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The aim of this Project is to show characters on TV screen while video stream running.

It is neccesary to learn about television technology and especially about the signals that comes in to TV receiver. In TV camera, white light creates low voltage, black light creates high voltage. The mid-levels create different voltage levels. The TV receiver gets these levels and converts to light again. In colorful TVs there are two signals; color signal and the brightness signal.

The process of showing the pixels on screen in sequence is called scanning. The scanning starts from the left top of the picture. The scanning from the left side to right side creates a row. Then scanning continues to down and the picture is created. The row number in a screen is determined according to the details and resolution of the picture. The repeated frequency of pictures in television is 25 frames/ sec. In television to increase this frequency every picture of a video is scanned twice.So firstly odd lines are scanned then even lines are scanned. The visual acuity of the eye is defined as the ability of separating two very close points of the eye [5]. The angle between eye and these points are .

d=distance between eye and screen. k=distance between points.

h=screen height. n=row number.

Visual acuity changes between If we get as a mean value,

and

,(

).

If we look at the screen from 6h distance, we could see the parts as an integrated image.

also,

As a result of these calculation n=573 (required value). In America, n=525 In Europe, n=625 Since every picture has 625 lines and shown 25 times in a second then 625*25=15625 lines are seen in second. Then one period of a line signal is 63.5 us. In TV technology a synchronization signal is sent before every line this is called horizontal synchronization(blanking). During the horizontal synchronization the screen is made black so the viewers doesnt realize the flybacks. At the end of the screen it is necessary to sent longer blankings that is called vertical synchronization signal.

Figure 1 Composite video signal

2.2 Color TV

The principle of color TV is based on mixing three main colors and creating all the colors. These main colors are chosen as R (Red), G (Green), B (Blue). If all three colors have the same light intensity we have white color. As the intensities of the colors decrease in same quantity we obtain gray and then black.

r, g, b determine the ratio and the intensity of the colors.

To transmit the color information as a signal, color difference signals are used. These signals are (R-Y), (G-Y), (B-Y) but we dont need to send all of them, because;

One of them is found from other two signals.

So, using Y, (R-Y) and (B-Y) we can find G-Y. All these signals are represented by voltage levels (Y is the brightness signal). Using (R-Y) and (B-Y) values we can show different colors in coordinate system. For every color values let (B-Y) value is the x component and (R-Y) is the y component. So, all colors can be represented by a vector.

2.3 NTSC (National Television System Committee) This is a system that developed and still used in USA. The other systems are developed from NTSC. In this system for transmitting (R-Y) and (B-Y) a special AM method called Quadrature Modulation (QUAM) is used. One of the colors sign directly modulates the carrier but the other one modulates the carrier that has 90 phase shift to the original one. After that the carriers are suppressed and two signals are added to Y sign. For compatibility of the colorful broadcast and black-white TVs and vice versa, the intensities of color component are determined in a formula. Since all colors have different wave length and our eye has different sensitivity for them .

The colorful broadcast signals exceed the black-white TV limit values for that we must decrease the amplitudes of (R-Y) and (B-Y). After calculations;

Not only the amplitudes but also bandwidths of the (R-Y) and (B-Y) signals are limited. So, instead of decreased (R-Y) and (B-Y), new two color components are chosen; one is similar to purple, other is similar to green. These are the components obtained by turning 0.88(R-Y) and 0.49(B-Y) on the positive way by 33 and we have I and Q signals, respectively .

Figure 2.1 Vector representation of color components

2.4 PAL (PHASE ALTERNATION LINE) In NTSC system the color was defined by the phase of the carrier. The phase of the color is held in a level but color sign changes according to brightness. Thus, the phase can change from encoder on the transmitter to the decoder on the receiver, so the received signals become different from the original picture .

The difference in the phase that occurs as a result of brightness differences is called differential phase error. PAL system is developed to prevent the phase error. Two assumption is used for that ; 1-) For the two rows in sequence phase error is very small. 2-) In these rows the voltage of the color sign is assumed the same. I and Q are replaced by;

2.5 Composite Video Signal

Figure 2.2 Composite video signal Blanking Interval: There are horizontal and vertical blanking intervals. Horizontal blanking interval is the time period allocated for retrace of the signal from the right edge of the display back to the left edge to start another scan line. Vertical blanking interval is the time period allocated for retrace of the signal from the bottom back to the top to start another field or frame. Synchronizing signals occupy a portion of the blanking interval [7]. Blanking Level: Used to describe a voltage level (blanking level). The blanking level is the nominal voltage of a video waveform during the horizontal and vertical periods, excluding the more negative voltage sync tips [7]. Color Burst: The color burst, also commonly called the "color subcarrier," is 8 to 10 cycles of the color reference frequency. It is positioned between the rising edge of sync and the start of active video for a composite video signal [7].

In TV camera, white light creates low voltage, black light creates high voltage. The mid-levels create different voltage levels. The TV receiver gets these levels and converts to light again. In colorful TVs there are two signals; color signal and the brightness signal.

METHODOLOGY With the help of these knowledge we want to show any text on the screen. To do this we should be able to change the signal at any point of the screen. The method fort hat can be shown in a block diagram.

We aim to realize this process with appropriate sofware, using MicroChips PIC microcontroller. If it becomes hard to create synchronized signals we may think to use external devices to provide the synchronization.

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