ci l ca h. amino acid va phn ng c vi acid, va phn ng c vi baz. Cng l v trong phn t ca n c nhm chc -COOH c tnh acid v nhm chc -NH2 c tnh baz.. y cng chnh l s minh ha cho tnh cht ca mt cht l do cc b phn cu to ca n to nn V amino acid l cht lng tnh, nn n c kh nng m acid-baz kh tt. Trong cc dch c th, cc amino acid t do c th tham gia ng k vo vic gi n nh pH, m bo

cho cc phn ng Ha sinh, cc enzyme hot ng n nh Nhn chung th c th thy l cc ion mang in tch m c tnh baz, cc ion mang in tch dng mang tnh acid. Tuy nhin, mc mnh yu ca tnh acid - baz th ko u nhau. Chng ta bit cn bng: Acid1 + Baz1 <=====> acid2 +baz2 Vi acid1 - base2 v Base1 - acid2 l cc cp acid - base lin hp. Trong mt cp acid - base lin hp, acid cng mnh th base cng yu v ngc li, tng t nh trong cp oxh - kh vy. Ta s v d c th: NaOH l mt baz qu mnh ---> ion Na+ ca n l acid qu yu ---> c xem l ion trung tnh Na l mt kim loi c tnh kh qu mnh ---> ion Na+ ca n c tnh oxh qu yu ---> phi iu ch Na bng in phn. Trong trng hp cu hi ca em v ion HSO4- cng vy. H2SO4 l mt acid qu mnh ---> ion SO42- c tnh base qu yu ---> xem l ion trung tnh. V H2SO4 qu mnh, nn nc phn ly th 1 ca n l ion HSO4- vn cn mang nng tnh acid, u tin phn ly ra H+ ch khng to ra OH-. (trong khi H2CO3 l acid rt yu ---> base lin hp l CO3(2-) c tnh base rt mnh, v nc phn ly th 2 l ion lng tnh HCO3-) NH3 c tnh base, v trn nguyn t N cn 1 i e cha lin kt c kh nng nhn proton theo lin kt cho - nhn (hay lin kt phi tr). Nhng tnh base ca NH3 l kh yu ---> acid lin hp vi n l NH4+ c tnh acid mnh ng k. iu em thc mc ch,khi m theo thuyt ca Arrhenius hidroxit lng tnhl nhng cht va phn ng vi axit va phn ng vi base ---> vy Al c phi l hidroxit khng? Nu l Al(OH)3 th ng l n c tnh lng tnh. Anh ngh l em hiu cha ng v cha v thuyt Arrhenius. Em c th c li SGK Ha hc Nng cao 11 trang 11, 12. Theo Arrhenius: - Acid l cht khi tan trong nc phn ly ra cation H+ - Base l cht khi tan trong nc phn ly ra anion OH- Hidroxit lng tnh l hidroxit khi tan trong nc va c th phn ly theo kiu acid va c th phn ly nh base. Pt ion ca phn ng acid - base l H+ + OH- ---> H2O By gi anh t ra cho em my cu hi: 1, Al c tan trong nc khng (thuyt Arrhenius ch xt cc cht tan c th phn ly trong nc) 2, Al c th phn ly ra H+ hay OH- trong nc khng? V nu khng xc nh c iu th lm sao c th ni rng trong phn ng: Al + HCl ---> AlCl3 + H2 Al l base ? (ion OH- u) trong phn ng: Al + NaOH + H2 ----> NaAlO2 + H2 Al l acid???? (ion H+ u) 3, Phn ng acid - base ca Al c dng H+ + OH- ---> H2O khng??? Hay n l phn ng oxh kh? Al - 3e ---> Al3+ 2H+ + 2e ----> H2 4, Xt 2 phn ng va nu ca Al: Al + HCl ---> AlCl3 + H2 Al + NaOH + H2 ----> NaAlO2 +3/2 H2 u c bn cht l qu trnh oxh - kh Al - 3e ---> Al3+ 2H+ + 2e ----> H2 tc l trong 2 phn ng Al u cho e, H+ u nhn e, vy th c s g ni trong 2 phn ng Al c vai tr khc nhau, 1 l acid, 1 l base.

Anh xin nhc li 1 ln na l: phn ng acid - base khng phi l phn ng oxh - kh ca H+, cho d em xt theo thuyt Bronsted hay thuyt Arrhenius. Anh cng bit l em c th phn vn, do em cn b nh hng ca mt s gio vin rt bo th trong vn ny. Nu em cm thy cha yn tm, hoc ko chc chn v vn ny, em c th mi thy (c) vo tr li 4 cu hi anh va nu cho em . ^^ chc em hc tt v tm c nhiu iu b ch trong Blog ca anh. Hn ch ca Arrhenius l ch a ra c khi nim hidroxit lng tnh ch ko a ra c cht lng tnh, ni cch khc l theo thuyt Arrhenius th cc cht lng tnh ch c hidroxit ca Al, Zn, ... thi! Ti saoFe2(SO4)3/Fe(OH)3 li c tnh axit hn so vi FeSO4/Fe(OH)2, nu mui st sunpht vit thu phn th Fe(3+) c tnh acid hn(cho nhiu H+)hn,nhng st 3 hidroxit th khng thy phn c! ? Tnh cht acid ca 1 ion ch yu ph thuc vo s in tch dng v bn knh ca ion . Fe3+ c bn cao hn Fe2+ (hy th gii thch) v c in tch ln hn Fe2+, bn knh nh hn Fe3+. Tt c cc yu t lm cho Fe3+ c tnh acid mnh hn Fe2+ nhiu. Ngoi Fe3+, mt s cation khc cng c tnh acid kh mnh l : Al3+, Hg2+, Pb2+, ... thm ch Fe3+ v Al3+ cn mnh hn c acid acetic CH3COOH. Chnh v Al3+ v Fe3+ c tnh acid rt mnh nh vy nn mui ca chng vi cc base mnh nh CO3(2-) v S2- u khng bn v b thy phn ngay trong dung dch (phn ng acid - base). V mc mnh yu ca tnh acid ca cc ion dng kim loi, em c th tham kho ti liu di y: Kim loi lng tnh l t gi tt ca kim loi c hidroxit lng tnh, l nhng hidroxit va tan trong axit, va tan trong kim. Kim loi lng tnh l ngn ng ni, ngi nghe cn hiu bn cht ca n Xt 2 phn ng va nu ca Al: Al + HCl ---> AlCl3 + H2 Al + NaOH + H2 ----> NaAlO2 +3/2 H2 u c bn cht l qu trnh oxh kh Al - 3e ---> Al3+ 2H+ + 2e ----> H2 tc l trong 2 phn ng Al u cho e, H+ u nhn e, vy th c s g ni trong 2 phn ng Al c vai tr khc nhau, 1 l acid, 1 l base Bn cht vn l ch , qu trnh oxh - kh c 2 trng hp l hon ton nh nhau. Nhng mi trng ca phn ng oxh - kh khc nhau v ion Al3+ sinh ra c tnh lng tnh. Trong mi trng acid, n to thnh mui AlCl3 Cn trong mi trng base, n kt hp vi ion OH- to thnh phc hidroso [Al(OH)4]Nn nh rng cch vit NaAlO2 ch l cch vit tt, vit n gin thi, cn chnh xc phi l Na[Al(OH)4] Nh vy l khi hiu mt thut ng th chng ta phi tm hiu, gii thch n tn cng ca vn mi bit c bn cht ca khi nim i vi kin thc, nu ch nghe ni, ch c v ghi nhn t trong sch v th mi ch l bit, ch khi no hiu tng tn cn k gc r bn cht ca vn v c th vn dng, l gii n gii thch cc vn c lin quan, th ta mi thc s l hiu. Ngi ta vn thng hay dng t hiu bit nhng qu trnh nhn thc li i ngc li, t bit n hiu. T bit n hiu l mt chng ng rt di, v cc em cn c gng t c ch hiu y nh, hiu bit hnh thnh nn tri thc. (CH3COO)2Pb v NH4NO2 l cht lng tnh? ng Su tm t internet

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