Homework 1.

Temperature
is a physical property of matter that quantitatively expresses the common notions of hot and cold. Objects of low temperature are cold, while various degrees of higher temperatures are referred to as warm or hot. Quantitatively, temperature is measured with thermometers, which may be calibrated to a variety of temperature scales. Temperature plays an important role in all fields of natural science, including physics, geology, chemistry, atmospheric sciences and biology. Macroscopically, temperature tells of the tendency of matter to transfer heat from hotter to cooler bodies. Temperature is a measure of the amount of heat energy possessed by an object.

Celsius
Anders Celsius (1701-1744) was a Swedish astronomer credited with the invention of the centigrade scale in 1742. Celsius chose the melting point of ice and the boiling point of water as his two reference temperatures to provide for a simple and consistent method of thermometer calibration. Celsius divided the difference in temperature between the freezing and boiling points of water into 100 degrees (thus the name centi, meaning one hundred, and grade, meaning degrees). After Celsius's death, the centigrade scale was renamed the Celsius scale and the freezing point of water was set at 0C and the boiling point of water at 100C. The Celsius scale takes precedence over the Fahrenheit scale in scientific research because it is more compatible with the base ten format of the International System (SI) of metric measurement. In addition, the Celsius temperature scale is commonly used in most countries of the world other than the United States.

Unit of Measurement for Temperature

Celsius Rankine farenheit Kelvin

Fahrenheit
Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686-1736) was a German physicist who is credited with the invention of the alcoho thermometer in 1709 and the mercury thermometer in 1714. The Fahrenheit temperature scale was developed in 1724. Fahrenheit originally established a scale in which the temperature of an ice-water-salt mixture was set at 0 degrees. The temperature of an ice-water (no salt) mixture was set at 30 degrees and the temperature of the human body was set at 96 degrees. Using this scale, Fahrenheit measured the temperature of boiling water as 212F on his scale. He later adjusted the freezing point of water from 30F to 32F, thus making the interval between the freezing and boiling points of water an even 180 degrees (and making body temperature the familiar 98.6F). The Fahrenheit scale is still commonly used in the United States.

Lord William Kelvin (1824-1907) was a Scottish physicist who devised the Kelvin (K) scale in 1854. The Kelvin scale is based on the idea of absolute zero, the theoretical temperature at which all molecular motion stops and no discernable energy can be detected. In theory, the zero point on the Kelvin scale is the lowest possible temperature that exists in the universe: -273.15C. The Kelvin scale uses the same unit of division as the Celsius scale; however, it resets the zero point to absolute zero: -273.15C. The freezing point of water is therefore 273.15 Kelvins (graduations are called Kelvins on the scale and neither the term degree nor the symbol are used) and 373.15 K is the boiling point of water. The Kelvin scale, like the Celsius scale, is a standard SI unit of measurement used commonly in scientific measurements. Since there are no negative numbers on the Kelvin scale (because theoretically nothing can be colder than absolute zero), it is very convenient to use Kelvins when measuring extremely low tem peratures in scientific research.

Kelvin

Rankine
is a thermodynamic (absolute) temperature scale

named after the Scottish engineer and physicist William John Macquorn Rankine, who proposed it in 1859. The symbol for degrees Rankine is R (or Ra if necessary to distinguish it from the Rmer and Raumur scales). Zero on both the Kelvin and Rankine scales is absolute zero, but the Rankine degree is defined as equal to one degree Fahrenheit, rather than the one degree Celsius used by the Kelvin scale. A temperature of 459.67 F is exactly equal to 0 R.

Although it may seem confusing, each of the three temperature scales discussed allows us to measure heat energy in a slightly different way. A temperature measurement in any of the three scales can be easily converted to another scale using the simple formulas below. to Celsius (F 32)/1.8

From

to Fahrenheit

to Kelvin (F32)*5/9+273.1 5 C + 273.15

(C * 1.8) + 32 (K273.15)*9/5+ 32

K273.15

Homework 1.10 August 5, 2011

MATTER
anything that occupy space and has mass

without changing the identity of that matter Intensive - Properties that do not
depend on the amount of the matter present.

Color Odor Luster - How shiny a substance is. Malleability - The ability of a substance to be beaten into thin sheets. Ductility - The ability of a substance to be drawn into thin wires. Conductivity - The ability of a substance to allow the flow of energy or electricity. Hardness - How easily a substance can be scratched. Melting/Freezing Point - The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases of a substance are in equilibrium at atmospheric pressure. Boiling Point - The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the pressure on the liquid (generally atmospheric pressure).

is a general term for the substance of which all physical objects consist. includes atoms and other particles which have mass

PHYSICAL PROPERTY A property that can be observed or measured

Density - The mass of a substance divided by its volume 3. Malleability -The ability to be pounded into thin sheets Example: Aluminum can be pounded flat to make aluminum foil

1. Thermal Conductivity The ability to transfer thermal energy (heat) to something else Example: *Coffee in a special cup to prevent heat transfer to our hands

4.Ductility -The ability to be drawn into thin wires Example: Copper is used to make wires

1. State The form in which matter exists: solid, liquid, gas, or plasma Example: Ice = Solid Water = Liquid Helium = Gas Lightning = Plasma

5.Solubility -The ability for one substance to dissolve into another substance Example: Alka-seltzer dissolves in water or sugar dissolves in coffee

Extensive - Properties that do depend

on the amount of matter present.

Mass - A measurement of the amount of matter in a object (grams). Weight - A measurement of the gravitational force of attraction of the earth acting on an object. Volume - A measurement of the amount of space a substance occupies. Length

Mass - a) the amount of matter in an object; b) a measure of resistance to acceleration that an object has.

Common units; kilograms (kg), grams(g), pounds (lb), ounces (oz). Sometimes equated with weight, but only valid when the acceleration due to gravity is understood to be 9.81 m/s2 (i.e., earthly conditions), or when a different definition of the word "weight" is used, as is normal in commerce and the medical sciences.

Weight: 1. Mass times the acceleration of gravity.

Extrinsic Properties
Extrinsic properties (also called extensive), such as volume and weight, are directly related to the amount of material being measured. Inertia - the resistance of an object to changes in motion (Newton's first law). Measured as mass because it is intimately related to mass. Mass has inertia by virtue of its nature. Common units: kilograms (kg), grams (g), pounds (lb). Fundamental property of matter.

2. Note that Weight is very different from Mass, a

common misconception for students. However, weight and mass are related. An easy way to remember the difference is that no matter what planet you are on, you will always be the same mass. However, if you enter a different planet or go on the moon, your weight will change. 3. The measure of the attraction between two objects, one of which is generally much larger than the other.

Force:

 Common units: pounds-force (lbf) or newtons (N). Relevant equation(s):

1. F = m a ( Force = Mass * acceleration ) 2. W = m g ( Weight = Mass * Gravity ) 3. N = 1 kg m/s2 ( newtons = kilograms *

1. D = m/v ( Density = mass/volume )

These measurements are relative to temperature. The density of water (at 4 degrees Celsius) is 1.00 g/cm3. Above and below that temperature, the density will be slightly different.

meters per second squared )

Notes: The acceleration of gravity near the surface of the earth is 9.81 meters per second squared or 9.81 m/s2.

Specific Gravity - ratio of a substance's density relative to the density of water. Usually table values use a water temperature of 25 degrees Celsius. See current reference books for examples. Since specific gravity is a ratio with the same numerator as denominator, it has no units. Specific gravity is usually measured with a hydrometer. Specific gravity can be an ambiguous measurement if the temperatures of the two substances are different. Specific Heat - the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a pure substance by one degree Kelvin. Common units J/(g*K) (Joules per gram-Kelvin)

Volume - the amount of space that an object occupies. Common units: liters (l), cubic meters (m), cubic feet (ft), fluid ounces, pints, quarts, gallons.

Intrinsic Properties
Intrinsic properties (also called intensive) are those which are independent of the quantity of matter present. For example, the density of gold is the same no matter how much gold you have to measure. Common intrinsic properties are density and specific gravity.

CHEMICAL PROPERTY
chemical property is any of a material's properties that becomes evident during a chemical reaction; that is, any quality that can be

Density - units of mass per unit of volume.

Common units: g/cm3 and kg/m3

Relevant equation(s):

established only by changing substance's chemical identity

Examples properties

of

chemical

Reactivity against other chemical substances

Heat of combustion Enthalpy of formation Toxicity

Chemical stability in a given environment Preferred oxidation state(s) Capability to undergo a certain set of transformations, for example molecular dissociation, chemical combination, redox reactions under certain physical conditions in the presence of another chemical substance Preferred types of chemical bonds to form, for example metallic, ionic, covalent

Flammability

Coordination number