PHASE MODULATION - A form of angle modulation. - If the instantaneous phase is directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating frequency.

ANGLE MODULATION - Results whenever the phase angle of a sinusoidal wave is varied with respect to time. An angle-modulated wave is expressed mathematically as m(t) = Vc cos ( wct + (t) ) where: m(t) = angle-modulated wave Vc = peak carrier amplitude(Volts) wc = carrier radian frequency(that is angular velocity, 2f) (t) = instantaneous phase deviation (radians)

If Vm(t) is the modulating signal, the angle modulation is expressed mathematically as (t) = F [ Vm(t) ]

where:

Vm(t) = Vm sin (wmt) wm = angular velocity if the modulating signal (radians / seconds) fm = modulating signal frequency ( Hertz ) Vm = peak amplitude of the modulating signal (Volts)

If the phase of the carrier is varied directly in accordance with the modulating signal, Phase Modulation results.

Direct Phase Modulation (PM) - direct Phase Modulation is indirect Frequency Modulation and direct Frequency Modulation is indirect Phase Modulation . - varying the phase of a constant-amplitude carrier directly proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal at a rate equal to the frequency of the modulating signal. Phase Deviation - change in phase ) - The relative angular displacement (in radian) of the carrier with respect to a reference phase. - Magnitude of the phase deviation and frequency deviation is proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal (vm), and the rate at which the deviation occurs is equal to the frequency of the modulating signal (fm). - The expression for a carrier that is being phase or frequency modulated by a single-frequency modulating signal can be written in a general form. m(t) = Vc cos [ wct + m cos (wmt) ] m cos (wmt) = instantaneous phase deviation, (t) m = peak phase deviation Instantaneous Phase Deviation - (t) - The instantaneous change in the phase of the carrier at a given instant of time and indicates how much the phase of the carrier is changing with respect to its reference phase. Instantaneous Phase - The precise phase of the carrier at a given instant of time and is expressed mathematically as Instantaneous phase = wct + (t) where :

where:

wct = carrier reference phase (2fct) fc = carrier frequency (Hertz) The Modulation Index for PM - Proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal, independent of its frequency. It is expressed mathematically as m = K Vm rad where: Vm = peak modulating signal voltage (Volts) K Vm = peak phase deviation (radians) K = deviation sensitivity (radians / volts)

EXAMPLE: Determine the peak phase deviation (m) for a phase modulator with a deviation sensitivity K = 2.5 rad/V and a modulating signal Vm(t) = 2cos (2 2000t) m = K Vm = (2.5 rad/V) x 2V m = 5 rad Phase Modulators and Demodulators - A phase modulator is a circuit in which the carrier is varied in such a way that its instantaneous phase is proportional to the modulating signal. - The unmodulated carrier is a single frequency sinusoidal and is commonly called the rest frequency. Four Commonly Used Equivalences 1. PM modulator = differentiator followed by an FM modulator 2. PM demodulator = FM demodulator followed by an integrator 3. FM modulator = integrator followed by a PM modulator 4. FM demodulator = PM demodulator followed by a differentiator. An PM modulator preceded by an integrator Modulatin Modulatin g wave Phase g wave Integrat Differentiat Frequency modulato FM or modulator PM or r wave wave Accos (2fct) Accos

(2fct) produces an FM waveform An FM modulator preceded by differentiator generates a PM waveform Noise and Angle Modulation The noise voltage at the output of a PM demodulator is constant with frequency, whereas the noise voltage at the output of an FM demodulator increases linearly with frequency.