BI HC T S C SP VIN KHOA HC X HI VNG NAM B THNH PH H CH MINH

PGS., TS. NGUYN B K Vin KHCN xy dng Tm tt : Bi bo trnh by cc bc trong cch iu tra v phn tch mt s c c th trong thc t xy dng tng hm nc ta hin nay.Mt s bi hc b ch v hng khc phc khim khuyt trong thi cng theo phng php m cng trnh ngm c rt ra t s c ny. Vic thi cng h mng su phc v xy dng tng ngm nh cao tng nc ta lm h hng v thm ch gy sp nhiu nh v cng trnh hin hu lin k. S sp nh 2 tng ca Vin Khoa hc X hi vng Nam B ti thnh ph H Ch Minh khong 19 gi ngy 9 thng 10 nm 2007 do thi cng h mng tng ngm ca cao c Pacific bn cnh l s c nn mng in hnh thuc loi ny v cho n nay vn cha c s phn tch k lng v mt k thut t rt ra mt s bi hc nhm phng trnh s c tng t trong tng lai. Bi bo ny th c gng lm vic trn c s nhng t liu thu thp c. 1. c im cng trnh cao c Pacific 1.1.V tr v quy m cng trnh Cng trnh cao c Pacfic nm ti s nh 43-45-47 Nguyn Th Minh Khai, phng Bn Ngh, qun 1, TP. H Ch Minh; pha Bc tip gip ta nh YOCO cao 12 tng ca bo Tui tr, pha ng Bc tip gip ng Nguyn Th Minh Khai, pha ng Nam tip gip ta nh 2 tng ca Vin Khoa hc X hi vng Nam b, pha Ty gip S Ngoi v (hnh 1).

Hnh 1. V tr cng trnh cao c PACIFIC Ta cao c Pacific c cp php xy dng thng 2/2005, din tch mt bng 1.750 m2, cao 78.45m, gm ba tng hm v 1 tng k thut (chiu su 11.8m); 1 trt v 20 tng lu; tng din tch sn xy dng l trn 22.000 m2. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh thi cng, ch u t cao c Pacific iu chnh thit k (tuy cha c S Xy dng thnh ph cho php) ln thnh su tng hm (chiu su 21.1m), mt tng trt, 21 lu, tng din tch sn xy dng ln ti hn 41.000m2 vi h khung gm 16 ct c tit din 1400x1400 mm v sn ngang. Cng trnh s dng mng b BTCT t trn 65 cc barrette kch thc 2.8x1.2m su 67m. Theo thit k, h tng vy gm 50 tm panel kch thc t 2.8 n 5.7m, dy 1m su 45m nhng khi thi cng Cng ty Pacific thay i thnh 24 panel kch thc 2.8 n 7.7m, dy 1m su 45m. Giong cch nc gia cc tm panel khng c ch nh chiu di trong thit k nn n v thi cng ch t n y tng hm, tc khong 22m. Thi cng cc tng ngm theo phng php bn ngc (semi top-down) s dng h chng ngang l h dm sn BTCT dy 230mm v 250mm ta ln ct bin to ra h chng ngang pha trong tng vy. Ch u t v qun l d n: Cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin Bia Thi bnh dng;

n v thit k cao c: Cng ty T vn xy dng dn dng ca B Xy dng; n v thi cng: Ch u t t t chc thi cng; n v t vn gim st: Ch u t t lm; n v chng nhn cht lng ph hp: Cng ty CP t vn thit k xy dng CIDECO. 2.2.iu kin t nn Cc bo co v kho st a cht cng trnh v a cht thy vn cho cng trnh gm c: - Bo co kho st a cht cng trnh do Cng ty TNHH t vn xy dng Nam Thin lp thng 4 nm 2002 c 2 l khoan su 45m v 50m; - Bo co a cht cng trnh do Trung tm cu ng pha Nam lp thng 02 nm 2006 vi 1 l khoan su 80m; - Bo co kho st a cht cng trnh do Trung tm Nghin cu Cng ngh v Thit b cng nghip Trng i hc Bch khoa thnh ph H Ch Minh lp thng 1 nm 2009 kim tra bn v mch nc ngm cng nh hiu qu chng thm ti nhng ch ni gia cc tm tng sau khi bm pht xi mng gm 15 l su 25m/l; - Bo co ca Lin hip a k thut nn mng cng trnh lp thng 3 nm 2009 phc v kim nh cht lng h kt cu cc tng hm gm 2 l vi su 80m/l. . Theo cc ti liu trn, a tng khu vc cng trnh t trn xung, nh sau: - Lp 1: t san lp c chiu dy 1m; - Lp 2: St pha, xm nht nu vng, trng thi do mm; B dy lp 4,2m; - Lp 3: St pha sn, xm trng xm vng, xm xanh, trng thi do cng. Chiu dy lp 4.1m; - Lp 4: Ct ht nh n ht trung, nu nht, nu vng, xm trng, nu , trng thi cht va n cht. Chiu dy lp 29m; - Lp 5: St nu , vng nht, trng thi cng n rt cng. Chiu dy lp 15,1m; - Lp 6: St pha mu vng, xm xanh, xm trng, trng thi na cng. Chiu dy lp 2,3m. - Lp 7: Ct ht trung, nu vng, xm xanh, trng thi cht n rt cht. Chiu dy n ht h khoan (-80,45m). Mc nc ngm trong khu vc l -9m t ct cao mt t t nhin, tng i n nh. Cc ch tiu c l ca cc lp t cho bng 1 cn mt ct a cht cng trnh xem hnh 2. Nh vy, chn ca tng vy va vo mi lp st (s 6) cn mi ca cc barette vo mi ca lp ct pha (s 8).

Hnh 2. Mt ct a cht cng trnh di nn cao c Pacific

Bng 1. Ch tiu c l ca cc lp t Lp t 1 Ch tiu Ht si % Ht ct % 55.7 Ht bi % 25.0 Ht st % 19.3 m t nhin 18.59 W% Dung trng t 1.96 nhin w , T/m3 Dung trng kh 1.65 k , T/m3 Dung trng y 1.04 ni dn ,T/m3 T trng ,T/m3 2.70 2 56.9 19.1 24.0 21.20 1.99 1.64 1.03 2.71 3 29.0 32.0 17.0 22.0 18.19 2.01 1.70 1.09 2.77 4 57.2 20.6 22.2 18.65 2.03 1.71 1.08 2.71 5a 10.1 44.4 27.5 18.0 14.67 1.93 1.68 1.06 2.70 5 9.1 80.0 5.8 5.1 17.55 2.02 1.72 1.08 2.67 6 45.2 22.7 32.1 17.80 2.06 1.75 1.11 2.72 7 61.0 16.2 22.8 17.26 2.04 1.74 1.10 2.71 84 36 0.557 31.9 17.1 14.7 0.01 15045' 0.307 35 >50 8 4.3 84.3 6.2 5.2 17.03 2.01 1.72 1.08 2.67 82 36 0.553 26 04'
0

bo ha G% 79 88 80 86 65 85 87 rng n% 39 39 39 37 38 36 36 0.636 0.652 0.626 0.585 0.607 0.553 0.556 H s rng, 0 Gii hn chy 23.7 30.7 30.7 27.3 22.0 38.7 WL% Gii hn do 12.8 16.0 15.7 14.6 11.8 19.8 Wp% 11.0 14.7 15.0 12.7 10.2 18.8 Ch s do, d st, B 0.53 0.35 0.17 0.32 0.28 -0.11 0 ' 0 0 0 0 0 Gc ma st 11 38 12 05' 13 17' 13 04' 15 13' 24 28' 16035' trong, 0 Lc dnh C, 0.132 0.242 0.253 0.244 0.187 0.055 0.380 daN/cm2 SPT 7-9 16-20 11-14 10-12 22 12-31 46 >50

0.055 29>50

2. H s s c 2.1. Din bin s c Do khng c h quan trc theo di din bin (lc v chuyn v/bin dng) ca h kt cu chng gi h o v cng trnh chung quanh nn nhng thng tin sau y ch yu thu thp t cc phng tin truyn thng v ngi chng kin lc xy ra s c. - Thng 5/2007, cng trnh bt u thi cng sn tng hm, n thng 10/2007 thi cng c bn tng hm v bt u thi cng tng hm th 5. Trc khi xy ra s c thi cng xong cc panel tng vy, cc barrette v thi cng b tng n sn tng trt ti cc trc 13 v 6-8. Phn khong h t trc 3 n trc 6 s dng cc thanh thp I400 lm h thanh chng tng vy. - Ngy 9/10/2007, khong 18 gi 30 khi ang o t chun b b tng mng th v tr tip gip tng vy ti cao trnh m 21m so vi ct nn tng trt ca cng trnh Pacific, tng vy xut hin l thng rng 30-35 cm, di 168 cm. Do p lc mnh ca nc ngm ti v tr l thng nn gy trn nc v li t pha ngoi tng vo trong tng ngm (hnh 3a) do khong 19 gi th dy nh tr s Vin Khoa hc X hi vng Nam B gm 1 trt 2 lu bt

ng sp, b vi su di lng t hn 10m; phn cn li ca khu nh cng c nguy c sp (hnh 3b).

( a) (b) Hnh 3. Hin trng tng ngm Pacific (a) v Vin khoa hc X hi vng Nam b (b) sau s c ngy 9/10/2007 - Lc 17 gi ngy 23 thng 1 nm 2008, hn 2 thng sau s c sp Vin Khoa hc X hi vng Nam B, trong khu vc xe ca S Ngoi v ti s 6 Alexandre de Rode, qun 1, u lng vi cao c Pacific, st ln mt l rng 10m2, su 3m lm 4 xe gn my ri xung h (hnh 4a) v nt tng khu v sinh (hnh 4b).

(a) (b) Hnh 4. Hin trng nn ti nh xe (a) v nt tng khu v sinh (b) ca S Ngoi v sau s c ngy 23 /1 /2008 2.2. iu tra s c iu tra nh tnh: Da vo ti liu thu thp c t chnh quyn a phng v c quan qun l th trc khi xy ra s c xut hin nhiu du hiu cnh bo s khng bnh thng ca nhng cng trnh lin k nh l:

Sau khi cng trnh cao c Pacific thi cng c mt thi gian th thng 11/2006, Vin Khoa hc X hi (KHXH) c cng vn gi cc c quan chc nng TP. H Ch Minh khiu ni n v thi cng trnh cao c Pacific khng m bo an ton, lm nt tng v c nguy c lm sp Vin Khoa hc X hi. Cc n v qun l trt t th phng, qun kho st, lp bin bn vi phm v bo co v vic ln c quan qun l nh nc c thm quyn. Ngy 7/12/2006, Thanh tra S Xy dng TP. H Ch Minh c Quyt nh s 112/SXD nh ch thi cng phn mng cng trnh cao c Pacific tip gip vi Vin KHXH cho n khi thc hin cc yu cu ca Thanh tra S Xy dng vi l do cng trnh ny vi phm trt t an ton xy dng gy rn nt v chn ng tr s Vin KHXH. Thanh tra S Xy dng TP. H Ch Minh yu cu ch u t cng trnh l Cng ty TNHH Thi Bnh Dng v nh thu ngng ngay phn thi cng phn mng cng trnh, khc phc s c; di di ngay ngi v ti sn ca Vin KHXH nu c nguy c xy ra s c,... Ngoi ra, Thanh tra S Xy dng TP. H Ch Minh cng yu cu pha ch u t cng trnh phi thu n v t vn gim st; khng th va l ch u t va l t vn gim st. Ngy 4/1/2007, S Xy dng TP. H Ch Minh ra quyt nh x pht vi phm hnh chnh vi mc pht 29 triu ng i vi n v qun l cng trnh cao c Pacific l Cng ty TNHH xy dng mt thnh vin Thi Bnh Dng. Ngy 4/6/2007, Cng ty TNHH mt thnh vin xy dng Thi Bnh Dng v pha Vin KHXH tha thun c vic khc phc s c do cng trnh cao c Pacific gy ra v hai bn tin hnh k bin bn nghim thu cc hng mc sa cha, trm trt cc vt nt ti cc phng lm vic ca Vin KHXH. - Ch na thng sau, ngy 18/6/2007, pha Vin KHXH li c cng vn gi n cc c quan qun l nh nc TP. H Ch Minh tip tc "ku cu" vic thi cng cng trnh cao c Pacific tip tc gy st nt v c nguy c gy sp tr s Vin. Qua kho st, ghi nhn hin trng v vic ca c quan qun l trt t th th mc ln ny nghim trng hn ln trc. Ngoi cc vt nt c c x l, trm trt tm b, nay li xut hin nhiu vt nt khc. Nhng mc x l ln ny ch dng li cp qun khi ngy 17/7/2007 UBND qun 1 ra quyt nh x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong xy dng i vi Cng ty Thi Bnh Dng vi mc pht 2 triu ng v buc n v ny phi khc phc hu qu. - Ngy 9/10/2007, khi ang o t chun b b tng mng th ti v tr tip gip tng vy cao trnh m 21m so vi ct nn tng trt ca cng trnh Pacific, tng vy xut hin l thng rng 30-35 cm, di 168 cm. Do p lc mnh ca nc ngm ti v tr l thng nn gy trn nc v t pha di nn Vin KHXH, lm hai dy nh tr s Vin Khoa hc X hi bt ng sp, ti liu lu tr v my tnh b vi su di t hn 10m; phn cn li ca khu nh cng c nguy c sp. - Sau cng trnh tm ngng v s dng bin php chng thm ti cc mi ni gia cc tm tng tng hm do Cng ty ng Minh (Trung Quc) thi cng bng khoan pht to thnh 2 hng cc xi mng t c ng knh d = 40 cm. 17h chiu ngy 23/1, hn 2 thng tnh t ngy Vin khoa hc x hi pha Nam b sp, S Ngoi v k bn cng trnh ny tip tc b st nn. Nguyn nhn v st ln c xc nh l do nh hng ca vic bm nc trong h o khi xy dng ta nh cao c Pacific. Qua cc ti liu va nu ch cho bit tnh trng cng trnh v mt nh tnh (nt v nguy him) cha ch r s lng vt nt ,b rng v b su vt nt cng nh s pht trin ca chng theo thi gian, so vi bin dng cho php phn cp nguy him v t ra cch x l thch hp. iu tra nh lng: Sau khi xy ra s c, theo yu cu ca c quan qun l v ch u t cng nh c quan iu tra, tin hnh o,chp nh, kim tra cht lng b tng bng siu m, o chuyn v v bin dng mt s cng trnh lin k,... v cho bit mt s kt qu nh sau: - Tng vy b thng, nt t vi cm n 20-30 cm, tng hm th 3 v 4 l ct thp chu lc t vi cm n 20, 27, 80 cm, chn tng b nghing nn pht sinh khe h ch tip gip/mi ni (xem hnh 5).

- Cng trung bnh ca b tng tng vy kim tra bng siu m Rtb 264 daN/cm2, thp hn mc thit k cn theo kt qu th mu b tng ti trc khi vo ho tng do Trung tm cu ng pha Nam thc hin th Rtb =453 daN/cm2 t yu cu thit k. - Theo kt qu o v theo di ca Cng ty kim nh xy dng Si Gn n gia thng 2 nm 2008 th mng nh xe v nh sch ca S Ngoi v ln 30-40mm so vi cc thng trc, c ch tc ln n 2mm/thng, gch lt nn bong rp trn din rng, ca ra vo kh ng m. Cao c Yoco ca to bo Tui tr cha c du hiu h hng.

(a) (b) Hnh 5. Vt nt (a) v khe h ch tip gip gia 2 tm tng vy(b) ca tng ngm cng trnh Pacific 3. X l tm thi Nhm hn ch s pht trin ca s c, cng trnh tm ngng mt thi gian trong lc ch tm nguyn nhn, ch u t k hp ng vi Cng ty ng Minh (Trung Quc) thi cng khoan pht xi mng v to ra 2 hng cc xi mng t c ng knh 40cm chng thm dc cc v tr tip gip gia cc tm panel tng vy. Nh lng nc ngm chy vo tng ngm gim i r rt. Cng chnh Cng ty ny thc hin bm ct v xi mng vo ch st ln nn nh S Ngoi v hn ch sp giy chuyn c th xy ra sau s c ngy 23 thng 1 nm 2008. 3. Phn tch nguyn nhn s c tm nguyn nhn gy ra s c, nht l cc s c phc tp, thng xem xt cc vn sau y. 3.1. Kim tra thit k tng ngm S kt cu tng ngm nh miu t mc 1, phn nn mng cng trnh trn y. S tnh theo cc giai on thi cng nh hnh 6 v vic tnh ton theo h s thit k (v khng c h s hon cng) c thc hin bng phn mm PLAXIS vi cc thng s t nn dng trong tnh ton cho bng 2.

Hnh 6. S tnh ton tng ngm cng trnh Pacific Bng 2. Cc thng s dng trong tnh ton

Kt qu tnh ton ni lc (M, Q) v chuyn v (Ux) c c trnh by trn cc hnh 7 v 8

Hnh 7. Bin dng tng ca cng trnh ti giai on thi cng tng hm cui Utot = 0.6m

Mmax = 241Tm/m Lc ct Qmax = 108T/m Chuyn v ngang Umax = 0,2m Hnh 8. Mmen, lc ct v chuyn v ngang ln nht ca tng tng hm Kt qu kim tra cho thy: - M men trong tng ln nht c gi tr 241 tn m/m nh hn gi tr 318.67 tn m/m dng tnh ton thp cho tng vy trong thuyt minh tnh ton kt cu do Cng ty t vn Xy dng dn dng Vit Nam (VNCC) lp thng 6 nm 2006. S b tng vy kh nng chu lc trong qu trnh thi cng. - Tng chuyn v ca tng U=0,6m (tc ln ca vect chuyn v) trong khi cha xy dng cc tng pha trn nn ln lc ny rt nh, do chuyn v ny l do t di y tng hm b tri ln do bng chng thm gia cc tm tng ch cm n y tng hm (21m), iu ny s lm cho nc lp ct phun tro vo h mng v t quanh h mng b ln st xung, c th y cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm nn Vin Khoa hc X hi v nn S Ngoi v b sp . - Chuyn v ngang ca tng 0,20 m l qu ln. Theo kinh nghim nc ngoi (Han j,1997) khi kt cu tng chn chuyn v ngang qu 30mm hoc 0,2%H (H l su h mng) th cng trnh cch h mng 5m s b h hng nghim trng hoc rt nghim trng v theo kt qu quan trc cc h mng su Bangkok, chuyn v ngang ln nht ca tng n 100mm khi h mng su trn 20m (Phienwej,N.2003). Tng hp 2 loi chuyn v va nu c th hin trn hnh 9.

Hnh 9. S m t nguyn nhn gy s c cng trnh ln cn h o

1. Nguyn nhn lm t rng v gy chuyn v; 2. t b o hoc chuyn v th tch; 3. Phn b chuyn v th tch; 4.Chuyn v ln ca mt t; 5.Chuyn v ca kt cu v nghing lch; 6.H hng kt cu; 7.t dch chuyn vo h mng; 8.y mng b y tri /nng ln 3.2. Kim tra cht lng thi cng Qua kho st cht lng thi cng tng v b tng v kn kht ca cc khe ni gia cc panen sau khi xy ra s c thy rng: - Tng b thng v nt nhiu ch, chn tng b nghing lch (xem hnh 5) do nc ngm c chnh thu lc cao (khong 13m) trong lp t ct (s 5) s d dng mang ct chy trn vo h mng gy sp nhanh chng Vin khoa hc X hi vng Nam b nm lin k v ngay pha trn lp ct va nu. C ch gy s c h o do nc di t c th minh ha trn hnh 10.

Hnh 10. Dng nc di t chy vo h o Mt s ghi nhn lc xy ra s c cng nh kt qu kho st (o t ch nc tro v cc vt nt cng nh o lch to ra khe h gia cc tm tng) chng t nguyn nhn chnh gy sp Vin Khoa hc X hi vng Nam B cng nh nn S Ngoi v l do tc ng ca nc di t qua ch nt, khe h bi thi cng km cht lng ca tng vy. iu ny cng c khng nh khi Cng ty ng minh bm pht xi mng ch tip gip gia cc tm tng th lng nc phun tro vo h mng gim hn v lc ny h s thm ca t gim t 10 -3 cm/s cn 10-6 cm/s. Mt s khuyt tt/s c thng gp khi xy dng phn ngm cng trnh, trong c trng hp ca cng trnh Pacific, nh l mi ni gia cc tm tng b h (hnh 11a) v thm qua tng (11b).

(a) Mi ni b tch (b) Thm qua tng Hnh 11. Mt s khuyt tt thng gp trong thi cng phn ngm cng trnh

4. Mt s bi hc Qua phn tch cc mt c lin quan n s c nhng cng trnh lin k vi cao c Pacific c th rt ra mt s bi hc kinh nghim sau y: - V mt qun l: kinh nghim ca nhiu nc (Washington - M; Frankfurt - CHLB c; Thng Hi - Trung Quc) ngi ta bt buc cc d n cng trnh ngm (thit k v thi cng) c su trn 5m u phi qua c quan qun l xy dng nh nc thm nh, nu t yu cu mi c php thi cng. Mc ch ca vic ny l gim ri ro cho cng trnh v m bo an sinh cho cng ng. C l ta cha quy nh cht ch vn ny v sn sng chuyn sang ch u t chu mi trch nhim chng? Nh thu thi cng tng ngm phi l nh thu c nng lc v kinh nghim c chn qua cnh tranh, t vn gim st phi l n v c lp. cng trnh ny hnh nh khng thc hin iu ? - Ti liu kho st t nn phc v cho thit k tng ngm vi cc su ti 67m nhng ch c mt l khoan su 80m, rt t thng tin v iu kin thu vn nn ng thi nc ngm khng c sng t, t c th lm cho ngi thi cng khng c iu kin nh gi y tc ng bt li ca nc ngm i vi phn ngm ca cng trnh. - V mt thit k: tuy tng kh nng chu lc nhng thiu hn phn tnh chuyn v ca tng trong cc giai on thi cng. Theo kt qu tnh ton cho thy chuyn v ca tng, theo kinh nghim nc ngoi l qu ln. Tuy rng trong cc ti liu thit k ca nc ta cha quy nh cc chuyn v gii hn ca h kt cu chng gi h o cng nh ca cng trnh ln cn, nhng iu ny khng thiu ti liu ngi thit k tham kho. - V cht lng thi cng: Trch nhim cc bn trong thi cng kh phn nh v khng kim sot cht ch trong qu trnh thi cng. Hn na, khng t h thng o c v quan trc cng trnh tng ngm cng nh cng trnh lin k, do khng kim tra c cht lng ca tng ( ng nht ca b tng v thng ng ca tng) cng nh ng thi ca cng trnh ln cn (nt, nghing v cc bin dng khc,). Do , hin tng pht trin cc vt nt tuy xy ra nhiu ln Vin Khoa hc X hi vng Nam B nhng khng c nh gi mt cch nghim tc t c bin php i ph thch hp v kp thi nhm ngn chn s c. Cng c th nhng ngi thit k, thi cng cha c kinh nghim v kin thc cn thit d bo v ngn chn/phng nga s c. - Lp ct (s 6) vi mc nc ngm cao v tng vy thi cng cht lng km l nguyn nhn ch yu gy ra s c. y khng pht hin c s d bit g v mt a cht cn phi ch so vi cc s c khc tng xy ra ti Si gn Residence (11D Thi Sch ,qun 1), sp nn trng Lng nh Ca (phng An ph, qun 2). - Thit hi v kinh t Theo s liu ca ch u t cung cp th s b gm nhng khong chi ph sau s c nh: - Chi ph cho vic khoan b sung hai l khoan mi l su 80m: ?; - Chi ph cho vic thi cng chng thm hn 3,5 t; - Chi ph n b cho cng trnh S Ngoi v: 5,0 t; - Chi ph n b cho Vin KHXH vng Nam B: 12,0 t; - Chi ph tr li vay ngn hng trong thi gian ngng thi cng: 24,0 t. - Chi ph b chm 2 nm ri khai thc cng trnh c tnh 150,0 t; - Tng cng khong 200 t. Ci gi t nht l gy ra mt d lun khng tt i vi ngnh xy dng trong x hi. TI LIU THAM KHO 1. NGUYN VN T, NGUYN B K, TRN BNH. Kt qu kim nh h kt cu cc tng hm cao c Pacific thnh ph H ch Minh, thng 5 nm 2009. 2. NGUYN VIT TUN. Tnh ton kim nh kt cu tng vy tng hm cao c Pacific. Vin KHCN xy dng, thng 8 nm 2008. 3. Vietnam Net, ngy 12 thng 10 nm 2008. 4. HAN J.;CHENG L.K; SONG FA. Issues on the design and application of anchored pile/wall structure for deep foundation pit. Computer Methods and advance in Geomechanics,Yuan (ed)1997,Ballkema Rotterdam.

5. PHIENWEJ N.;GAN C.H. Characteristics of Ground Movements in Deep Excavations with concrete diapharm walls in Bangkok soils and their Prediction. Journal of the Southeast Asian Geotechnical Society,December,2003. 6. NGUYN B K. Xy dng cng trnh ngm th theo phng php o m. Nh xut bn Xy dng, H Ni, 2006.