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on a body due to pressure difference : Fbottom of body () > FTop () Archimedes Principle Question: Determine the magnitude of Buoyant force. Consider a completely submerged body (Arbitrary shape and volume V ) Step 1. Enclose a body with a parallelepiped Step 2. Find all forces exerting on fluid INSIDE a parallelepiped (INSTEAD of forces on the body).
F1 & F2 : Forces on Horizontal planes
F 3 + F4 = 0
h2
2) Vertical component
F 2 F1 W FB = 0
Volume of a parallelepiped
FB = ( h2 A) ( h1 A) [(h2 h1 ) A V ] = V where A: Top area (AB) of parallelepiped V: Volume of a body From the static (equilibrium) condition, FB : Body force exerting on the fluid = Fluid force exerting on the body (Action - Reaction)
FB = V
Question: Determine the location of FB Consider a moment equation about an axis passing through D (x axis) Moment = F2 y1 F1 y1 Wy2 FB y c = 0
What to be determined
VT y1 = V yc + (VT V ) y2
Center of Total volume
(2) Center of gravity (CG) of body: Above center of buoyancy (CB) A small displacement FB W pair: Overturning force Move to new position Unstable equilibrium
Type 2. Floating body (Partially submerged body) - Hard to determine due to change of CB for a small rotation
Unstable situation
We must consider the geometry and weight distribution - Important in the design of ships, submarines, barges, etc.
Pressure Variation in a Fluid in motion - But still under a no shearing stress ( ) condition,
only if all fluid particles are moving with same acceleration.
- Rigid-body motion
Not a static situation, but we can still use the equation from Sec 2.2,
r p k = a : Derived only under the condition of no r Valid not only for a static ( a = 0) situation r but also a dynamic case ( a 0) )
r a ay
p =0 x p = a y y p = ( g + az ) z
(since ax = 0)
Pressure difference between two points at (x,y,z) and (x, y+dy, z+dz)
dp = p p p dx + dy + dz x z y
= a y dy ( g + a z )dz
Lets find the line (or surface) of constant pressure. (e.g. free surface) Since dp = 0 or
ay dz = g + az dy
dz = 0 (Horizontal line) dy dp (p: vary linearly, but not hydrostatic) = ( g + az ) dz dp (Compare to = g or p = gh : Hydrostatic pressure) dz
ar =
ez
e er
p 1 p p p ez = er + e + ez ez = ( r 2er ) r z r or
p = r 2 r
p =0
p = z
2r 2
2g
+ constant
Direct relation between pressure (p), distance from the axis of rotation (r), and vertical depth (z), By integrating the equation of motion,
dp = r 2 dr dz
dp = rdr dz
2
or
p=
2 r 2
2
z + constant
i. p: Increases as the point moves away (r increases) ii. p: Hydrostatically increase along z at a fixed r