PHN III

PHNG CHY CHA CHY

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MC LC
I. NHN THC C BN V PHNG CHY V CHA CHY (PCCC) ....................... 4 1.1 Tnh cht, phng chm ca cng tc Pccc................................................................. 4 1.2 Cc khi nim c bn.................................................................................................. 6 1.3 Cc yu t hnh thnh s chy .................................................................................... 7 1.4 Nguyn nhn gy ra chy n ....................................................................................... 9 1.5 Phn loi m chy (TCVN 4878-89). ........................................................................ 9 1.6 S lan truyn ca m chy. ..................................................................................... 10 II. CC PHNG PHP CHA CHY. ......................................................................... 11 2.1 Cc c ch dp chy ................................................................................................. 11 2.2 Cc cht cha chy. ................................................................................................. 12 III. BNH CHA CHY XCH TAY............................................................................... 14 3.1 Cu to bnh cha chy xch tay: .............................................................................. 14 3.2 Cc loi bnh cha chy ............................................................................................ 15 IV. H THNG BO CHY V CHA CHY T NG ........................................... 17 4.1 H thng Bo chy t ng....................................................................................... 17 4.2 H thng cha chy t ng ..................................................................................... 20 BI TP : LP PHNG N CHA CHY.................................................................. 25

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PHNG CHY V CHA CHY

Thc trng tnh hnh chy n
Trong 5 nm (t 2001 2006) thc hin Lut PCCC c nc xy ra 12.934 v chy, trong 8.271 v chy cc khu vc dn c v c s sn xut, kinh doanh dch v, c quan; 4.663 v chy rng; lm cht v b thng 1.468 ngi, thiu hu ti sn tr gi 1.548 t ng v 33.273ha rng cc loi. S v chy do li ch quan, s sut, vi phm quy nh v an ton PCCC ca ngi s dng chim t l cao nht gn 82%. Nguyn nhn xy ra chy nhiu, vn l nhng bt cp trong quy hoch th, khu cng nghip. Nhiu ni cha a yu cu v PCCC vo quy hoch; nu c th li khng ch v hng gi i vi cc khu c nguy c chy cao hay khi chy c to nhiu khi, kh c. Khong cch an ton v PCCC gia cc khu khng m bo; h thng cp nc, ng giao thng, cu cng khng c quan tm p ng yu cu phc v cho cha chy. Vic b tr quy hoch v tr cc n v cnh st PCCC cng c vn : C a phng iu lc lng cha chy chuyn nghip ra vng ven - c khi xa n 200km (!), n khi chy xy ra th khong cch chy vo trung tm qu xa, trong khi lc lng cha chy c s v dn phng ti ch li qu yu. Cng thm s hn lon v khng an ton ca h thng in; phng tin v ngun nc cha chy thiu, lc lng PCCC c s va yu v k nng cha chy, va thiu v trang thit b v s thiu thc ca con ngi ang l nhng nguyn nhn trc tip gy ra s v chy tng cao trong c nc. Vn u t cho cng tc cha chy cng cn nhiu bt cp, 90% s v cha chy phi dng nc, nhng ngun nc phc v cha chy li thiu rt nghim trng - hin cn

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69,5% s th trn c nc vn cha c h thng cp nc phc v cha chy; nu c th li khng c nc (!), v nc phc v sinh hot cn cha . Vic x l cc vi phm quy nh v PCCC cha nghim cng gp mt phn trch nhim. Nhiu c s c vi phm nghim trng quy nh v PCCC, nguy c xy ra chy c th n bt c lc no (nht l cc ch, nh cao tng, c s sn xut ln khu cng nghip), nu ng quy nh th phi tm nh ch hot ng, nhng nu ch lc lng Cnh st PCCC n gii quyt, ra quyt nh tm nh ch th s gp s phn ng kh d di ca nhn dn. V vy, rt cn s ng thun ca UBND a phng v cc ban ngnh khc, thm ch UBND phi ng ra ch tr vic tm nh ch ny, nht l nhng vic lin quan n gii to, cp t hay h tr kinh ph cng tc PCCC thc s hiu qu, gim ti a cc v chy ln, cn nht l pht huy c sc mnh tng hp ca cc cp, cc ngnh, c s quan tm, ch o st sao ca chnh quyn a phng, u t ng mc cho lc lng cha chy c s, chnh lc lng ny l ch o cho vic phng chy, bo v ti sn cho n v mnh. So vi 5 nm trc v nguyn nhn gy chy: + 2.904 v chy do la v thit b in, chim 35,11%, gim 5,56%. + 352 v chy do vi phm quy nh PCCC, chim 4,26%, gim 5,56%. + 2.985 v chy do s c in v thit b cng ngh, chim 36,09%, tng 10,22%. + 569 v chy do t, chim 6,88%, gim 0,27%, nhng s v chy do t ph hoi tng 0,29%. I. NHN THC C BN V PHNG CHY V CHA CHY (PCCC) 1.1 Tnh cht, phng chm ca cng tc Pccc. 1.1.1 Tnh cht a. Tnh qun chng. Con ngi l ngi trc tip s dng la, thit b c th pht ra la, nhng vt d chy trong sn xut v sinh hot. Con ngi l i tng gy chy, nhng chnh ngi u tin pht hin chy v cha chy. Nhng quy nh chung v phng chy v cha chy u uc c rt kinh nghim thc tin ca nhn dn trong qu trnh phng chy v cha chy.

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b. Tnh khoa hc. Phng chy v cha chy l nhm ch ng hin tng chy n, phc v theo mc ch ca con ngi. Do vy phi bng bin php khoa hc k thut phng chy v cha chy. * V phng chy: Ngn nga s hnh thnh cc ngun gy chy trong mi trng nguy him chy. Duy tr nhit ca mi trng nguy him chy thp hn nhit gii hn cho php c th chy c. Gim quy m hnh thnh mi trng nguy him chy thp hn quy m ti a cho php theo tnh cht chy. Nng ca cc cht d chy th hi, kh hoc cc cht th bi bay l lng phi trong gii hn nng cho php Nng xy hoc cc cht xy ho khc trong cht kh hoc hn hp cht d chy phi mc cho php. C gii php ngn chn chy lan, chy ln Trang b cc phng tin pht hin chy nhanh C li thot cho ngi v ti sn khi chy. S dng ti mc cao nht cc cht v vt liu khng chy, kh chy thay cho cc cht v vt liu d chy S dng nhng kt cu cng trnh c gii hn chu la ph hp vi cp nguyhim v chy, n ca cng trnh S dng cc phng tin bo v tp th v c nhn T chc lc lng PCCC c s. * V cha chy: Bo m phng tin, ho cht, chin thut nhanh chng dp tt m chy; Bo m vic cu ngi trong khu vc c m chy, khu vc c hi kh c. c. Tnh php lut Cng tc phng chy v cha chy l mt cng tc quan trng v cp thit ca ton x hi, do vy cng tc ny phi c th ch ho thnh lut php hng dn v bt buc mi ngi, mi t chc kinh t x hi thc hin nghim chnh v thng xuyn mi em li hiu qu.

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Hin nay nc ta ban hnh rng ri h thng cc vn bn lut php v vic phng chy v cha chy, c th bao gm nhng loi nh sau: Lut phng chy v cha chy (Quc hi thng qua ngy 26/9/2001) Ngh nh s 35/2003/N-CP ra ngy 04 thnh 04 nm 2003 ca Chnh ph quy nh chi tit thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut phng chy v cha chy. Tiu chun, quy phm phng chy v cha chy ca Nh nc v ca ngnh, Quy nh phng chy v cha chy ca a phng v cc n v. d. Tnh chin u. Chy thng xy ra bt ng, lan truyn nhanh, nh hng nghim trng n ngi, ti sn v mi trng nn trong mi trng hp lun phi chun b y lc lng v phng tin phng chng v ng cu kp thi. Khi chy xy ra c nhiu yu t nguy him nh : la, hi kh c, cht nguy him n cho nn ngi tham gia vo cng tc cha chy phi tin hnh c t chc, k lut cao, c chin thut, k thut r rng v thch hp nhm hon thnh tt nhim v; m bo an ton cho bn thn, hn ch thp nht cc thit hi v ngi, ti sn v nh hng n mi trng. 1.1.2 Phng chm ca cng tc phng chy v cha chy Tch cc phng nga khng xy ra chy, sn sng cu cha kp thi v c hiu qu. Cng tc phng v cha chy l hai yu t lun phi c coi nh nhau trong qu trnh lao ng sn xut cng nh trong i sng hng ngy. Trong cng tc phng nga lun phi tin hnh trc v h tr tch cc cho cng tc cha chy, khng c xem thng bt c yu t no trong cng tc phng v cha chy. 1.2 Cc khi nim c bn. 1.2.1 Khi nim v chy Chy l mt hin tng rt quen thuc v gn gi vi i sng con ngi, y l mt yu t khng th thiu trong cuc sng, ngoi nhng li ch do dng la mang li th la cng l mt tc nhn rt ln gy ra cc thit hi cho con ngi. Tuy nhin cc hin tng chy t nhin thng rt him khi xy ra, ch yu l do con ngi gy ra chy v cng chnh con ngi nghin cu nhng kh nng xy ra chy v s lan truyn ca chy nhm gim thiu s thit hi.

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Theo nh khoa hc chuyn v ho hc th : chy l mt phn ng ho hc, trong cc cht chy tham gia phn ng vi xi lm bin i ho hc ca cht chy, sinh ra nhit v pht sng Nu thiu mt trong ba yu t xi hoc cht chy hoc nhit th khng th tn ti chy, tuy nhin khng phi bt c qu trnh to nhit no u din ra di hnh thc chy v nh s xi ho ca ru thnh anhit-axtic...th cc qu trnh xi ho ny khng pht ra nh sng cho nn ngi ta khng gi l chy. Ngc li mt s hin tng nh n hunh quang khi sng l do qu trnh to nhit ca dng in ch khng phi l do phn ng ho hc gy ra cho nn cng khng gi l hin tng chy. Theo Lut PCCC v Tiu chun TCVN 5303:1990 v cc thut ng an ton chy c nh ngha v chy nh sau: S chy l phn ng xi ho nhanh do s kt hp gia cht chy, xi v nhit to ra cc hin tng to nhit, khi v nh sng. 1.2.2 Khi nim v n. N l mt qu trnh chuyn ho cc nhanh v mt vt l v ho hc ca hn hp n c to ra nng lng rt ln. Trong thc t thng c hai hin tng n xy ra l hin tng n vt l v n ho hc : N vt l : l trng hp do p sut trong mt th tch tng ln qu cao, vt qu kh nng chu lc ca thit b cha. N ho hc : l s chuyn ho ho hc to nhit nhanh km theo pht sinh nng lng v to thnh kh nn c kh nng sinh cng. 1.3 Cc yu t hnh thnh s chy 1.3.1 Tam gic chy, iu kin cn v hnh thnh s chy Tam gic chy Nhng chuyn gia nghin cu v chy thy rng hnh thnh s chy th cn phi c ba yu t, hay cn gi l tam gic chy : cht chy, cht xi ha v ngun nhit. Cht chy (fuel) Cht chy tn ti trong t nhin ba th l th rn, th lng v th kh. Do phn loi cht chy theo kh nng chy hoc l theo trng thi ca vt cht. Phn loi theo trng thi tn ti:

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+ Cht chy kh l nhng cht chy tn ti dng kh nh kh CH4, C2H2, H2, kh thin nhin, kh than ... + Cht chy lng l nhng cht chy tn ti th lng nh du m, ru, cn... + Cht chy rn l nhng cht chy tn ti dng rn nh giy, g... Cht xi ho (oxygen) Cht xi ho c th l xi nguyn cht, xi khng kh hoc nhng cht c tnh xi ho khc c kh nng xi ho vi cht chy, tu thuc vo cht chy m kh nng xi ho ca cc cht xi ho khc nhau. Ngun nhit (heat) y l mt yu t rt quan trong ca s chy, ngun nhit cung cp nng lng kch thch phn ng xy ra, khi phn ng chy xy ra th lng nhit ny khng mt i m ngy cng ln hn gip cho m chy c duy tr. Ngun nhit c th l ngn la trn, tia la in, tia la do ma st, t cc vt c nung nng, nhit do cc phn ng ho hc, qu trnh vt l, qu trnh sinh hc... tu thuc vo cht liu chy m lng nhit cn cho cc qu trnh chy l khc nhau. 1.3.2 iu kin cn v tn ti v duy tr s chy Nghin cu v chy thy rng tn ti m chy th phi c tam gic chy, th nhng duy tr c m chy th nht thit phi c thm mt yu t khc na l tam gic chy phi lun kt hp vi nhau, s kt hp phi lin tc th m chy mi pht trin rng v ngy cng d di hn. - Cht chy (fuel): y l mt yu t khng th thiu c ca qu trnh chy bi chy l s xi ho cht chy vi xi, nu khng c cht chy th khng th xy ra phn ng chy. - Nng cht chy v cht xi ho mt t l thch hp (oxygen): Trong hn hp chy th cht chy, cht xi cng nh ngun nhit lun phi mt t l ph hp. Nu nng mt trong cc yu t ca thnh phn hn hp chy qu t hoc qu nhiu so vi cc yu t khc th cng khng th tn ti s chy. i vi cht chy khong gii hn c gi l vng nng bc chy. - Nhit (heat): l mt yu t rt quan trng tn ti s chy, nu nh nng cht chy v cht xi ho mt t l nht nh nhng nng lng cn thit cho phn ng ho hc xy ra khng c hoc khng th cng th xy ra phn ng chy c, to ra

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nng lng cho phn ng chy xy ra th nht thit phi cn nhit nung nng cc cht trong hn hp chy. 1.4 Nguyn nhn gy ra chy n a. Nguyn nhn do con ngi y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh gy ra chy, hu ht cc v chy, n xy ra u do con ngi. Thng thng nht l s bt cn thn ca con ngi trong i sng hng ngy khi s dng la un nu, s dng cc trang thit b c pht sinh ra la; bo qun cc trang thit b, vt liu d gy chy n khng cn thn; qun l cc ngun nhit gy chy khng theo ng cc quy trnh an ton. b. Nguyn nhn do k thut Nguyn nhn k thut c th l do cc trang thit b s dng nng lng b qu ti. Trong thc t th do s tc ng ca con ngi, hoc do cc s c k thut nh my mc, thit b qu c, s dng khng theo ng quy trnh; vt qu cc thng s k thut an ton; cc ng ng c cha cc cht d gy chy, n nh xng, du, kh gas c hin tng r r c. Nguyn nhn khc C th l do thin nhin nh sm st sinh ra cc tia la in tc ng vo cc khu vc c nguy c gy chy n cao. Do cc hin tng ma st gy tnh in gia cc vt th. 1.5 Phn loi m chy (TCVN 4878-89). c th cha chy hiu qu th chng ta phi phn loi m chy tu theo tnh cht ca tng vt liu chy. Mc ch ca vic phn chia m chy ra thnh nhiu loi l c th s dng cc cht cha chy cho ph hp, trnh trng hp s dng khng ng cc cht cha chy s gy ra nguy him Mt s quc gia trn th gii thng nht vi nhau trong cng tc phng chy v cha chy, da vo trng thi cht chy v vt liu chy ngi ta chia m chy ra lm 4 loi A, B, C, D, trong mi loi li c chia thnh cc nhm nh nh sau: K hiu loi m chy c tnh ca loi m chy c tnh ca nhm m chy

Nhm m chy

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Cht rn

Cht lng

C D

Cc kim loi

Chy cc cht rn vi qua trnh chy m ( nh g, giy, c kh, rm r, than, sn phm dt) A2 Chy cc cht rn nhng khng c qu trnh chy m ( nh chy cht do, nha..) B1 Cht chy lng khng tan trong nc (nh xng, te, nhin liu du m), cht chy rn ho lng (nh faraphin) B2 Chy cc cht lng ho tan trong nc (nh ru, metanol, glixerin) Chy cc cht kh nh mtan, hydro, propan D1 Chy cc cht kim loi nh nh nhm, manh v hp kim ca chng D2 Chy kim loi kim v cc kim loi ng dng khc nh Natri, Kali D3 Chy cc hp cht c cha kim loi nh cc hp cht hu c kim loi A1

1.6 S lan truyn ca m chy. m chy c th lan truyn theo ba phng thc chnh nh sau: Phng thc lan truyn bng bc x: l khi s chy sinh ra nhit, lng nhit ngy cng tng nhiu t m chy pht ra nung nng xung quanh, lng nhit ngy cng tng n nhit bng chy ca cc cht chy v c nh vy nu khng c ngn chn th m chy ngy cng rng v phc tp hn. Phng thc lan truyn bng i lu: l hin tng khi chy xy ra sinh nhit theo khi bc ln trn cao lm thay i lung khng kh xung quanh, khng kh nhit thp s chim ch di khng ngng y khng kh nng ln pha trn s nung nng cc vt liu chy Phng thc lan truyn bng dn nhit: l hin tng khi chy xy ra, nhit to ra xung quanh dc theo vt liu s nung nng cc cht chy, lm cho m chy lan truyn nhanh hn

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II. CC PHNG PHP CHA CHY. 2.1 Cc c ch dp chy Nhng ngi nghin cu v chy da vo cc thnh phn cu to ca m chy v kh nng tn ti m a ra cc phng php cha chy thch hp cho tng loi m chy. khng hnh thnh tam gic chy th chng ta c cc phng thc sau cha chy: 2.1.1 Cha chy theo phng thc lm ngui : Bng cch dng nc lm gim nhit ca m chy khi chy xy ra, ban u khi phun nc c th m chy s chy to ln bi do lung nc tc ng lm thay i lung khng kh, lng xi nhiu hn. Tuy nhin khi lng nc xm nhp vo m chy th cc phn t nc s hp th nhit ca cc phn t chy lm cho cc phn t chy khng cn kh nng hot ho v th m chy khng th lan rng v tt dn. y l mt phng php rt ph bin v rt hiu qu. 2.1.2 Cha chy theo phng thc lm ngt: Ngha l chng ta dng cc tc nhn cha chy loi b thnh phn xi cn thit cho m chy, lm cho nng xi khng m chy tn ti. Thng thng nng xi ti thiu cn phi c cho mt m chy l khng c nh hn 14% trong mi trng khng kh. Nu thiu thnh phn xi th m chy cng khng th tn ti cho d c y hai yu t cht cht v nhit . Da vo tnh nng ny m khi chng ta s dng cc nguyn nhin liu c kh nng chy n cao nh xng du tong cc bn v b, xi tc... ngi ta bm cc cht kh khc nh kh CO2 lm gim nng kh xi c trong cc b, bn cha, xi tc... khi vn chuyn s lm gim kh nng gy chy n. Hin nay cha chy theo phng thc lm ngt ngi ta dng nguyn liu chnh l kh CO2. Ngoi ra ngi ta c th dng cc bin php khc lm ngt nh dng chn, vi t che kn mi trng cht chy vi mi trng khng kh bn ngoi, nhm cch ly hon ton m chy vi mi tng khng kh bn ngoi, sau mt thi gian chy khi nng xi trong m chy gim dn xung n di 14% th m chy s tt. 2.1.3 Cha chy theo phng php ct ngun cht chy (c lp m chy):

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Phng php ny c thc hin khi chng ta ct ngun chy bng vic ng cc van, cch ly mi tng chy vi cc cht chy xung quanh, Phng php ny rt nguy him bi khi chng tin hnh ng van ng ng c cha cc nhin liu chy, c lp v cch ly cht chy vi m chy thng khng n gin cho nn phi rt cn thn. 2.1.4 Cha chy theo phng php ph v phn ng dy truyn ca m chy: C ngha l lm cho cc yu t ca tam gic chy khng th kt hp c vi nhau. c th lm cho cc yu t cu thnh m chy gim kh nng kt hp to thnh phn ng dy truyn chy ngi ta dng tc nhn cha chy dng bt. Khi cc phn t bt c a vo trong m chy ly nng lng ca cc phn t chy bng cc va chm gia cc phn t ny vi nhau, dn n nng lng ca cc phn t chy b phn tn v kh nng hot ho ca chng cng gim dn n m chy s tt dn. 2.2 Cc cht cha chy. T xa xa con ngi bit s dng cc cht cha chy c trong t nhin nh nc, ct, bt, chn t...Ngy nay khi khoa hc pht trin con ngi nghin cu v a ra nhiu cht cha chy khc nhau cng nh nhiu phng cch ch ng m chy nh : bt cha chy, bt cha chy, CO2... l nghin cu s ph hp, hiu qu gia cht cha chy v cht chy. 2.2.1 Nc: y l cht cha chy rt ph bin v sn c trong t nhin, nc cha chy theo phng thc lm lnh. Ngha l nc c dng phun vo m chy ly nhit ca m chy lm cho kh nng chy s gim, khi lng nhit b ly i cho n khi nhit m chy khng th tip tc duy tr th m chy s tt. Tuy nhin i vi nc ch cha c m chy th loi rn thng thng nh g, giy..., nc ch cha chy hiu qu c nhng m chy c nhit chy nh hn 17000C, nhng m chy c nhit chy ln hn 17000C th kh nng thu nhit ca nc gim do cc phn t nc b phn hu.

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Tuyt i khng c s dng nc cha cc m chy D (nht l cht chy kim loi kim) bi v nc khng th dp tt c chy, m cn lm cho chy to hn do cc kim loi kim phn ng vi nc to thnh hn hp cht chy nguy him hn. 2.2.2 Cht cha chy dng bt: Hin nay c rt nhiu loi bt c s dng trong thc t tuy nhin ngi ta chia ra hai loi chnh l bt ho hc v bt c hc. Bt cha chy theo phng php lm ngt v lm lnh, khi bt phun vo trong m chy cc phn t bt khi gp nhit s gin n ra nhiu ln tu thuc vo tnh cht ho hc ca bt to thnh lp mng trn b mt ca m chy ngn cch hon ton vi mi trng khng kh, ngoi ra trong bt c cha nc c kh nng thu nhit ca m chy lm cho nhit ca m chy cng gim theo, m chy s tt dn. i vi bt cha chy tt nht, hiu qu nht l cha cc m chy xng du, ho cht (loi A v B).Hin nay trn th trng c cc loi bnh bt thng dng l 9lt. 2.2.3 Cht cha chy dng bt. y l cht c kh nng cha chy rt hiu qu v cha c nhiu m chy. Ngy nay khi khoa hc cng ngh pht trin ngi ta ch to ra cc loi bt : bt BC, bt ABC, bt ABCD v cc loi bt c bit. Khi s dng bt cha chy lm cho cht chy, xi v nhit khng kt hp vi nhau tip tc duy tr m chy, m chy s tt. Khi cc phn t bt phun vo trong m chy s va chm vi nhau ly nhit ca m chy v nhit ca m chy thp hn nhit chy th m chy khng th tip tc, gi l ph v phn ng dy truyn chy. Nhng loi bt c k hiu l bt ABC (cng thc ho hc l NH 4H2 PO4) c ngha l c th cha c nhng m chy A, B, C. Loi bt loi BC (cng thc ho hc l NaHCO3, KHCO3,)ch c th cha hiu qu c m chy loi B v C. Cht cha chy dng bt cn c th cha c nhng m
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chy nh m chy thit b in, m chy kim loi kim rt hiu qu. Hin nay trn th trng c cc loi bnh bt 0,5KG, 1KG, 3KG, 6KG, 8KG... 2.2.4 Cht cha chy CO2 y l mt tc nhn cha chy rt hiu qu cho cc m chy in, m chy loi A, loi B v loi C. Khng s dng CO2 cho m chy loi D kim loi kim. Cht cha chy CO2 cha chy theo phng thc lm ngt, khi phun CO2 vo trong m chy s lm cho nng O2 gim dn v m chy tt khi nng O2 thp hn 14% trong mi trng chy. Hin nay trn th trng c cc loi bnh CO2 0,5 KG, 1Kg, 5KG... Cc cht cha chy khc Nh ct, chn ph la, cc loi chn vi t thm nc dng cha cc m chy nh trong gia nh. Chng ta thy cc nh my, phn xng u c cc thng ct d phng cha chy khi cn thit. III. BNH CHA CHY XCH TAY 3.1 Cu to bnh cha chy xch tay:

i vi tt c cc bnh cha chy, cc thit b cha chy khc c lin quan n u thng nht mt loi mu chung l mu ; cn ch, hnh minh ho c th l mu trng hc mu xanh. i vi thit b cha chy c rt nhiu loi, thit b cha chy c nhn l bnh cha chy xch tay, cc loi bnh cha chy ln trn xe y, cc h thng cha chy t ng lp t trong cc nh my, x nghip c yu cu nghim ngt v chy n, cc thit b chung bo, cc thit b cm bin nhit, cm bin khi dng h tr pht hin chy t ng khi con ngi cha kp pht hin c th khng ch cc m chy mt cch nhanh nht.

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3.2 Cc loi bnh cha chy 3.2.1 Bnh bt cha chy : Bnh bt dng cha chy cc cht rn, cht lng, cht kh v cc cht kh ho lng d chy, cha chy kim loi bng cc loi bnh bt c bit a. Loi xch tay

Bnh bt BC MFZ1 MFZ2 MFZ3 MFZ4 MFZ5 MFZ8 b. Loi xe y Bnh bt BC MFTZ25 MFTZ35

Bnh bt ABC MFZL1 MFZL2 MFZL3 MFZL4 MFZL5 MFZL8

Trng lng 1kg 2kg 3kg 4kg 5kg 8kg

p sut Thi gian Khong (20oC) phun cch phun 1,4 Mpa 6s 2,5m 1,4 Mpa 8s 2,5m 1,4 Mpa 8s 2,5m 1,4 Mpa 9s 4m 1,4 Mpa 9s 4m 1,4 Mpa 12s 5m

Bnh bt ABC MFTZL25 MFTZL35

Trng lng 25kg 35kg

p sut (20oC) 1,4 Mpa 1,4 Mpa

T. gian phun 15s 20s

Tm phun 7m 8m

3.2.2 Bnh cha chy CO2 : Bnh CO2 dng cha chy in (in h th, trung th v cao th). Bnh CO2 khng cha c kim loi chy, h quang v mt s cht giu oxi.

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Bnh CO2 MTT24

Trng lng 24kg

Mi trng - 100C ~ 550C

T. gian phun 20s

Tm phun 4m

Mt s loi bnh khc

3.3 Mt s nguyn tc an ton khi s dng bnh cha chy Khi pht hin chy th phi tin hnh cc bin php thng bo cho mi ngi bng cc loi tn hiu cn thit. Chng ta s dng cc bnh cha chy c nhn cng nh nhng trang thit b khc cha chy v h tr cho bn thn trong qu trnh thot him Cc bnh cha chy c nhn cng nh cc h thng thit b phng chy - cha chy d phng lun phi c kim tra cc thng s k thut v thng s an ton theo nh k c 3 thng kim tra mt ln, phi nhng ni thng thong, d quan st v s dng, khng ngoi nng. Bnh cha chy th phi m bo l c nim ch y , kim tra thi hn s dng vn cn, khng c s dng bnh cha chy qu hn s dng. Tuyt i khng dng cc loi bnh cha chy khng ph hp s gy ra nguy him nh dng bt, nc cha m chy in, m chy kim loi kim. Khi tin hnh cha chy nn tun theo cc bc sau: + Xc nh m chy chn bnh cha chy ph hp + Kim tra cc thng s an ton ca bnh cha chy: ng h o p, nim ch, trng lng bnh + Rt cht an ton v phun th bnh

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+ Xch bnh cha chy tip cn m chy + ng u hng gi + Qut trn b mt m chy + Sau khi cha xong lun phi di theo phng khi bng chy tr li. IV. H THNG BO CHY V CHA CHY T NG 4.1 H thng Bo chy t ng 4.1.1 Trung tm bo chy 21-09-2005 Control Panel RPP-EBW 03 Ni hin th nhng thng tin lin quan n trng thi hot ng ca h thng. Khi c bo ng hoc c li k thut, n bo cho bit ni no xy ra s c, nh con ngi c th nhanh chng chn bin php i ph thch hp. Control Panel nhn tn hiu ng vo t cc thit b khi bo (u bo khi, u bo nhit, cng tc khn, ...) v pht ra cc tn hiu ti cc ng ra (chung, ci, loa phng thanh, n bo chy,...) Nhiu thit b khi bo c th ni chung vo mt mch dy. Mi mch dy chy v t trung tm gi l mt zone - Trung tm bo chy c t phng thng trc, phng bo v ca c s, ni c ngi thng trc sut ngy m. - L t hp cc thit b k thut c lin kt vi nhau nhm thc hin chc nng cung cp nng lng cho cc u bo chy t ng, tip nhn thng tin, tn hiu a v t u bo v x l tn hiu a ra tn hiu bo chy tng ng, c th nh sau: + Nhn tin bo chy t u bo chy t ng v pht lnh bo ng ch th ni xy ra chy. + C th truyn tn hiu bo ng chy qua thit b truyn tn hiu n ni nhn tin bo chy, n n v cha chy hay n cc thit b cha chy t ng. + Kim tra s lm vic bnh thng ca h thng, ch th s c ca h thng nh: t dy, chp mch, s c ngun (c quy yu, mt c quy), mt u bo chy. 4.1.2 u bo chy

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- L thit b t ng nhy cm vi cc yu t trong mi trng chy nh s tng nhit , nng khi, bc x nhit ca ngn la, v cc yu t mi trng ny t n mt gi tr lm vic (gi l ngng lm vic) th u bo chy lm vic pht ra tn hiu truyn v trung tm bo chy. - Cc u bo chy c lp t trong khu vc bo v. u bo nhit h a ch : l u bo cm bin nhit v a ra tn hiu chun xc v trung tm iu khin bo chy, thch hp lp t trong mi trng m vic lp t u bo khi khng ph hp do c im mi trng nhiu khi nh bp n hay xng git hi. u bo nhit c nh : Tc ng khi nhit ti v tr lp t u bo chy t n gi tr xc nh trc u bo nhit gia tng : Tc ng khi nhit ti v tr lp t u bo chy c vn tc gia tng t n gi tr xc nh trc u bo khi Ion : Khi pht ra t ngun chy, bay ln cao, xm nhp vo bu cm ng ca u bo khi, v kch hot tn hiu bo ng, truyn v t bo chy u bo khi quang : Nhy cm vi cc sn phm sinh ra khi chy c kh nng nh hng n s bc x hay tn x trong vng hng ngoi v/ hoc vng cc tm ca ph in t 4.1.3 Nt n bo chy L thit b gip cho con ngi ch ng bo chy nhanh bng tay khi pht hin ra chy m cc u bo chy cha lm vic. V bn cht ca nt n bo chy ging nh mt cng tc

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nt n chung (cng tc in). Mt s nt n c gic cm telephone c th trc tip lin lc trc tip vi trung tm ni lp t trong qu trnh sa cha, bo qun, bo dng. 4.1.4 Cp tn hiu v dy tn hiu L yu t lin kt gia cc thit b trong h thng, c nhim v: - Cung cp nng lng cho cc u bo chy lm vic. - Tn hiu kim tra t trung tm n cc u bo chy. - Tn hiu bo chy t u bo chy v trung tm. 4.1.5 Thit b ch th bo chy L thit b k thut hin th nhng ch th bo chy, thng bo m trung tm bo chy cn a ra sau khi tip nhn v x l tn hiu t u bo chy a v hoc b t dy, t nt n... Thit b ch nh bo chy c th l loa, n, mn hnh tinh th lng. Cc ch th bo chy c th dng: m thanh, ch vit, nh sng. Chung bo chy : Thit b thc hin bo chy bng m thanh

n bo chy : Thit b thc hin bo chy bng nh sng Dng in Kiu n Nhit lm vic Vt liu Mu sc Trng lng 4.1.6 Thit b ngoi vi AC/DC 24V, 19mA LED - 100C ~ 500C Nha chng chy 100g

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L cc thit b in di tc dng ca tn hiu kch thch do trm bo chy pht ra, cc thit b ny hot ng theo chc nng quy nh to iu kin thun li cho cu nn hay cng tc t chc cha chy. Cc thit b c th l: + Cc bm cha chy. + Qut ht khi. + H thng chiu sng s c. + H thng iu khin thang my... 4.1.7 Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng bo chy t ng - Bnh thng khi khng c chy, ton b h thng ch thng trc, ti cc khu vc bo v lun c cc tn hiu kim tra hot ng ca h thng. - Khi xy ra chy khu vc bo v di s thay i ca cc yu t mi trng chy (nhit , khi, bc x ca ngn la) cc u bo s tip nhn s thay i ca cc yu t ny, khi t ti ngng lm vic th cc u bo chy s lm vic to ra tn hiu in truyn v trung tm qua h thng dy v cp tn hiu. Ti Trung tm bo chy s din ra cc hot ng x l tn hiu truyn v, sau pht ra tn hiu bo ng ch th tng ng nh: chung, ci, n, v cc tn hiu iu khin thit b ngoi vi khc. - Sau khi chy kt thc, ta cn khi phc trng thi lm vic ca h thng bo chy t ng 4.2 H thng cha chy t ng 4.2.1 H Thng Cha Chy Bn T ng (H thng cha chy hng nc vch tng) Hp cha chy vi t nht mt cun vi ng knh 50 mm, vi cun vi 20 mt. Gm: Hp vung nm ngang, cun vi, hng nc, van chn, lng phun Hp cha chy vi cun vi ng knh 45 mm. Tiu chun UNE-EN 671/2. Cofem sn xut. Model MV5015 vi cun vi 15 meters. Gm: Hp vung ng, cun vi, van cu, ng h p lc, vi phun, king. 4.2.2 H thng Sprinkler :

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Dp tt m chy bng cch phun nc trc tip vo khu vc ang chy m ti u phun sprinkler b kch hot ngng nhit c xc nh trc

H Thng Cha Chy Sprinkler l loi h thng cha chy ph bin nht hn nay. Dp tt m chy bng cch phun nc trc tip vo khu vc ang chy m ti u phun sprinkler b kch hot ngng nhit c xc nh trc. H Thng Sprinkler l mt h thng lin kt cc ng ng chy ngm di t v trn mt t, c thit k theo nhng tiu chun ca cng ngh cha chy. C th b tr mt hoc nhiu ngun cp nc t ng. Phn h thng nm trn mt t l mt mng ng ng c thit k theo nguyn tc "tnh ton thy lc" hoc nguyn tc "nh c ng ng", v c lp t bn trong mt building, mt cng trnh kin trc, hoc mt khu vc, m nhn chung, n nm cao qa u, v trn ng ng y, nhng u sprinklers c b tr sao cho khi phun nc ra, n bao trm mt vng khng gian c tnh ton trc. Thng th h thng c kch hot bng nhit pht ra t m chy, v n phun nc ra ph trn khu vc c chy. C nhiu loi h thng sprinkler: Wet Pipe System (H Thng C Nc). L h thng sprinkler c cc u sprinklers t ng c gn vo h thng NG NG C CHA SN NC, v ni kt vi ngun nc, nh , nc s phun ra ngay lp tc, qua cc sprinklers m do nhit t m chy pht ra kch hot. Dry Pipe System (H Thng Kh). L h thng sprinkler c cc u sprinklers t ng c gn vo h thng NG NG C CHA khng kh hoc nitrogen c duy tr bi p lc, v khi sprinklers m do nhit t m chy pht ra kch hot, kh bn trong ng ng thot ra, cho php p lc nc lm m dry pipe valve. Nh , nc chy vo h thng ng ng, v ri phun nc ra qua cc sprinkler m. Deluge System (H Thng Hng Thy). L h thng sprinkler dng cc u sprinklers m sn c gn vo mt ngun nc, qua mt van m van s c m do s kch hot ca mt h thng bo chy c lp t ti cng nhng v tr c t u sprinkler. Khi van ny
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m, nc s chy vo h thng ng ng, v ri phun nc ra qua tt c cc sprinklers lp t. 4.2.3 H thng CO2 H thng ny ng dng ti nhng ni m nu dng nhng cht cha chy khc c th lm h hng my mc, thit b.

CO2 l mt cht kh sch, khng lm r st, n dp tt chy bng cch lm long hn hp khng kh & CO2 ti mt t l di mc gii hn c th duy tr s chy. H thng ny ng dng ti nhng ni m nu dng nhng cht cha chy khc c th lm h hng my mc, thit b. V kh phun ra c th gy ngt th cho con ngi hin din trong khu vc, v vy, h thng lun lun dnh mt thi gian tr hon vi tn hiu bo ng cnh bo trc khi phun kh, con ngi kp thot ra khi khu vc nguy him. 4.2.4 H thng Foam H thng cha chy bng bt (foam), khi c kch hot, s phun ra mt loi bt bao ph ln trn b mt xng du, tch cht lng d chy ra khi khng kh v la, nh ngn la b dp tt. Do tnh hiu qu cao ng thi gim thiu lng nc cn thit, h thng foam hin nay c tin dng rng ri. Gim s lng cht cha chy cn dng dp tt la, ngha l gim thiu s h hng thit b, dng, gim nhim mi trng do nc phun ra, c bit l ti nhng ni c cha cht c hi. i vi loi foam gin n cao, th hu nh chng h hi g c cho hng ha, v ch trong mt thi gian ngn, c nh kho u tr li bnh thng. H thng foam c ng dng ti nhng ni c bit c ri ro cao v chy n, c chn la thn trng, yu cu phi trang b thch hp cht bt c c, h thng trn bt, cc

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thit b phun bt, v s phi hp hu hiu gia cc b phn y trong mt h thng cha chy. Bt c c l mt cht i chi vi xng du. Mc d n c cng chung tiu chun, tuy nhin, mi loi bt - protein v fluoroprotein - c nhng c im ring, ng dng thch hp hoc km thch hp hn i vi tng hin trng c th. H thng trn bt c th l loi "balanced pressure" hoc "inline". u phun bt c th l u sprinkler, spray, nozzle, monitor, foam pourer, hoc high expantion foam generator, ty theo h thng foam c dng. 4.2.5 H thng Bt (Dry Chemical). ng dng ti nhng ni him ha chy c nh ga cao. H thng s phun kh cha chy vo tn nhng ni kh ra vo cha chy bng phng php th cng. Trng hp tiu biu: phng t my mc, thit b, my bin th, turbines, mng du v ha du, thit b x l trong nh my luyn kim, khu giao nhn hng ti kho, ti cng, dy chuyn phun sn ti nh my, thng nhng sn cng nghip, kho nguyn liu d chy... H thng cha chy bng ha cht (kh) c cha trong bnh p lc, dn qua h thng ng ng, n cc u phun t ti khu vc c bo v. H thng c th kch hot t ng hoc iu khin th cng. C th trang b thm nhng thit b ph ngt ngun ca cc thit b dng in, hoc kha ng ng dn gas. Thit b bo chy c th l cc u bo nhit kch hot bng in hoc bng c (mechanical fusible links/ electric thermal detectors). Cc trang thit b dng trong cng tc PCCC Vi cha chy : s dng vi mc ch dn nc t ngun cung cp ti v tr c m chy. Ty theo nh cung cp hay mc ch s dng m c cc loi vi cha chy c kch thc khc nhau. ng knh vi (mm) 38 45 52 65 70 75

Trng / / Da cam / en Mu sc 55 50 50 48 47 46 p sut n (bar) 22.5 p sut lm vic (bar) 0 -20 C ~ +500C Nhit

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Lng cha chy (sng phun) : s c kt ni vi ng vi cha chy. Ty theo ng knh vi cha chy s c tng loi lng phun ph hp. Khi ra nc ch yu 3 dng chnh : phun tia nc c, phun ma, phun ph

Lng phun cm tay

Lng gi

Qun o cha chy : gm nhiu chng loi vi cc cht liu khc nhau, nhm m bo an ton cho ngi cha chy hoc cng tc cu h My bm cha chy : i vi cc cng trnh thng c b tr t nht 2 my bm (01 ng c chy bng xng v 01 ng c in). My bm s m bo duy tr p lc nc trong qu trnh cha chy

t cha chy : c s dng rng ri vi nhiu tnh nng u vit

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BI TP : LP PHNG N CHA CHY I. Gi nh tnh hung chy Thi gian chy :..h im xut pht chy : . Din tch khong : .m2. Nguyn nhn gy chy: ............................... II. K hoch huy ng lc lng phng tin cha chy TT A 1 B 1 2 C 1 2 3 n v huy ng C s i PCCC c s Cnh st PCCC i PCCC i PCCC Cc n v khc TT cp cu thnh ph Chi nhnh in Qun Cng ty cp nc thnh ph y bc s CB NV xe cp cu xe x l s c in . CBCS CBCS . xe CC .xe CC . Tt c cc bnh CC c trang b S ngi SL, chng loi, PT huy ng

III. K hoch trin khai cha chy 1. Nhim v ca lc lng c s - Ngi pht hin thy chy dng loa bo cho nhng CBCNV C s - Ngi ch huy cha chy hoc ngi u quyn ch huy cha chy ca C s nhanh chng trin khai cng tc cha chy theo cc vic sau: + T chc thng tin: Gi in bo chy cho i Cnh st PCCC + Ct in cho C s. + T chc cha chy : Yu cu xc nh r ni xy ra chy, gc la phun nc cha chy, ngn chn chng chy lan.

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+ T chc cu ngi, cu ti sn, cc tp ti liu ng thi nhanh chng a ngi b kt ra khi m chy. + T chc bo v lm trt t, huy ng lc lng Cng an ti phng lm nhim v bo v, khng cho ngi khng c nhim v vo c s. Khi lc lng Cnh st PCCC n, ch huy cha chy ca c s nhanh chng bo tnh hnh v chu s ch huy ca lc lng Cnh st PCCC. Chun b k hoch bo v hin trng, cc bin php khc phc hu qu do chy gy ra. IV. S b tr lc lng, phng tin cha chy tnh hung ln, phc tp nht Nhim v c th ca LL PCCC ti ch

Gi nh tnh hung

K hoch huy ng LL -PT

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. LUT PHNG CHY CHA CHY 2. NGH NH 35 / CP QUY NH CHI TIT LUT PCCC 3. TI LIU C S L HA CA QU TRNH DP TT M CHY TRNG I HC PCCC 4. TI LIU BO CHY V CHA CHY T NG - TRNG I HC PCCC 5. TI LIU FIRE PROTECTION CA NFPA

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