NGHIM CA A THC V NG DNG

1. Mt s tnh cht. Gi s f(x) l a thc bin x trn tp s thc (mi h s v nghim u l s thc): f ( x ) = a n x n + a n -1 x n -1 + ... + a1 x + a 0 1.1. Cc khi nim: 1) Nu h s a n 0 (n 1) th f(x) c gi l a thc bc n. 2) f (c ) = a n c n + a n -1c n -1 + ... + a1c + a 0 l gi tr ca a thc ti x = c . 3) Nu f (c) = 0 th x = c gi l mt nghim ca f (x) . 1.2. Cc tnh cht: 1) Nu f (c) = 0 th f ( x) = ( x - c).g ( x) 2) S nghim khc nhau ca a thc f (x ) bc n khng vt qu n. 3) Nu f (x ) l hm tun hon th f ( x ) = a0 , "x R. Chng minh: 1) V x = c l mt nghim ca f (x ) nn ta c
f ( x ) = f ( x) - f (c) = a i ( x i - c i ) = ( x - c) g ( x) (g(x) l a thc bc n-1 i vi bin x)
i =1 n

2) Gi s f (x ) c n +1 nghim thc c1 , c 2 , ..., c n i mt khc nhau. Vi n nghim u tin theo 1) ta c f ( x) = a n ( x - c1 ).( x - c 2 )...( x - c n ) . V x = cn+1 cng l nghim ca f (x ) nn f (c n +1 ) = 0 hay a n (cn +1 - c1 ).(c n +1 - c 2 )...(c n +1 - c n ) = 0 (*) Do cc nghim i mt khc nhau nn t (*) suy ra a n = 0 , mu thun vi gi thit. 3) Gi s f (x ) l hm tun hon, tc l tn ti s T > 0 sao cho f ( x + T ) = f ( x), "x R. (**) t h( x ) = f ( x ) - f (0) = a n x n + a n -1 x n -1 + ... + a1 x . Ta c h(0) = f (0) - f (0) = 0 (***) T (**) ta c h( x + T ) = f ( x + T ) - f (0) = f ( x) - f (0) = h( x ) , "x R. Do h(x) cng l hm tun hon. Vy t (***) ta suy ra h(0) = h(T ) = h(2T ) = ... = h(kT ) = ... = 0 . Hay phng trnh h( x) = 0 c v s nghim, theo tnh cht 2) iu ny ch xy ra khi v ch khi a1 = a 2 = ... = a n = 0 . Do ta c f ( x) = f (0) = a 0 , "x R 2. Mt s vn dng Vn dng tnh cht 1) v tnh cht 2) chng ta s gii quyt mt s bi ton v a thc: phn tch a thc thnh nhn t, rt gn cc phn thc hu t... Sau y xin gii thiu mt s ng dng ca nghim a thc vo gii ton.

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V d 1: Gii h phng trnh a 2 x + ay + z = a 2 2 2 b x + by + z = b (I) (a, b, c i mt khc nhau) c 2 x + cy + z = c 2

a 2 ( x - 1) + ay + z = 0 2 Gii: Ta c (I) b ( x - 1) + by + z = 0 c 2 ( x - 1) + cy + z = 0 2 t f (t ) = ( x - 1)t + yt + z ta c f ( a ) = f (b) = f (c ) = 0 . Vi mi b ba s ( x; y; z ) xc nh v vi x 1 th f (t ) l mt a thc bc hai c ba nghim phn bit, iu ny mu thun vi tnh cht 2). Vy x = 1 . Thay x = 1 vo (I), lp lun tng t ta c y = 0 v z = 0 . Vy h phng trnh (I) c mt nghim duy nht ( x; y; z ) = (1; 0; 0) .

V d 2. Gii h phng trnh a 2 x + ay + z + a 3 = 0 2 3 b x + by + z + b = 0 (II). (a, b, c i mt khc nhau) c 2 x + cy + z + c 3 = 0 Gii: t f (t ) = t 3 + xt 2 + yt + z v g (t ) = f (t ) - (t - a )(t - b)(t - c) Ta c f ( a ) = f (b) = f (c ) = 0 do g ( a ) = g (b) = g (c ) = 0 . Mt khc g (t ) = ( x + a + b + c)t 2 + ( y - ab - bc - ca)t + z + abc nn vi mi b ba s ( x; y; z ) xc nh v vi x - a - b - c th g(t) l mt a thc bc hai i vi bin s t m g(t) c ba nghim phn bit, iu ny mu thun vi tnh cht 2). Vy x = - a - b - c . Lp lun tng t ta c y = ab + bc + ca v z = -abc .
x = -a - b - c Vy h phng trnh (II) c nghim (x; y; z) tha y = ab + bc + ca . z = -abc

V d 3. Cho f(x) l a thc bc bn tha mn f (1) = f (-1) v f (2) = f (-2) . Chng minh rng f ( x) = f (- x), "x R. Gii: t g ( x) = f ( x) - f (- x) th g (x) l a thc dng g ( x ) = a3 x 3 + a 2 x 2 + a1 x + a 0 . Mt khc ta c g (1) = g (-1) = g (2) = g (-2) = 0 . Nu g(x) l mt a thc c bc khng qu 3 v c 4 nghim phn bit th tri vi tnh cht 2. Vy iu ny ch xy ra khi a3 = a 2 = a1 = a 0 = 0 hay f ( x) = f (- x), "x R. V d 4. Xc nh a thc bc bn f ( x) = x 4 + ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d , bit khi chia f (x) cho x - 1, x - 2, x - 3, x - 4 u c d l 4. Trang 2

Gii:

t g ( x) = f ( x) - 4 . Ta c g (1) = g ( 2) = g (3) = g (4) = 0 . Mt khc nu h ( x ) = g ( x) - ( x - 1)( x - 2)( x - 3)( x - 4)

= ( a + 10) x 3 + (b - 35) x 2 + (c + 50) x + d - 28 l a thc bc khng qu 3 v c 4 nghim phn bit 1; 2; 3; 4 th mu thun vi tnh cht 2). Vy iu ny ch xy ra khi v ch khi a = -10 a + 10 = 0 b = 35 b - 35 = 0 c = -50 c + 50 = 0 d = 28 d - 28 = 0
4 3 2 Vy a thc cn tm l f ( x ) = x - 10 x + 35 x - 50 x + 28

V d 5. Tm a thc f (x) nu xf ( x - 1) = ( x - 3) f ( x ) , "x R (1) Gii: Gi s, f (x) tha mn (1) "x R . Vi x = 0 th ta c - 3 f (0) = 0 f (0) = 0 . Vi x = 1 th ta c f (0) = -2 f (1) , do f (0) = 0 nn f (1) = 0 . Vi x = 2 th ta c 2 f (1) = - f (2) , do f (1) = 0 nn f (2) = 0 . Vy f (x) nhn 0; 1; 2 lm nghim, nn theo tnh cht 1) ta c: f ( x) = x ( x - 1)( x - 2) g ( x ) , vi g (x) l mt a thc bin x. Mt khc theo (1), ta c x( x - 1)( x - 2)( x - 3) g ( x - 1) = x( x - 1)( x - 2)( x - 3) g ( x) , "x Suy ra g ( x - 1) = g ( x), "x (2) hay g(x) l hm tun hon. Theo tnh cht 3) th ta c g(x) = C (C l mt hng s). Vy f ( x ) = C .x ( x - 1)( x - 2) (C l hng s) Th li, ta thy hm s f ( x) = C .x( x - 1)( x - 2) tha iu kin bi ton 3. Bi tp tng t: Bi 1. Gii h phng trnh sau a 3 x + a 2 y + az + t = a 3 3 2 3 b x + b y + bz + t = b 3 2 3 (a, b, c, d i mt khc nhau) c x + c y + cz + t = c d 3 x + d 2 y + dz + t = d 3

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Bi 2. Gii h phng trnh sau a 3 x + a 2 y + az + t + a 4 = 0 3 2 4 b x + b y + bz + t + b = 0 3 2 4 (a, b, c, d i mt khc nhau) c x + c y + cz + t + c = 0 d 3 x + d 2 y + dz + t + d 4 = 0 Bi 3. Cho f(x) l a thc bc su tha mn f (1) = f (-1) , f (2) = f (-2) v f (3) = f (-3) . Chng minh rng f ( x) = f (- x), "x R. Bi 4. Gi s f (x) v g (x) l hai a thc c bc khng qu n v c gi tr trng nhau ti n + 1 gi tr khc nhau x1 , x 2 ,..., x n , x n +1 . Chng minh rng f ( x) = g ( x), "x (Ti liu tham kho: - Tuyn chn theo chuyn ton hc v tui tr. - Ton nng cao cho hc sinh- Phan Huy Khi )

Phan Th Thy H THPT S 1 B Trch

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