MPLS

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TNG QUAN V TI Cng vi lch s pht trin ca con ngi khng th khng k n lch s pht trin ca mng Internet. Khi cc nghnh khoa hc t nhin cng nh x hi pht trin vi tc rt cao th yu cu thng tin khng cn n thun ch l "click and see"(kch v c), hay do chi thng thng trn Web Browser na m phi p ng nhng nhu cu cao hn: cht lng dch v cao hn v c tnh kinh t hn. Kh nng trin khai cc ng dng vin thng v cng ngh thng tin trn mi trng IP l xu hng tt yu th s nhn nhn chng ta cn phi rt r rng theo mt nh hng ng n c th nhanh chng bt nhp vi s pht trin ca th gii.Theo d on th n nm 2004, hn 95% lu lng truyn trn cc mng cng cng trn th gii s c to ra t cc ng dng chy trn IP. Ngy nay vi vic bng n cc dch v gi tr gia tng ha hn mt tng lai pht trin mnh m cho h thng mng vi cc dch v thi gian thc, bng thng rng nh VoIP, MPEG, Video Conferencing hay cc dch v lin quan n tnh kinh t, bo mt, cht lng dch v cao nh mng ring o(VPN- Virtual Private Network). Nhn li h thng mng Internet hon ton l mng cng cng, an ton v mc p ng dch v cha cao. Nhiu gii php nhm gii quyt cc vn trong mng Internet nh IntServ, DiffServ nhng cha gii quyt hon chnh v kh nng m rng, cht lng dch v u cui n u cui, bng thng thp... S ra i mng backbone vi Frame Relay, ATM nng cao tc mng WAN, gii quyt phn no v bng thng, cht lng dch v. M hnh mng backbone pht trin lc ny l "IP over ATM ", tc l s kt hp gia kh nng nh tuyn linh hot ca IP vi s m bo v tc v cht lng dch v ca ATM. Nhng khi mt lot cc dch v mi ra i i hi s linh hot, kh nng m rng cao, d dng em li li nhun khin cho m hnh khng cn tho mn na. Mc d ATM Forum pht trin m hnh a giao thc trn nn ATM ( MPOA- MultiProtocol Over ATM ) p ng a dch v nhng v bn cht vn cha gii quyt trit cc vn tn ti vi h thng mng mt khc cn mang tnh c quyn. a giao thc chuyn mch nhn- MultiProtocol Label Switching ra i vi s lai ghp (hybrid), kt hp tnh linh hot ca giao thc lp 3 IP vi tc chuyn mch cao, m bo cht lng dch v QoS, v kh nng iu khin lu lng tt ca giao thc lp 2 in hnh l ATM. MPLS gii quyt tt cc vn trong backbone mng vi vic nh x trn tt c cc h thng lp 2 trc nh PPP, FR, ATM... m ra thi k mi cho s pht trin a dch v v cc dch v gi tr gia tng trn nn tng backbone .
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Do , vic tm hiu, nghin cu v cng ngh MPLS ang tr thnh mt vn cp thit, c bit l i vi nhng ngi lm networking. Cng ngh mng ngy nay v trong tng lai ang hi t v cc cng ngh u vit nht cc lp 3,2,mtl IP, ATM v Optical.Trong khun kh n ny s trnh by mt cch c bn v IP, ATM,c bit l nhng u im ca chng c ng dng vo cng ngh MPLS v phn chnh s gii thi v chuyn mch nhn a dch v MPLS, ng dng ca n trong mng din rng. Ni dung c bn ca cc chng nh sau: Chng 1: Giao thc Internet. Trong phn ny cp ti khi nim v m hnh OSI, mc d c cp nhiu ti liu v n nhng cn thit nhc li do tnh quan trng v s cn thit i vi bt k ngi thit k hay qun l mng no. Tip theo s trnh by s lc v b giao thc TCP/IP mt b giao thc ln nht v quan trng nht v mng cng nh mt s vn c bn v IP nh a ch,nh dng gi Mt phn quan trng th hin tnh linh hot v kh nng scalable trong IP truyn thng l chc nng nh tuyn lp 3. Trong phn n ny khng quan tm ti vic phn chia cc phng php nh tuyn mang tnh l thuyt ( chng hn cc loi m hnh tp trung, phn tn, ngu nhin ...) m s phn chia gn lin vi m hnh thit k thc t; giao thc nh tuyn trong mt vng t tr (AS - autonomous system): RIP, OSPF, IGRP, EIGRP (IGRP v EIGRP l cc giao thc nh tuyn ca Cisco), IS-IS v giao thc nh tuyn gia cc AS :BGP. So snh u nhc im ca giao thc nh tuyn theo vec t khong cch ( distance vector) v trng thi lin kt ( link-state), s kt hp hai kiu giao thc ny to ra giao thc nh tuyn kiu "path vector"-BGP. Phn tip theo cp ti mng quan trng v cng l vn c quan tm nhiu hin nay l cht lng dch v ( QoS). Cht lng dch v kiu "best-effort" ngy nay khng p ng c cc dch v gi tr gia tng v cc ng dng dch v thi gian thc ang pht trin mnh m. S ra i ca cc m hnh m bo cho vn QoS nh: m hnh IntServ ( da trn RSVP), DiffServ ( cung cp cc lp dch v thng qua vic s dng cc bits ToS trong phn tiu IP v4) v MPLS ( mt k thut mi vi nhiu c tnh ni bt m bo cho vn QoS v gii quyt cc vn yu cu mng ang tr nn cp thit). Cc m hnh ny c trng cho s qun l gi d liu trn tng hop ( cch i x QoS trn tng router hoc chuyn mch ).
Nu ra m hnh kt hp thit k c IntServ v DiffServ vo trong mng nh th no. Chng 2: Mng Internet ngy nay. Chng ny s trnh by mt cch chung nht v cc vn trong mng IP hin i nh vn v topology,v giao thc nh tuyn, qun l lu lng v iu khin lung.Nhng vn ny trong mng IP ang phi i mt vi khng t vn bt cp nh vn ti u ho cu hnh mng, tng tc chuyn mch, n gin ho vic nh tuyn v c bit l vic gii quyt mu thun v hiu qu kinh t gia vic p dng cng ngh mi v s tha k c s h tng sn c.Chng ny cng s gii thiu cc gii php v xu hng mng trong tng lai theo nhn nh ca cc cng ty vin thng hng u trn th gii, qua , a ra cc ng dng th h tip theo nh vn trin khai cc dch v bng rng, vn tch hp Voice v Video, mng ring o- mt gii php nng cao tnh bo mt v tit kim chi ph cho cc mng doanh nghip. Chng 3: C bn v ATM Khi nhu cu mng pht trin n ni mng IP truyn thng khng cn p ng tt cho cc yu cu dch v th cng ngh ATM c p dng to ra backbone chuyn mch tc cao, bng thng rng, m bo ch QoS, h tr tt cho cc dch v thi gian thc v cc dch v i hi bng thng. Phn ny ch gii thiu s lc kin thc c bn v ATM, ti sao phi phn chia ti thnh cc t bo c di c nh l 53 bytes. Khi la chn kch thc t bo ngi ta quan tm ti hiu sut, tr nhiu hn do ATM c thc hin trn nn truyn dn cht lng khng cao v thc ra vi h thng truyn dn tt, gi c kch thc thay i hiu qu hn gi c kch thc c nh-Xem chi tit tnh ton trong phn ATM, cc mt phng qun l ca ATM v nhn t kha cnh ng dng trong mng ISDN bng rng nh th no, tnh nng m bo cht lng dch v v kh nng traffic engineering ra sao. Trong chng ny c bit nhn mnh n cc kt ni o VCC,VPC lin quan trc tip n cc trng VCI,VPI trong khun dng gi ATM, s c tha k trong MPLS .Tng t nh vy, vn a ch, bo hiu v qun l lu lng cng c nghin cu nh l nn tng ca cng ngh MPLS .
Chng 4: IP over ATM v con ng dn n MPLS . Trnh by gii php IP trn ATM kinh in (Classical IP over ATM ) theo khuyn ngh ca IETF. Kin trc ny l mt nhm cc trm ATM c chia thnh cc mng con IP logic ( LIS Logical IP Subnet ),c ni kt vi nhau qua cc b nh tuyn. Mi LIS c mt my ch ATMARP phn gii a ch IP v ATM. Khng c mt dch v qung b ( Broadcast ) no bn trong mt LIS .Trong kin trc ny, cc node bn trong cc LIS khc nhau phi lin lc vi nhau qua cc b nh tuyn ngay c khi chng c kt ni trc tip vi nhau.Ngoi ra, cn trnh by giao thc NHRP ( Next Hop Resolution Protocol ) i ph vi vn phi i qua cc b nh tuyn gia cc LIS . Mc tiu y l tm mt li ra trong vng ATM trong vng gn vi ni nhn nht v nhn c a ch ATM ca n. Cc my ch NHRP trao i vi nhau tm ra li ra gn vi ni nhn nht. Kin trc LANE ( LAN Emulation ) c ATM Forum khuyn ngh v l mt trong nhng n lc u tin c th chy IP trn ATM .Gii php ny nhm to ra cc ATM LAN trng ging nh mt tp cc mng LAN dng chung mi trng logic c kt ni vi nhau qua cc b nh tuyn . mt mng LAN dng chung c gi lp bng cch thit lp mt nhm a truyn thng ATM ( ATM multicast ) gia tt c cc node thuc cng mt mng LAN logic. d liu c truyn gia cc node, mt my ch phn gii a ch c s dng dch a ch MAC thnh a ch ATM v sau , mt knh o im ni im c thit lp gia cc node ny. Cc bt li chnh ca gii php ny chnh l vic s dng cc b nh tuyn truyn d liu bn trong cng mt mng ATM LAN vt l v cc my ch chnh l im gy s c. Kin trc MPOA ( MultiProtocol Over ATM ) l s m rng ca LANE. LANE dng NHRP phn gii a ch ATM ca li ra gn vi ni nhn nht v cung cp kt ni lp 3 trc tip thng qua mt phn t chuyn mch ATM . MPOA hot ng va lp 2,va lp 3. N cng bao gm cc giao thc ti to li cc my ch v phn b c s d liu cho cc l do dung lng v tnh sn c. Ngoi ra, chng ny cn gii thiu s lc v cc gii php IFMP v GSMP ca hng Ipsilon. Cc cng ngh ny nhm mc ch lm cho IP nhanh hn v h tr cht lng dch v nh vic loi b phn mm ca ATM
c tnh kt ni (connection-oriented ) mt cch trc tip trn nh ca phn cng ATM . Gii php ny nhm tn dng tnh t bin v kh nng m rng phm vi ca cc b chuyn mch ATM . Chuyn mch IP ca Ipsilon l ng dng chuyn mch IP c iu khin bng lung. Cc gii php IP trn ATM nu trn u c nhc im l kh nng m rng (scalability), kh nng qun l km, khng tn dng c s linh hot ca IP v c tnh QoS ca ATM. Nhu cu xy dng mng IP trn ATM nh th no kt hp tt hai tnh cht trn dn n s ra i ca m hnh MPLS . Cng ngh ny ci tin vic nh tuyn v mt bng thng, nng cao kh nng m rng phm vi, h tr cc chc nng nh tuyn mi v a truyn thng ( multicast ),c s phn cp v kin trc nh tuyn v s iu khin nh tuyn mm do. Chng 5: Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS . S hn ch trong mng IP, ATM, v cu trc mng IP over ATM chnh l l do dn n s ra i ca MPLS di s n lc ca mt nhm lm vic c thnh lp trong IETF nhm tiu chun ho mt gii php chuyn mch v nh tuyn tch hp.Cng ngh MPLS c xem xt nh l mt gii php s tr gip cc nh cung cp dch v Internet ( ISP- Internet Service Provider) trin khai cc dch v nh tuyn IP theo mt kiu c iu khin v c th m rng hn trn cc giao thc lp 2 tn ti nh ATM, Frame Relay ( Chuyn tip khung ) hay PPP ( Point to Point Protocol ).V d c hay khng c c s h tng lp 2, vic s dng cc nhn chuyn gi cc gi thng qua mng to ra nhiu kh nng l th hng cc lung lu lng chy qua cc node v cc tuyn truyn dn c th. C l chnh vic iu khin lu lng ch khng phi hiu sut hay kh nng m rng s dnh nhi ha hn nht choMPLS. Phn ny cng s trnh by v cc thao tc x l nhn, giao thc phn b nhn LDP ( Label Distribution Protocol ), nguyn tc hot ng cng nh cc thnh phn c bn trong mng MPLS - l thnh phn chuyn gi ( Forwarding Component ) v thnh phn iu khin ( Control Component ). Tip n l phn QoS trong MPLS, s tch hp mng DiffServ tn ti vo mng MPLS vi hai gii php: s dng cc nhn phn phi cho cc lp dch v tng ng vi cc lp dch v nh du trong trng ToS hoc
nh x cc lp dch v ny vo trong trng EXP ca nhn MPLS ( khi mn s gim i do trng EXP ch c 3 bit m ho 8 kh nng trong khi 6 bit trong trng ToS m ho ti 26=64 kh nng lp dch v ). MPLS v DiffServ u cng cch t c tnh m rng mng l tp hp lu lng t ngoi bin ( edge ) v x l trong li mng ( core ) lm gim c ch bo hiu phc tp v lu lng bo hiu trong mng. Phn tip theo cp ti k thut lu lng. Traffic engineering tr thnh mt cng c cc k quan trng cho cc ISP khi h phi i mt vi tc tng rt nhanh ca lu lng Internet. c th hiu traffic engineering v vai tr ca n trong vic h tr cho s pht trin tng lai ca Internet, phn ny y m t traffic engineering truyn thng c thc hin trong vng core m da trn c s cc router. Sau i su hn vo cc k thut , li ch, v cc hn ch ca traffic engineering khi n thc hin trong cc mng overlay l ATM v FR. V sau khi gii thiu cc gii php trin khai ph bin nga nay, phn ny s gii thiu kt qu mi m c bit thit k trn mi trng mng quang vng core nh cc giao tip DWDM, OC- 48 v OC-192, IP trn SONET, IP over glass, v cc router vng backbone Internet to nn c s h tng ca vng core. Phn cui cng m t cc k thut in hnh MPLS v RSVP. Yu cu ch yu i vi cc ISP l m bo cho khch hng s thoi mi v duy tr s tng trng ca tc cao. iu ny yu cu mt ISP cung cp mt s cc mch vi cc bng thng khc nhau trn mt vng a l. Ni cch khc, ISP phi trin khai mt topo vt l m t c s cn thit ca cc khch hng kt ni ti mng ca n. Sau khi mng c trin khai, ISP phi nh x cc lung lu lng khch hng ln topo vt l. Trong u nhng nm 90, vic nh x cc lung ln topo vt l khng tin n con ng c tnh khoa hc ring bit. Thay v , vic nh x xy ra nh mt sn phm ca cu hnh nh tuyn: cc lung lu lng n gin theo tnh ton ng ngn nht bi IGP ca ISP. Ngy nay, khi cc mng ISP ln hn, cc mch h tr IP tng nhanh hn, v cc yu cu ca cc khch hng tr nn ln hn, s nh x ca cc lung lu lng trn cc topo vt l cn thit tin n cch khc c bn ti a ra c th c h tr theo cch hiu qu v c iu khin. Phn ny cng so snh hai giao thc bo hiu a ra cho MPLS l RSVP m rng v CR-LDP.
Chng 6: Tch hp MPLS vo mng ATM truyn thng. a ra cc cc m hnh tch hp MPLS v ATM: Hot ng c lp gia ATM v MPLS trn cng chuyn mch ATM ( Kiu "Ship in the night"), hoc b hn mt phng iu khin ca ATM ( khng s dng giao thc bo hiu PNNI ) m s dng hon ton giao thc mi cho MPLS ( CR- LDP hoc RSVP m rng- Xu hng nghing v s dng CR- LDP hn do c ch bo hiu t cng knh v vic m rng ca RSVP h tr cho ER-LSP l kh phc tp, khng c tnh scalable). Khi s dng IP+ATM th c mt s trng hp xy ra nh vn s dng khng gian nhn l VPI, VCI hay kt hp VCI vi VPI. Thng s dng khng gian VCI lm nhn tuy nhin cn ch ti s gp VC s lm tng yu cu b m: ba gii php a ra gii quyt vn gp VC. (Vi VC merging: vn xy ra l cc t bo ca cc gi khc nhau khng c xen k vo nhau. y l nguyn nhn gy ra yu cu b m cao v 3 phng php xut l c ch iu khin lung, RED v tng tc lin kt u ra chuyn mch vi cc hnh so snh thc t). Nu ra mt s sn phm ca Cisco h tr IP+ATM nh h BPX 8600, cc b tp trung MGX 8802, 8808... Chng 7: Thit k mng backbone vi MPLS. Nu ra cc bc trong vic thc hin thit k mt mng vi backbone l MPLS: La chn kin trc cho mng MPLS. La chn thit b MPLS cho ATM. Thit k mng MPLS. Kin trc cc lin kt ca mt mng MPLS. nh tuyn IP trong mng MPLS. Kin trc khng gian nhn VC trong MPLS. Pht trin mng. Ngoi ra cc bc thit k khc yu cu nh CoS, MPLS VPNs, k thut lu lng, v cc dch v khc ca IP. V cui cng l m hnh mng tng th. Cng ngh MPLS l mt cng ngh mi, mt s kha cnh cn cha c nh ngha mt cch thng nht v hon chnh .Trong n ny, em c gng a ra nhng thng tin mi nht v y nht theo ti liu ca cc nh cung cp nhng do gii hn v mt thi gian v kin thc nn phn n ca
em mi ch dng li mc nht nh, vic trnh by khng khi cn mc phi nhng thiu st, rt mong s gp ca cc thy c gio v cc bn. Hng pht trin l tip tc nghin cu tch hp mng ring o VPN, xy dng a dch v trn backbone MPLS v pht trin mt dng a giao thc chuyn mch nhn khc l Multi Protocol Lamda Switching.
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V GIAO THC INTERNET.
1.1. M hnh OSI .

M hnh tham chiu h thng m OSI (Open System Interconnection Reference Modul ) l m hnh kin trc mng c pht trin bi ISO v ITU-T. M hnh ny bao gm 7 tng, mi tng c mt chc nng mng xc nh chng hn a ch ( addressing ), iu khin lung, iu khin li, bc gi ( encasulation ), v truyn bng thng mt cch tin cy. M hnh OSI cung cp mt s chc nng: Cung cp mt cch hiu cc hot ng internetwork. p ng nh mt ng li ch o hay mt framework cho vic thit k v thc hin cc tiu chun, thit b, v cc lc internetworking. Mt s thun li ca vic s dng mt m hnh phn tng: Cho php chia ra cc kha cnh lin quan ca hot ng mng vo trong cc yu t (element) t phc tp hn. Cho php ngi thit k chuyn mn ho v pht trin theo cc chc nng theo kiu modul. Cung cp kh nng nh ngha cc giao tip chun cho tnh tng thch "plug and play" v tch hp multi-vendor. Trong m hnh OSI, bn tng dui nh ngha cch cho cc trm cui thit lp cc kt ni vi nhau trao i d liu. Ba tng trn nh ngha cc ng dng trong phm vi cc trong cui s giao tip vi nhau v vi cc users nh th no. Tm tt chc nng v cc chun ca tng tng nh sau:
1.1.1. Tng vt l ( Physical Layer ) :

Theo nh ngha ca ISO, tng vt l cung cp cc phng tin in, c, cc chc nng, th tc kch hot, duy tr v gii phng lin kt vt l gia cc h thng . y, thuc tnh in lin quan n s biu din cc bit ( cc mc th hiu ) v tc truyn cc bit, thuc tnh c lin quan n cc tnh cht vt l ca cc giao din vi ng truyn ( kch thc, cu hnh ).Thuc tnh chc nng ch ra cc chc nng c thc hin bi cc phn t ca giao din vt l, gia mt h thng v ng truyn, v thuc tnh th tc lin quan n giao thc iu khin vin vic truyn cc chui bt qua ng truyn vt l.
Khc vi cc tng khc, tng vt l l tng thp nht giao din vi ng truyn khng c PDU ( Protocol Data Unit ), khng c phn header cha thng tin iu khin ( PCI- Protocol Control Information ), d liu c truyn i theo dng bit ( bit stream ). Do , giao thc cho tng vt l khng xut hin vi ngha ging nh cc tng khc. Cc c t v cc hot ng ca cc loi DCE vi cc DTE c a ra bi nhiu t chc chun ho nh CCITT, EIA ( Electronic Industries Association ) v IEEE Ngoi ra, ISO cng cng b cc c t v cc u ni c hc ni kt gia cc DCE v DTE. Cc khuyn ngh loi X v loi V ca CCITT l cc chun c s dng ph bin nht trn th gii nh X.21, X.2mtbis, X.211, X.26, V.24, V.28,V.35,V.36, tng ng l cc chun RS ca EIA nh RS 232 C, RS 422 A, RS 423 A, RS 449
1.1.2. Tng lin kt d liu ( Data Link Layer ):

Tng lin kt d liu cung cp cc phng tin truyn thng tin qua lp lin kt vt l m bo tin cy thng qua cc c ch ng b, kim sot li v kim sot lung d liu. Cng ging nh tng vt l, c rt nhiu giao thc c xy dng cho tng lin kt d liu . Cc giao thc ny li c chia thnh 2 loi: d b ( asynchronous ) v ng b ( synchronous ), trong , loi ng b li chia thnh 2 nhm l hng k t ( character- oriented ) v hng bit ( bitoriented ). Cc giao thc hng k t c dng cho cc ng dng im- im ( point to point ) ln im- a im( point to multipoint ). Giaothc loi ny c th p ng cho cc phng thc khai thc ng truyn khc nhau: n cng ( simplex ), bn song cng ( half- duplex ) hay song cng ( fullduplex ). i vi phng thc n cng, giao thc hng k t c dng rng ri nht l giao thc truyn tp Kermit do trng i hc Columbia xut. Kermit c nhiu phin bn ho php truyn tp gia hai PC hoc gia mt PC v mt my ch ( file server ) hoc mt my trm ( mainframe ). i vi phng thc bn song cng, giao thc hng k t ni ting nht chnh l BSC ( Binary Synchronous Control ) ca IBM. Giao thc ny c ISO ly lm c s xy dng giao thc hng k t chun quc t vi tn gi Basic Mode. C rt t giao thc hng k t c pht trin cho phng thc song cng.V d in hnh trong s ny l giao thc gia cc nt chuyn mch trong mng arpanet ni ting ca b quc phng M. Giao thc quan trng nht ca tng lin kt d liu l giao thc hng bit HDLC ( High- level Data Link Control ) quy nh bi cc chun ISO 3309 v ISO 4335, c s dng cho c trng hp im- im v im- a
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im.N cho php khai thc song cng trn cc ng tuyn vt l.T HDLC, ngi ta ci bin thnh nhiu giao thc khc nh l LAP ( Link Access Procedure ) v LAP-B ( LAP- Balanced ) tng ng vi phng thc tr li d b trong bi cnh khng cn bng v cn bng, LAP-D ( LAP, D Channel ) cho php cc DTE truyn thng vi nhau qua knh D ca n trong mng ISDN, hay nh cc giao thc SDLC ( Synchronous Data Link Control ) ca IBM v ADCCP ( Advanced Data Communication Control Procedure ) ca ANSI. Ngoi ra,tng lin kt d liu cn c chia ra lm 2 lp l MAC ( Media Access Control ) v LLC ( Logical Link Control ). Nh vy, cc chc nng ca lp 2 bao gm : to khung d liu truyn trn cc ng vt l, truy np cc phng tin nh cc a ch MAC , pht hin li ( nhng khng sa c li ). T nhng s phn tch trn, c th nhn thy cc cng ngh ATM, FR, X.25 l cc cng ngh lp 2 .
1.1.3. Tng mng ( Network Layer ):

Cu trc ca tng mng c nhiu chuyn gia nh gi l phc tp nht trong tt c cc tng ca m hnh OSI .Tng mng cung cp phng tin truyn cc n v d liu qua mng hay lin mng. Bi vy, n phi p ng nhiu kiu cu hnh mng v nhiu kiu dch v cung cp bi cc mng khc nhau. Cc dch v v giao thc cho tng mng phi phn nh c tnh phc tp . Hai chc nng ch yu ca tng mng l nh tuyn ( Routing ) v chuyn tip ( Relaying ). Mi node trong mng u phi thc hin cc chc nng ny, do , chng phi trn tng lin kt d liu cung cp mt dch v trong sut i vi tng giao vn. K thut nh tuyn l mt lnh vc phc tp v a dng s c nghin cu k hn phn nh tuyn ca IP cng nh ca MPLS . Ngoi 2 chc nng quan trng v c trng ni trn, tng mng cn thc hin mt s chc nng khc m chng ta cng thy c nhiu tng nh thit lp, duy tr v gii phng cc lin kt logic ( cho tng mng ), kim sot li, kim sot lung d liu, dn/phn knh, ct/hp d liu Cng ngh IP l mt cng ngh tiu biu v u vit nht ca tng mng, cho nn, hin ti v trong tng lai, cc cng ngh cc lp khc u phi tin ti ci tin ti ti u trong s lin tc vi IP v MPLS cng khng nm ngoi xu hng chung .
1.1.4. Tng giao vn ( Transport Layer ):

Trong m hnh OSI, 4 tng thp quan tm n vic truyn d liu qua cc h thng u cui ( end systems ) qua cc phng tin truyn thng cn 3 tng cao tp trung p ng cc yu cu v cc ng dng ca ngi s dng.
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Tng giao vn l tng cao nht ca 4 tng thp, nhim v ca n l cung cp dch v truyn d liu sao cho cc chi tit c th ca cc phng tin truyn thng c s dng bn di tr nn trong sut i vi cc tng cao. Ni cch khc, c th hnh dung tng giao vn nh mt bc mn che ph ton b cc hot ng ca cc tng thp bn di n. Do, nhim v ca tng giao vn l rt phc tp. N phi c tnh n kh nng thch ng vi mt phm vi rt rng cc c trng ca mng. Chng hn, mt mng c th l connection-oriented hay connectionless, c th l ng tin cy ( reliable) hay khng ng tin cy ( unreliable )N phi bit c yu cu v cht lng dch v ca ngi s dng, ng thi, cng phi bit c kh nng cung cp dch v ca mng bn di. Cht lng ca cc loi dch v mng tu thuc vo loi mng kh dng cho tng giao vn v cho ngi s dng. Cc giao thc ph bin ca tng giao vn l TCP, UDP, SPX
1.1.5. Tng phin ( Session Layer ):

Nhim v ca tng phin l cung cp cho ngi s dng cc chc nng cn thit qun tr cc phin ng dng ca h, c th nh sau : iu phi vic trao i d liu gia cc ng dng bng cch thit lp v gii phng ( mt cch logic ) cc phin ( hay cn gi l cc hi thoidialogues ). Cung cp cc im ng b ho kim sot vic trao i d liu. p t cc quy tc cho cc tng tc gia cc ng dng ca ngi s dng. Cung cp c ch nm quyn trong qu trnh trao i d liu. Vic trao i d liu c th thc hin theo mt trong 3 phng thc : n cng, bn song cng hay song cng. Vi phng thc song cng, c hai bn u c th ng thi gi d liu i. Mt khi phng thc ny c tho thun th khng i hi phi c nhim v qun tr tng tc c bit no. C l y lphng thc hi thoi ph bin nht. Trong trng hp bn song cng th s ny sinh vn hai thc th phi thay nhau nm quyn s dng phin gi d liu i. Trng hp n cng th ni chung t xy ra nn ccchun ca ISO khng xt n phng thc ny. Vn ng b ho trong tng phin c thc hin tng t nh c ch im kim tra/phc hi ( checkpoint/restart ) trong mt h qun tr tp. Dch v ny cho php ngi s dng xc nh cc im ng b ho trong dng d liu vc th khi phc vic hi thoi bt u t mt trong cc im . Mt trong nhng chc nng quan trng nht ca tng phin l t tng ng cc lin kt phin vi cc lin kt giao vn, c trng hp mt lin kt
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giao vn m nhim nhiu linkt phin lin tip hoc mt lin kt phin s dng nhiu lin kt giao vn lin tip. Ni tm li, nhim v ca tng phin l thit lp, qun l, v kt thc cc phin giao tip gia cc thc th tng trnh by. Cc phin giao tip bao gm cc yu cu v p ng dch v m xy ra gia cc ng dng nh v trong cc thit b mng khc nhau.
1.1.6. Tng trnh din ( Presentation Layer ):

Mc ch ca tng trnh din lm bo cho cc h thng u cui c th truyn thng c kt qu ngay c khi chng s dng cc cch biu din d liu khc nhau. t c iu , n cung cp mt cch biu din chung dng cho truyn thng v cho php chuyn i t biu din cc b sang biu din chung . C 3 dng c php thng tin c trao i gia cc thc th ng dng, l: c php dng bi thc th ng dng ngun, c php dng bi thc th ng dng ch, c php c dng gia cc thc th tng trnh din. Loi c php sau cng c gi l c php truyn ( transfer syntax ). C th c 3 hoc mt cp no trong cc c php ni trn l ging nhau. Tng trnh din m nhim vic chuyn i biu din ca thng tin gia c php truyn v mi mt c php kia khi c yu cu, tc l mi thc th tng trnh din phi chu trch nhim chuyn i gia c php ca ngi s dng v c php truyn . Trc khi i qua ranh gii gia hai tng trnh din v phin c mt s thay i quan trng trong cch nhn d liu. i vi tng phin tr xung, tham s User Data trong cc Service Primitives c c t di dng gi tr nh phn ( chui cc bt ). Gi tr ny c th c a vo trc tip trong cc SDU ( Service Data Unit ) chuyn gia cc tng ( trong mt h thng ) v trong cc PDU ( Protocol Data Unit ) chuyn gia cc tng ng mc gia hai h thng kt ni vi nhau. Tuy nhin, tng ng dng (Presentation Layer) li lin quan cht ch vi cch nhn d liu ca ngi s dng. Ni chung, cch nhn l mt tp thng tin c cu trc no , nh l vn bn ( text ) trong mt ti liu, mt tp v nhn s,mt c s d liu tch hp hoc mt hin th ca thng tin ( videotext ).Ngi s dng ch quan tm n ng ngha ( semantic ) ca d liu. Do , tng trnh din gia c nhim v phi cung cp phng thc biu din d liu v chuyn i thnh cacs gi tr nh phn dng cho cc tng di, ngha l tt c nhng g lin quan n c php ca d liu. Cch tip cn ca ISO v vic kt hp gia ngha v c php ca d liu l nh sau: tng ng dng, thng tin c biu din di dng mt c php tru tng ( abstract syntax ) lin quan n cc kiu d liu v gi tr d liu. C php tru tng ny c t mt cch hnh thc d liu, c lp vi mi
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biu din c th v tng trnh din tng tc vi tng ng dng cng da trn c php tru tng ny.Tng trnh din c nhim v dch thut gia c php tru tng ca tng ng dng v mt c php truyn m t cc gi tr d liu didng nh phn, thch hp cho vic tng tc vi dch v phin.Vic dch thut ny c thc hin nh cc quy tc m ho ( encoding rule ) ch r biu din ca mi gi tr d liu thuc mt kiu d liu no . Cc giao thc ca tng trnh din c nu ra trong cc chun ISO 8823/8824/8825 v CCITT X.208/209/226.
1.1.7. Tng ng dng ( Application Layer ):

Tng ng dng l ranh gii gia mi trng ni kt cc h thng m v cc tin trnh ng dng ( Application Process ). Cc tin trnh ng dng dng mi trng OSI trao i d liu trong qu trnh thc hin ca chng. L tng cao nht trong m hnh OSI, tng ng dng c mt s c im khc vi cc tng di n. Trc ht, n khng cung cp cc dch v cho mt tng trn nh trong trng hp ca cc tng khc.Theo , tng ng dng khng c khi nim im truy nhp dch v tng ng dng. ISO nh ngha mt tin trnh ng dng l mt phn t trong mt h thng m thc hin vic x l thng tin cho mt ng dng c th . Cc tin trnh ng dng thuc cc h thng m khc nhau mun trao i thng tin phi thng qua tng ng dng.Tng ng dng bao gm cc thc th ng dng AE ( Application Entity ), cc thc th ny dng cc giao thc ng dng v cc dch v trnh din trao i thng tin.Tuy nhin, tng ng dng ch ch yu gii quyt cc vn ng ngha ch khng gii quyt cc vn c php nh tng trnh din . c nhiu cng trnh xoay quanh vic chun ho tng ng dng. Ngi ta chia n thnh cc tng con ( Sublayer ) v vic truyn thng phi i qua tt c cc tng con . C th, l cc phn t dch v ng dng chung CASE ( Common Application Service Element ) cha cc dch v truyn thng cn thit khc nhau cho cc ng dng ph bin nht. Nhng thc t c nhng ng dng khng cn n cc chc nng ca CASE. Mt khc, cc ng dng c chun ho ng thi v thng cc kt qu c pht trin l khng hon ton tng thch vi nhau. Nm 1987, mt hng pht trin mi c a vo nhm chun ho cu trc tng ng dng, ktqu l cc chun ISO 9545, v tng ng- CCITT X.207 c ra i. Cu trc chun ny xc nh cc ng dng c th cng tn ti v s dng dch v chung nh th no.
1.2. B giao thc TCP/IP :
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B giao thc TCP/IP l h giao thc quan trng nht trong k thut mng my tnh, v vy, trc khi i su vo nghin cu bt c mt lnh vc no ca cng ngh mng, phi c mt kin thc c bn v TCP/IP. Kin trc TCP/IP thng c coi l kin trc Internet bi v TCP/IP v Internet c mi quan h mt thit vi nhau, lch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca TCP/IP gn lin vi s hnh thnh v pht trin ca Internet. TCP/IP c hnh thnh cng vi s hnh thnh mng ARPANET ca b quc phng M- y chnh l tin thn ca mng Internet ngy nay.TCP/IP l mt h giao thc cng lm vic vi nhau cung cp phng tin truyn thng qua mng v lin mng. Khi nim giao thc (Protocol) l mt khi nim c bn ca mng truyn thng. C th hiu mt cch khi qut l tp hp tt c cc quy tc cn thit (cc th tc, cc khun dng d liu, cc c ch ph tr....) cho php cc giao thc trao i thng tin trn mng c thc hin mt cch chnh xc v an ton. C rt nhiu h giao thc ang c s dng trn mng truyn thng hin nay nh IEEE802.X dng trong mng cc b, CCITT (nay l ITU) dng cho lin mng din rng v c bit l h giao thc chun ca ISO (t chc tiu chun ho quc t ) da trn m hnh tham chiu by lp cho vic kt ni cc h thng m. Trn Internet h giao thc c s dng l b giao thc TCP/IP . Hai giao thc c dng ch yu y l TCP ( Transmision Control Protocol ) v IP (Internet Protocol ). TCP l mt giao thc kiu c kt ni (Connection-Oriented), tc l cn phi c mt giai on thit lp lin kt gia mt cp thc th TCP trc khi chng thc hin trao i d liu. Cn giao thc IP l mt giao thc kiu khng kt ni (Connectionless), ngha l khng cn phi c giai on thit lp lin kt gia mt cp thc th no trc khi trao i d liu . Khi nim TCP/IP khng ch b gii hn hai giao thc ny. Thng th TCP/IP c dng ch mt nhm cc giao thc c lin quan n TCP v IP nh UDP (User Datagram Protocol), FTP (File Transfer Protocol),TELNET (Terminal Emulation Protocol) v v.v... gim phc tp ca vic thit k v ci t mng hu ht cc mng my tnh hin c u c phn tch thit k theo quan im phn tng . Mi h thng thnh phn ca mng c xem nh l mt cu trc a tng, trong mi tng c xy dng trn c s tng trc . S lng cc tng cng nh tn v chc nng ca mi tng l tu thuc vo nh thit k. Hnh v di y m t kin trc ca mng TCP/IP trong s so snh vi m hnh tham chiu OSI thy c s tng ng chc nng ca tng tng .
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OSI Model
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical
Telnet
TCP/IP Architectual Model

FTP SMTP DNS SNMP
RIP ICMP
Transmision Control Protocol (TCP) ARP
UserDatagram Protocol (UDP)
Internet Protocol (IP) Tokenbus IEEE802.4 Token Ring EEE802.5 FDDI ANSI X3 T95
Ethernet IEEE802.3
Hnh 1: Cu trc phn tng ca giao thc TCP/IP. Trong :

FTP File Transfer Protocol SMTP- Simple Mail Transfer Protocol DNS Domain Name System SNMP Simple Network Manage Protocol ICMP- Internet Control Message Protocol ARP - Address Resolution Protocol FDDI - - Fiber Distributed Data Interface RPI - - Routing Information Protocol
TCP: (Transmistion Control Protocol) Th tc lin lc tng giao vn ca TCP/IP. TCP c nhim v m bo lin lc thng sut v tnh ng n ca d liu gia 2 u ca kt ni, da trn cc gi tin IP. UDP: (User Datagram Protocol) Th tc lin kt tng giao vn ca TCP/IP. Khc vi TCP, UDP khng m bo kh nng thng sut ca d liu, cng khng c ch sa li. B li, UDP cho tc truyn d liu cao hn TCP. IP: (Internet Protocol) L giao thc tng th 3 ca TCP/IP, n c trch nhim vn chuyn cc Datagrams qua mng Internet. ICMP: (Internet Control Message Protocol) Th tc truyn cc thng tin iu khin trn mng TCP/IP. X l cc tin bo trng thi cho IP nh li v cc thay i trong phn cng ca mng nh hng n s nh tuyn thng tin truyn trong mng. RIP: (Routing Information Protocol) Giao thc nh tuyn thng tin y l mt trong nhng giao thc xc nh phng php nh tuyn tt nht cho truyn tin.
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ARP: (Address Resolution Protocol) L giao thc tng lin kt d liu. Chc nng ca n l tm a ch vt l ng vi mt a ch IP no . Mun vy n thc hin Broadcasting trn mng, v my trm no c a ch IP trng vi a ch IP ang c hi s tr li thng tin v a ch vt l ca n. DSN: (Domain name System) Xc nh cc a ch theo s t cc tn ca my tnh kt ni trn mng. FTP: (File Transfer Protocol) Giao thc truyn tp truyn tp t mt my ny n mt my tnh khc. Dch v ny l mt trong nhng dch v c bn ca Internet. Telnet: (Terminal Emulation Protocol) ng k s dng my ch t xa vi Telnet ngi s dng c th t mt my tnh ca mnh xa my ch, ng k truy nhp vo my ch x dng cc ti nguyn ca my ch nh l mnh ang ngi ti my ch. SMTP: (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) Giao thc truyn th n gin: l mt giao thc trc tip bo m truyn th in t gia cc my tnh trn mng Internet. SNMP: (Simple Network Management Protocol) Giao thc qun tr mng n gin: l dch v qun tr mng gi cc thng bo trng thi v mng v cc thit b kt ni mng.
1.3. a ch IP :
Mc ch chnh ca IP l cung cp kh nng kt ni cc mng con thnh lin mng truyn d liu. Vai tr ca IP tng t vai tr ca giao thc tng mng trong m hnh OSI. Mc d t Internet xut hin trong IP nhng giao thc ny khng nht thit phi s dng trn Internet. Tt c cc my trm trn Internet u hiu IP, nhng IP c th s dng trong cc mng m khng c s lin h vi Internet. IP l giao thc kiu khng kt ni (Connectionless) tc l khng cn c giai on thit lp lin kt trc khi truyn d liu. n v d liu dng trong giao thc IP l IP Datagram hay gi tt l Datagram. Mt Datagram c chia lm hai phn : Phn tiu (Header) v phn cha d liu cn truyn (Data). Trong phn Header gm mt s trng cha cc thng tin iu khin Datagram.
1.3.1.Cu trc ca IP Datagram :

Cu trc tng qut ca mt IP Datagram nh sau: DATAGAM HEADER DATAGRAM DATA AREA Cu trc chi tit ca mt IP Datagram Header c m t nh hnh sau:
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Version
IHL Type service Identification Time to live Protocol Source IP address Destination IP address Options Datas
of Total length Flags Fragment offset Header checksum
Padding
Hnh 2: Cu trc ca Datagram Trong : Trng version (4 bits) cho bit phin bn ca IP ang c s dng, hin nay l IPv4. Trong tng lai th a ch IPv6 s c s dng. IHL (4 bits) Ch th di phn u (Internet Header Length) ca Datagram tnh theo n v t ( 32 bits). Type of service (8 bits), c t cc tham s v dch v. Khun dng ca n c ch ra nh sau. 0 2 Precedence mt D 3 T 4 R 5 6 Reserved 7
8 Bits ca trng Service c chia ra lm 5 phn c th nh sau : Precedence (3 bits) ch th quyn u tin gi Datagram, cc mc u tin t 0 (bnh thng) n mc cao nht l 7 (iu khin mng) cho php ngi s dng ch ra tm quan trng ca Datagram. Ba bit D, T, R ni nn khiu truyn Datagram, c th nh sau: Bit D (Delay)ch tr yu cu. Bit T (Throughput) ch thng lng yu cu. Bit R (Reliability) ch tin cy yu cu. Reserved (2 bits) cha s dng. Total Length (16 bits) : Ch di ton b Datagram k c phn Header. n v tnh l Byte. Identification (16 bits) Trng ny c s dng gip cc Host ch lp li mt gi b phn mnh, n cng cc trng khc nh Source Address, Destination Address nh danh duy nht mt Datagram khi n cn trn lin mng. Flags( 3 bits) lin quan n s phn on cc Datagrams c th nh sau:
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0 0
1 DF
2 MF
Trong cc thnh phn: Bit 0 Cha s dng ly gi tr 0. Bit mt(DF) DF=0: Thc hin phn on. DF=1: Khng thc hin phn on. Bit 2 (MF) MF=0: Phn on ln cui. MF=1: Phn on thm. Fragment offset (13 bits): Ch v tr ca on (Fragment) trong Datagram. n v tnh l 64 bits (8 Bytes). Time to live (8 bits): Cho bit thi gian tn ti ca Datagram trn lin mng. trnh tnh trng mt Datagram b qun trn lin mng. Nu sau mt khong thi gian bng thi gian sng m Datagram vn cha n ch th n b hu. Protocol (8 bits) Cho bit giao thc tng trn k tip s nhn vng d liu trm ch. Giao thc tng trn ca IP thng l TCP hoc UDP. Header Checksum (16 bits): y l m kim sot li 16 bits theo phng php CRC cho vng Header nhm pht hin cc li ca Datagram. Source Address (32 bits) Cho bit a ch IP ca trm ngun. Destination Address (32 bits) Cho bit a ch IP ca trm ch. Trong mt lin mng a ch IP ca trm ngun v a ch IP ca trm ch l duy nht. Options ( di thay i) Dng khai bo Options do ngi s dng yu cu. Padding ( di thay i) L mt vng m c dng m bo cho phn Header lun kt thc mc 32 bits. Gi tr ca Padding gm ton bit 0. Data ( di thay i) Vng d liu c di l bi s ca 8 bits. Kch thc ti a ca trng Data l 65535 Bytes.
1.3.2. Qu trnh phn mnh cc gi d liu:

Trong qu trnh truyn d liu, mt gi d liu (Datagram) c th c truyn i qua nhiu mng khc nhau. Mt gi d liu nhn c t mt mng no c th qu ln truyn i trong mt gi n ca mng khc, bi vy mi loi cu trc mng cho php mt n v truyn cc i MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) khc nhau. y chnh l kch thc ln nht ca mt gi m chng c th truyn c. Nu nh mt gi d liu nhn c t mt mng no m kch thc ca n ln hn MTU ca mng khc th n cn c phn mnh ra thnh gi nh hn gi l Fragment
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truyn i, qu trnh ny gi l qu trnh phn mnh. Dng ca mt Fragment cng ging nh dng ca mt gi d liu thng thng. T th hai trong phn Header cha cc thng tin xc nh mi Fragment v cung cp cc thng tin hp nht cc Fragments ny li thnh cc gi nh ban u. Trng nh danh (Indentification) dng xc nh Fragment ny thuc vo gi d liu no. Trng nh danh c mt gi tr duy nht cho mi gi d liu c vn chuyn. Mi thnh phn ca gi d liu b phn mnh s c cng gi tr trng nh danh. iu cho php IP lp rp li cc gi d liu b phn mnh mt cch ph hp. Hu qu ca vic phn mnh d liu l cc gi b phn mnh s n ch chm hn so vi mt gi khng b phn mnh. V vy phn ln cc ng dng u trnh khng s dng k thut ny nu c th. V s phn mnh to ra cc gi d liu ph nn cn qu trnh s l ph lm gim tnh nng ca mng. Hn na v IP l mt giao thc khng tin cy nn khi bt k mt gi d liu b phn mnh no b mt th tt c cc mnh s phi truyn li. Chnh v l do ny nn phi gi cc gi d liu ln nht m khng b phn mnh, gi tr ny l Path MTU.
1.3.3. Phng php nh a ch trong TCP/IP :

c th thc hin truyn tin gia cc my trn mng, mi my tnh trn mng TCP/IP cn phi c mt a ch xc nh gi l a ch IP. Hin nay mi a ch IP c to bi mt s 32 bits (IPv4)v c tch thnh 4 vng, mi vng c mt Byte c th biu th di dng thp phn, nh phn, thp lc phn hoc bt phn. Cch vit ph bin nht hay dng l cch vit dng k t thp phn. Mt a ch IP khi s c biu din bi 4 s thp phn c gi tr t 0 n 255 v c phn cch nhau bi du chm (.). Mi gi tr thp phn biu din 8 bits trong a ch IP. Mc ch ca a ch IP l nh danh duy nht cho mt host trn mng . IPv4 s dng 3 loi a ch trong trng ngun v ch l: 1. Unicast: th hin mt a ch n hng. a ch n hng l a ch dng nhn dng tng nt mt (im nt l tp cc thit b chuyn mch nm trung tm nh Router chng hn ) c th l mt gi d liu c gi ti mt a ch n hng s c chuyn ti nt mang a ch n hng . 2. Multicast: a ch a hng. L a ch dng nhn dng mt tp hp nt nhng khng phi l tt c. Tp hp nt bao gm nhiu nt khc nhau hp thnh, gi d liu IP gi ti mt a ch Multicast s c gi ti tt c cc Host tham d trong nhm Multicast ny. 3. Broadcast: Th hin tt c cc trm trn mng. Thng thng iu gii hn tt c cc Host trn mt mng con a phng.
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Cc a ch IP c chia ra lm hai phn, mt phn xc nh mng (net id) v mt phn xc nh host (host id). Cc lp mng xc nh s bits c dnh cho mi phn mng v phn host. C nm lp mng l A, B, C, D, E, trong ba lp u l c dng cho mc ch thng thng, cn hai lp D v E c dnh cho nhng mc ch c bit v tng lai. Trong ba lp chnh l A,B,C. Hnh v sau cho thy cu trc ca mt a ch IP.
0 class ID Nework ID Host ID 31
Mi lp a ch c c trng bi mt s bits u tin ca Byte u tin c cu trc chi tit nh hnh 1.4.
Khun dng a ch IP lp A
0 0 1 Network ID 7 8 Host ID 31
Khun dng a ch IP lp B
0 1 1 0 2 Network ID 15 16 Host ID 31
Khun dng a ch IP lp C
0 1 1 1 2 0 3 Network ID 21 22 Host ID 31
Khun dng a ch IP lp D
0 1 1 1 2 1 3 0 4 Multicast address 31
Khun dng a ch IP lp E
0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 0 Reserved for future use 31
Hnh 3: Cu trc cc khun dng a ch T cu trc phn lp a ch ta c th nhn thy:
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Nh hn 128 l a ch lp A. Byte u tin xc nh a ch mng, ba Bytes cn li xc nh a ch my trm. T 128 n 19mtl a ch lp B. Hai Bytes u xc nh a ch mng. Hai Bytes tip theo xc nh a ch my trm. T 192 n 223 l a ch lp C. Ba Bytes u xc nh a ch mng. Bytes cn li xc nh a ch my trm. Ln hn 223 l cc a ch dng qung b hoc dng d tr cho cc mc ch c bit v ta c th khng cn quan tm. Nhn vo trn hnh ta c bng phn lp a ch IP nh bng sau: Network class A B C S mng 126 16.382 2.097.150 S Hosts trong mng 16.777.214 65.534 254
Tuy nhin khng phi tt c cc s hiu mng (net id) u c th dng c. Mt s a ch c dnh cho nhng mc ch c bit. Lp A c s mng t nht, nhng mi mng li c nhiu hosts thch hp vi cc t chc ln c nhiu my tnh. Lp B c s mng v s hosts va phi. Cn lp C c nhiu mng nhng mi mng ch c th c 254 hosts, thch hp vi t chc c t my tnh. tin cho vic qun tr cng nh thc hin cc phng php tm ng trn mng. cc mng ln (lp A) hay mng va (lp B) ngi ta c th chia chng thnh cc mng con (Subnets) . V d cho rng mt mng con c a ch lp B l 191.12.0.50 khi coi 191.12.0.0 l a ch ton mng v lp a ch 191.12.1. cho Subnet mtv 191.12.2 cho Subnet 2. C th dnh trn mt nhm 8 bits nh a ch Subnet v mt nhm nh a ch cc my trong tng Subnet. Nh th tt nhin l s my trong mt Subnet s t i tng t nh trong mng nh. S phn chia ny lm gim kch thc ca bng nh tuyn trong Router/ Gateway, ngha l tit kim dung lng nh v thi gian x l. S phn chia mt mng thnh nhiu mng con pht sinh vn l s lng bit dnh nh a ch mng con c th khc nhau v tu thuc vo nh qun tr mng. Do ngi ta a vo khi nim Subnet Mask. Subnet Mask cng ging nh a ch IP bao gm 32 bits. Mc ch ca i ch Subnet Mask l chia nh mt a ch IP thnh cc mng nh hn v theo di vng no trn a ch IP c dng lm a ch cho mng con (cn c gi l cc Subnet) vng no dng lm a ch cho cc my trm. Ni dung ca mt Subnet Mask c quy nh nh sau : Cc bit mt: dng ch nh a ch mng trn a ch IP. Cc bit 0 : dng ch nh a ch my trm trn a ch IP.
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V d i vi mng A c a ch l 25.0.0.0, nu dnh 8 bits cho Subnet th mt n c gi tr l 255.255.0.0 , nu dnh 16 bits cho Subnet th mt n c gi tr l 255.255.255.0. T a ch IP ta thc hin php ton logic AND vi a ch Subnet Mask kt qu s to ra c a ch mng ni n. Kt qu ny c s dng tm bc tip theo trong thut ton tm ng trn mng. Nu kt qu ny trng vi a ch mng ti trm ang lm vic th s xt tip a ch my trm truyn i. Theo cu trc ca Subnet Mask th ta thy tt c cc trm lm vic trong cng mt mng con c cng gi tr Subnet Mask. Vi phng php ny s bits dng nh a ch host c th nh hn 8 bits (i vi lp C) tc l mt a ch lp C c th phn nh hn na v khi cc mng con ny thng c xc nh bi cc a ch c thm phn ch thch s bits dnh cho a ch mng, v d 203.160.0.0/25 m t Subnet 203.160.0.0 (thuc lp C) nhng c 25 bits dng cho a ch mng v 7 bits dng cho a ch Hosts tc l Subnet ny ch c ti a l 128 Hosts ch khng phi l 256 Hosts. Trong tt c cc lp a ch mng cng nh cc Subnets, cc i ch u v cui ca mng c dng cho cc mc ch ring. Mt a ch IP cng vi tt c cc bits a ch my trm c gi tr c l 0 (a ch u mng) c dng ch chnh mng (hay a ch xc nh mng). V d a ch 203.160.1.0 c dng ch mng 203.160.1.0. Cn nu tt c cc bits a ch trong phn a ch ca trm u c gi tr l mt(a ch cui mng) th a ch ny c dng lm a ch qung b. V d a ch qung b ca mng 203.160.1.0 l 203.160.1.255. Mt gi d liu gi n a ch ny s c truyn n tt c cc my trm trn a ch ny. Trn mng Internet, vic qun l v phn phi a ch IP l do cc NIC (Network Information Center). Vi s bng n ca s my tnh kt ni vo mng Internet, a ch IP tr thnh mt ti nguyn cn kit, ngi ta phi xy dng nhiu cng ngh khc phc tnh hnh ny. V d nh cng ngh cp pht a ch IP ng nh BOOTP hay DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol). Khi s dng cng ngh ny th khng nht thit mi my trn mng u phi c mt a ch IP nh trc m n s c Server cp cho mt a ch IP khi thc hin kt ni. Tuy nhin gii php ny ch l tm thi trong tng lai th a ch IPv6 s ca vo s dng.
1.3.4. a ch IPv6 :
Cu trc Header ca gi IPv6 c trnh by trong hnh 4.
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Version Priority Flow Lable Number Pay load Length Next Header Hop limit Source IP Address ( 128 Bits) Destination IP Address (128 Bits) Hnh 4: Cu trc Header gi IPv6 Cu trc ca gi IPv6 khng hon ton tng thch mt cch trc tip vi cu trc ca gi IPv4, n c cu trc cho vic truyn dn cng nhanh cng tt, v n vn cng hot ng vi IPv4. IPv6 c mt s c im chnh sau y: 128 bits a ch thay cho 32 bits a ch. Thit lp v cu hnh n gin : IPv6 c th t ng t cu hnh cc a ch cc b. nh dng Header n gin mt vi trng c b i hoc tr thnh khng bt buc. S nh dng Header mi ny ci thin tnh nng ca b nh tuyn v d dng thm cc loi Header mi. Ci tin s tr gip i vi cc tu chn v cc m rng. S tr gip i vi vic xc nhn ng v s m ho d liu. S tr gip i vi vic xc nhn ng, tnh chn tht ca d liu, tnh b mt ca d liu l mt phn ca kin trc IPv6. Khng ging nh IPv4 cc gi d liu trong IPv6 ni chung khng b phn mnh. Nu s phn mnh c yu cu n s c thc hin khng phi bng cc b nh tuyn m bng ngun ca cc gi d liu. i vi mt gi d liu b phn mnh, Host ngun s sinh ra mt gi tr t nhn din duy nht. IPv6 c 128 bit a ch di hn bn ln so vi IPv4 nn kh nng theo l thuyt c th cung cp mt khng gian a ch ln hn nhiu. y l khng gian a ch cc ln vi mc ch khng ch cho Internet m cn cho tt c cc mng my tnh, cc h thng vin thng, h thng iu khin v thm ch cn c cc vt dng trong gia nh. a ch IPv6 c phn ra l 3 loi chnh nh sau : 1. Unicast Address: a ch n hng l a ch dng nhn dng tng nt mt (im nt l tp cc thit b chuyn mch nm trung tm nh Router chng hn) c th l mt gi d liu c gi ti mt a ch n hng s c chuyn ti nt mang a ch n hng . 2. Anycast Address: a ch bt k hng no. L a ch dng nhn dng mt tp hp nt bao gm nhiu nt khc nhau hp thnh, c th l mt gi s liu c gi ti mt a ch bt c hng no s c chuyn ti mt nt gn nht trong tp hp nt mng a ch Anycast .
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3. Multicast Address : a ch a hng. L a ch dng nhn dng mt tp hp nt. Tp hp nt bao gm nhiu nt khc nhau hp thnh, c th l mt gi s liu c gi ti mt a ch a hng s c chuyn ti tt c cc nt trong a ch Multicast .
1.4. nh tuyn IP :
1.4.1. Tng quan v cc giao thc nh tuyn :
Cc giao thc nh tuyn phi t c cc yu cu ng thi sau: Khm ph ng mt topo ca mng. Xy dng cc cy ng ngn nht. Kim sot tm tt thng tin v cc mng bn ngoi, c th s dng cc metric khc nhau trong mng cc b. Phn ng nhanh vi s thay i topo ca mng v cp nht cc cy ng ngn nht. Lm tt c cc iu trn theo nh k thi gian. Vn iu khin mng bao gm 2 loi: tp trung v phn b. S tp trung thng trong cc "mng thng minh" m cc node mng t n gi s lin quan n gin. Cc tuyn c tnh ton tp trung ti mt b x l tuyn v sau phn b chng ra cc router trn mng bt c khi no s cp nht c yu cu. Du sao, hai vn tn ti vi s tp trung ny: N coi mt s thit lp trc cc ng giao tip gia b x l tuyn tp trung v cc router trong mng. Nu mt phn ca mng b ct ra khi b tp trung x l ny th n ngng chc nng m bo tin cy. S x l ti ca vic tnh ton li tuyn cho ton b mng c tp trung vo mt my n gin, m gim mt cch ng lc vi cc tuyn c th thch ng vi cc iu kin thay i ca mng. Ngc li kiu phn tn gi thit rng mi router tham gia trong s khm ph topo v x l tnh ton tuyn. S x l ti c chia s bi tt c cc router, v nu cc phn mng b c lp, chng s thch ng cc b cc iu kin mi ca chng nhng vn gi chc nng ca n trong mng ( keep functioning). Internet s dng cc giao thc phn tn. i vi kiu phn tn, cc vng phn chia thnh cc vng t tr AS (autonomous system). Cc thnh phn trong mtAS ch bit v nhau m khng quan tm ti cc thnh phn trong AS khc, khi c yu cu cu giao tip vi cc AS khc s thng qua thnh phn bin AS..T cc giao thc nh tuyn c chia thnh giao thc trong cng mt AS l IGP ( Interior Gateway Protocol) v giao thc giao tip gia cc AS l EGP ( Exterior Gateway Protocol).
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1.4.1.1. IGP: Trong phm vi AS, hu ht cc giao thc nh tuyn IGP c th c phn loi : Distance vector (DV): giao thc vector khong cch xc nh hng (vector) v khong cch ti bt c lin kt no trong mng. Link state (LS): cng c gi l shortest path first to li topo chnh xc ton b mng ( hoc ti thiu l mt phn mng m router t ). Balanced hybrid: Kt hp c link state v cc thut ton vector khong cch. Ch rng khng c thut ton nh tuyn no l tt nht trong tt c cc mng. S khc nhau c bn gia hai phng thc routing DV v LS c m t trong bng sau: Distance- Vector Routing 1. Mi router gi tt c bng nh tuyn cp nht, nhng ch ti cc router ln cnvi n. 2. Gi tr c lng ca ng truyn c gi ti tt c cc mng. 3. Thng tin c gi u n theo mt chu k xc nh. 4. Mt router xc nh thng tin hop tip theo bng cch s dng thut ton phn b Bellman-Ford nhn c thng tin c lng gi tr ca ng lin kt. 5. S hi t cp nht thng tin chm Link- State Routing 1. Mi router gi thng tin nh tuyn ti tt c cc router khc. 2. Thng tin c gi l gi tr chnh xc chi ph lin kt ti cc mng k cn. 3. Thng tin c gi khi xy ra s thay i ca mng. 4. Mt router u tin xy dng mt m t cu trc mng internet v sau c th s dng bt c thut ton nh tuyn no xc nh thng tin hop tip theo. Thut ton thng s dng l SPF. 5. Cp nht thng tin nhanh hn, i hi b CPU v b nh cao hn.
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Tn giao thc
RIP
OSPF IGRP
IS-IS
Tm tt mt s giao thc nh tuyn trong IGP: Lp thut Nhn xt ton L giao thc IGP sm nht, metric l s m cc hop n l, dng trong mng nh do ng b gii hn ch trong 15 hop, c DV khi nim n gin v mng, v phn cp subnet/endpoint, ch n RIP v2 mi h tr CIDR v variable subnet. Thay th cho RIP. C nhiu metric ng thi c s dng, khng hn ch gii hn LS mng v l khuyn ngh chun cho Internet. c quyn ca Cisco systems, sau ny pht DV trin ln EIGRP Xut pht t m hnh OSI ca IGP, m rng hot ng trn cc mng IP. Lin quan ti OSPF, IS-IS c chnh xc ca LS metric nh hn v mt s lng gii hn ca cc bn ghi link state c th c thng bo trn mi gi.
1.4.1.2. EGP: Giao thc chun ang c s dng trn mng Internet hin nay l BGPv4 ng vai tr ch yu trong vic nh tuyn thng tin gia cc AS . Mi AS c mt hay nhiu router giao tip vi mt vng lin kt AS gi l cc router vng bin AS . BGP4 hot ng trn cc router bin ny v cho php chng c phn b cc thng tin ti cc AS ln cn v kh nng cc mng c th ti c trong phm vi AS ni b. Khng ging IGP, BGPv4 khng phi l DV( Distance Vector) hay LS (Link State) m n l mt giao thc kiu "path vector", n mn mt s khi nim chnh ca DV. Gii php DV c gng s dng mt metric biu din ng ti cc ch. Du sao, do mi AS l t do s dng cc metric ring ca n vi tu chn ca AS , BGP khng th xy dng tin cy inter-AS cc ng forwarding ch vi cc metric thng bo bi mi AS . Mt gii php trng thi lin kt cng yu cu mt s gii thch chung ca cc trng thi lin kt v cc metric qua tt c cc AS cho gii php c tin cy. Thm vo , cc vn v m rng mng cng c kt hp vi vic gi mt ci nhn tng th v inter-AS, ng b ho c s d liu trng thi trn hng trm AS trn Internet. BGP ci tin DV c s bng cch a ra tng mi v vector ng, nh mi router bin khng ch thng bo s tn ti ca mt ng ti cc mng ring bit m cn duyt ra danh sch cc AS xuyn sut m
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ng s qua. Bt c router bin no cho trc u c th xc nhn rng mt thng bo cho mt mng cho trc l "loop free" nu s hiu AS ring ca router bin khng xut hin trong vector ng. Sau khi mt thng bo c chp nhn, router bin ni vng chn s hiu AS ring ca n vo trong vector ng trc khi thng bo li thng tin c th ti c (reachability) ti cc router k cn ca n. BGP cung cp c ch phc tp, tinh vi iu khin vn thng bo cc thng tin "c th ti c", h tr cc quyn u tin quan h gia cc ng ni gia cc AS, v h tr cc chnh sch m c th hn ch cc AS m lu lng chc chn no c th c nh tuyn (routed). Vn ny s c m t chi tit trong phn tip theo. 1.4.1.3. Mt s thut ng cn quan tm trong IP routing : 1. Topology change: S thay i cu trc mng do hng ng lin kt hay thm ng mi. Bt c s thay i no lm cho ng ni khng s dng c hay khng tin cy u lm thay i cu trc mng. Convergence: Vic xc lp cp nht tt c cc router trn mt mng khi xy ra thay i cu trc mng. ES - End System : cp ti tt c cc node mng khng c chc nng nh tuyn. IS - Intermediate System : cp ti mt router c chc nng nh tuyn. Area : mtnhm mng lin tc v gn vi cc host m xc nh trong mtquyn qun l hay iu hnh mng. Domain : L mt tp hp cc vng kt ni. Cc min routing cung cp cc kt ni y gia tt c cc ES trong phm vi ca chng. Levelmtrouting : nh tuyn trong phm vi Level1. Level2 routing : nh tuyn gia cc vng Level1. Metric : Phn d liu m mtgiao thc nh tuyn s dng thc hin quyt nh nh tuyn. Metrics c th l s hop, bng thng, tin cy, tick, gi tr (cost), tr, lu lng ti v MTU (Message Transfer Unit). Path selection : Khi thit k mng cn ch n giao thc nh tuyn s quan tm ti metric loi no t c s thng minh v hiu qu tin cy l cao nht. Nu khng c ng d ra th vic la chn tc ng hay ti ng kt ni l khng quan trng nh khi mt mng c nhiu ng d. Static & Dynamic Routing :
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nh tuyn tnh nh tuyn ng * Cc tuyn c hc bi router khi mt nh * Cc tuyn c hc bi qun l thit lp cc tuyn bng tay. Nh qun router mt cch ng sau tr phi cp nht cc tuyn ny cng bng tay khi mt nh qun tr nh khi c s thay i cu trc mng. cu hnh mt giao thc * Bt li ln nht l khng thch ng c s nh tuyn gip qu thay i ca mng. trnh xc nh tuyn. * Thng dng vi mng c cu trc khng bao * Khi thay i mng, cc gi thay i thng tin s cp nht ngay * Hu ht cc kt ni gia cc t chc ti IDP ti cc bng nh tuyn. l nh tuyn tnh. Khi ng traffic coi nh c nh v tuyn l mc nh (default gateway). Khi router khng cn ng vo nh tuyn ti mng Internet. nh tuyn tnh tr nn quan trng khi m phn mm Cisco IOS khng th xy dng mt tuyn ti mt ch ring. Cc tuyn tnh cng hu ch cho vic xc nh mt "gateway of last resort" m tt c cc gi khng nh tuyn c s c gi. Tm li, phi kt hp gia nh tuyn tnh v ng ph hp vi vic thit k mng. Multiprotocol Routing: Cisco router c th hot ng v s dng nhiu giao thc nh tuyn ng thi. Chng ta xem xt h x l nh th no khi nhn c cc tuyn cho cng mt mng t hai giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau. Router thit lp khong cch qun l ( administrative distance) cho mi giao thc nh tuyn, khi hot ng, khong cch ny c s dng nh trng s nh tuyn ( weight routes) ti cng mtmng m c hc trn 2 giao thc nh tuyn khc nhau. Administrative distance: Khi mtrouter ca Cisco nhn thng tin nh tuyn, thng tin ny c nh ga v mttuyn hp l c t vo bng nh tuyn ca router. C th mtrouter hot ng nhiu giao thc v nhn c thng tin nh tuyn cho cng mttuyn qua 2 giao thc khc nhau. Router s quyt nh la chn s dng giao thc na da vo mt trng s. Mi giao thc c nh trng s khc nhau: Directly 0 Static route 1 EIGRP 5
Comment:
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Cc giao thc c trng s nh hn (cng mttuyn) s c la chn. S d c s phn chia trng s nh vy l nh nh gi vo ngha cc metric trong mi giao thc. V d: IGRP trng s nh hn RIP do RIP ch quan tm n s hop ti u trong khi IGRP s dng c di thng, tin cy ti trong vic tnh ton hiu qu ng i. 1.4.1.4. Vn lp trong nh tuyn (routing loop ) v cch khc phc : Routing loop c th xy ra khi nh tuyn quyt nh da trn cc thng tin khng ng, dn n cc gi i trn cc ng m n i qua ri,i lng vng trn mng, kt qu l lm tng lu lng mng mt cch khng cn thit . Cc phng php trnh loop : 1.Count-to-infinity: C nhiu giao thc t mt gii hn cho cc gi tr metric, ga tr ny a ra ch s khng xc nh, cung cp cc iu kin bin cn thit trnh lp tuyn tip tc xa ra. Gi tr khng xc nh ln cho metric metric vi tuyn hp l s khng bao gi t gi tr nhng nh tuyn lp khng th tn ti cho s m rng cc chu k thi gian. V d RIP t s hop ti a l 16, IGRP t l 100. 2.Split Horizon: Trnh cc routers khng gi li cc thng tin nh tuyn quay tr li router m n hc c ng i t router . ( Vn c th xy ra lp i vi cu trc mng vng). 3.C ch Hold- down : Trnh thay i tuyn c thc hin trc khi mng hi t trn s thay i trc . Trnh cp nht thng tin t vic thit lp li cc thng tin khng ng. Khi mtrouter nhn c mt cp nht m cha mtcu trc thay i, hold- down timer s bt u. Bt c cp nht nhn c trong thi gian ny s b hu. Nu router nhn c thng tin tuyn vi metric tt hn n s cp nht vo bng nh tuyn thay th cho d liu c. Thi gian hold timer c t t nht phi ln hn 3 ln thi gian cp nht thng tin ton b tuyn trong mng. Nu ht thi gian cho php, tuyn ti mng li s b xo khi bng nh tuyn ca cc router.
1.4.2. RIP (Routing information Protocol ):

c cp trong RFC 1058 v RFC 1723. L giao thc nh tuyn "distance vector" m s dng s m l s hop trong metric ca n. RIP c s dng rng ri cho nh tuyn lu lng trong mng Internet v l giao thc IGP, ngha l thc hin trong phm vi mt min AS n. RIP gi cc bn tin cp nht theo cc chu k thi gian l 30 giy v khi cu trc mng thay i. RIP trnh loop bng cch gii hn s hop cho php truyn trn mt ng t ngun ti ch ti a l 15. Nu qu
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gi tr ny th coi nh mng ni vi router l khng th ti c.RIP cng thc hin cc c ch split-horizon v hold-down trnh cc thng tin khng ng b truyn theo RIP Timer : s dng cc b m iu chnh performance ca n. Bao gm mt b thi gian cp nht nh tuyn, mt b timeout v mt b route- flush. ng h thng tin cp nht thit lp l 30 giy. Mi u vo bng nh tuyn c mt b thi gian route- timeout lin kt vi n. Khi b m thi gian timeout ht hn, tuyn c nh du khng hp l nhng vn duy tr trong bng cho n thi gian route-flush ht hn. RIP ch thch hp vi mng nh, yu cu thp do RIP khng hiu c cc cu hnh netmask, kh nng nhn thc km (thiu trng a ch ngun, ch c trng a ch ch), khng c phn a ch Multicast. Cc nhc im trn c khc phc vi RIP 2 (Xc nh trong RFC 1723).
1.4.3. IGRP ( Interior Gateway Routing Protocol ):

Kh nng m rng mng ln, nhanh chng p ng s thay i mng, cc metric c ngha hn, h tr nhiu ng ( t ngun ti ch). 1.4.3.1. Cc mc ch ca IGRP: n nh tuyn ngay c khi mng rt ln hoc rt phc tp. Hn ch khng xy ra lp, thm ch ch l trong thi gian ngn. Nhanh chng p ng vi thay i cu hnh mng t b qu ti. IGRP t n khng s dng nhiu bng thng hn nhng g m thc t cn cho nhim v ca n.N chia lu lng ra nhiu tuyn song song khi chng qu ln. a vo tnh ton t l li v mc ca lu lng trn cc ng khc nhau. Kh nng kim sot nhiu cp dch v vi mt tp thng tin n l. Mng hin ti thc hin IGRP cho TCP/IP. IGRP ra i tr thnh mt cng c khc phc c cc hn ch ca RIP, khi m nhu cu m rng mng ngy cng nhiu. IGRP l giao thc m cho php xy dng bng nh tuyn bng cch trao i cc thng tin vi cc gateway khc. Mt gateway a ra cc thng tin u vo cho tt c cc mng m n ni ti. N ly cc thng tin ca cc mng khc bng cch trao i thng tin nh tuyn vi cc gateway cn k. Trong trng hp n gin nht, gateway s tm ra mt ng cho cc gi m phi gi, giao tip mng phi c s dng, v thng tin metric.Thng tin metric l tp hp cc c tnh xc nh y cho mt tuyn ng. iu ny cho php gateway so snh cc ng m n c nghe t cc gateway khc nhau v a ra quyt nh chn tuyn.Thng c nhiu trng hp m n thc hin chia lu lng ra hai hay nhiu ng. IGRP s lm iu ny khi no m c hai ng l tt nh nhau. Ngi s dng cng c th cu hnh n chia lu lng khi cc ng hu nh tt nh nhau.Trong trng hp ny nhiu lu lng s c gi trn ng vi metric tt hn . 1.4.3.2. Cc thng s metric ca IGRP:
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1.Thi gian tr cu hnh (Topological delay time): l lng thi gian m n s chim i ti ch, gi thit mt mng khng ti (unloaded). D nhin c thm tr khi mng c ti. Du sao, ti c m bng cch s dng cu hnh chim knh, khng c gng o tr thc t. 2.Bng thng ca phn bng thng hp nht ca ng. 3.Thi gian chim knh ca ng. 4. tin cy ca ng.
1.4.4. OSPF ( Open Shortest Path First ):

L mt giao thc nh tuyn pht trin cho cc mng IP t IGP ( Interior Gateway Protocol), pht trin bi mt nhm trong IETF, c thnh lp nm 1988 thit k mt IGP da trn thut ton SPF s dng cho Internet. Ging nh IGRP, OSPF c to ra t gia nhng nm 80 khi m RIP trong tnh trng khng th p ng nhu cu pht trin mng. N c hai c im chnh: l giao thc m, c ngha l cc tiu chun ca n l trong public domain, c a ra trong RFC 1247; n da trn thut ton SPF m tiu biu l Dijkstra. OSPF l giao thc nh tuyn kiu link-state: n gi thng tin trng thi ti tt c cc router khc trong cng phn cp vng.Thng tin trn cc giao tip s dng cc metric v cc bin khc trong OSPF LSA. Cc OSPF router lu tr thng tin link-state, chng s dng thut ton SPF tnh ton ng i ngn nht ti mi node.OSPF khc vi RIP v IGRP- cc router s dng thut ton distance-vector, gi tt c hay mt phn bng nh tuyn trong cc bn tin cp nht tuyn ti cc router ln cn . OSPF hot ng trong phm vi mt phn cp nh tuyn AS ( tp hp cc mng qun l chung chia s mt chin lc nh tuyn chung ).Mt AS c th chia ra mt s vng, m c nhm mt chui cc mng v host lin kt tng ng. Cc router vi nhiu giao tip c th tham gia vo nhiu vng. Cc router ny c gi l cc router vng bin, duy tr cc cu trc d liu cho mi vng. Mt cu trc d liu thc cht l bc tranh ton cnh ca cc mi quan h gia cc mng v cc router. C s cu trc d liu cha s thu thp ca cc LSA nhn t tt c cc router trn cng mt vng.V cc router trong cng mt vng chia s cng thng tin, chng c cu trc d liu xc nh ca vng . Thut ng domain i khi c s dng m t mt phn ca mng m tt c cc router c cu trc d liu xc nh.Domain thng xuyn s dng tng ng l AS. Cu trc ca mt vng c lp vi bn ngoi. gi s tch bit cu trc vng, OSPF chuyn t lu lng hn trng hp khng phn vng.OSPF backbone dng trao i thng tin gia cc vng bao gm tt c cc router bin vng, cc router ny khng hon ton cha trong bt k vng no v cc router bin vng c ni vi nhau. Cc router vng backbone s dng cng th tc v thut ton duy tr
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thng tin nh tuyn trong phm vi backbone. Cc vng c th c nh ngha theo mt cch m backbone khng lin tc. Trong trng hp ny, kt ni backbone phi c khi phc qua cc ng o- l ng c cu hnh gia bt k backbone router no m chia s mt kt ni ti mt vng khng phi l backbone v chc nng ging nh khi ni trc tip. Cc router bin AS chy OSPF hc v cc router bn ngoi qua cc EGP. S dng thut ton SPF trong vic thit lp cy ng ngn nht. Ngoi ra c im ca OSPF l nh tuyn a ng v nh tuyn trn c s cc yu cu tng trn (ToS). H tr nh tuyn ToS cc giao thc lp trn c th xc nh cc loi ring ca dch v. OSPF cung cp mt hay nhiu metric. Nu ch mt metric c s dng, n xem nh c ton quyn quyt nh v ToS khng c h tr. Nu nhiu metric c s dng, ToS h tr la chn bng vic s dng cc metric tch ri cho mi 1/8 lin kt c to bi cc bit IP ToS ( tr, kh thng v tin cy cc bit ).V d: cc bit IP ToS xc nh tr thp, kh thng thp v tin cy cao, OSPF tnh ton cc tuyn ti tt c cc ch da trn thit k ToS ny. IP subnet mask c gp vi mi ch c bo trc, c kh nng VLSM (Variable-Length Subnet Mask ).Vi VLSM, mt mng IP c th ph v ra nhiu subnet vi kch thc bin i. iu ny cung cp qun l mng vi cu hnh mng linh hot.
1.4.5. IS-IS ( Intermediate system to Intermediate system ):

IS-IS thuc loi link-state. N flood (tung ra) trn mng thng tin trng thi lin kt n xy dng mt ci nhn ton din, r rng v cu hnh mng. n gin vic thit k v vn hnh router, IS-IS phn ra 2 cp Level1 v Level2 IS. Cc Level1 IS giao tip vi nhau trong mtvng. Level 2 IS nh tuyn gia cc Level1v dng thc mt intradomain routing backbone. Phn cp nh tuyn backbone, n gin trong thit k v Level1 IS ch cn bit IS level2 gn nht. Giao thc routing backbone cng c th thay i m khng nh hng giao thc bn trong Level1. Mi ES tn ti trong mtvng ring. OSI routing bt u khi cc ES nhn ra IS gn nht bng cch nghe cc gi ISH. Khi mt ES mun gi mt gi ti ES khc, n gi gi ti mt trong cc IS m ni trc tip trn mng. Router sau s xem a ch ch v hng gi i theo ng tt nht. Nu ES ch trn cng phn h mng, IS ni vng s bit iu na nh nghe ESH v s hng gi i ph hp. IS-IS cng phi cung cp mt bn tin redirect (RD) tr v ngun ni rng c hn mt ng trc tip c th ti. Nu a ch ch trong phn mng khc nhau, Level1 IS gi gi ti Level2 IS gn nht. Gi tip tc chuyn qua IS khc ti ch, IS chuyn gi theo ng tt nht ti khi gp ch.
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Cc bn tin cp nht trng thi gip cc IS bit v cu trc mng. u tin mi IS pht ra mt s cp nht xc nh cc ES v cc IS m n ni ti, v lin kt vi cc metric. S cp nht sau c gi ti tt c cc IS k cn v flood n t tt c router ln cn ca chng. Khi cu trc mng thay i, s cp nht mi s c gi i. Qu trnh flood ny thng gy ra tc nghn mng nn phi hn ch bng cch: cc router kim tra cc gi ( c nh th t ) nu l gi mi th cp nht v flood, ngc li s hu gi. IS-IS s dng mt metric mc nh yu cu n l vi mt gi tr s lng ng max =1024. Metric c quyt nh v thng c thit lp bi mt qun tr mng. Bt c kt ni n l no c th c mt gi tr max = 64, v cc ng ni c tnh ton bng cch tnh tng cc gi tr kt ni. Gi tr metric cao nht c t cho cc mc ny cung cp mn h tr cc kiu ng ni khc nhau khi ti cng thi im, chc chn rng thut ton ng i ngn nht s dng cho tnh ton tuyn s t hiu qu ph hp. IS-IS cng c nh ngha 3 metric la chn: tr, chi ph v li.
1.4.6. EIGRP ( Enhanced IGRP ):

Pht trin t IGRP t nhu cu m rng mng, s thch ng vi cc yu cu khc nhau v s thay i trong mng. EIGP tch hp kh nng ca cc giao thc link-state vi cc giao thc distance-vector. N hp nht vi DUAL ( Diffusing-Update ALgrorithm) pht trin ti SRI International bi Dr J.J. Garcia. EIGRP cung cp s tng thch v hp nht vi cc router IGRP. Mt c ch t ng phn b li cho php cc IGRP router c thm vo mng EIGRP v ngc li c th thm dn EIGRP vo trong mng IGRP hin ti. V cc metric cho c 2 giao thc l c th dch c trc tip, chng d dng so snh khi chng l cc tuyn m xut pht trong cc AS ring ca chng. Thm vo EIGRP i x cc tuyn IGRP nh cc tuyn ngoi v cung cp mt cch tt nht cho qun l mng tu bin chng ( customize ). Cc kh nng chnh ca EIGRP so vi cc giao thc khc gm c: hi t nhanh, h tr VLSM ( Variable-Length Subnet Mask ), h tr cho cp nht cc b v h tr cho nhiu giao thc mng.
1.4.7. BGP ( Border Gateway Protocol ):

BGP l mt giao thc nh tuyn gia cc AS, c xy dng da trn cc RFC 904,1092,1093. Chc nng chnh ca mt h thng BGP l trao i thng tin mng c th ti c gia cc h thng BGP. Thng tin mng c th ti c ny bao gm thng tin trn danh sch ca cc AS m thng tin "c th ti c" i ngang qua. Thng tin ny xy dng mt graph ca
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lin kt AS t cc tuyn lp c ct ta v mt s quyt nh chnh sch ti mc AS c th c bt buc. BGPv4 cung cp mt tp hp cc c ch mi cho vic h tr cc lp nh tuyn a min. Cc c ch ny bao gm vic h tr cho vic thng bo mt tin t IP v hn ch khi nim lp mng trong phm vi BGP. BGP 4 cng gii thiu cc c ch m cho php tp hp cc tuyn, k c tp hp cc ng AS. Cc thay i ny cung cp s h tr cho xut lc "supernetting". BGP thc hin 3 loi nh tuyn: + Inter-Autonomous System Routing : Gia 2 hay nhiu BGP router trong cc AS khc nhau. + Intra-Autonomous System Routing: Gia 2 hay nhiu BGP router trong phm vi cng AS . + Pass-through AS Routing: Gia hai hay nhiu BGP peer router m trao i lu lng qua mt AS m khng chy BGP. Chc nng chnh ca h thng BGP l trao i cc thng tin c th ti c bao gm: danh sch cc ng AS vi cc h thng BGP khc.Thng tin ny c th c s dng xy dng mt graph ca kt ni AS c th gim bt loop v vi cc mc chnh sch quyt nh AS c th c bt buc. Mi BGP router duy tr mt bng nh tuyn m duyt ra tt c cc ng c th c ti mt mng.Thay v , thng tin nh tuyn nhn t cc router vng lin kt c gi li cho n khi mt cp nht mi c nhn. Khi no mt router ln u tin ni vi mng, BGP router trao i ton b bng nh tuyn BGP. Tng t, khi bng nh tuyn thay i, cc router gi phn bng nh tuyn ca chng m b thay i. Cc BGP router khng lp lch trnh cho vic cp nht thng tin nh tuyn v nh tuyn BGP cp nht thng bo ch nhng ng tt nht ti mng. BGP s dng mt metric nh tuyn n xc nh ng tt nht ti mt mng cho trc. Metric ny gm mt s hiu n v ton quyn quyt nh ( arbitrary ) m xc nh cp quyn u tin ca mt tuyn ring. BGP metric in hnh c ch nh cho mi lin kt bi ngi qun l mng. Gi tr thit lp ny da trn mt s tiu chun gm s lng ca AS m ng i qua, s n nh, tc , tr hay gi thnh. 1.4.7.1. Cc loi bn tin BGP : C 4 kiu bn tin BGP nh sau: 1. Open Message: M mt phin giao tip BGP gia cc vng kt ni v l bn tin u tin c gi bi mi bn sau khi mt kt ni lp giao vn c thit lp. Bn tin
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ny c xc nhn s dng mt keep-alive message gi bi thit b vng kt ni v phi c xc lp trc khi cp nht, thng bo v keep-alive c th c trao i. 2. Update message: S dng cung cp cp nht nh tuyn t cc h thng BGP khc nhau, cho php cc router xy dng mt ci nhn r rng v cu trc mng.Thng tin cp nht c gi s dng TCP m bo s giao nhn tin cy hon ton. Bn tin cp nht c th b ra mt hay nhiu tuyn khng ti c t bng nh tuyn, ng thi c th thng bo mt tuyn trong khi hu cc tuyn khc. 3. Notification message: c gi khi li xy ra. Cc thng bo c s dng ng mtphin hot ng v a thng tin ti cc router kt ni: ti sao phin ny b ng? 4.Keep-alive message: Thng bo cc vng kt ni BGP rng mt thit b c kch hot. Keepalive c gi thng gi cho mt phin khng b loi b. 1.4.7.2. Cc dng gi BGP: 1. Dng tiu : Tt c bn tin BGP s dng cng tiu gi c bn: Bn tin Open, Update v Notification phi thm mt s trng, nhng bn tin keep-alive th nh c bn: Gm 4 phn: Length Type Data 2 1 Variable ( byte) Hnh 5:Tiu gi BGP bao gm 4 trng. Marker: Cha mtga tr nhn thc m bn tin nhn c c th bit trc. Length: Ch nh tng di ca bn tin theo byte. Type: Xc nh kiu bn tin : Open, Update, Notification, Keep-alive. Data: Cha thng tin lp cao hn trong trng tu chn ny. 2. Dng bn tin Open: Cc bn tin BGP Open bao gm mt tiu BGP v cc trng b sung. Hnh 6 minh ho cc trng b sung s dng trong cc bn tin BGP Open. BGP Optional Optional HoldIdentifi Parameters Paramete Version AS Time der Length rs 1 2 2 4 1 4 ( byte ) Hnh 6: Bn tin BGP Open bao gm 6 trng. Cc trng trao i gia 2 router BGP thit lp mt quan h vng lin kt .
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Marker 16
Version: Cung cp s hiu BGP cho bn nhn xc nh liu rng n ang hot ng cng version vi ngi gi. AS: Cung cp s hiu AS ca ngi gi. Hold-Time: Ch ra s hiu thi gian ln nht tri qua ca mt bn tin trc khi ht chc nng hot ng. BGP Identifier: Cung cp nhn dng BGP ca ngi gi ( mt a ch IP ), m xc nh ti lc khi u v ng nht cho tt c cc giao tip v tt c cc BGP vng lin kt. Optional Parameters Length: Ch ra di ca trng cc thng s tu chn ( nu hin hu). Optional Parameters: Cha danh sch cc thng s la chn. Ch mt loi thng s tu chn hin hnh c nh ngha: thng tin nhn thc. Thng tin nhn thc bao gm hai trng sau: M nhn thc: Ch ra loi nhn thc c s dng. D liu nhn thc: Cha d liu s dng bi c ch nhn thc.
1.5. Vn cht lng dch v ( QoS ) trong mng IP :

1.5.1. Cc giao thc v tiu chun lin quan n QoS:
Mt s k thut ( chng hn ToS, IntServ) c a ra kim sot QoS. Tuy nhin chng c cc hn ch nh khng th cung cp mt framework cho s d tr ca dch v ph hp cc yu cu. Mt trong cc k thut ny l ToS, n cho php phn bit gia lu lng kim sot mng v lu lng ngi s dng. Da trn trng ToS trong tiu IP, k thut ny cung cp s phn loi dch v mt cch th v t lp dch v. y, lp dich v c nh ngha rt sm trong khi cc yu cu dch v chnh xc v ngi s dng cha c xc nh r rng. N c l ra khi m s nh ngha cc lp dich v khng cn ph hp cho vic p ng cc gii hn yu cu dch v. Do iu ny, byte ToS thng khng c h tr y cho cc router v cc host. Mt k thut khc l IntServ, a ra nh ngha kh chun, cung cp dch v end-to-end gia cc host cho cc ng dng point-to-point v point-tomultipoint.Trong IntServ, cc ng dng khi to phin lm vic da trn yu cu vi mng s dng giao thc ngun d tr ( RSVP- Source Reservation Protocol). Phin ny nh ngha cc yu cu dch v ca ng dng, bao gm cc thng tin chng hn nh tr, bng thng v ngun d liu. Cc thuc tnh ca RSVP c ch ra v s dng trong IntServ mang tnh cht "mm" v kt hp cc yu cu ti nguyn .Cc kha cnh cp trn em li thun li cho IntServ, p ng c nhng yu cu ng dng nh nht, tuy nhin n li gy ra mc gi yu cu cao cho ngun x l ( proccessing power ) v
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bo hiu. RSVP truyn thng yu cu cc b timer cho mi phin v s phn loi trong mi router lm cho b x l v b nh tr nn kh ln c th p ng.Trong mt backbone Internet l cc router, c rt nhiu phin lm vic cho cc router v cc host ring, v cc router ny khng c ti nguyn cn thit p ng cho tt c cc phin. Gii hn ny hn ch s trin khai ca IntServ ti vng bin mng v to cc ng hm ( tunel ) qua backbone mng. iu ny s lm gim hiu qu khi m hin nay khng c s m bo rng phn ng hm vi phn cn li ca phin lm vic tho mn cc yu cu end-to-end.
1.5.2. IntServ.
K thut IntServ (Integrated Service) s dng giao thc RSVP dnh trc ti nguyn trc khi truyn d liu. Pha gi s dng RSVP gi mt bn tin PATH ti pha nhn xc nh cc thuc tnh ca lu lng s gi. Mi node trung gian s chuyn tip b bn tin PATH ti cc node k tip. Khi nhn c bn tin PATH, bn nhn c s gi bn tin RESV yu cu ti nguyn cho lung. Cc node trung gian trn ng i c th chp nhn hay t chi cc yu cu cha trong bn tin RESV. Nu yu cu b t chi, router s gi bn tin bo li cho pha nhn, qu trnh bo hiu kt thc. Nu yu cu c chp nhn, ti nguyn c dnh cho lung v cc thng tin trng thi lin quan ca lung s c ci t vo router. RSVP c nhiu cp bc khc nhau v kh khn trong vic thc hin v vic chuyn tip cc gi da trn trng thi ca gi ti mi node, cc quyt nh ny yu cu cc gi RSVP phi mang mt s thng tin "tm tt" nh phin lm vic ca chng. Cc router trung gian phi c mt bng nh tuyn ng cha phng php x l cc thng tin "tm tt" v thng tin v vic " dnh trc ti nguyn". Khi router nhn c mt gi thuc mt phin lm vic RSVP n phi tham chiu vo bng bit cch x l gi nh th no.
1.5.3. Diff-Serv.
Khc IntServ,DiffServ ( Differentiated Service) khng cung cp dch v kiu end-to end cho host/application. ng hn l n to ra mt tp hp cc building block v cung cp mt chc nng cho vic xy dng cc dch v end-to-end qua mng.DiffServ c mt s im ging ToS nhng kt qu ng dng tt hn. DiffServ c kh nng m rng h tr cho cc router vng li ( core ) mng Internet trnh trng thi bo hiu trn tng phin persession nh trn ni. Thay v , mi gi mang thng tin v lp dch v. Sau y, chng ta s xem xt nguyn tc lm vic ca DiffServ.
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DiffServ l mt cch cung cp QoS qua mt mng thng qua tp hp building block m c th c s dng cng nhau theo th t hon thnh dch v ti end- customer. Mt trong cc building block ch yu l PHB ( Per Hop Behavior), c m t nh hnh di:
Hnh 7: PHB c ch ra bi DSCP trong tiu IP. DiffServ nh ngha mt s cch i x d liu (data treatment),gi l PHB, m c th c gn vi cc gi trong mi node. PHB c s dng xc nh cch i x cho gi trong phm vi node . Cch i x ny gm s la chn hng i v lp lch gn vi giao tip vng bin mng v ngng tc nghn .V d, mt cch i x c th la chn mt hng i vi mc u tin lp lch cao nhng ngng cho tc nghn thp, v mt lc qun l tc nghn. Nu mt gi c a ra mt cch i x tng t ta mi node qua mng th kt qu cc gi qua mng end-to-end c th c nhn ra xc nh. Cc gi c nh du cch i x thng qua trng DS, l trng s dng byte ToS trong tiu IP, trng ny c la chn bt ngun t inh ngha ca n l ch ra thng tin dch v, trc y c s dng nhng khng hiu qu. Trong phm vi byte DS, mt trng DSCP ( DiffServ Code Point ) c nh ngha.Ga tr trong trng ny xc nh cch i x gn vi gi trong phm vi node trn mng. Trng DS cha 6 bit cho DSCP v 2 bit hin nay cha s dng v d tr cho tng lai, 6 bit s dng nh mt bng nh th t cho cc PHB. N cho php 64 codepoint c lp. Cc codepoint ny s nh x xc nh cch i x. Tu thuc vo nh x ny, c th c nhiu codepoint c la chn cho cng cch i x.
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Chng 3: Cc vn trong mng Internet ngy nay.
3.1. Mng Internet ngy nay.

Mi ngi u nhn ra c s quan trng ca chin lc truy nhp Internet. Internet l mt cch hiu qu cao a cc nh kinh doanh v khch hng ca h gn gi nhau hn. Hin nay li tc ca cc nh cung cp em li t vic bn cc dch v FR, ATM, v cc ng leased lines, m in hnh l trn mng backbone ATM l rt ln. Cc nh gi hin hnh ng rng nhu cu cho cc dch v truy nhp Internet s tip tc tng ln cho ti thp k ti. Cc nh cung cp dch v tip tc nh th no cho li nhun t cc dch v giao vn tn ti trong khi cc mng ca h cn chun b h tr cho cc dch v gi tr gia tng cho tng lai ? Mt tp hp cc dch v IP mi s vt qua dch v ngn cch gia truy nhp FR, ATM v Internet, m ra mt c hi em li li nhun mi rng ln trong cc dch v IP. Do cc nh cung cp mun ni rng ra cc danh mc dch v u t ca h nm gi cc dch v kinh doanh IP mi ny, m c tnh ring t ( private) v QoS gn gi vi cc khch hng FR, ATM v li c cc c tnh kt ni any-to-any ca cc mng IP. H cn thit lm iu ny m khng loi b cc u t ca h vo ATM. Trc y, khng c k thut no thnh cng trong vic vt qua l hng ny. Chng ta xem xt c th hn thng qua phn tch mang tnh tng quan sau y: 3.1.1. Cc vn trong mng IP hin ti : Hin nay lu lng IP c nh tuyn v hng i trn Internet s dng cc giao thc nh tuyn IP. Chng hn vi IGP ( Interior gateway Protocol): OSPF, RIP s dng trong mt AS hay giao thc nh tuyn s dng gia cc AS l BGP. Cc giao thc nh tuyn ni trn ch hot ng tt trong cu trc mng n gin, cn vi topo mng phc tp s gy ra mt cn bng ti. Thiu qun l lu lng: tt c lu lng nhn dch v best-effort v khng c cch no on trc v m bo QoS m s cung cp cho mt lung lu lng ring. IntServ da trn RSVP c pht trin nh mt gii php cung cp bo hiu theo tng lung v h tr qun l lu lng. Tuy nhin IntServ mc phi vn v kh nng m rng mng do yu cu refresh theo chu k phn ti nguyn d tr cho tt c cc lung v c ch
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bo hiu cng knh .DiffServ ra i gn y bi IETF khng duy tr bo hiu tng lung trong mng m c c ch tp hp lung v kh nng cung cp cc lp dch v QoS theo yu cu nh vo trng DSCP. Cc giao thc nh tuyn t hoc khng c kh nng iu khin lung: Khng c thng bo, hay kt hp cht ch ti nguyn mng kh dng hoc s dng. Cc thut ton nh tuyn s dng cho cc giao thc trn c xu hng hi t lu lng trn cng cc lin kt hay giao tip mng, dn n khng c s iu phi cn bng v s tc nghn ti. Thiu s iu khin trn h thng nh tuyn ng lm cho cc nh khai thc mng ni chung v cc nh cung cp ln ni ring c t kh nng d tnh trc lu lng v performance trong mng ca h. Kh khn cho cc nh qun l mng thc hin hiu qu cc chnh sch gii quyt cc vn performance mng, k thut iu khin lung vi QoS hn ch, km hiu qu trong qun l ti nguyn mng ngy nay. 3.1.2. Cc gii php v xu hng mng trong tng lai: Theo d on ti 2004 hn 95% lu lng mng cng cng chy trn mng s l cc ng dng ca giao thc IP. Hin nay hu ht cc ng dng mi u c pht trin trn nn IP.
IP
ATM SONET/SDH Optical
IP/MPLS SONET/SDH Optical IP/MPLS Optical
->2001
2001->2004 2004-> Hnh 8-Xu hng pht trin mng .
Vo gia thp nin 90, cc chuyn mch ATM a ra mt gii php khi cc ISP yu cu nhiu bng thng hn p ng lu lng ti tng vt. Cc
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ISP, nhng ngi quyt nh a cc vng core da trn ATM tip tc pht trin v trong qu trnh khm ph, cc ATM PVC cung cp mt cng c a ra s iu khin r rng trn lu lng khi n truyn qua cc mng ca h. Cc ISP c cc giao tip tc cao, performance xc nh, v chc nng PVC m cc chuyn mch ATM cung cp qun l hot ng cc mng ca h. Khi so snh cc router da trn phn mm truyn thng, cc chuyn mch ATM cung cp cc giao tip tc cao hn v bng thng tp hp ng k hn, do hn ch hiu ng nt c chai trong core mng. Nh vy, c tc v bng thng cung cp performance xc nh cho cc ISP ti thi im khi m performance ca router khng xc nh c. Mt core da trn ATM h tr y cho traffic engineering bi v n c th nh tuyn r rng cc PVC. Cc PVC nh tuyn c lm bng cch cung cp mt topo o tu trn nh topo vt l ca mng m cc PVC c nh tuyn phn b lu lng chnh xc qua tt c cc lin kt cho chng c s dng cng bng nht. Cc kh nng traffic engineering h tr bi cc ATM PVC, lm cho cc ISP c tnh cnh tranh cao hn trong th trng ca h, cho php h cung cp chi ph thp nht v dch v tt hn cho cc khch hng ca h. Thng k trn tng PVC cung cp bi cc chuyn mch ATM to thun li gim st cc mu lu lng cho vic sp t v qun l PVC. Cc nh thit k mng khi to cung cp cho mi PVC h tr cc i tng traffic engineering xc nh, v sau h gim st lin tc lu lng ti trn mi PVC. Nu mt PVC cho trc bt u tc nghn, ISP c thng tin n cn thit cu cha bng cch hoc sa i topo vt l hoc topo o thch nghi s dch chuyn lu lng ti. Vic s dng lc a ch ho trc giao gia IP v ATM tch ri IP routers vi cc mng chuyn mch ATM. Theo l thuyt, mt mng IP/ATM gm c mi quan h logical IP subnets (LISs) bi cc routers ( tng t s s dng IP trong mng LAN). ( IP/ATM c nu trong RFC2225). ATM Forum pht trin a dch v trn cc chuyn mch ATM - MOPA nhng mang tnh c quyn. Cu trc IP/ATM ch l tm thi gii quyt ng dng ATM vo mng LAN. Hn ch trong vic khai thc tnh linh hot ca IP v chuyn mch tc cao vi kh nng QoS ca ATM. Gia IP v ATM hon ton trong sut, khng c s nh x gia IP header vo cc t bo ATM. Mt lot cc vn cn tn ti i vi m hnh IP/ATM nh hin tng loop trong ATM ( khng s dng c trng TTL trong gi IP ), kh nng m rng mng, lng ph phn tiu khng hiu qu chim ti nguyn mng. Tr li vi hnh 1, vng core mng s tin v pha s dng ngn xp giao thc 2 tng ( two layer protocol stack ) cha mt tng Optical v 1 tng IP/MPLS. Mt mng a dch v yu cu QoS cp cao, cc kh nng k thut
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lung v bo v lu lng, nhng yu t m khng c hin hu trong cc IP router ngy nay. DiffServ WG ca IETF vi cc kh nng QoS v MPLS WG c mt s m rng pht trin cho 3 chc nng yu cu u tin: QoS, Traffic Engineering v bo v lu lng . Kt qu u tin ca MPLS l thm kh nng Traffic Engineering cho h giao thc IP v c hon thnh. MPLS pht trin nhng vn c kh nng tch hp vi DiffServ. Hai kiu bo hiu c a ra hin nay i vi mng IP l: Kiu QoS RSVP m rng da trn IntServ.( RFC2210) Kiu QoS CR-LDP ( Constrain based Routing- Label Distribution Protocol) da trn cc thng s lu lng m l 1 phn ca chnh giao thc bo hiu pht trin cho MPLS. (draft-ietf-mpls-crldpapplic-01.txt) Yu cu giao vn a dch v c bit hn yu cu cho TDM, FR c th c gii quyt bi tng MPLS. S tin trin t TDM -> FR -> core MPLS cha c thc hin, do TDM v FR hin nay l 2 dch v rt ln. Du sao chng s c thay th trong tng lai gn khi TDM v FR ch cn chim t l nh phn dch v yu cu th s l lc ph hp thc hin cc cng c cho vic tch hp giao vn trn mng a dch v IP/MPLS. Nh hnh1 ; tng ATM s b loi b khi khng cn cn thit. Ch rng hn ch tng ATM ch c ngha l gii phng mt phng iu khin ca ATM ( ATM control plane ). Cc thit b ATM vt l v giao vn c s t bo c th c tch hp vo mng IP/MPLS bi vic thc hin 1 mt phng iu khin MPLS trong cc phn cng chuyn mch ATM tn ti.[12] Phn tch hp MPLS vo ATM c phn tch k hn trong phn 3. MPLS t a ra cho cc nh cung cp kh nng c m rng tt, cc dch v IP cp cao end-to-end, vi cu hnh v cch qun l n gin hn cho c nh cung cp v khch hng. S dng MPLS, cc carrier c th chuyn giao cc dch v IP m cc nh kinh doanh yu cu, qua cc mng chuyn mch hoc nh tuyn. MPLS l k thut cho php bo v cc ngun li tc ( revenue) c gi tr ngy nay ( nh FR v ATM a dch v ), trong khi to ra danh mc cc dch v u t m rng ca tng lai, m cc mng IP ring l nh im (VPN). Phn n ny tho lun v cc c ch ca s dng MPLS trong cc mi trng cung cp dch v, ch ra MPLS cho php kh nng m rng cao ( scability), QoS L3 thng minh, bo mt, kt ni any-to-any trong cc mng ATM hoc nh tuyn vi s n gin hn, d dng qun l hn trc nh th no, v kh nng p ng vi s tng trng nhanh chng ca mi trng a dch v ra lm sao.
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Cc ng dng th h tip theo. R rng cc k thut trn Internet hin ti s khng cn thay i nu nh chng ch cn p ng cho cc yu cu thun ty v email v dch v kiu click v c trn cc trang Web. Nhng cc ng dng mi nh cc dch v thi gian thc mang voice, video chng hn i hi tin cy truy nhp v cht lng dch v. S tng tc vi cc dch v (v d IP Telephony) cn cc tr nh v c th d on trc cc thng s. Cc nh cung cp dch v thng mi tm kim cch chia s nn tng IP ca h ti nhiu khch hng ring trong khi m bo rng khng c s nh hng gia cc lu lng khch hng vi nhau (Dch v mng ring o -VPN). Tt c vn trn i hi mt mng IP mi vi vng core linh hot hn trc. Chng ta xem chi tit hn thng qua hai phn di: Voice v Video C l bc pht trin hp dn k tip ca Internet s l h tr cc ng dng thi gian thc. Vic nh x cc dng bit k thut s t cc audio v video codec( coder/decoder) vo trong v ly ra t cc gi IP l khng phi kh. Ci kh y l vn thi gian truyn gi qua mng Internet. Nh bit, vic truyn Voice trn mng ATM hay trn bt b mt mng thng tin no thc cht l truyn dng thng tin d liu c tc khng i trong sut qu trnh thng tin. V phi m bo c nhng yu cu ti thiu ca vic truyn tn hiu thoi l khng tr qu ln (400ms) trnh ting vang v nhng s thng ging ca m lng khi cc gi tn hiu thoi khng n ch ng thi gian. Vi tc tn hiu thoi l 64kbit/s m thm ch vi cc phng php bin i A/D cho ting ni khc vi PCM cn cho tc s liu thp hn nhiu th cc mng thng tin v d nh mng chuyn mch gi hay i vi mng LAN m tc truyn thng tin t 10Mbit/s n 100Mbit/s th vic truyn mt hay vi knh thoi hay c tn hiu hnh nh ng khng phi l vn bng thng khng p ng c. M vn l i vi cc mng LAN thng thng hin nay hot ng theo phng thc CSMA/CD vi mng BUS hay Token Ring trong mng Ring l khng c c ch m bo cht lng dch v. Trong cc mng ny cc thit b kt ni vo mng l c quyn ngang nhau c th truy nhp vo mng truyn d liu ti bt k thi im no. V vy ta th hnh dung nu khi ta ang thc hin truyn tn hiu thoi c tc c nh trn mng m c mt my tnh no truy nhp vo v truyn mt lng ln thng tin trn mng th cht lng tn hiu thoi s gim i r rt v s b ngt qung khng th chp nhn c. Vn ny c khc phc khi c c ch QoS r rng chng hn nh ATM ( Voice over ATM hoc Voice over IP over ATM ), MPLS.
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1.2.2. Mng ring o- Virtual Private Network Do hn ch v mt thi gian nn phn ng dng VPN ny khng c i su mt cch hon chnh. Trong phn n ch phc qua v VPN theo kha cnh khi nim v thit k mng n gin (Xem phn 4- Cc dch v ng dng trn MPLS). c tnh ch yu ca mt mng ring l lu lng khch hng c tch ring vi c s h tng bn di v t cc khch hng m cng chia s c s h tng . S tch bit th hin hai kha cnh: Tch bit v topologycal: Ngha l cc khch hng c th a vo bt c khng gian a ch no v nh tuyn h la chn.( mt vn ph bin s dng cho cc mng ring l a ch IP s dng khng thc s l duy nht (mang tnh tng th) v s xy ra va chm vi ngi khc s dng cng a ch v hin hu trn Internet.) Temporal isolation: Ngha l dch v mng ring (in the face of bursty customer traffic engineering ) ch ph thuc vo cc c tnh ca lu lng khch hng . To ra mng ring o yu cu cc c ch m cho php mt c s h tng chung ( v d, mt tp hp cc lin kt v cc routers) c chia s trong khi vn lm cho cc khch hng tin rng h c m bo s ring t .Cc k thut chng hn IP tunneling qua mt backbone IP c th h tr s tch bit v topological, nhng IP backbone vn cn thit c cam kt bng thng kh dng xc nh v tr end-to-end cho cc tunnels IP khc nhau. Ngy nay, hu ht IP VPNs c xy dng trn cc dch v WAN kt ni c hng chng hn FR hoc ATM. Cc kt ni o ca FR v ATM s m bo c s tch bit v c s dng xy dng cc mng IP ring, c lp cho mi khch hng. Du sao, mi mng ring yu cu cc router IP song song ring ca n ( parallel set of IP router)-Khi phn dch v "ring o" c cung cp bi mng FR hoc ATM bn di. Nhiu nh cung cp dch v ang tm kim cc cch t c kh nng tng t nh IP router ti thiu ho s lng routers h phi ti to ( replicate) v qun l. Chng hn mt dch v yu cu cc kh nng tch bit temporal t th h tip theo ca cc IP router v s thc s tr thnh mt IP VPN theo ng ngha.
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CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V GIAO THC INTERNET.

1.1. M hnh OSI .

1.1.1. Tng vt l ( Physical Layer ) :

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1.1.2. Tng lin kt d liu ( Data Link Layer ):

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1.1.3. Tng mng ( Network Layer ):

1.1.4. Tng giao vn ( Transport Layer ):

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1.1.5. Tng phin ( Session Layer ):

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1.1.6. Tng trnh din ( Presentation Layer ):

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1.1.7. Tng ng dng ( Application Layer ):

1.2. B giao thc TCP/IP :

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TCP/IP Architectual Model

Transmision Control Protocol (TCP) ARP

UserDatagram Protocol (UDP)

Hnh 1: Cu trc phn tng ca giao thc TCP/IP. Trong :

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1.3.1.Cu trc ca IP Datagram :

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of Total length Flags Fragment offset Header checksum

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1.3.2. Qu trnh phn mnh cc gi d liu:

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1.3.3. Phng php nh a ch trong TCP/IP :

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Hnh 3: Cu trc cc khun dng a ch T cu trc phn lp a ch ta c th nhn thy:

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1.4.2. RIP (Routing information Protocol ):

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1.4.3. IGRP ( Interior Gateway Routing Protocol ):

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1.4.4. OSPF ( Open Shortest Path First ):

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1.4.5. IS-IS ( Intermediate system to Intermediate system ):

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1.4.6. EIGRP ( Enhanced IGRP ):

1.4.7. BGP ( Border Gateway Protocol ):

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1.5. Vn cht lng dch v ( QoS ) trong mng IP :