FAKULTI PENDIDIKAN DAN BAHASA

2011

OUM1303

ENGLISH for ORAL COMMUNICATION

NO. MATRIKULASI NO. KAD PENGNEALAN NO. TELEFON E-MEL

: : : :

671230045325001 671230045325 0136478910 qurratulainie05@yahoo.com

PUSAT PEMBELAJARAN

Melaka

OUM1303 ENGLISH for ORAL COMMUNICATION

CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION 2. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE SPEAKING AND LISTENING SKILLS 3. LINEAR MODEL 4. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION 5. A APPROPRIATE TOPICS OF CONVESATIONS 6. WHY WE MUST NEED GOODS ORAL COMMUNICATION? 7. EFFECTIVE LISTENER 8. EFFECTIVE SPEAKING 9. SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION 10. PUBLIC COMMUNICATION 11. CONCLUSION 12. REFERENCS

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OUM1303 ENGLISH for ORAL COMMUNICATION

Introduction The gifted talent of being able to speak the international language is something that should be proud of. The reason to, is that by having this talent ones will be able to communicate with people from all over the world without any boundary. Communication will be easier as English language is well known and being use by people all over the world. Communication is important in our lives as it enable two way communications to happen. The most important is that communication can be done effectively and received by all. Using English you can communicate smoothly and efficiently with many different people from different culture and countries around the world. This can be very difficult since there are so many customs and language that people speaks. The good news is that English is a universal languages , many people can speak enough to go around, make friends, and ever do some business. In the old days, spoke English language studies were done in either a classroom or at home through books and tapes. Now in the future of spoken English language study is on the internet. By using the internet, you can work at your own pace, anytime you want. You set your own schedule. When its time to study the language, you just have to log onto your computer and put on your headset. You can work on your conversation skills and pronunciation. BASIC PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE SPEAKING AND LISTENING SKILLS Communication is two-way process of giving and receiving information through any number of channels. Whether one is speaking informally to a colleague, addressing a conference or meeting, writing a newsletter article or formal report. So the purpose of the paper is to describe how important to everybody learn English that being use as a language to communicate to others. Before that, there is some basic principles of effective speaking and listening skills to help you doing a conversation or communicate each other: a) Always listen when someone is talking b) Make sure that it is a two way process c) Affirm and acknowledge results d) Know the audience e) Know the purpose f) Know your topic g) Anticipate objections h) Present a rounded picture
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OUM1303 ENGLISH for ORAL COMMUNICATION

i) Achieve credibility with your audience j) Follow through on what you say k) Communicate a little at a time l) Present information in several ways m) Develop a practical, useful way to get feedback n) Use multiple communication techniques Communication is complex. When listening to or reading someone elses message, we often filter whats being said through a screen of our own opinions. One of the major barriers to communicate is our own ideas and opinions. Spoken communication occurs in many different setting during the course of successful innovation and change. These may divided into three main types: i) The formal and informal networks in which peers exchange information, such as professional associations, work units, work team, etc. ii) iii) The activities of change agents, opinion leaders, etc To contacts established at team meeting, conferences, training courses, etc

Whether to use oral communication is a decision we all make frequently in the course of a workday. The change agent must be able to identify those situations in which oral communication is the most appropriate one to use. Don Kirkpatrick suggests the following guidelines for making such decisions. Use oral communication when: i) The receiver is not particularly interested in receiving the massage. Oral communication provides more opportunity for getting and keeping interest and attention. ii) It is important to get feedback. Its easier to get feedback by observing facial expressions (and other nonverbal behaviour) and asking questions. iii) Emotions are high. Oral communication provides more opportunity for both the sender and receiver to let off steam, cool down, and create a suitable climate for understanding. iv) The receiver is too busy or preoccupied to read. Oral communication provides more opportunity to get attention.

OUM1303 ENGLISH for ORAL COMMUNICATION

v) The sender wants to persuades or convince. Oral communication provides more flexibility, opportunity for emphasis, chance to listen, and opportunity to remove resistance change attitudes. vi) When discussion is needed. A complicated subject frequently requires discussion to be sure of understanding. vii) When criticism of the receiver is involved. Oral communication provides more opportunity to accomplish this without arousing resentment. Also, oral communication is less threatening because it isnt formalized in writing. viii) When the receiver prefers one-to-one contact.

So the purpose of the paper and overview is to describe how important to learn English language to communicate with somebody, a group or give a speech in front audience. Four main purposes in communication are:i. To inquire - obtaining information in various way for instance by asking questions or through formulating questionnaires. ii. To inform the dissemination of information using different channels of communication. iii. iv. To persuade to influence people and bring them round to your way of thinking. To develop goodwill maintaining and forming cordial and harmonious relationship with people you are communicating.

First we must know how oral communication works. There are some theories of oral communication: a) Linear Model This model view communication as one way or linear process in which the speaker and the listener listens. i) Laswells (1948) model which effectively describe how communication works: Who said ii) What In what channel To whom = With what effect

Shannon and Weavers (1949) model include noise or interference that distorts understanding between the speaker and the listener.

iii)

Interactive Model Schramm (1955) in Wood (2009) saw the receiver or listener providing feedback to the sender or speaker. The speaker or sender of the message also listens to the feedback given by the receiver or
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listener. The speaker and the listener take turns to speak and listen to each other. Feedback is given either verbally or non-verbally or in both ways. This model is also indicates the speakers and listener communication better if they have common fields of experience, or fields which overlap. iv) Transactional Model This model does not indicate that communicator can both send and receive message simultaneously. Communications is a dynamics process which change over time. This model is the most be use which always turn the communications in good situation and results. The transactional model shows that the elements in communication are independent. Each person in the communication act is both a speaker and listener. Both simultaneously sending and receiving messages. Although there are three implication in the transactional model. i) Communication is ongoing and continuously changing process. Information was share and changes are making after some communication done. ii) Each elements exit in relation to all the other elements. No source without a receiver and no message without source. iii) Reacts process depending on factors such as their background, prior experience, attitudes, culture beliefs and self-esteem. However each communication with any languages, there is still something made the process complex. Interference in communication like noise from other person, sound from vehicle and loud music can disturb the communication or conversation. The message or the topic that been given cannot be complete. Time frame is also a factor that some communication process is complex and there is also about situation that the communication is done. Depend on it if the place is suitable or not cause it also interference in good conversation. INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION The main communication affectively in spoken English in selected social context is Interpersonal Communication. Interpersonal communication is communication between several people. The most personal type communication occurs when you talk with people who are close to you, for example, your best friend, family members and colleague. Such relationships are independent, meaning that the action of one party very often directly affects

OUM1303 ENGLISH for ORAL COMMUNICATION

the other party. Interpersonal communication can takes place face to face as well as through electronic channels like video conferencing, chat rooms, email, Facebook and Twitter. A APPROPRIATE TOPICS OF CONVESATIONS Doing communication, a appropriate topics of conversations is important because it make the conversation continuous and the message are deliver. Most topics come around conversation or communication is about:i) Compliment it involves something they did, rather than something they are, because then you can carry the conversation forward by asking how they did and what they did. ii) Family your safest bet here is sibling. Parents can be a touchy subject foe people who has troubled upbringings, have estranged parents or whose parents have recently passed away. iii) About their travel where theyve been, even if they have never left their home town, you can always ask where they want to go. iv) Food and drink food is a little better to talk about because there is always the chance of bumping into someone who has had issues. v) About work keep it short and sweet. Maybe someone not interest in your work and bore to listen to it. If you are in the same job or sector it will be pleasant and enjoy to share your experience. vi) Their interests and hobbies where it starts to get more personal. Always remember to stay positive, ask questions and relate. There is also a warning when doing conversation. Dont talk about it unless you are really good friend with that person. Dont talk about it if you are new:a) Past relationships. b) Anything that can be answered with one word. c) Politics. d) The next date or future dates. e) Religion. f) Illness or bad health. g) Unpleasant smell. h) Job woes (boredom, bad boss, pays etc).
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i) Specialized interests unless the other person is fascinated and want to know about it. j) Dark topic like serial killer and stalkers. k) Bragging. l) Any negative judgments. WHY WE MUST NEED GOODS ORAL COMMUNICATION? Why we must need goods oral communication skills in any language? Possessing good oral speaking skills will make you more effective communicator as you will able to influence or persuade people. This is beneficial for you at a personal level as well a socially and professionally. i) Building friendships socially, good oral communication skill enable you to effectively share information, thoughts, feelings, needs and intentions. You can create close relationships and bond with family, friends and people at work. A good listener is almost always appreciated. If you are a good listener, you also tend to win friends as most people regard someone who listens to their problems, fears, joys, and successes as true friend. ii) Knowledge Acquisition help you effectively, especially when you are able to ask questions, express opinions and ideas, and summarise information. Providing such feedback will enable your lecturers, teachers, or instructors to gauge how well you understand what has been taught. Good listening skills will also help you comprehend course content better. iii) Developing Workplace Competencies business and professional people depend a lot on oral communication skills. Educationists deliver lectures and hold tutorials, discussions, forums and seminars. Business people use oral communication to interact with customers and suppliers, make reports or give explanation, participate in meeting, and hold informal discussions with employers and employees. Oral use when interviewing or training new employees, participating in social-business discussions and giving public presentations or speeches. Listening is important for both employers and employees. Employer need to listen suggestions, complaints and feeling of your employees. Employees need to listen to the instructions, demands and advice given by superiors at work.
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OUM1303 ENGLISH for ORAL COMMUNICATION

EFFECTIVE LISTENER So the first thing in communication is listening skills. Listening is probably the most used skills in everyday communication. It involves hearing and paying attention to the speaker. However, hearing and effective listening are completely different abilities. Effective listening, on contrast, involves not only hearing, but also comprehending and understanding the message. Not everybody is a good listener some people prefer to talk. To be a good communicator, it is important for an individual in both the personal sphere and at the workplace to be an active listener:a) Pay attention to the speaker. b) Respond both verbally and nonverbally, showing that the message is being comprehended and followed. c) Do not interrupt the speaker in the middle of a speech. Wait till the ideas explained completely, think the information over to understand the meaning, and only then provide suggestions, comments or ask questions. d) Ask questions and confirm your understanding of the message. A brief summary of what the speaker said might be the best idea. It shows that the speaker was listened and paid attention to. EFFECTIVE SPEAKING As a mean communication, effective speaking plays a vital role in people live. Not everybody can speak well. Some people are difficult to follow, some explain their thoughts in complicated manner, and some are simply boring to listen to. Avoid these mistakes. a) Use plain and simple words unless the audience is specialized in the subject area. b) Use complete simple sentence for message to be easier to comprehend. c) Do not speak too fast. It is difficult to comprehend information if much of it is presented in a short period time. d) Make pauses. Pauses between sentences and ideas will give a listener some space to think the words over, to understand the message. e) Structure and connect ideas. Major points should be presents in logical manner. f) Support ideas not only with words, but with intonation and nonverbal means of communication as well. Proper intonation can stress certain ideas you want to draw attention to. Nonverbal means of communication, such as gestures and facial
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expression, establish a closer connection with the audience, and enhance the message being communicated. SMALL GROUP COMMUNICATION After interpersonal communication, there come small group communications. It has 3 characteristics size, interaction and goal. 1) Size take palace in a group. Having at least 3 and not more then 12 or 15 members. If there is enough member coalitions can be formed and some kind of organization is present. 2) Interaction group member must be able to communicate freely and openly with all of the other members of the group. Group will develop norms about discussion and group member will develop roles which will effects the groups interaction. 3) Goal must have common purpose or goal and must work together to achieve that. The goal brings the groups together and holds it together through conflict and tension. Small Group Communication is often capable of producing higher quality work and better decisions then individual working alone. The group may be more willing to take on a large project then would an individual. It also increased ability to perform work and can provide encouragement and support to its members while working in big project. Small group communications produce for study discussions, work collaboratively, problem-solving, and team-building. Learning to communicate effectively in team or group contributes to success and advancement in many careers. However there are some blocks to effective small group communication. The obvious block is a failure to communicate because small group communication is focused on a job to be done. The block often result from putting individual needs, desires or wants over the importance of a job to be done by the small group. Examples are :i) ii) aggressors put their needs and wants over the goal defeatists do not have faith, often pessimists and unable to think outside the frame iii) iv) v) class clown have a need to entertain themselves or other storytellers have their own agenda of sharing and controller not assigned as the leaders will want to dominate and run the show more than they want to fulfil the job to be done.
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PUBLIC COMMUNICATION (Public Speaking) Involve communication between a speaker and an audience. This audience may be just a few people to thousands or more of people. The speaker is usually to inform or to persuade the audience to act, buy or think in certain way. A teacher may address an assembly of students on codes of behaviour or school rules. A politician speeches on how dealing with certain issues in order to win their votes. An executive may give a business presentation to get more sales. It is important to understand some basic principles of effective public speaking. These are tips how to be effective public speaking: a) Know the needs of your audience and match your contents to their needs. b) Know your material thoroughly. Put what you have to say in a logical sequence. c) Practice and rehearse your speech. Know what your strong and weak points. Emphasize your strong points during your presentation. d) Act like actor. Dress appropriately. Present the desired image to your audience. Look pleasant, enthusiastic, confident, proud, but not arrogant. Remain calm. Appear relaxed, even you feel nervous. Speak slowly, enunciate clearly, and show appropriate emotion and feeling relating to your topic. Establish rapport with your audience. Speak to the person farthest away from you to ensure your voice is loud enough to project to the back or the room. Vary the tone of your voice and dramatize if necessary. If a microphone is available, adjust and adapt your voice accordingly. e) Use body language. Standing, walking or moving about with appropriate hand gesture or facial expression. use audio-visual aids or props for enhancement if appropriate and necessary f) Speak with conviction as if you really believe in what you are saying. Persuade your audience effectively. g) Do not read from notes for any extended length of time although it is quite acceptable to glance at your notes infrequently. h) Maintain sincere eye contact with your audience. Use your eye contact to make everyone in your audience feel involved. i) Speak to your audience, listen to their questions, respond to their reactions, adjust and adapt. j) Pause. Allow yourself and your audience a little time to reflect and think. k) Add humour when ever appropriates and possible. Keep audience interested throughout your entire presentation.
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l) Using audio-visual aids to enhance your presentation. m) Have handout ready and give them out at appropriate time. n) Know when to stop talking. To end your presentation, summarize your main points. Terminate your presentation with an interesting remark or an appropriate punch line. Thank your audience. CONCLUSION From the main topics of this assignment, several explanations have been made. Before we can be able to speak any language for communication or conversation in two ways, we must know some skills. Therefore communication or conversation come good results and produce satisfied to each other and also full fill each needs. Skills that discuss in this main topic are about listening and speaking English that spoken all around the world. Every oral communication or conversation needs each individual to know and practise this skill to stay in touch and always can make any relation with other for works, study, socials or just for pleasant. There for, using English language will make an easy way to do all things around us because a lot of people can understand English and talk true with the language.

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OUM1303 ENGLISH for ORAL COMMUNICATION

REFERENS: 1. S Sivagnanachelvi, Dr Chong Poh Wan, Chua Eok Keng, Cik Norazlina Mohamad (2011). OUM1303 English For Oral Communication. Selangor,Malaysia: Open University Malaysia. 2. Champ, S. C., & Satterwhite, M.L. (2002). College English and Communication. New York: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. 3. Devito, J. A. (2009). Human communication: The basic course. Boston, USA: Pearson Education. 4. Tierney, E. (1998). 101 ways to better communication. London: Kogan Page. 5. Wood, J. T. (2009). Communication in our lives. Australia: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. 6. www.uppapers.com 7. www.slideshare.net/rajivbajaj/small_group_communication. 8. www.wikipedia.org/wiki/public_speaking. 9. http://www.aresearchguide.com/3tips.html

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