Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Population growth rate (avg. annual %) Urban population growth rate (avg. annual %) Rural population growth rate (avg. annual %) Urban population (%) Population aged 0-14 years (%) Population aged 60+ years (women and men, % of total) Sex ratio (men per 100 women) Life expectancy at birth (women and men, years) Infant mortality rate (per 1 000 live births) Fertility rate, total (live births per woman) Contraceptive prevalence (ages 15-49, %) International migrant stock (000 and % of total population) Refugees and others of concern to UNHCR Education: Government expenditure (% of GDP) Education: Primary-secondary gross enrolment ratio (per 100) Education: Female third-level students (% of total) Seats held by women in national parliaments (%)
Years 2005-2010 2005-2010 2005-2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2006-2009 mid-2010 end-2008 2005-2008 2005-2008 2005-2008 2008-2012
Actual values 1.8 3.5 0.6 63.3 26.0 6.5/5.3 94.6 72.3/64.9 20.2 2.4 66.0 10.0/0.4 369 5.1 99.7/95.7 60.9 4.0
TEMPERATURE CHANGES
Temperature due to global warming has increased in Mongolia at least 2.14oC since 1940 and is projected to increase up to 5oC by end the 21st Century. The rate of future winter warming in Mongolia varies from 0.9 to 8.7 while the summer C C, temperature increase varies from 1.3 to 8.6 C C. Yearly mean temperature has increased to 1.66 during last 60 years. Winter temperature is C increased by 3.61C and spring-autumn temperature by 1.4-1.5C. 9 of the hottest 10 years in the last 69 years were after 1990 .
PRECIPITATION CHANGES
The annual precipitation (200-220 mm) reduced by 7% from 1940. Mongolia is projected to be dry and hot, while winter will be milder with more snowfall. Precipitation changes since 1961 in Mongolia can be classified by locations: Altai mountain region, Altai Gobi, the eastern part of the country has increased, and in all other regions has decreased by 0.1-2.0mm/year.
Cold day (Tdaily min < 0oC) Hot day (Tdaily max< 26oC) Vegetation growing period (days with Tdaily mean > 5oC stable for c 6 days) Cool night (with temperature less than 10% of stat. distribution night tem.) Cool day (with temperature less than 10% of stat. distribution of day tem.) Warm night (with temperature more than 90% of stat. distribution of night tem.) Warm day (with temperature more than 90% of stat. distribution of day tem.) Indicator of hot days (at least continuous 6 days with temperature more than 90% of statistical distribution of day temperature) Indicator of cold days (at least continuous 6 days with temperature less than 10% of statistical distribution of night temperature) High amount of precipitation (more than 99% of supply of annual sum of precipitation) Total amount of precipitation (sum of precipitation of days with precipitation)
Decrease by 18 days Increased by 44 days Increased by 26 days Decreased by 5 days Decreased by 5 days Decreased by 8 days Increased by 10 days Increased by 10 days Increased by 2 days Decreased by 16 mm Decreased by 15 days
2009
DESERTIFICATION
Last 10 years, Mongolias: arid area extended by 3.4 percent, area of lands affected by desertification impact extended by 5.4 times, seriously desertificated area was extended by 1.8 times. Barren land (without grass) increased by 46% from 1992 to 2002 and 2006 it has almost tripled, from 52 thousand square kilometers to 149 thousand square kilometers, almost 10% of the total land area. Desertification has been seriously existing in the Gobi desert region , which occupies 41.3 percent or 647,000 square kilometers of countrys territory.
1992
2002
Agriculture is highly dependent on temperature, precipitation, and water resources, which are greatly affected by climate change. The adverse impacts will change the agricultural production structure; accelerate the decomposition of organic elements in the soil; degrade grasslands; increase natural fire disasters. During the last 20 years the harvesting rate decreased due to repeated droughts and increased number of extreme hot days right at the time of blossoming of and pollination crops. According to the measurements made by the agro-meteorological station on the crop fields of the Khongor soum in the Darkhan Uul aimag, based on the specialized Institute of Agriculture, the wheat harvesting rate between1986-2007 was decreasing by 0.28 centners/ha. Because of climate warming and drought frequency and improper human activity 70% of total land has been degradated. As result the biomass have been decreased by 50-60% , the number of vegetation species by 6 times for last 60 years.
Number of natural disaster and its damage, victims are increasing year to year The number of death caused by natural extreme events has reached up to 82 in 2008, which is the record in last 20 years. Observed high correlation between number of hot days and death of cardiovascular disease.
Agriculture
To limit the increase of the total number of livestock by increasing the productivity of each type of animals, especially cattle. To promote industrial livestock production enterprises Natural regeneration Plantation forestry Agro-forestry Bioelectricity Landfill methane recovery Comprehensive waste management Alternative waste management, such as recycling
Industry
Technology change (Dry process of cement industry and others) Motor efficiency improvements Lighting efficiency improvements Promotion of ESCO activities
Transport
Vehicle fuel combustion efficiency improvement Improvements road conditions Taxes on vehicle purchase, registration, use and motor fuels, road and parking pricing
Waste
Carbon dioxide is the most significant source of the greenhouse gases in Mongolias inventory with a share of 50.4 % of the total CO2-eq emissions in 2006 followed by methane, which comprises 41.8%. The remaining gases (N2O, HFCs) make up 7.8% of Mongolias GHG Emissions.
The main contributor to the total methane emissions is the agriculture sector with about 92- 93% of the total methane emissions The second biggest contribution comes from the energy sector with about 5-6%, while all other sectors are contributing with less then 2% in total.
TO BE IMPLEMENTED ACTIVITIES:
Establishing new legal frameworks and its environment and administrative structure which implements actions and responses against climate change (new legal condition & amendment, management structure etc) Establish and enhance country`s adaptation capacity towards climate change, sustain and support ecosystem balance, reducing the hazards/risks of country`s society and economy step by step (protect water & forest resources, add CO2 adsorbent sources, adaptation capacity building etc.) Reducing the emission of Greenhouse gases by introducing environmentally friendly technologies, thus will result transition to low-carbon economy (decrease pollutions, add renewable energy sources, environmentally friendly technology and CDM etc.) Introducing new technologies to extend the network of climate change monitoring, enhancing the capacity of respective field researches (long-term monitoring research network, risk management study etc.)
EXPECTED OUTCOMES:
Developing new regulation and updating current legal framework to combat the Climate Change and its impacts. Establishing external audit monitoring to minimize the Greenhouse gases. Creating new standard for energy conservation Empowering awareness and the capacity to respond to climate change and its impacts on human health Introducing collective management to protect head streams of rivers and waters Increasing the numbers of artificial ponds Increasing the reforestation process. Improving the water irrigation system in agriculture industry Improving the animal husbandry practices Decreasing consumption of energy resources such as coal Increasing the utilization of renewable energy Introducing new technology and standard to decrease the loss of energy
RECOMMENDATION
1.
2.
3.
4.
Reduce vulnerability of livestock and other sensitive sectors to impacts of climate change through the suggested adaptation measures which require actions in a coordinated way and incorporation in long-term planning. Continue research, training, strengthening, and building upon existing capacity might be most important measure in strengthening the adaptive capacity and vulnerability and adaptation strategic planning. Assess and, when needed, improve forecasting and warning systems for disaster preparedness such as for drought, zud, etc. to help meet potential dangers. Refine existing impact and vulnerability analyses discussed herein to the greatest extent possible, reducing the uncertainties and fine-tuning the assumptions towards more meaningful policy recommendations. Translating these findings and recommendations in easily understandable and not-sotechnical terms will be best.
RECOMMENDATION (CONT.)
5.
6.
7.
Continue to improve and refine the existing vulnerability and adaptation researches in other areas energy, biodiversity and forestry, crops and direct and indirect health effects of climate change Implement greenhouse gases reduction projects through the recommended mitigation measures in energy, industry, transport, forestry and waste management sectors. Pursue national and international collaboration such as research, resources sharing and climate/weather forecasting at the North-east Asia sub-regional level, for Mongolia to take active lead role due to current exigencies.