Thuật Ngữ hàng hải

Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Abatement S gim
gi(Hng ha, cc ph,...) S gim gi(Hng ha, cc ph,...) Accept except Chp nhn nhng loi tr Thut ng c ngi thu tu hoc i l thu tu s dng trong giao dch ch mnh chp nhn mt s iu khon hoc chi tit no nhng khng chp nhn cc phn khc b loi tr s c gt b hoc sa i theo yu cu. Accomplished bill of lading Vn n nhn hng Vn n gc c trao cho ngi chuyn ch (Surrendered) ti cng d v hng c nhn xong. Act of God or natural calamity Thin tai Trch THUT NG THU TU & HNG HI (TS. Hunh Tn Pht & Bi Quang Hng bin son, NXB GTVT 1999) Bn c c nhu cu mua THUT NG THU TU & HNG HI, vui lng lin h in thoi s 933 0144 hoc a ch: Lu 4, cao c Thin Sn, 5 Nguyn Gia Thiu, Q. 3. TP. H Ch Minh. Gi ba: 35.000 Abandonment S khc t: L vic t chi thc hin mt hnh ng. (abandonment of action). Th d: Khc t vic tha kin, truy cu, chuyn hnh trnh, vic giao nhn hng v nhng l do no . 2. S t b: L vic t b mt ti sn c bo him (Abandonment of insured property) trong trng hp ti sn b tn tht coi nh ton b c tnh (constructive total loss). Ch ti sn phi lm vn bn t b ti sn v thc hin vic chuyn quyn s hu ti sn y cho ngi (cng ty) bo him, c ngi ny xem xt t chi hoc chp nhn bi thng ton b l hng. V d: Tu b m bin su, trc vt kh khn v tn km nn ch tu tuyn b t b tu, chuyn quyn s hu con tu cho ngi (cng ty) bo him xem xt t chi hoc chp nhn bi thng theo gi tr bo him ca tu. Nu ngi bo him t chi bi thng tn tht ton b vi l do chnh ng, th h s bi thng tn tht b phn (Partial loss).
Aboard 1. Trn, ln (Tu, xe la, my bay) 1. Trn, ln (Tu, xe la, my bay) X lan ch trn tu (Lighters aboard ship) Xp hng ln tu (To get aboard) 2. ViGii t dng trong thut ng: Va ng vi mt tu khc (to fall aboard of a ship). A.B.S Ch vit tt ca: American Bureau of Shipping. (Xem: American Bureau of shipping) Accomplished bill of lading Vn n nhn hng Vn n gc c trao cho ngi chuyn ch (Surrendered) ti cng d v hng c nhn xong. Act of war Hnh ng chin tranh Bao gm chin tranh gia cc quc gia, ni chin, khi ngha, ni lon, hnh ng th ch nh tiu dit, ph hoi, bt gi, tch thu v cc hnh ng chin tranh khc tng t Trong nghip v bo him, ri ro tn tht do hnh ng chin tranh c bo him theo iu kin c bit, c gii hn, theo iu khon bo him chin tranh (war risk insurance clause Actual carrier or effective carrier Ngi chuyn ch ch thc Thut ng c dng trong nghip v gom hng vn chuyn (Consolidation) ch ngi chuyn ch c tu m trch vic ch hng thc s, khc vi ngi chuyn ch danh ngha theo hp ng vn ti nhng khng c tu (NVOCC) ng ra k kt hp ng vn ti, sau li phi thu ngi chuyn ch ch thc ch hng thay. (Xem: Consolidation or groupage) Actual total loss Tn tht ton b thc t Thut ng dng trong nghip v bo him, ch l hng c bo him b hon ton tn tht v s lng hoc v phm cht. (Xem: Total loss) Addendum Ph lc Bn ghi nhng iu b sung vo mt vn bn php lut ch yu (hip nh, hp ng, tha thun), lm thnh mt b phn khng tch ri ca vn bn y. (Xem: Rider Additional charges Ph ph L khon tin phi tr thm vo s tin gc theo mt quy nh no . Th d: Trong chuyn ch hng bng tu ch hay tu container, c
trng hp ngi thu tu phi tr ph ph v nhin liu tng gi (Bunker adjustment charges), v ng tin tr cc mt gi (Currency adjustment charges), v lng hng (Lighterage) thm vo s tin cc gc, theo quy nh ca ch tu. Additional Premium Ph ph bo him L khon tin m ngi bo him phi tr thm trong trng hp hng c bo him theo iu kin bo him gc B hoc C m mun m rng thm mt s ri ro ph nh: ri ro trm cp v / hoc khng giao hng, thm t nc ma, nc ngt, rch v, dy bn do du m, hnh vi c hay ph hoi Ngoi ra, mt s cng ty bo him quy nh ngi c bo him phi tr thm ph ph khi s dng tu gi (Tu c nhiu nm tui). Abandonment S khc t Abandonment 1. S khc t: L vic t chi thc hin mt hnh ng. (abandonment of action). Th d: Khc t vic tha kin, truy cu, chuyn hnh trnh, vic giao nhn hng v nhng l do no . 2. S t b: L vic t b mt ti sn c bo him (Abandonment of insured property) trong trng hp ti sn b tn tht coi nh ton b c tnh (constructive total loss). Ch ti sn phi lm vn bn t b ti sn v thc hin vic chuyn quyn s hu ti sn y cho ngi (cng ty) bo him, c ngi ny xem xt t chi hoc chp nhn bi thng ton b l hng. V d: Tu b m bin su, trc vt kh khn v tn km nn ch tu tuyn b t b tu, chuyn quyn s hu con tu cho ngi (cng ty) bo him xem xt t chi hoc chp nhn bi thng theo gi tr bo him ca tu. Nu ngi bo him t chi bi thng tn tht ton b vi l do chnh ng, th h s bi thng tn tht b phn (Partial loss). Accept except Chp nhn nhng loi tr Thut ng c ngi thu tu hoc i l thu tu s dng trong giao dch ch mnh chp nhn mt s iu khon hoc chi tit no nhng khng chp nhn cc phn khc b loi tr s c gt b hoc sa i ty theo yu cu. Accomplished bill of lading Vn n nhn hng Vn n gc c trao cho ngi chuyn ch (Surrendered) ti cng d v hng c nhn xong. Act of God or natural calamity Thin tai
Tai ha bt ng do thin tai gy ra, ngoi kim sot ca con ngi nh: ng t, st nh, ni la phun, l lt, bo t, lc, sng thn Thin tai l sc mnh kh phng chng c nn tp qun quc t xt trng hp xy ra thin tai gy tn tht ti sn, sinh mnh hoc cn tr, th tiu ngha v ca mt bn ng s c qui nh bi mt hp ng hay cam kt no , th ng s y c min gim trch nhim do trnt hp bt kh khng (force majeure). Tuy nhin, trong nghip v bo him, thin tai l mt loi ri ro c bo him v ngi c bo him s c bi thng tt tht ti sn do thin tai gy ra. Act of state or Act of prince Hnh vi nh cm quyn Bao gm cc mnh lnh, ch th v nh ch, cm on, ngn tr mua bn, chuyn ch, hp tc, u t, gy tn tht ti sn hoc cn tr, th tiu ngha v ca mt bn ng s c quy nh bi mt hp ng hay cam kt no , th bn ng s y c min gim trch nhim do trng hp bt kh khng (force majeure). Trong nghip v bo him, ri ro gy tn tht do hnh vi nh cm quyn l loi ri ro b loi tr, khng c bo him (excluded risk). Act of war Hnh ng chin tranh Bao gm chin tranh gia cc quc gia, ni chin, khi ngha, ni lon, hnh ng th ch nh tiu dit, ph hoi, bt gi, tch thu v cc hnh ng chin tranh khc tng t Trong nghip v bo him, ri ro tn tht do hnh ng chin tranh c bo him theo iu kin c bit, c gii hn, theo iu khon bo him chin tranh (war risk insurance clause). Actual carrier or effective carrier Ngi chuyn ch ch thc Thut ng c dng trong nghip v gom hng vn chuyn (Consolidation) ch ngi chuyn ch c tu m trch vic ch hng thc s, khc vi ngi chuyn ch danh ngha theo hp ng vn ti nhng khng c tu (NVOCC) ng ra k kt hp ng vn ti, sau li phi thu ngi chuyn ch ch thc ch hng thay. (Xem: Consolidation or groupage) Actual total loss Tn tht ton b thc t Thut ng dng trong nghip v bo him, ch l hng c bo him b hon ton tn tht v s lng hoc v phm cht. (Xem: Total loss) Addendum Ph lc Bn ghi nhng iu b sung vo mt vn bn php lut ch yu (hip nh, hp ng, tha thun), lm thnh mt b phn khng tch ri
ca vn bn y. (Xem: Rider) Additional charges Ph ph L khon tin phi tr thm vo s tin gc theo mt quy nh no . Th d: Trong chuyn ch hng bng tu ch hay tu container, c trng hp ngi thu tu phi tr ph ph v nhin liu tng gi (Bunker adjustment charges), v ng tin tr cc mt gi (Currency adjustment charges), v lng hng (Lighterage) thm vo s tin cc gc, theo quy nh ca ch tu. Additional Premium Ph ph bo him L khon tin m ngi bo him phi tr thm trong trng hp hng c bo him theo iu kin bo him gc B hoc C m mun m rng thm mt s ri ro ph nh: ri ro trm cp v / hoc khng giao hng, thm t nc ma, nc ngt, rch v, dy bn do du m, hnh vi c hay ph hoi Ngoi ra, mt s cng ty bo him quy nh ngi c bo him phi tr thm ph ph khi s dng tu gi (Tu c nhiu nm tui). A ddress commission Hoa hng ngi thu tu L khon tin tnh trn phn trm tng s cc ph c ch tu / ngi chuyn ch trch thng cho ngi thu tu chuyn hoc thu tu hn nh nhm khuyn khch ngi ny pht trin quan h giao dch gia i bn, V thc cht, hoa hng ngi thu tu l s tin gim cc m ch tu / ngi chuyn ch dnh cho ngi thu tu. Nhng cng c mt s ch tu / ngi chuyn ch khng chp nhn cho ngi thu tu hng hoa hng bng cch ghi vo hp ng thu tu cu min hoa hng ngi thu tu (Free of Address Commisson). Ad - hoc Arbitration committee Hi ng trng ti v vic c lp ra nhm xt x mt v tranh chp no v s chm dt tn ti sau khi xt x. Adjustment of Average Tnh ton tn tht Bng tnh tn tht (Xem: General average) Ad - valorem freight Cc theo gi tr L loi cc do ngi chuyn ch (ch tu) t ra v thu ph i vi loi hng c gi tr cao nh vng bc, qu, tc phm ngh thut danh ting
Advance freight Cc tr trc L mt phn tin ca tng s cc ph chuyn ch m ch tu v ngi thu tu tha thun phi tr trc khi tu ch hng n giao ti cng ch Advance on freight Tin tm ng trn cc L s tin m ngi gi hng tm ng cho Thuyn trng tr cc chi ph ti cng (khng phi l cc tr trc) v sau s c khu tr khi thanh ton cc. Cc tr trc thng chim khong 1/3 tng s cc ph v ty tha thun m ngi thu tu c th c hng mt li sut nh trn s tin tr trc (khong 3%). Cc tr trc khng phi l tin vay n ca ch tu (Loan) v ch tu thng quy nh trong iu khon thanh ton: Cc tr trc phn trm khi k pht vn n, khng khu tr v khng thoi hon cho d tu v / hoc hng ha b mt hay khng mt. (The freight to be paid in on signing Bills of Lading, discountless and non returnable, ship and / or cargo lost or not lost). Affreightment (Chartering) Vic thu tu Ngi thu tu / ch hng (Affreighter / Cargo Owner) c nhu cu chuyn ch m phn v k kt vi ngi ch thu / ch tu (Carrier / Ships owner) mt hp ng thu tu (contract of affreightment) m theo ngi ch thu cam kt vn chuyn hng hoc cung cp mt phn hay ton b con tu cho ngi thu s dng ch hng v ngi thu phi tr s tin cc nht nh c tha thun trc. Hp ng thu tu bao gm cc iu khon quy nh quyn li, ngha v ca ngi thu v ngi cho thu; l hp ng thu chuyn hoc nh hn (Voyage or time Charter-Party), vn n ng bin (Bill of Lading) v n lu khoang (Booking note). Agency Agreement Hp ng i l L mt hp ng trong ngi y thc (Principal) y nhim cho ngi i l (Agent) thay mt mnh thc hin mt s cng vic c ch nh v bng dch v ngi i l nhn c mt s tin th lao gi l hoa hng i l (Agency commission). Trong vn ti bin, hp ng i l c k kt ph bin gia ch tu v i l ch tu (shipowners agent), cn cc trng hp khc ch tu thng ch nh i l tm thi bng in bo hay Telex vi ni dung y thc ngn gn. Cc iu khon ch yu trong hp ng i l ch tu gm c: - Ch nh i l v khu vc i l. - Phm vi cng vic i l (thu xp th tc tu ra vo cng, tin hnh bc d v giao nhn hng, kim tra thu np cc, thanh
ton cc loi ph theo ch th ca ch tu) - Quyn v trch nhim ca 2 bn. - Hoa hng i l - X l tranh chp - iu kin hiu lc v kt thc hp ng Agency fees i l ph L s tin th lao m ch tu tr cho i l tu bin (Ship-agent) v nhng dch v lm trong lc tu hot ng ti cng: Lm th tc ra vo cng, lin h cc ni v theo di bc d hng, tnh ton thng pht bc d, lo liu vt phm cung ng, thu xp thuyn vin i b i l ph c tnh nhiu hay t cn c vo ni dung yu cu ca ch tu, kt qu phc v ca i l, c tu to nh v tnh cht, khi lng hng bc d. i khi, gin tin cng vic, ch tu yu cu i l ph c tnh chung vo tng s tin hoa hng ghi trong hp ng thu tu m ch tu s chi tr. Ring trong chuyn ch tu ch, ngoi i l ph theo l thng, ch tu ch i khi cn trch mt phn tin cc lm hoa hng v hng ha xut nhp khu. iu ny khng phi l thng l trong chuyn ch hng bng tu chuyn d rng i khi ch tu cng chp nhn cho i l c hng hoa hng trn tng s tin cc thu c. Advice of shipment of Advice of despatch Giy bo gi hng Sau khi giao hng xung tu ch i, ngi gi hng / ngi bn hng thng bo cho ngi nhn hng / ngi mua hng bit tnh hnh hng ha c gi i v nhng chi tit c lin quan. Trong mua bn xut nhp khu, thng bo kp thi vic gi hng l trch nhim ca ngi bn hng. All in rate Cc ton b L tng s tin bao gm: Cc thu tu, cc loi ph ph v ph bt thng khc m ngi thu phi tr cho ngi chuyn ch. Th d: tu ch thng p dng thu cc ton b khi ch thu. All risks (A.R.) Bo him mi ri ro L iu kin bo him rng nht v theo iu kin ny, ngi bo him chu trch nhim v mi ri ro gy ra mt mt, h hng cho hng ha c bo him (thin tai, tai nan ca bin, ri ro ph khc) nhng loi tr cc trng hp: Chin tranh, nh cng, khng b, khuyt tt vn c ca hng ha, hnh ng c ca ngi c bo him, tu khng kh nng hng hi, mt mt h hng do chm tr, thiu st v bao b ng gi hng, hao ht t nhin ca hng, h hng, mt mt hoc chi ph do thiu kh nng thanh ton ca ngi ch tu, ngi thu tu hoc ngi iu hnh chuyn ch. T 01/01/1982, Hip hi bo him London (Anh) thay i iu kin bo him A.R. thnh iu kin bo
him hng ha A (Institute Cargo Clauses A) vi ni dung bo him khng thay i v c bn. All time saved both ends Ton b thi gian bc d tit kim c 2 u Thut ng c dng trong hp ng thu chuyn c quy nh thng pht theo cch b tr (Reversible laydays). C ngha l: Hp ng thu tu quy nh cho ngi thu tu c tnh gp ton b thi gian bc d tit kim c 2 u cng bc d nhanh (Despatch money). Cch tnh ny c li cho ngi thu tu hn l cch tnh thng pht ring r mi u cng (Separate laydays). Th d: Mt hp ng thu tu quy nh thi gian bc d theo cch b tr gm 10 ngy lm vic tt tri khng k Ch nht v ngy l d c lm, tin pht bc d chm l 5000 USD cho c tu ngy, tin thng bc d nhanh bng tin pht. Thc t, ngi thu tu dng 4 ngy bc hng ti cng gi v 3 ngy d hng ti cng n. Nh vy ton b thi gian tit kim 2 u cng l 3 ngy v nhn c tin thng bc d nhanh l: 2,500 USD x 3 = 7.500 USD (Xem: Laydays) All told Ton phn Thut ng t sau ch Trng ti tu ch trng ti ton phn ca con tu (Deadweight all told), bao gm: Trng lng hng ha, trng lng vt phm cung ng cho chuyn i (Nhin liu, nc, thc phm, vt liu chn lt, ph tng d tr), trng lng thuyn vin v hnh l. Always accessible Lun lun tip cn c (Xem: reachable on arrival) Always safely afloat Lun lun ni an ton Thut ng c ngha l y tu khng bao gi chm t khi ra vo hoc ti cu cng, bo m an ton cho tu. Ch tu a thut ng ny vo hp ng thu tu, nhm t trch nhim cho ngi thu tu chn cng nc su bo m tu khng chm y lc ra vo cng nh lc lm hng ti cng. Tuy nhin, mt s cng m su cu cng c phn b hn ch hoc nh hng ca thy triu nhng t y l bn nho, ngi thu tu c th yu cu ch tu chp thun: Tu khng lun lun ni nhng chm y an ton (not always afloat but safely aground). (Xem: arrived ship) American Bureau of shipping (A.B.S) T chc ng kim tu Hoa K C chc nng ng kim v cp giy chng nhn ng kim cho cc tu bin hot ng kinh doanh, ph hp vi quy ch, iu kin do A.B.S ca Hoa K quy nh.
Anchorage dues Thu neo tu S tin m cng quy nh cc tu neo u trong hoc ngoi khu vc cng phi giao np. Antedated bill of lading Vn n k li ngy cp Vic k li ngy cp vn n (Antedating) thng thng do ngi gi hng yu cu p ng ph hp vi thi gian giao hng c quy nh trong hp ng mua bn hoc thi hn hiu lc ca th tn dng. N b cc trng ti v ta n quc t ln n l thiu trung thc, gian di v do c th gy hu qu tai hi cho ngi xut khu giao hng cng nh ngi chuyn ch k li ngy vn n. Arbitration S phn x ca trng ti L phng thd gii quyt tranh chp bng cch a vn tranh chp ra trc trng ti vin (Arbitrator) xt x v phn quyt, khi 2 bn ng s khng th gii quyt bng thng lng nhng li khng mun a vn ra ta n. Phn quyt ca trng ti (Arbitration award) c hiu lc php l nh phn quyt ca ta n. Thng thng, mi bn ng s c 1 trng ti vin ca mnh xem xt v nht tr th cc bn ng s phi ch nh thm trng ti vin th 3 hoc ch nh mt trng ti vin quyt nh (Umpire). Trng ti vin quyt nh l ngi c quyn ra quyt nh cui cng v cc vn m cc trng ti vin kia cha nht tr. Arbitrator or arbiter Trng ti vin, Ngi phn x (Xem: arbitration) Arrest or seizure Vic bt gi - Vic sai p Khi ch tu hoc ch hng vi phm lut l, tp qun a phng hoc gy tn hi n quyn li ca a phng th cn c theo s khi t hoc v kin m chnh quyn s ti s ra lnh bt gi, sai p tu hoc hng ha tm thi ch i xt x theo php lut. Th d: Tu X va ng v lm hng cu cng, s b chnh quyn s ti bt gi ti cng ch xt x. Tuy nhin, nu ch tu c yu cu v sn sng np tin bo chng (bail) cho vic bi thng th tu c th c th ra v tip tc kinh doanh. Arrived ship Tu n (cng) Theo hp ng thu tu, con tu c gi Tu n khi p ng
3 iu kin sau: 1. Tu phi thc s vo cu, bn ca cng bc d hng c tn trong hp ng. 2. Tu phi thc s sn sng v mi mt bc, d hng. 3. Thng bo sn sng bc, d thch hp bng vn bn phi c trao cho ngi gi hay ngi nhn hng. Trong hp ng thu chuyn c quy nh thng pht bc d, thut ng trn y lin quan mt thit n vic tnh thi gian bc d hng v tnh thng pht bc d. V vy, ngi thu nn nu c th tn cu bn ca cng m tu phi n, vo cu bn bc d hng, trnh nu chung chung tn cng n v vng cng kh rng ln, tu n cng nhng cha vo cu c quyn trao thng bo sn sng bc d v bt u tnh thi gian bc d. Thng th ch tu khng thch cch quy nh c th ny v h lo ngi gp trc tr khi tu vo cu (Th d: do cng b n tc) v h cha c quyn trao thng bo sn sng bc d m phi neo u ch cu. Do , h yu cu hp ng quy nh tu n cho d tu vo cu hay cha (Whether in berth or not), cho d vo cng hay cha (Whether in port or not), Cho d kim dch hay cha (Whether in free pratique or not) v Cho d xong th tc hi quan hay cha (Whether in customs clearance or not). Hp ng thu tu ch ng cc Baltimore, mu C c nhng quy nh tng t nh sau: Nu khi n cng d hng, tu khng vo c v n tu th tu vn c quyn trao thng bo sn sng bc d ngay lc tu cn neo u ti mt a im ngoi cng do cng ch nh v bt u tnh thi gian bc d cho d tu vo cu hay cha, vo cng hay cha, kim dch hay cha, xong th tc hi quan hay cha. Thi gian tu ri ni neo u vo cu s khng tnh vo thi gian bc d (If on arrival at port of discharge, vessel is unable to enter a port due to congestion, vessel to be allowed to tender notice of readiness upon arrival off the port at the place appointe by the Harbour Master and time to commence as per charter whether vessel in berth or not, whether in port or not, whether entered at Customs or not. Time used in shifting from anchorage to berth not count as laytime). Nhng quy nh ni trn trong hp ng thu tu t ngi thu th bt li. Ngi thu tu cn xem xt k thc trng ca Cng n, tnh hnh a phng, yu cu chuyn ch u tranh t n nhng tha thun cng bng hp l. As agent only Ch nhn danh i l Thut ng ny c ghi ch di ch k chng minh ngi k tn trong chng t (Th d: Vn n ng bin, vn n hng khng, hp ng thu tu) ch k tn vi t cch php nhn l ngi c ngi khc y nhim thc hin hoc xc nhn mt vic hay mt s vic g v ch chu trch nhim gii hn trong phm vi y nhim y. Assortment Vic phn loi, xp hng hng ha
Assurer (Insurer) Ngi bo him L ngi nhn bo him li ch ca khch hng (Ngi c bo him) theo nhng quy tc, iu kin bo him quy nh, c quyn thu ph bo him ng thi chu trch nhim bi thng tn tht do nhng ri ro c bo him gy ra cho i tng bo him (Subject matter insured). Assured (Insured) Ngi c bo him Thut ng c dng ch ngi c li ch ca mnh c bo him (Hng ha, tu bin, ti sn khc) ch khng phi bn thn ngi ny c bo him (Tr bo him nhn th). At and from Ti v t Thut ng c s dng trong hp ng bo him chuyn (Insurance voyage policy): Ti v t mt cng quy nh. C ngha l Bo him c hiu lc t khi tu n ti cng quy nh v trong sut chuyn i tip theo. Nhng nu khi hp ng bo him c k kt m tu cha n cng quy nh th hp ng bo him s c hiu lc khi no tu n ti cng y. Cn phn bit vi thut ng T (From) mt cng no c ngha l bo him ch c hiu lc khi tu bt u chuyn i t cng y. Attorney Ngi c y quyn Ngi i din ton quyn L ngi c mt ngi khc (Ngi y quyn) ch nh hnh ng thay cho ngi ny gii quyt, x l mt vic no . Th d: Mt lut s c thn ch y quyn ra trc ta bnh vc quyn li trong mt v kin (altorney at law); mt i l vn ti c ch tu y nhim thanh l nhng ph vt ca tu sau tai nn m tu. Vic y quyn phi c vit thnh vn bn gi l y quyn (Warrant or power of attorney) hoc th y quyn (Letter of attorney). Australian Grain Charter (Austrai) Hp ng thu ch ng cc c Loi hp ng thu tu chuyn ch ng cc do Phng vn ti Vng quc Anh (Chamber of shipping of the United Kingdom) v Hip hi nhng ngi gi hng c (Australian Grain shippers association) son tho v p dng trong chuyn ch ng cc t c. Autonomous port Cng t qun Loi cng Php c xy dng v qun l bi mt Hi ng qun tr gm i din ca chnh quyn s ti, cng nhn cng, ngi giao nhn
Average Tn tht L thit hi (damege) ca tu v / hoc hng ha trong mt chuyn i cng nh nhng ph tn c bit (extraordinary expenses) xy ra lin quan n mt s c hng hi. Theo thi quen, ch average cng c dng ch tn tht ring (Particular average). (Xem: General average v Particular average) Average adjuster Chuyn vin tnh tn tht (L ton vin tn tht) L nhng chuyn gia c kinh nghim c tin cy y thc cng vic tnh ton cc mt mt, thit hi v cc ph tn ca nhng bn c quyn li trong chuyn i bin v phn nh thuc tn tht ring hay tn tht chung. Vic tnh ton tn tht v phn chia ng gp ca cc bn trong trng hp tn tht chung v trong trng hp 2 tu ng nhau l nhng cng vic kh t nh v phc tp nn ngi ta thng y thc cho nhng chuyn vin tnh tn tht trung thc v giu kinh nghim ng ra gii quyt. Average bond Bn cam kt Bn cam kt ng gp tn tht chung Khi xy ra trng hp tn tht chung, thuyn trng (Ngi chuyn ch) gi cho cc ch hng trong chuyn i bin chung bn cam kt ng gp tn tht chung, yu cu k tn xc nhn cam kt ng gp tn tht chung theo t l tng ng do cc chuyn vin tnh tn tht s xc nh sau. Ch khi no ch hng ng cam kt hoc i din cho ch hng (Cng ty bo him) ng k cam kt th hng ha mi c d v giao cho ngi nhn hng. Cng vi vic k cam kt, ch hng s phi tm ng mt s tin k qu tng ng vi phn phi ng gp (General average deposit), tr khi ngi chuyn ch chp nhn khc i. (Xem: Average v General Average) Average guarantee Giy bo lnh ng gp tn tht chung Do cng ty bo him lp, xc nhn s bo m ca mnh vi ch tu s ng ra chi tr phn tin ng gp v / hoc tin cu h do chuyn vin tnh tn tht, phn b cho hng ha c bo him c lin quan n tn tht chung. Nu khng c giy bo lnh ca Cng ty bo him th ch hng phi t k bn cam kt ng gp tn tht chung v rt tin k qu th mi c tu cho nhn hng. Average Statement Bn phn b tn tht chung L bn trnh by chi tit phn ng gp tn tht chung ca mi bn c quyn li trn tu tng ng theo t l gi tr ca ti sn y. Bn phn
b tn tht chung do nhng chuyn vin tnh tn tht chung lp ra v phn pht cho tt c cc bn trong chuyn i chung, ngay sau khi h hon thnh cng vic tnh ton. Average stater Chuyn vin tnh tn tht (Xem: Average adjuster) Award Phn quyt ca Hi ng trng ti
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Back freight or home freight Cc chuyn v Dng ch tin cc m ngi thu tu phi tr cho chuyn ch hng tr v cng gi hoc mt cng thun tin no khc m v mt tr ngi nguy him no lm cho con tu khng th n c cng ch giao hng. Back to back charter Hp ng i ng L hp ng thu tu chuyn c k gia ngi thu u tin (Charterer) vi ngi thu th cp (Sub charterer), c nhng iu khon, iu kin ging nh hp ng thu tu trc kia gia ngi thu u tin v ch tu (Shipowner). S d ngi thu tu u tin lm nh vy khi cho thu li (Sublet) l nhm mc ch nu c loi ph no pht sinh (Th d: Tin thng bc d nhanh) m h c trch nhim phi gi tr cho ngi thu th cp th h c th truy i s tin y ch tu. Bags for safe stowage (10%) Bao dng xp hng an ton (10%) Trong mt s hp ng thu tu ch hng ri, ch tu yu cu ngi thu tu cung cp mt s bao (ti) dng ng gi mt t l phn trm hng nht nh xp km vi hng ri. Th d: Hp ng ch la m ca c (Austwheat 1956) quy nh 10% ca trng lng la m ri phi c ng vo bao i km. Mc ch ca vic ng bao ny nhm bo m an ton chuyn ch v to kh nng tn dng trng ti ca tu. Ngi thu c trch nhim cung cp s bao (ti) theo quy nh ca hp
ng v gnh chu chi ph ny. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp tu c cu trc c bit khng thch hp hon ton cho ch hng ri (kiu tu Liberty), ch tu yu cu s bao (ti) cn cho cht xp hng an ton vt qu cht lng quy nh trong hp ng th ch tu phi tr chi ph phn bao (ti) chnh lch vt tri v cc chi ph lm hng khc c lin quan (Ph bc, d, kim kin, cn cu, gim nh,...). Ngoi ra, thi gian bc d hng cng s bao gm thm thi gian dnh cho vic ng bao s lng hng ni trn. Trong thu tu ch hng ri, ch tu v ngi thu c th tha thun iu kin d hng ti cng n theo cch Ch tu min trch d hng (Free out) hoc theo cch Ch tu m trch d hng v chu ph (Liner out). Nu hp ng qui nh Ch tu m trch d hng v chu ph, trong trng hp cng n khng c thit b d hng ri thch hp, hng ha b buc phi ng bao d ln b, th ch tu v ngi thu cn tha thun chi ph ng bao hng s do bn no gnh chu. Theo tp qun thng thng, chi ph ng bao hng s do ngi thu hay ngi nhn hng gnh chu do ngi thu tu cn nm vng trang thit b v kh nng bc d ca 2 u cng, quy nh r iu kin bc d trnh tranh chp sau ny Bagging plant Thit b ng bao c t ti cng d hng ng bao hng ri c vn chuyn n. Cch lm ny c li: hng ri c ch x trn tu c hiu qu kinh t hn c ch ng bao v hng ri c ng bao ti cng d s d dng, thun tin chuyn ti vo ni a. Bale capacity or Balespace Sc cha hng bao. Trch THUT NG THU TU & HNG HI (TS. Hunh Tn Pht & Bi Quang Hng bin son, NXB GTVT 1999) Bn c c nhu cu mua THUT NG THU TU & HNG HI, vui lng lin h in thoi s 933 0144 hoc a ch: Lu 4, cao c Thin Sn, 5 Nguyn Gia Thiu, Q. 3. TP. H Ch Minh. Gi ba: 35.000 Back freight or home freight Cc chuyn v Dng ch tin cc m ngi thu tu phi tr cho chuyn ch hng tr v cng gi hoc mt cng thun tin no khc m v mt tr ngi nguy him no lm cho con tu khng th n c cng ch giao hng. Back to back charter Hp ng i ng L hp ng thu tu chuyn c k gia ngi thu u tin (Charterer) vi ngi thu th cp (Sub charterer), c nhng iu khon, iu kin ging nh hp ng thu tu trc kia gia ngi thu
u tin v ch tu (Shipowner). S d ngi thu tu u tin lm nh vy khi cho thu li (Sublet) l nhm mc ch nu c loi ph no pht sinh (Th d: Tin thng bc d nhanh) m h c trch nhim phi gi tr cho ngi thu th cp th h c th truy i s tin y ch tu. Bags for safe stowage (10%) Bao dng xp hng an ton (10%) Trong mt s hp ng thu tu ch hng ri, ch tu yu cu ngi thu tu cung cp mt s bao (ti) dng ng gi mt t l phn trm hng nht nh xp km vi hng ri. Th d: Hp ng ch la m ca c (Austwheat 1956) quy nh 10% ca trng lng la m ri phi c ng vo bao i km. Mc ch ca vic ng bao ny nhm bo m an ton chuyn ch v to kh nng tn dng trng ti ca tu. Ngi thu c trch nhim cung cp s bao (ti) theo quy nh ca hp ng v gnh chu chi ph ny. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp tu c cu trc c bit khng thch hp hon ton cho ch hng ri (kiu tu Liberty), ch tu yu cu s bao (ti) cn cho cht xp hng an ton vt qu cht lng quy nh trong hp ng th ch tu phi tr chi ph phn bao (ti) chnh lch vt tri v cc chi ph lm hng khc c lin quan (Ph bc, d, kim kin, cn cu, gim nh,...). Ngoi ra, thi gian bc d hng cng s bao gm thm thi gian dnh cho vic ng bao s lng hng ni trn. Trong thu tu ch hng ri, ch tu v ngi thu c th tha thun iu kin d hng ti cng n theo cch Ch tu min trch d hng (Free out) hoc theo cch Ch tu m trch d hng v chu ph (Liner out). Nu hp ng qui nh Ch tu m trch d hng v chu ph, trong trng hp cng n khng c thit b d hng ri thch hp, hng ha b buc phi ng bao d ln b, th ch tu v ngi thu cn tha thun chi ph ng bao hng s do bn no gnh chu. Theo tp qun thng thng, chi ph ng bao hng s do ngi thu hay ngi nhn hng gnh chu do ngi thu tu cn nm vng trang thit b v kh nng bc d ca 2 u cng, quy nh r iu kin bc d trnh tranh chp sau ny. Bagging plant Thit b ng bao c t ti cng d hng ng bao hng ri c vn chuyn n. Cch lm ny c li: hng ri c ch x trn tu c hiu qu kinh t hn c ch ng bao v hng ri c ng bao ti cng d s d dng, thun tin chuyn ti vo ni a. Bale capacity or Balespace Sc cha hng bao L dung tch ca khng gian cha hng bao (hoc kin, hm, ...) nm di tng boong chnh ca con tu k c phn ming hm, o bng pht khi (Cubic feet) hoc mt khi (Cubic meter). Dung tch ca mi hm = Chiu di hm x Chiu ngang hm (o bn trong vn lt hm, ti im
na chiu di ca hm) x Chiu cao (t nh trn hm n dm ngang y tu). Ballast Vt dn tu Gm cc vt liu nng nh: nc bin, ct, , ph liu, kim loi, dng lm vt liu dn tu gi gn hay tng thm n nh khi tu chy trn bin ng thi gi cho bnh li, chn vt ca tu hot ng bnh thng, trong trng hp tu ch n mc trng ti thch hp hoc khi tu phi chy khng hng tc chy dn (Ballast trip). Ballastage Ph dn tu Chi ph b ra mua v cht xp vt dn tu khi tu phi chy dn (Ballast trip). Ballast bonus Ph ph tu chy dn Trong thu tu chuyn hoc thu nh hn, i khi ch tu phi iu con tu t mt a im cch xa n cng gi hng hoc cng giao hng v con tu b buc phi chy dn trn c ly vn chuyn y. Do , ch tu c th ngh v c ngi thu chp nhn tr ph ph tu chy dn khuyn khch ch thu ca ch tu (Ballast trip). Baltic and International Maritime Conference (BIMCO) Cng hi Hng hi Quc t v vng Bantic Baltic Mercantile & Shipping Exchange (Baltic) S giao dch thu tu Ban-tch L mt t chc giao dch thu tu chuyn v tu nh hn vo loi ln ca th gii, c lch s lu i, tr s t ti London (Vng quc Anh). Hng ngy lm vic vo bui tra, cc i din ch tu v cc mi gii thu tu i din cho ngi thu cng nhau tip xc v m phn k kt hp ng thu tu (k c mua bn tu). Giao dch thu tu ch yu trn tuyn Nam M chu u (ch ng cc), Bc M chu u (ch than), Nam chu u (Ch ng v sn phm vng nhit i). Gi cc thu tu ti S giao dch thu tu Ban tch nh hng rng n gi cc vn chuyn nhng khu vc khc. Baltime M hiu ca mu chun hp ng thu tu nh hn Baltime. Mu chun hp ng thu tu nh hn Baltime do t chc Cng hi hng hi quc t v vng Ban - tch (BIMCO) son tho, nhiu ln c b sung, sa cha v c phng hng hi ca Vng quc Anh chp nhn, thc hin.
Baltimore Form C Tn vit ngn gn ca mu hp ng thu tu chuyn ch hng ht t Hoa K (Approved Baltimore Berth Grain Charter Party). Bare boat charter or Demise charter (BARECON) Thu tu trn Tu trn (Bare ship or bare boat) c trang b y , bo m tnh nng hng hi nhng khng c bin ch thuyn b (Crew). Trong thi hn thu tu trn, ch tu tm giao con tu cho ngi thu qun tr v khai thc. Tin cc thu tu trn (hire) c tr theo tn trng ti mn nc ma h ca tu (Summer DWT) cho mi thng nin lch (Calendar month) v thng c quy nh tr trc. Khi giao tu cho ngi thu (on delivery of the ship), tu phi c kim tra k xc nh tnh trng v iu kin so vi cc quy nh ca hp ng. Ph kim tra tr cho cc gim nh vin (Surveyor) khi giao tu s do ngi thu chu v khi tr tu s do ch tu chu. Ngi thu t m trch vic thu thuyn vin, c quyn ch nh thuyn trng v my trng nhng phi c s ng ca ch tu. Nu ch tu c l do chnh ng khng bng lng vic lm ca h th ch tu c quyn yu cu thay th bng ngi khc. Ngi thu c quyn qun tr v khai thc con tu ch hng trong khu vc hot ng c quy nh trong hp ng. Ngi thu phi gi gn, chm sc, duy tu sa cha tu theo nh k k thut, bo m tnh trng phm cht con tu lc hon tr nh lc tip nhn, tr nhng hao mn t nhin (Fair wear and tear excepted). Nu khng c tha thun c bit no khc, hp ng thu tu trn thng quy nh: - Ch tu m trch v tr ph: Khu hao tu (Depreciation), bo him thn tu ( Hull insurance), kim tra (Survey), k c hoa hng cho mi gii thu tu trn nu c (Brokerage). - Ngi thu tu m trch v tr ph: Lng v ph cp thuyn vin (Crews wages and subvention), lng thc, thc phm (Provision), duy tu sa cha (Maintenance and repairs), cung ng vt phm, thit b cho tu (Stores, supplies and equipments), nhin liu du nhn (Fuel and lubricating oil,...), nc ngt, cng ph (Port charges), i l ph (Agency fees), ph bc d hng (Stevedoring charges), ph qut hm (Cleaning of holds), ph chn lt (Dunnage), ph dn tu (Ballastage), ph hnh chnh vn phng (Overhead charges), hoa hng mi gii thu tu (Brokerage), nu c. Ch tu p dng cch cho thu tu trn khi c kh khn thu mn thuyn vin, c nh trnh phin phc khi xy ra s c hoc khi xy ra chin tranh. Ngi thu tu s dng cch thu tu trn mc ch ch khai thc trong mt thi gian nht nh (Tt hn l b vn mua ly tu) hoc b sung sc ch cho i tu nh khi c nhu cu t xut. V thc cht, thu tu trn l mt bin tng ca thu tu nh hn, vi cc iu khon tng t nhau nhng c im khc l con tu c thu khng c bin ch thuyn vin.
Bar Cn ct Thng to thnh cc bi ct ngm (sand-bank) cc ca sng v gy tr ngi, nguy him cho cc con tu. Barratry Hnh vi c gy hi L hnh vi phi php, c ca thuyn trng hoc thy th gy tn hi cho ch tu hoc ngi thu tu v tt nhin l khng c s tham gia ng la t pha ch tu. Nh vy, hnh vi s sut (Negligence) ca thuyn trng hoc thuyn vin khng phi l hnh vi c gy hi v n khng c s ch tm, c gy thit hi (Wilfully committed) cho ch tu/ngi thu tu. Th d: C tnh vi phm quy tc giao thng, bun lu hng ha, c nh m tu (Wilful sinking) l nhng hnh vi c gy hi. Basic freight Basic rate of freight Cc gc Dng ch s tin cc chnh m ngi thu phi tr cho ngi vn chuyn v l hng chuyn ch theo nh tha thun trong hp ng vn ti. Ngoi cc gc ra, ngi vn chuyn c th ty c tnh l hng v iu kin chuyn ch m quy nh, thu thm mt s ph ph khc. Th d: ph ph ch hng nguy him, c hi, ph ph chy dn (Ballast trip), ph ph cng bc/d ng,... Bay plan S xp Container trn tu C ngha nh s cht xp hng trn tu ph thng (Stowage plan), nhm mc ch gip cht xp container khoa hc, hp l, an ton v tin li cho bc, d Container Bearer (of a bill of lading) Ngi xut trnh vn n L ngi c vn n trong tay, xut trnh vi tu i ly vic nhn hng. Vn n ny c tn l vn n xut trnh (to Bearer bill of lading). Beaufort scale Bng cp ph B-pho c dng o sc gi mnh, chia thnh 17 cp, bt u t cp 1 l cp gi thong nh c tc di 1 km/gi cho n cp 17 l cp gi bo cc mnh c tc khong 200 km/gi. Gi bo t cp 8 (Gale), cp 9 (strong gale), cp 10 (storm), cp 11 (Violent storm), cp 12,... (Hurricane) thng gy nguy him lm hng v nhn chm tu i ngang qua khu vc y. Berth Charter or Berth Charter Party
Hp ng ch hng ti bn Khi mt hp ng thu tu quy nh ch tu nhn ch thu hng ti mt bn (dc ke cng) c nu tn c th (on the berth...), th c gi l Hp ng ch hng ti bn. c im ca cch thu ny l: - Tn v tnh cht hng khng cn bit trc chnh xc min l hng hp php nhng s lng hng bo phi m bo y , nu khng ch hng phi tr cc khng. - Ch tu m trch v chu ph bc d hng, ph kim kin, ph cht xp k cng ph,... Cch thu ny hm : Con tu c coi l Tu n (Arrived ship) khi n thc s cp bn c ch nh, hon thnh th tc vo cng v sn sng nhn hng, thng bo sn sng c trao cho ngi thu hoc ngi gi hng. Vic nu r tn bn ca cng no s trnh c hiu lm ca 2 bn thu v cho thu c th dn n tranh chp v nu 2 bn ch nu tn cng m khng nu c th tn bn, th n l hp ng thu tu ch hng ti cng... (Port charter) v c hm : con tu c coi l Tu n khi n nm bt c ni no trong phm vi cng c ch nh. Nhng thut ng Berth charter v Port charter hin nay t c s dng. Berth note or booking note n lu khoang Vn bn ca ngi thu tu gi cho hng tu (Ngi chuyn ch) yu cu dnh ch trn tu vn chuyn hng ha. n lu khoang thng c cc hng tu ch in sn thnh mu n ngi thu tin in vo cc khon mc: - Tn hng tu, tn tu. - Tn ngi thu v a ch. - Tn hng, trng lng/th tch, tnh cht. - a im, thi gian bc hng v a im d hng. - Tin cc v cch tr. Nu ngi chuyn ch v ngi thu ng k xc nhn vo n lu khoang th n tr thnh vn bn tha thun s b c tnh rng buc php l cho n khi hng bc xong xung tu, vn n ng bin c thuyn trng k pht s thay th cho n lu khoang, c chc nng l hp ng vn ti bin iu chnh ngha v v quyn li ca i bn. Berth terms or Liner terms iu khon bc d ti bn cng hay iu khon bc d tu ch. iu khon ny c p dng trong chuyn ch bng tu ch hoc tu chuyn, c ngha l: Ch tu m trch bc d hng ti cng v chu ph k c ri ro xy ra cho hng ha trong qu trnh bc d. Thut ng Berth terms c dng ng ngha vi Liner terms, v trong chuyn ch tu ch, ch tu m trch v chu chi ph bc d ti cc bn cng lm hng (trn thc t, chi ph bc d ny c tnh gp vo cc sut tu ch). Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp, ch tu li cn c theo mc bc d thng thng ca bn cng a phng m quy nh thi hn ti a bao nhiu ngy cho vic bc d hng. Nu s ngy bc d vt qu thi hn y th ngi thu phi chu pht v chm tr, do li ca mnh hoc i l ca mnh v phi tr ph lu tu (Detention), cn c theo tn ng k tnh ca tu v tin pht c tha thun. Th
d: Hp ng thu tu ch ng cc Ban-ti-mo mu C (The Baltimore Berth grain Charter Party Form C) quy nh bc hng nh sau: Tu bc hng theo iu kin tu m trch bc d, cn c vo nng sut bc d thng thng ca cu bn v nu tu b lu gi qu 5 ngy (Tr Ch nht v ngy l) do li ca ngi thu hay i l ca h, th ngi thu phi chu pht chm cho mi tn ng k tnh bng,... Berth rates or Liner rates Cc sut tu ch Dng ch loi cc p dng ring bit cho chuyn ch bng tu ch v thng c tp hp thnh biu cc tu ch (Liner Freight Tariff). Cc sut tu ch c tnh da trn c s: trng lng (Weight), th tch (Measure-ment) hoc gi tr (Value) ca mt hng chuyn ch m ngi chuyn ch ty chn v p dng sao cho c li nht cho mnh. Bill of Health Giy chng sc khe L giy chng nhn tnh trng sc khe ca thuyn vin trn tu do c quan y t c thm quyn ti cng a phng cp theo mu nh. i khi, ty theo quy nh ring, giy ny cn phi c c quan lnh s nc c cng n ca con tu th thc mi c gi tr lm th tc c giao dch t do (Free pratique). Bill of Lading (Ocean Bill of Loading) B/L Vn n (Vn ti n) ng bin Chng t vn ti ng bin do ngi chuyn ch hoc i din ca h (Thuyn trng, i l vn ti) k pht cho ngi thu tu (Ngi gi hng) lm bng chng cho vic ngi chuyn ch nhn hng v m trch vic vn chuyn t cng gi n cng ch quy nh giao cho ngi nhn hng. C nhiu loi vn n ng bin nhng xt v cch chuyn ch c 2 loi: 1. Vn n tu ch (Liner B/L), vi 3 chc nng: - Bin lai giao nhn hng gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi nhn hng. - Bng chng xc nhn quyn s hu hng ca ngi c tn trong vn n. - Bng chng xc nhn hp ng vn ti c k gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi thu tu. Vn n tu ch c s dng trong cch vn chuyn hng bng tu ch ph thng (Conventional Liner) v c trong cch vn chuyn bng Container (Container Liner). 2. Vn n tu chuyn (Charter Party B/L), vi 2 chc nng: - Bin lai giao nhn hng gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi gi, ngi nhn hng. - Bng chng xc nhn quyn s hu hng ca ngi c tn trong vn n. Vn n tu chuyn khng c gi tr php l ca mt hp ng vn ti v hp ng thu tu chuyn chnh l hp ng vn ti cn vn n tu chuyn ch l mt vn kin b sung cho hp ng. Cc iu khon vn n ni chung c xy dng trn c s php l ca Cng c quc t Brcxen (Cn gi l quy tc Hagues) 1924 hoc quy tc Hagues Visby 1977, c nhiu quc gia ph
duyt v chp nhn p dng. Ngoi mt s chi tit c sa cha, b sung quy tc Hagues Visby vn a trn c s php l ca quy tc Hagues. Vn n ca 1 l hng chuyn ch c lp thnh 1 b 3 bn chnh gi tr giao dch nh nhau v mt s bn ph khng giao dch c. Khi ngi nhn hng s dng mt trong 3 bn chnh nhn hng th hai bn cn li s mc nhin mt hiu lc. Ni dung ca vn n gm 2 phn ch yu: - Phn mt trang u gm cc tiu cha trng ngi gi hng cung cp v in cc thng tin v: Cc bn ng s (Ngi chuyn ch, ngi gi, ngi nhn hng); Chuyn vn chuyn (tn tu, cng gi, cng ch,...); m t hng chuyn ch (tn, s lng, tnh cht, bao b, k m hiu hng,...), cc ph v cch thanh ton. Phn di ca trang, c ghi ni, ngy k pht v ch k ca ngi k pht vn n. Trn vn n, cn ghi ch: kin ca thuyn trng v tnh trng bn ngoi ca hng ha. Phn sau trang 2 cha ng cc iu khon c in sn do ngi chuyn ch lp ra v c s php l, trch nhim ngi chuyn ch, tu chy chch ng, bc d hng, quy nh hng c bit (sc vt sng, hng nguy him, hng trn boong), tn tht chung, tu ng nhau, chin tranh v nh cng,... Mi vn n c nh s th t, ghi r ni v ngy pht cng ch k ca ngi k pht. Vn n c tc dng quan trng chng nhng i vi hot ng ca ngnh vn ti ng bin m cn l mt chng t khng th thiu trong mua bn, giao nhn v thanh ton ngoi thng, trong nghip v bo him, nghip v ngn hng. BIMCO (The Baltic and International Maritime Conference) Cng hi hng hi quc t v vng Ban-Tch. L mt t chc hng hi thnh lp lu i, c uy tn ln. Hi vin gm cc ch tu v cc t chc mi gii hng hi thuc nhiu quc gia chu u , Bc Phi, Trung Cn ng, Canada,... Tin thn ca BIMCO l Cng hi hng hi Ban Tch v Bin Trng, thnh lp nm 1905, tr s ti: Copenhagen (an Mch). BIMCO xy dng quy ch hot ng, cung cp thng tin phc v li ch ca cc thnh vin v son tho cc loi chng t vn ti quc t, cc mu chun hp ng thu tu, cc quy tc v thc hnh giao dch, qua BIMCO v ang ng gp ng k cho s pht trin hng hi quc t. Th d: BIMCO son tho mu chun hp ng thu tu nh hn (Baltime), mu chun hp ng thu chuyn ch than (Baltcon)... rt c hoan nghnh v s dng ph bin. Black list Danh sch en (s en) L bng k ghi tn nhng con tu b cm hot ng kinh doanh ti cc cng ca nc cng b danh sch ny. Blokade Phong ta
L bin php qun s ngn chn ca nc tham chin khng cho tu b xut nhp vo vng bin v cng khu ca k th. Tu v hng ha ca cc nc trung lp i vo khu vc b phong ta s b bt gi v tch thu. Board and board Cp mn (Mn k mn) Dng ch hai con tu cp mn nhau chuyn hng t tu ny sang tu kia, khi cn thc hin vic chuyn ti. Board of customs Cc hoc S Hi quan L mt trong nhng t chc nh nc lm nhim v qun l thc hin cc nh ch ngoi thng v hng ha xut nhp khu, bo v kinh t quc gia chng ph hoi, bun lu v gian ln thng mi Bond Giy cam kt L giy bo m do ngi ch kho ngoi quan lp v gi cho hi quan cam kt khi no ngi gi hng vo kho hon thnh th tc hi quan v np thu th mi cp phiu xut kho. Bonded cargo or bonded goods Hng lu kho ngoi quan Ch hng ha tm thi c gi vo kho ngoi quan (Bonded warehouse) hoc ch lm th tc thng quan hoc ch np thu (nu c) ri mi xut kho ch vo ni a hoc ti xut. Bonded warehouse or bonded store Kho ngoi quan L kho ca hi quan hoc ca t nhn t di s gim st ca hi quan v c dng tm cha hng cha lm th tc hi quan v np thu (nu c). Ti cc kho ny, ch hng c th sa cha, ng gi l phn chia li hng ha di s gim st ca hi quan. Bond note Giy php xut kho ngoi quan. Khi ch hng hon thnh th tc xut nhp khu v np thu (nu c), hi quan s cp mt chng t gi l giy php xut kho ngoi quan cho php hng c ri chuyn tip vo ni a hoc ti xut i nc ngoi. Booking Vic lu khoang Thu tu ch vn chuyn hng gi l lu khoang. Ch hng tip xc vi hng tu i l, i din ca hng tu hoc thuyn trng v lp n lu khoang (Booking note) gi ch trn tu vn chuyn hng. Vic
lu khoang ch p dng trong thu tu ch l nhng con tu hot ng ch thu u n trn mt tuyn vn chuyn c nh v theo mt lch trnh chy tu nh trc. Hng chuyn ch ch yu l hng kh c bao b, s lng khng hn ch, khng bt buc ngi thu phi gi hng y tu nh thu chuyn. Bc/d v chi ph bc/d hng do ch tu m trch. Cc tu ch do ch tu lp thnh biu cc trong quy nh cc sut cho tng mt hng hay nhm hng (Liner freight rates). Vn n ng bin do thuyn trng thay mt hng tu k pht cho ngi thu, c chc nng l mt hp ng vn ti ng bin iu chnh mi quan h php l gia i bn (Liner B/L). Both ends C hai u bn Thut ng thng c dng trong m phn thu tu ch ch tu v ngi thu cng nhau tha thun mc bc d, chi ph bc d hoc ch nh i l...c p dng chung cho c hai u bn bao gm cng bc hng v cng d hng. Both to blame collision Clause iu khon 2 tu m va cng c li Quy tc chung ca Cng c Brcxen 1910 c a s quc gia p dng x l 2 tu m va cng c li c ni dung nh sau: Khi hai tu m va v 2 bn cng c li do hnh ng bt cn hoc li lm trong vic chy tu v qun tr tu, gy tn tht tu v hng ha, th bn ny phi n b cho bn kia tng ng vi mc phm li ca mnh. Nhng lut php ca Hoa K v tu m va nhau li quy nh khc: Khi xy ra m va do li ca c 2 tu, th tng s tn tht v tu v hng ha s c phn chia u cho mi tu cng gnh chu mt na (50%) bt k mc li lm nhiu t th no. V th, bo v li ch ca mnh, cc ch tu a vo vn n iu khon 2 tu m va cng c li vi ni dung nh sau y: Nu v tu m va c lin quan n phn quyt ca lut php Hoa K th iu khon 2 tu m va cng c li s p dng theo di y: Nu tu ch hng A m va tu khng hng B do hu qu s sut ca tu B v do hnh vi s sut hoc li lm ca thuyn trng, thy th, hoa tiu hay ngi phc v trong vic chy tu v qun tr tu ch hng A, th ch hng trn tu A s bi thng cho ngi chuyn ch (Tu A) mi mt mt hoc trch nhim i vi tu khng hng B n mc mt mt hoc trch nhim ny tng ng vi mt mt hoc h hng m ch hng c tu khng hng B hoc s bi thng v n c i chiu, gim tr hoc trch gi nh lmt phn khiu ni ca tu B i vi tu A. Quy nh va c cp cng s p dng ti ni no m ch tu, ngi iu hnh hoc ngi qun l tu hay phng tin no khc m phm li lm trong mt v tu m va. Bottomry Vic cm tu vay n
Khi rt cn tin hon thnh chuyn i, thuyn trng thay mt ch tu cm c con tu vay n (bottomry loan), bng cch k chng t cm c (bottomry bond). Tin vay s c hon tr sau khi tu n cng ch. Cho vay n cm tu l mt cch cho vay mo him, c th b mt nu con tu khng n c cng ch. Do , ngi cho vay phi cn nhc k v i hi li sut cao. Box rate Cc sut container Trong vn chuyn hng bng container, cc hng tu ly container lm n v tnh v thu cc (khc vi tu hng thng thng m tn trng lng hoc mt khi c ly lm n v tnh cc). Breakdown Clause or off-hire Clause iu khon tu hng hay iu khon nh thu 1. Trong mt s hp ng thu tu nh hn, iu khon ny quy nh: Trong trng hp tu phi ngng hot ng qu 48 ting ng h v l do hng my, tu vo kh, thiu ht vt phm d tr, mc cn, hun sy kh trng...th ngi thu s min tr cc sau 48 ting ng h y cho n khi no con tu bt u hot ng ton b bnh thng tr li... 2. Trong mt s hp ng thu tu nh hn khc, thi gian nh thu v ngi thu c min tr cc bt u tnh ngay t khi con tu phi ngng hot ng. Th d: Hp ng mu Baltime quy nh: A. Trong trng hp tu vo kh hay tin hnh cc bin php cn thit khc duy tr hot ng hu hiu ca tu, tu thiu ht nhn cng hoc vt phm d tr thuc pha ch tu m trch, tu hng my hay h v hay gp tai nn khc cn tr hoc ngn chn hot ng ca con tu m thi gian ko di qu 24 ting ng h lin tc, th ngi thu c min tr cc sut thi gian con tu mt kh nng p ng ngay i hi ca dch v. Tin cc nu tr trc cng s c iu chnh li tng ng. B. Trong trng hp v thi tit bt buc m tu vo cng hoc n ni neo u, tu hot ng ti cc cng mn nc nng, ti cc con sng hoc cc cng c cn, ct, hoc tu hng chu mt tai nn xy ra i vi hng chuyn ch, th bt c tnh hnh chm tr no v/hoc bt c chi ph no do pht sinh u s thuc v ngi thu gnh chu, cho d tnh hnh chm tr v/hoc chi ph y c nguyn nhn trong s s sut ca nhng ngi gip vic cho ch tu. iu ny cho thy nhng quy nh ca iu khon nh thu trong cc hp ng thu tu nh hn tn ti nhiu khc bit phc tp v cch quy nguyn nhn v gii quyt hu qu. V vy, ngi thu v ch tu cn thng lng c s tha thun thng nht. Ti iu khon ny, ch tu c th chp nhn tr cc ph ph do tnh hnh ngng hot ng ca tu gy ra. Th d: ph c bit v cung cp nhin liu, nc ngt, ...cho tu. Broken Stowage Khong trng cht xp
L khong khng gian hoc khe h trong hm hng do cu trc con tu, do bao b hng ha hoc do s dng vt liu chn lt ngn cch hng ha...to ra v gy hu qu lm gim bt dung tch cha hng ca tu. Brokerage Hoa hng mi gii S tin th lao c tnh theo mt t l nht nh ca tng s cc ph m ch tu tr cho ngi mi gii v vai tr trung gian trong m phn k kt hp ng thu tu gia ch tu v ch hng. Brussels tariff nomenclature (B.T.N.) Danh mc thu quan Brcxen L bng h thng thu quan xp tn cc mt hng vn chuyn gia cc nc vi nhau v c nhiu nc cng p dng vo cng vic thu quan. Mi mt hng c nh bng mt m s ring (B.T.N number). Bulk cargo Hng ri Dng ch nhng loi hng khng ng bao, c chuyn ch di dng ri cn gi l ch x (Carriage in bulk) nh: Than , qung, ng cc, du m, phn bn, ximng,... Bulker or Bulk ship (Bulk carrier) Tu ch hng kh ri L loi tu ch hng kh khng ng bao (Hng ri), cu trc mt boong (Single deck), c sc ch ln t mt vn n vi vn tn trng ti, tc trung bnh khong 14-15 hi l/gi, trang thit b lm hng ph hp vi c tnh ca tng loi hng. Cc loi tu ch hng ri ph bin gm c: Tu ch than (Coal carrier), ch qung ( Ore carrier), ch ng cc (Cereal carrier), ch xi mng (Cement carrier), ch phn bn (Fertilizer), tu ch hng ri-du hn hp (Bulk-Oil Carrier), tu ch hng ri-qung hn hp (Bulk-Ore Carrier),... Bulkheads. Vch ngn L mt cu trc chc chn, kn nc (Watertight) theo chiu ngang tu, chia con tu thnh nhiu ngn (Compartments). C tc dng: - Tng thm an ton. Nu ri ro ng nhau hoc v nguyn nhn no , nc trn vo mt ngn tu th nhng ngn khc khng b thit hi ly. Ngn cch bung my vi hm hng trnh hi nng, nhim, ha hon. - Tng thm vng chc v chiu ngang. S lng vch ngn ty thuc vo chiu di ca con tu. Bunker adjustment charges (BAC) Ph iu chnh gi nhin liu S tin ph thu m ngi thu phi tr thm cho ch tu ngoi cc
sut gc c cng b ca hng tu ch hay hng tu Container, khi nhiu liu s dng cho tu tng gi bt thng vo mt thi im no . Bulker adjustment factor (BAF) H s iu chnh gi nhin liu. T l phn trm m ch tu cng b lm c s tnh ph iu chnh gi nhin liu, khi nhin liu s dng cho tu tng gi bt thng vo mt thi im no . Tin ph thu ny c gi l ph thu nhin liu (Bunker surcharge). Bunker Clause iu khon nhin liu iu khon ny trong hp ng thu nh hn quy nh ngi thu s chp nhn v chi tr s nhin liu cn st trong bn cha ca tu ti cng giao tu v ch tu s chp nhn v chi tr s nhin liu cn st trong bn cha ti cng hon tr tu theo mc gi nhin liu ti cc ni y. Mc ti a v ti thiu ca s lng nguyn liu ny do hai bn quy nh. Ngoi ra, cng c trng hp ch tu thng lng vi ngi thu nhn c mt s lng nhin liu ti cng hon tr tu ln hn s lng nhin liu quy nh trong hp ng khi gi nhin liu mua dc ng r hn gi nhin liu ti cng hon tr tu. Li ch thu c t chnh lch gi nhin liu ch di thm s c tha thun chia u cho 2 bn theo t l 50/50.
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Car carrier Tu ch t L loi tu chuyn dng c ng v trang b ring ch t xp trn ln tu : cu dn a xe ln xung tu v nhiu tng cht xp xe thun li. Cargo capacity or cargo carrying capacity. Trng ti hng ha(Sc ch hng) Thut ng thng c dng trong hp ng thu ch s tn hng ha m tu c th ch an ton n du chuyn ch ma h(Summer
loadline mark). Sc ch hng ca mt con tu ty thuc mt phn vo tnh cht ca tng loi hng m c bit l h s cht xp ca n (Stowage factor). Cargocare Thit b chng hp hi L thit b thi gi kh vo cc hm hng chng m, mc hoc hp nng c th dn n hin tng m hi (Nc ng git) v gy thit hi hng ha. Cargo plan or stowage plan S xp hng Trch THUT NG THU TU & HNG HI (TS. Hunh Tn Pht & Bi Quang Hng bin son, NXB GTVT 1999) Bn c c nhu cu mua THUT NG THU TU & HNG HI, vui lng lin h in thoi s 933 0144 hoc a ch: Lu 4, cao c Thin Sn, 5 Nguyn Gia Thiu, Q. 3. TP. H Ch Minh. Gi ba: 35.000 Cabotage or coasting trade Hng hi ven b L hot ng vn chuyn ca cc con tu gia cc cng ven b ca cng mt nc. Ni chung, tu nc ngoi khng c tham gia vn ti ven b tr khi c s cho php ca nc s ti. Calendar month Thng nin lch Trong thu tu nh hn, thng nin lch c dng tnh k hn thu tu v tr cc. Th d: K hn thu tu l 6 thng nin lch bt u thu tu t ngy 15 thng 6 nm 1996 v ngy tr tu l ngy 15 thng 11 nm 1996. Tin cc s c tr trc theo tng thng nin lch, cho n khi hp ng ht hiu lc, m khng tnh trn s ngy thc s ca mi thng khu tr hoc tng cc. Trong mt s hp ng thu tu khc, ngi thu tu v ch tu tha thun tnh k hn thu bng thng nin lch nhng li thm quy nh: Cc c tr tng ng vi ngy thu thc s k c phn l ca thng nin lch. Trong mu chun hp ng thu nh hn Baltime, ngi ta li trnh khng dng quy nh Thng nin lch m dng K hn 30 ngy xc nh r hn k hn thu v tr cc. Mc ch ca cc quy nh ny l trnh hiu lm trong vic tnh k hn thu tu v tr cc, bi v s ngy trong mi thng nin lch hn km khng bng nhau. Cancelling date or cancelling day Hn (ngy) hy hp ng Trong hp ng thu tu chuyn hoc thu tu nh hn, iu khon hy hp ng (Cancellation Clause) quy nh ngi thu tu c quyn hy hp ng nu con tu c thu chuyn khng n cng bc hng
hoc con tu c thu nh hn khng n a im giao tu ng k hn quy nh, cho d bt c nguyn nhn no ngoi s kim sot ca ch tu v cho d thuyn trng tch cc c gng khc phc chm tr. Theo mu chun hp ng thu chuyn Gencon th trong trng hp trn, ngi thu tu phi kp thi thng bo cho ch tu vic hy hp ng chm nht 48 ting ng h trc khi tu n cng bc hng. Theo mu chun hp ng thu nh hn Baltime, ngi thu phi thng bo hy b hp ng trong vng 48 ting ng h sau khi c ch tu cho bit tu s khng n kp k hn ti a im giao tu. Ngha v ca ch tu v thuyn trng l a tu n cng hoc a im quy nh ng k hn. Nu c tnh hoc chnh mng, gy ra chm tr th l mt vi phm hp ng dn n ngi thu c quyn hy hp ng hoc tip tc thu ty theo s cn nhc, tnh ton. Mt khc, ch tu c th phi chu trch nhim bi thng tn tht cho ngi thu mt mc no ty quy nh ca hp ng, mc d cng t khi ngi thu tu i bi thng v tu khng n ng hn. Capesize vessel Tn gi loi tu ch hng ri c ln trn 150.000 tn trng ti. S d c gi nh vy v do cu trc v mn nc nn tu khng lu thng c qua cc knh o Suez, Panama. Car carrier Tu ch t L loi tu chuyn dng c ng v trang b ring ch t xp trn trn tu: cu dn a xe ln xung tu v nhiu tng cht xp xe thun li. Cargo battens Vn lt hm Vn lt hm c ghp theo chiu ngang, mi tm cch nhau khong 0,10m, pha trc v sau bn trong ca sn tu v tng quy, nhm ngn cch hng ha tip xc vi sn v v thp ca con tu, trnh m t v hp nng. Vn lt hm cha bo v hng, nn ngi ta cn phi tng cng vt liu chn lt khc (m, thm, c,...) Cargo capacity or cargo carrying capacity Trng ti hng ha (Sc ch hng) Thut ng thng c dng trong hp ng thu ch s tn hng ha m tu c th ch an ton n du chuyn ch ma h (Summer loadline mark). Sc ch hng ca mt con tu ty thuc mt phn vo tnh cht ca tng loi hng m c bit l h s cht xp ca n (Stowage factor). Cargocare
Thit b chng hp hi L thit b thi gi kh vo cc hm hng chng m, mc hoc hp nng c th dn n hin tng m hi (Nc ng git) v gy thit hi hng ha. Cargo plan or stowage plan S xp hng L s b tr hng ha trn mt con tu, c tc dng gip nm c v tr, to thun li cho vic lm hng, giao nhn hng an ton, nhanh chng, trnh nhm ln. S l mt hnh v mt ct dc ca con tu, trn tng l hng c xp chung ti mt ni cha trong hm, c nh du theo vn n hoc t bng mu khc nhau tin theo di. Cargo retention clause iu khon cn st hng Trong chuyn ch cht lng c bit l sn phm du m, khng th trnh khon thiu ht trng lng v tnh bc hi v ng cn du nn hp ng thu tu quy nh iu khon cn st hng cho php ngi chuyn ch c min trch trong t l thiu ht khong 0,5-0,75% v trng lng tnh cc thng da vo trng lng hng d ti cng ch (Delivered weight). Cargo superintendent Ngi p ti hng Do ch tu hoc ngi thu tu phn cng i theo chm sc, bo qun v giao nhn i vi mt loi hng c bit (sc vt sng, hng c gi tr cao,...) trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn. Carrier 1. Ngi chuyn ch Ngi vn ti L mt bn k kt mt hp ng chuyn ch vi mt ngi gi hng. H c th l ngi ch tu (Owner of vessel) hoc l ngi thu tu (Charterer). H c th l ngi chuyn ch cng cng (Common carrier), kinh doanh dch v ch thu cho mi ch hng hoc l ngi thu chuyn ch (Contracting carrier) trong vn chuyn i sut v vn ti a phng thc. 2. Tu vn chuyn L bt k loi tu no dng vo vic chuyn ch hng ng bin. Th d: Tu ch hng bch ha (General cargo carrier), tu ch hng ri (Bulk carrier), tu ch du (Oil carrier), tu ch hng ht ri (Grain carrier), tu ch kh du ha lng (Liquid petrolium gas carrier), tu ch sc vt sng (Cattle carrier),... Ceiling Trn ca y i. Trn ca y i ca tu thng bng nhng tm vn g lp ghp dc theo chiu di ca con tu nhm ngn cch hng ha tip xc vi y
i. Tuy vy lp vn bc y trong ny (Bottom ceiling) cng cha chc chn nn ngi ta phi dng thm vt liu chn lt nh: phn tre, chiu lt, thm ci, m lt, ... trnh va chm gy h hng cho tu v hng. Cell guide Cu trc nh hng cht xp Dng gi cht container ng vi v tr trong tu container (cell) bo m an ton. C.E.N.S.A (Council of European and Japanese National ShipownersAssociation) Tn gi tt ca Hi ng cc hip hi ch tu quc gia chu u v Nht. Centrocon charter Mu chun hp ng thu tu Centrocon Mu chun hp ng thu tu chuyn ch ng cc c m s Centrocon t cng Rio de la Plata (Brasil) n cc cng khc trn th gii. Hp ng ny c Phng hng hi Vng quc Anh chp nhn v cho p dng. Certificate of delivery and redelivery (of the ship) Giy chng nhn giao tu v tr tu Giy chng nhn giao tu c lp v k kt gia ngi thu tu v ch tu cho thu nh hn, dng lm bng chng php l vic ch tu giao con tu quy nh cho ngi thu s dng. Giy chng tr tu c lp v k kt gia ngi thu tu v ch tu cho thu con tu nh hn, dng lm bng chng php l vic ngi thu hon tr con tu quy nh cho ch tu, sau khi ht k hn thu. Ni dung ca giy chng nhn giao hoc tr tu gm cc mc ch yu: - Thi gian v a im giao hoc tr tu. - Tnh trng thc t ca con tu. - S lng nhin liu, nc, thc phm, vt liu d tr cn li trn tu v cch x l. Giao v tr tu l mt khu nghip v c ngha trng yu v kh phc tp, lin quan mt thit n li ch ca ngi thu v ch tu. Do d, c nhiu trng hp ngi thu phi s dng cc chuyn vin thnh tho cng ch tu kim tra k lng tnh trng con tu trc khi nhn hoc tr tu v lp bin bn gim nh, con tu nu cn thit. Cesser clause iu khon chm dt trch nhim Trong hp ng thu tu chuyn, i khi iu khon chm dt trch nhim ca ngi thu tu c quy nh nhm mc ch gii thot ngha v php l cho ngi thu k t khi hng bc xung tu. Ni dung iu khon nh sau: Ngi thu tu chm dt trch nhim t khi hng bc xung tu v vn n c thuyn trng k pht, tr vic tr tin cc, cc khng hoc tin pht bc chm nu c ti cng
gi hng. Nh vy, ch tu s phi i cc khon ph khc pht sinh ti cng d hng bao gm c tin pht d chm hng ngi nhn hng. Do d trnh ri ro khng i c tin, ch tu sa i v lng iu khon chm dt trch nhim vo iu khon cm gi hng, quy nh ch tu (Ngi chuyn ch) c quyn tm gi hng trn tu nu ngi nhn hng tr cc, ph chm tr. ng thi ngi thu tu vn c trch nhim chi tr cc, ph ni trn ti cng d hng, khi no ch tu khng cn kh nng i s tin ny ngi nhn hng. Mu chun hp ng thu chuyn Gencon quy nh nh sau: Ch tu s c quyn cm gi hng i tr cc, cc khng, tin pht bc d chm nu vic thanh ton ny chm tr. Ngi thu tu c trch nhim tr cc, cc khng v tin pht bc chm nu c ti cng gi hng. Ngi thu tu cn trch nhim tr cc v tin pht d k c tin pht lu tu pht sinh ti cng d hng, khi no ch tu khng cn kh nng i s tin ni trn ngi nhn hng. Chartering broker Mi gii thu tu Ngi kinh doanh dch v hng hi lm mi gii trung gian theo y thc ca ch hng tm thu tu hoc theo y thc ca ch tu tm hng ch thu. H c th k kt hp ng thu tu theo y quyn ca ch hng hoc ch tu v hng hoa hng mi gii theo t l phn trm ca tng s tin cc vn chuyn (Brokerage commission). Charter Party Standard Mu chun hp ng thu tu L nhng hp ng thu tu c cc t chc hng hi quc t, cc ch tu hoc cc t chc giao nhn quc t son tho lm mu chun cho m phn v k kt hp ng thu tu. Ni dung ca hp ng bao gm nhiu iu khon kh y v iu kin php l, iu kin vn chuyn, iu kin cc ph v mt s iu kin khc. Mi mu chun hp ng thu tu c dng cho mt loi hng hoc mt mt hng no v c m s gi ring (Code name). C th chia mu chun hp ng thu tu lm 2 loi: 1. Loi c s dng ph bin v chnh thc c mt s t chc hng hi quc t hoc quc gia tha nhn: - Hp ng ch bch ha thng nht, m s Gencon. - Hp ng ch ng cc c, m s Auswheat. - Hp ng ch than bin ng, m s Centrocon. - Hp ng thu nh hn, m s Baltime... 2. Loi mang tnh ring bit (Private form), t c ph bin v s dng trong trng hp c bit: - Hp ng ch qung st Na Uy (Iron Ore Charter Party from Narvik). - Hp ng ch pht pht Ai Cp (Egyptian Phosphate Charter). - Hp ng ch than Nam Phi (South African Coal Charter). i vi loi hp ng ny, ngi thu cn cn thn khi s dng v thng thng n cha phi l mt mu chun hon chnh v c quc t rng ri tha nhn. Khi s dng cc mu chun hp ng thu tu, cn ch n ngy thng son tho v n tri qua nhiu ln sa cha, b
sung. Mt khc, tuy hp ng c gi l mu chun nhng khng mang tnh bt buc m ty ngi thu v ch tu thng lng v tha thun, c th gi li, hy b hoc sa i b sung. iu ny thng khng trnh khi trong vic lp v k kt hp ng, thm ch cn thm mt ph bn vi nhiu im b sung ph hp yu cu thc t ca chuyn ch. Change of voyage Thay i hnh trnh Ch con tu sau khi bt u hnh trnh li thay i cng ch (Cng d hng) m hp ng thu chuyn trc kia quy nh. Tr khi hp ng bo him c quy nh khc cn th ngi bo him s c min trch i vi mi tn tht ca tu/hng xy ra k t lc con tu ri khi hnh trnh c m hp ng trc kia quy nh. Charterer Ngi thu tu L ngi hoc cng ty thu tu ca ch tu ch hng chuyn gia cc cng (Voyage charterer) hoc t kinh doanh chuyn ch trong mt thi gian nht nh (Time charterer). Chartering agent i l thu tu L nhng ngi kinh doanh dch v hng hi c cc Cng ty/ Hip hi thng nhn xut nhp khu chn la lm i l v y thc vic thu tu chuyn ch hng ha. H l ngi trung gian gia thng nhn v ch tu, thay mt thng nhn giao dch thu tu v hng hoa hng theo quy nh ca hp ng i l. Chartering broker Mi gii thu tu Khc vi i l thu tu (Chartering agent) ch h nhn y thc thu tu ca ch hng theo tng v vic (khng k kt hp ng lu di) v n hoa hng thu tu ca ngi chuyn ch. Classification society T chc xp hng hng tu C chc nng gim st, kim cht lng v trang thit b con tu lc ang ng v sau ny theo tng thi k m con tu ang hot ng. Mi t chc xp hng tu s cn c vo quy ch v quy tc v gim nh kim tra ca mnh m phn loi v cp giy chng nhn xp hng ca con tu (Ships class) c kim tra trn thc t. Cc con tu khng b bt buc phi xp hng nhng theo tp qun hng hi quc t, cc con tu khng c xp hng thng khng c ngi thu tu tin cy, gp kh khn trong kinh doanh v bo him tu.
Clean on board Bill of Lading Vn n sch, hng xung tu Vn n ng bin c i din ngi chuyn ch hoc thuyn trng k pht cho ngi gi hng vi thut ng: sch, hng xung tu (Clean, on board or shipped, c ngha l ngi chuyn ch xc nhn hng c xp xung tu trong tnh trng bn ngoi tt (in good order and condition). Trong mua bn hng xut nhp khu, ngi mua lun lun yu cu quy nh r trong hp ng ngoi thng v th tn dng ngi bn phi xut trnh Vn n sch, hng xung tu, trong khng c ghi ch xu no v hng giao th mi c xem l mt trong nhng chng t c gi tr thanh ton. Clear days Ngy trn (lm hng) Thut ng ny i khi c dng mt s hp ng ch than ch hm s ngy d kin tu n cng bc/d hng khng bao gm ngy u khi tu mi n v ngy cui khi tu ri cng. Th d: Thng bo 7 ngy trn lm hng (7 clear working daysnotice), c ngha l thi gian lm hng (bc/d) ti cng l 7 ngy, khng tnh ngy tu n, ngy tu ri cng v ngy Ch nht, ngy l. Closest point of approach a im tip cn gn nht Thut ng dng trong hp ng thu tu ch: Khi c mt tr ngi no ngn cn khng cho con tu n ni quy nh trong hp ng bc hoc d hng th tu c quyn n mt a im tip cn gn nht bc hoc d hng v sau thng bo cho ch hng bit. Nh vy, ch tu c coi nh hon thnh ngha v hp ng. Closing date or Closing time Ngy ht hn nhn ch (hng) Trong chuyn ch bng tu ch hoc tu container, hng tu cng b ngy chm dt vic nhn ch hng cho tng chuyn i c th. Nu qu k hn nhn ch, ngi thu tu c th gi hng vo chuyn i k tip. Collective Bill of Lading Vn n chung L vn n cp chung cho nhiu l hng nh c ch trn tu, cng mt chuyn i v thuc nhiu ngi nhn hng khc nhau. Loi vn n ny c nhiu im tng t vi vn n gom hng (Consolidated bill of lading). Collision or running down Vic m va Ch phng tin vn ti thy (Tu, s lan,...) va ng chng ngi/vt th trn ng i, tr nc. Th d: Tu m va p chn, cu cng,
ngm, tng bng,... hoc tu khc. m va c th xy ra bt ng, ngu nhin (Fortuitous), do s bt cn, chnh mng (negligent) hoc do vi phm lut l, quy nh (wrongful). Vic x l trch nhim m va v bi thng tn tht kh phc tp v mc d c Cng c Brussels 1910 nhng vn cn mt s t nc cha p dng thng nht. m va l mt ri ro c bo him nhng ty i tng bo him l tu hoc hng ha m ngi bo him c quy nh th tc khiu ni v mc bi thng khc nhau. Combined transport or multimodal transport Vn ti phi hp hay vn ti a phng thc. L hnh thc vn ti dy chuyn sut t ni gi hng n ch cui cng, c t nht 2 phng thc vn ti tham gia. Vic chuyn ti/chuyn phng thc, lu kho dc ng, thc hin th tc hnh chnh/hi quan u do mt ngi chuyn ch k hp ng vn ti m trch thay cho ch hng. c im ca cch vn ti a phng thc l: - Ton b dy chuyn vn ti a phng thc do mt ngi chuyn ch duy nht m trch trn danh ngha mt bn ng s k hp ng iu hnh vn chuyn ch khng phi l i l vn ti nhn y thc n hoa hng (Combined transport operation =CTO). - Ngi kinh doanh dch v vn ti a phng thc thng l cc t chc giao nhn, khng s hu cng c vn ti nn h phi k hp ng vn ti ph (Subcontract of transport), thu nhng ngi c cng c vn ti (Ngi chuyn ch thc s) vn chuyn hng. - Gi cc vn ti a phng thc c 2 bn tha thun thng nht cho ton tuyn vn chuyn bao gm trong mi chi ph khc c lin quan (L ph hnh chnh, th tc ph hi quan, ph lu kho, ph chnh sa hng,...), m khng phi tnh ring cho tng chng chuyn ch. - Chng t vn ti a phng thc cho ton b qu trnh vn chuyn do ngi CTO k pht theo yu cu ngi gi hng, c chc nng v gi tr giao dch nh mt vn n tu ch (Combined transport document = COMBIDOC). - Ch trch nhim ca ngi CTO do 2 bn tha thun hoc theo ch thng nht trch nhim (Uniform liability system) hoc theo ch trch nhim ring tng chng (Servered liability system). n nay, do Cng c Lin Hip Quc v vn ti a phng thc c k vo 5/1980 nhng cha c hiu lc, nn ngi ta tha thun s dng Quy tc thng nht v chng t vn ti lin hp do Phng thng mi quc t son tho lm c s php l (Vn kin 481 ngy 01/01/1992). Vn ti a phng thc l mt cch vn chuyn khoa hc, tin tin, gip gin n ha th tc, chng t, thc y hp l ha v nng cao hiu qu cc yu t lin kt: sn xut lu thng phn phi ca nn kinh t giai on pht trin cao. Combined transport bill of lading Vn n vn ti phi hp hay vn n vn ti a phng thc. L mt loi vn n ch sut m hng ha c chuyn ch t ni gi (Ni bc hng) n ni n (Ni d hng) bng phng tin ca cc
phng thc vn ti khc nhau (Tu bin, tu ha, t,...). Vn n ny do ngi khai thc vn ti a phng thc (Combined transport operator) k cp cho ngi gi hng hay ch hng trn danh ngha l ngi chuyn ch theo hp ng (Contractual carrier). Vn n vn ti a phng thc c nhiu iu khon v iu kin chuyn ch khc xa vi vn n ng bin thng thng (Ocean bill of lading) nhng n vn c chc nng l bin lai giao nhn hng, giy xc nhn quyn s hu hng v bng chng ca mt hp ng vn ti a phng thc k. Hin nay, vn n vn ti a phng thc c Phng Thng Mi Quc T v t chc cc Ngn hng quc t tha nhn gi tr thanh ton l mu vn n ca Hip hi Nhng Ngi Giao Nhn Quc T (FIATA) son tho do n c s dng ph bin hn ht. Commission Hoa hng L s tin th lao m ngi y thc tr cho i l hoc mi gii trung gian v nhng dch v ca h lm. Hoa hng mi gii thu tu (Brokerage or brokerage commission) l s tin th lao tr cho mi gii v dch v thu tu, c tnh bng mt t l nht nh ca tng s tin cc chuyn ch (K c tin cc khng v tin pht bc d chm nu c). Theo tp qun hng hi quc t, nu khng c quy nh g khc th ch tu l ngi chi tr hoa hng mi gii thu tu ch khng ch hng l ngi y thc. Ngoi hoa hng mi gii thu tu cn c: - Hoa hng ngi thu tu (Address commission): Th lao cho ch hng (Ngi thu tu). Loi hoa hng ny c hay khng ty thuc vo ch trng ca ch tu nhm khuyn khch... - Hoa hng mi gii mua bn tu: Th lao cho mi gii lm trung gian mua bn tu (Ships sale/purchase commission). - Hoa hng i l tu bin (Ship agent commission): Th lao cho ngi i l c tu ch nh lm cc dch v cho tu: Th tc ra vo cng, theo di bc d hng v lo cng vic hu cn, cung ng... Commission past us Hoa hng ngoi tm chng ti. Khi mi gii thu tu bo thu vi iu kin ...% ngoi tm chng ti c ngha l s hoa hng ny khng bao gm hoa hng mi gii thng thng m h c quyn nhn c v dch v ca mnh. Ngi hng Hoa hng ngoi tm l mt ngi khc v thng l ch l hng chuyn ch. Common carrier Ngi chuyn ch cng cng. L ngi, cng ty hoc x nghip quc doanh hay t nhn, c hay khng c phng tin vn ti trong tay tham gia k kt hp ng vn ti, kinh doanh ch thu hng ha hay hnh khch cho x hi. Conflict of laws
S xung t php lut. S khc bit v lut php ca nc c p dng iu chnh mt mi quan h php l nht nh c th dn n s xung t php lut trong cc hp ng ngoi thng, vn ti, bo him quc t: Xung t php lut v hnh thc hp ng, ni dung hp ng, a v php l ca cc ng s, thm quyn xt x ca ta n,... Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, ngi ta s dng quy phm xung t chn lut p dng gii quyt xung t php lut. Th d: 2 tu m va nhau ti cng hi, trch nhim m va v cu h s do lut quc t hoc lut ca nc no m 2 bn ch tu thng nht chn la p dng. Congestion surcharge Ph ph n tu S tin ph thu do cc hng tu t ra cho ngi thu tu khi hng ca h c bc/d ti cng n tu lm cho tu phi chu chm tr v xp hng ch cu. Congenbill Tn mu vn n theo hp ng thu tu (Charter Party bill of lading) do t chc BIMCO son tho v c p dng ph bin. Conlinebill Tn mu vn n dng trong vn chuyn hng bng tu ch (Liner bill of lading) do t chc BIMCO son tho v c p dng ph bin Consecutive voyages (trips) Chuyn vn chuyn lin tc. L mt dng thu chuyn theo con tu c thu s thc hin nhiu chuyn vn chuyn lin tc l hng theo yu cu ca ngi thu. Hp ng thu chuyn vn chuyn lin tc c th quy nh c th s lng chuyn i hoc chuyn c i ln v hoc thc hin cc chuyn i lin tc trong mt k hn c quy nh. Th d: ...Hp ng thu chuyn c hiu lc cho 20 chuyn lin tc, bt u chuyn th nht vo ngy 01/01/1997 v kt thc chuyn th 20 vo ngy 01/01/1998"... Ni dung hp ng cha ng y cc iu khon cn thit nh mt hp ng chuyn n. Th d: iu kin bc d, thng pht,... ti cc cng, c bit iu khon cc ph v cch tr theo tng chuyn v cc ph l mt vn t nh, thng xuyn bin ng theo th trng. Consignee Ngi nhn hng (Cargo receiver) L ngi c tn ghi ti mc Ngi nhn hng ca vn n ng bin. Ty theo cch ghi tn ti mc Ngi nhn hng m vn n y c xp vo loi vn n ch nh ch danh (straight bill of lading) hoc vn n theo lnh (To order bill of lading). Theo tp qun quc t, nu ti mc ny khng ghi tn ngi nhn hng m ch ghi Theo lnh (To order) th vn n y thuc loi vn n theo lnh ngi gi hng. Consignement clause iu khon ch nh i l
Hp ng thu tu chuyn c iu khon ch nh i l quy nh: ch tu hay ngi thu tu c quyn ch nh i l lm hng ti cng. Thng thng, ch tu l ngi chn la v ch nh i l lm hng ti cng. Nhng cng c trng hp, ngi thu tu li l ngi chn la v ch nh i l lm hng, v nh vy, nu ch tu xt thy cn thit bo v li ch ca mnh, s ch nh mt i l ring (Supervisory agent) gim st vic lm hng. Consignor (Shipper) Ngi gi hng L ngi giao hng xung tu ti cng xp hng. Ch hng c th t mnh lm ngi gi hng nhng cng c th y thc ngi khc m thng l i l giao nhn hng (Forwarding agent) m nhn thay vic giao hng. Consolidated or groupage bill of lading Vn n gom hng L vn n container m ngi chuyn ch k pht cho ngi gom hng sau khi ngi ny tp hp nhiu l hng l t nhiu ch hng v thu chung 1 container gi i. Trn vn n, ngoi cc mc thng thng, c ghi tn ngi gom hng ti mc Ngi gi hng v tn i l hoc i in ca h ti mc Ngi nhn hng. Nh vy, vn n gom hng l mt vn kin php l ch iu chnh mi quan h gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi gom hng m cng l ngi gi hng, do vn n ny khng c chc nng thanh ton trong mua bn quc t. Consolidation or groupage Vic gom hng Trong chuyn ch bng container, khi mt l hng khng s lng thu trn container th ch hng c th gi l bng cch k hp ng vn ti hng l vi ngi gom hng (Consolidation) ch i. Ngi gom hng s tp hp, chnh n v sp xp hp l cho l hng l thnh nhng l hng s lng s dng cch vn chuyn trn container (Full container load). Dch v gom hng l thnh l hng trn container (consolidation cargo service) a phn do nhng ngi, cng ty giao nhn ng ra kinh doanh nhng i khi cng do cc hng tu container ng ra kinh doanh di dng vn chuyn hng l (Less than a container loading service) bn cnh dng vn chuyn hng trn container (Full container loading service). Nu ngi gom hng l ngi giao nhn th sau khi k hp ng ch hng l, h tr thnh ngi chuyn ch cng cng khng c tu (Non vessel operating common carrier). H c trch nhim mt mt k vn n ngi giao nhn (House Bill of Lading) cho ch hng, mt khc h trc tip thu hng tu container gi trn container cha y hng l n cng ch. Hng tu container l ngi chuyn ch thc (Actual carrier) s k pht cho h vn n ngi chuyn ch thc (Master Bill of Lading).
Consortium (of shipping) Cng-xc-xi-m L nhm tp hp hng hi ca mt s hng tu thng l thnh vin cng hi hng hi ng gp tu v ti nguyn khc ca mnh cng nhau thc hin mt v kinh doanh c bit. Container Cng-ten-n Thng cha hng c bit dng lm bao b chuyn ch hng ha, c c im: - Cu to dng hnh hp bng vt liu bn chc (Thp, hp kim nhm hoc nha cng gia c si thy tinh). - C thit b chuyn dng (Ca, gc lp ghp,...) thun li cho ng hng vo, rt hng ra v chuyn ch bng nhiu phng thc vn ti i sut khng phi m ng container v ti cht xp hng dc ng. - C trng ti v th tch kh ln (1m3 tr ln) thch hp vi cc loi hng bch ha v mt s hng c bit khc (Hng lng, hng ng lnh, sc vt sng,...). C thng s k thut c tiu chun ha thng nht do t chc tiu chun o lng quc t ISO (International Standard Organization) nn thun tin cho vic chuyn i, s dng rng ri container: 10, 20, 30, 40. Trong container 20 c chn lm n v tiu chun (TEU). Ty yu cu chuyn ch ca mi loi hng m cu trc container gm nhiu loi: 1. Container bch ha hay container hng kh a dng (General cargo container or dry cargo container) ch bch ha hoc hoc hng khc tng t, trong iu kin bnh thng. 2. Container bo n (Thermal container): c thit k my pht lnh hoc my thng gi, dng ch loi hng cn vn chuyn trong iu kin nhit thch hp. Gm c: container lnh (Refrigerated or reefer container) dng ch hng ti sng nh tht, c,...Container cch nhit (Insulated container) dng ch rau qu, dc phm; Container thng gi (Ventilated container) dng ch rau qu, thc phm ch cn c bo qun mi trng khng kh thong ng, trn khong cch vn chuyn ngn. 3. Container chuyn dng (Special container): dng ch hng kh ri (Dry bulk container), hng lng (Tank container), -t (Car container), sc vt sng (Pen or livestock container), hng siu trng hnh dng phc tp (Plalform container)... Container freight station Trm lm hng l Ni ngi gom hng nhn ch cc l hng l t nhiu ch hng, sau phn loi, chnh n v tp hp chng thnh l hng chung s hoc khi lng thu trn container ca ngi chuyn ch thc gi hng i theo yu cu ca cc ch hng. Container freight tariff Biu cc (tu) container)
L bng gi cc m hng tu container n nh lm c s tnh v thu tin cc ty theo cch chuyn ch: T bi cha container n bi cha container (Container yard to container yard) hoc T kho ngi bn n kho ngi mua (Warehouse to warehouse), i vi tng loi mt hng. Cng nh mi gi cc vn ti khc, gi cc container c tnh trn c s gi thnh vn ti thc t v phn li d kin thu vo. Nhng do c im ca cch gi hng, giao nhn, bc/d v vn chuyn container, nn gi cc container c phn thnh 3 loi chnh: 1. Cc trn container cho mi mt hng ring bit (CBR = Commodity box rate): l mt loi gi cc bao tnh theo tng container c 20, 30, 40 cho mt mt hng ring bit (Bch ha, hng kh ri, hng lng, hng ng lnh,...) m khng tnh theo khi lng hng xp trong container. 2. Cc trn container cho mi loi hng (FAK = Freight of all kinds of goods): mi loi hng cng c ly vn chuyn, ca cng chuyn i c tnh chung cng mt gi cc/container, bt k gi tr hng vn chuyn cao hay thp. Gi cc FAK c tnh da trn c s gi thnh vn ti cng vi phn li d kin chia u cho s lng container c vn chuyn trong chuyn i. Cch tnh cc FAK c li cho ch hng c gi tr cao nhng bt li cho ch hng c gi tr thp, nn t c p dng. 3. Cc hng l (LCL freight rate): khi khi lng hng khng gi trn container th hng c gi l cho hng tu hoc ngi gom hng ng ra m trch vic gom hng v chuyn ch. Cc hng l c tnh theo n v trng lng, th tch hoc gi tr hng cng thm ph lm hng l (Container freight station charges) nn cao hn gi cc trn container. Trong chuyn ch trn container, ngoi cc chnh ra, hng tu cn n nh v thu thm nhng ph ph (Surcharges) khi tnh hnh t bin lm gi xng, du tng (BAF = Bunker adjustment factor), tin cc mt gi (CAF = currency adjustment factor), hoc ph ph lm hng ti khu bc d container (THC = Terminal handling charges or EHC = Equipment handling charges). Ngoi ra thu ht khch hng v tng cng thc lc cnh tranh, cc hng tu container p dng chnh sch gim cc i vi khch hng c khi lng hng gi ln cng nhau k kt hp ng vn chuyn thi gian/khi lng (Timevolume contract) hoc p dng chnh sch tr cp (allowance) cho i l chuyn ch hay ngi giao nhn lm nghip v tm hng cho tu hoc thng khuyn khch (Incentive) cho ngi gi hng. Container lease contract Hp ng thu container L loi hp ng c k kt gia bn cho thu (Lessor or container leasing company) v bn thu hay bn s dng container (Lessee or container user). Ni dung hp ng bao gm cc iu khon chung ca mt hp ng kinh t trong c 4 vn c bn: 1. Quy nh gi thu cho mi container/ngy hoc mi container/ thng, trong sut thi gian hiu lc ca hp ng (Rental charge). 2. Quy nh ph ph d phng tn tht (Damage protection plan premium): Ngi thu tr ph ph ny
nhm b p tn tht ca container c th xy ra. Nh vy, ngi thu c th hon tr container h hng cho cng ty cho thu theo thc trng ca n. 3. Quy nh mc hon i container (Interchange ratio): Ngi thu s hon tr v thu li mt s lng container trong mt thng. Th d: Mc hon i container l 25%/thng, c ngha l ngi thu s hon tr v thu li s lng container ph hp vi t l hon i c quy nh ny, trong mt thng no . Vic quy nh mc hon i container c p dng ch yu trong loi hp ng thu container c quy nh s lng ti thiu (Master lease). 4. Quy nh lch hon tr container (Geography table): xc nh s lng container, ni hon tr trong 1 thng v ph ph hon tr tng ng ty theo khu vc a l. Th d: Singapore 20 containers/thng, ph ph hon tr 30 USD/n v c ngha l 20 containers c th c hon tr ti Singapore trong 1 thng km ph ph 30USD cho mi container. Vic quy nh lch hon tr container c p dng ch yu trong loi hp ng thu container c quy nh s lng ti thiu v loi hp ng thu container khng xc nh s lng (Rate agreement). Hp ng thu container ch yu c 4 loi: 1. Hp ng thu chuyn (Trip lease): ly chuyn vn chuyn lm c s thu v cho thu container. Ty yu cu ca mnh m ngi s dng c th thu chuyn mt (One way lease) hoc chuyn i v v (Round trip lease). Gi thu chuyn thng xuyn bin ng theo th trng, tng t nh gi cc thu tu chuyn. 2. Hp ng thu container khng quy nh s lng (Rate agreement): loi ny quy nh gi thu container c nh, khng thay i trong sut thi gian thu, bt k container nm khu vc a l no min l thuc phm vi qun l c quy nh ca ngi cho thu. Khng quy nh s lng container bt buc 2 bn phi thc hin m ty theo yu cu ca ngi thu v kh nng cung ng ca ngi cho thu. 3. Hp ng thu container c quy nh s lng ti thiu (Master lease): s lng container ti thiu c xc nh m 2 bn phi thc hin trong sut thi gian thu. Nu ngi thu vi phm khng thu s lng ti thiu th vn phi tr tin thu s lng ti thiu y. 4. Hp ng thu di hn (Long term lease): quy nh ngi thu s dng mt s lng container sut thi gian thu m khng c hon i, khng c hy hp ng. Nu c s vi phm hy hp ng trc thi hn th ngi thu phi tr tin pht. Cc ch tu container thng p dng cch thu ny khi c yu cu tng thm s lng container cn thit cho kinh doanh ch thm. Ngoi ra, cch thu v cho thu di hn i khi cn c tha thun thnh hp ng thu mua (Purchase-lease) hoc hp ng thu bn (Buy-off lease) ngha l ngi thu di hn phi tr tin thu theo mt gi c bit cho n ht thi hn th s lng container c thu thuc lun quyn s hu ca ngi thu. Container ship Tu container Loi tu chuyn dng ch container, c c im: - Ch c mt boong
(Single deck) - C mn kp hoc mn n hnh gn sng, mp boong dy, chc, ngang boong c kch thc rng lm tng tnh n nh ca tu. - Trong thn tu, cc hm c thit k khung dn hng theo chiu thng ng m bo container khng b x dch khi c sng gi trn bin. - Mt boong c thit k c cu chng buc container xp trn boong. - i b phn tu container khng trang b cu bc hng m ch yu da vo cng c bc d trn b. - Ty theo cch bc d container, tu container c chia thnh loi: - Tu container bc d qua mn (Lifton/lift-off container ship) = LO/LO ship. - Tu container bc d theo cu dn (Roll-on/roll-off container ship) = RO/RO ship. -Tu ch s lan (Lighter carrier or lighter aboard ship) = LASH. Tu container hot ng theo kiu tu ch, kinh doanh ch thu container u n vi tc cao trn mt tuyn vn chuyn c nh, theo mt lch trnh c cng b trc v c s h tr ca cc tu container con (ph) tip vn, phn phi container n cc im ngoi lung (Feeder ship). Container terminal Khu cng container L ni tip nhn tu container, bc d, ct gi hoc trung chuyn cc container hng ha. Khu cng container c th c b tr trong cng khu tng hp hoc c xy dng thnh mt cng container c lp nm ngoi cng tng hp, c mt bng rng thong, bn chc v c trang b chuyn mn ha cao lm hng container. Bao gm cc cu trc v thit b quan trng: - Cu bn (wharf): Ni tu. - Thm bn (apron): Khu vc b tr cu bc/d. - Bi cha container (Container yard): Ni giao nhn, ct gi v lm hng container. - Trm hng l (Container freight station): Ni tip nhn v lm hng l (LCL). - Trang thit b bc d: Cc loi cu, gi xe, xe nng hng,...V mt s cng trnh linh tinh khc: thit b nh sng, trm sa cha, ni lm v sinh container, trm in nng cho container ng lnh, trm iu trung tm,.. Container transport Ch hng bng container L cch vn chuyn hng ha m trong sut qu trnh chuyn ch, bc d v bo qun hng, container c s dng, nh l mt loi thng cha hng c bit, c kch thc c tiu chun ha, c kt cu bn chc v c dung tch, trng ti cha hng kh ln. Phng thc ch hng bng container ra i t nhng nm u ca th k 20, pht trin nhy vt t nhng nm 60 ca th k ny v nay tr thnh mt phng thc vn chuyn c lc, c hiu qu kinh t i vi cc loi hng bch ha thch hp: - Hng ha c bo v, phng chng tn tht tt hn nh v bc chc chn ca container che ch. - Tit kim v gim bt cho ph bao b chuyn ch. - Hng ha i sut t ni gi n ch khng phi d ra dc ng nn tit kim ph bc d v n gin ha th tc. - Hng c vn chuyn nhanh chng, tin li gp phn
nng cao hiu qu kinh doanh cho thng nhn v ngi ch thu. Container yard Ni tip nhn v lu tr container, l b phn quan trng ca khu cng container. Din tch bi rng thong, nn bi chc chn cht xp c 5 - 6 tng container. Bi c th b tr phn chia thnh: khu vc container chun b bc xung tu, khu vc tip nhn container t tu, khu vc dnh cha container rng,... Trong chuyn ch container, ngi ta thng dng ngn gn thut ng: Bi container Container yard) ch phm vi vn chuyn v trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch l t bi container gi hng n bi container hng n (CY CY). Contination clause iu khon gia hn Trong hp ng bo him tu theo thi hn (Time policy) iu khon gia hn quy nh: Nu hp ng bo him ht thi hn m con tu vn cha v n cng ch cui cng do s c tai nn trn ng i hoc do tm tr ti mt cng lnh nn, th hp ng bo him c coi l c hiu lc cho n khi tu v n cng ch cui cng min l ngi c bo him phi thng bo kp thi cho ngi bo him v chp nhn tr thm ph ph bo him. Contractual carrier Ngi chuyn ch (theo) hp ng Thut ng c dng trong chuyn ch hng l bng container (LCL) ch ngi gom hng k hp ng vn ti vi ch hng l trn danh ngha l ngi chuyn ch (theo) hp ng vn ti. Convenient speed Tc thch hp Trong chuyn ch bng tu chuyn, sau khi bc hng xung tu, ngi chuyn ch phi cho tu chy vi Tc thch hp a hng n cng ch. Tuy nhin, khi nim Tc thch hp i khi vn xy ra tranh ci gia ngi thu v ch tu, nht l khi xy ra chm tr trong cc chuyn vn chuyn di ngy. Do , mt s ch tu quy nh sa i: Vi tt c tc hp l (With all reasonable speed). Cover note or ship Phiu xc nhn bo him tm thi Khi khch hng ngh bo him v ngh bo him ny c chp nhn th Cng ty bo him s lp v gi phiu xc nhn bo him tm thi lm bng chng. Sau s pht hnh mt hp ng bo him chnh thc. Phiu xc nhn bo him c ghi nhng iu kin bo him ch yu v c gi tr rng buc trch nhim ca 2 bn ng s. Currency Adjustment Charges (CAC) - Currency Adjustment Factor
Ph ph iu chnh tin cc H s iu chnh tin cc Trong kinh doanh ch thu bng tu ch hoc tu container, khi gi tr ng tin dng thanh ton cc b gim st nng nh hng n thu nhp ca mnh, ngi chuyn ch s p dng vic thu thm ph ph iu chnh tin cc theo h s iu chnh tng ng (Currency Adjustment Factor). Custom of the port Tp qun ca cng Thut ng c dng trong hp ng thu chuyn ch vic khng quy nh c th mc bc d hng ti cng m ty theo tp qun bc d ca cng (According to custom of the port) hoc Theo tp qun (As customary) hoc Tc nhanh m tu c th bc d (As fast as vessel can load or discharge). Hp ng quy nh mc bc d theo tp qun ca cng th s khng quy nh mc thng pht bc d. Customary quick despatch Bc nhanh (theo) thng l Mc bc hng theo nng sut m ni (Cng) bc hng thng t c. Thut ng hm khng quy nh dt khot nng sut/thi gian bc hng do cng khng quy nh thng pht khi lm hng nhanh chm Customs clearance Vic thng quan L vic hon thnh cc th tc do Hi quan quy nh c cp php cho hng nhp vo hoc xut ra ca mt nc.
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Damages for detention Tin pht lu gi tu Trong mt s hp ng c qui nh thi gian pht bc/d chm (Dumurrage layday), ngi ta cn qui nh thm:"Nu ngi thu tu lu gi tu vt qu thi gian bc/d chm th h phi chu pht v vic lu gi tu ti cng bc d vi s tin cao hn s tin pht bc d chm". Th d: "Thi gian p dng tin pht bc d chm l 10 ngy vi mc ph 5.000USD/tu/ngy v thi gian sau 10 ngy s p dng tin pht lu tu vi mc ph 7.000 USD/tu/ngy". Days all purposes Ngy bc v d hng tnh gp
Thut ng c dng trong hp ng thu tu chuyn ch: Ngy bc v d hng c tnh gp chung c hai u cng bc v cng d. Th d: Thi gian c php, 10 ngy bc v d hng tnh gp:(Time allowed, 10 days all purposes). Deadfreight Cc khng L khon tin cc ca s lng hng m ngi thu tu tuy tho thun giao xung tu gi i theo qui nh ca hp ng thu tu nhng li do nhiu nguyn nhn trn thc t hng khng gi i c, khin cho kh nng chuyn ch ca con tu khng c tn dng, trng ti v dung tch tu dnh cho s hng b b trng. Deadweight charter Thu bao trng ti L cch thu tu ch hng kh ri trn c s tin cc c tr theo tn trng ti ca con tu (cn gi l thu bao c tu). Mc ch ca ngi thu bao trng ti tu l to th ch ng trong vic chn la chng loi v s lng hng chuyn ch ph hp vi kh nng vn chuyn ca con tu c thu. Ngi thu bao s khng tr cc khng nu tu khng y hng Damages for detention Tin pht lu gi tu Trong mt s hp ng c quy nh thi gian pht bc/d chm (Durmurrage layday), ngi ta cn quy nh thm: Nu nh ngi thu tu lu gi tu vt qu thi gian bc/d chm th h phi chu pht v vic lu gi tu ti cng bc/d vi s tin cao hn tin pht bc d chm. Th d: ...thi gian p dng tin pht bc d chm l 10 ngy vi mc ph 5.000 USD/ tu/ ngy v thi gian sau 10 ngy s p dng tin pht lu tu vi mc ph 7.000 USD/ tu/ ngy. Dangerous goods Hng ha nguy him Gm cc loi hng c c tnh l ha d gy chy, n, n mn, nhim c, phng x, ...e do sinh mnh con ngi v ti sn trong qu trnh bo qun v vn chuyn. V l , cn c vo nhm, loi hng nguy him v cch chuyn ch m ngi ta xut p dng nhng quy tc vn chuyn thch hp ring bit: - Quy tc vn chuyn hng nguy him ng bin (IMDG Code) - Quy tc vn chuyn hng nguy him ng b v ng st (ADR/RID) - Quy tc vn chuyn hng nguy him ng hng khng (DGR). Cc quy tc ny i hi ch hng ngi gi hng v ngi chuyn ch ch tu s tun th nghim ngt trong cc vn bao b ng gi, ghi nhn hiu, cch bc d, cht xp, vn chuyn v bin php x l thch ng.
Days on demurrage. (Demurrage days) Ngy bc / d chm L ngy vt qu s lng ngy c php dng cho bc / d hng theo quy nh ca hp ng thu tu. S ngy bc / d chm c tnh theo s ngy bnh thng (Running days) ngha l bao gm ngy lm vic, ngy Ch nht v ngy l, bt lun thi tit tt hoc xu. Trong mt s hp ng thu tu, ngy bc / d chm c gii hn c th. Th d: 10 ngy. Nu ngy bc / d chm vt qu s lng y v theo yu cu ca ch hng, tu vn ti cng tip tc lm hng, th ngi thu phi n b cho ch tu nhng tn tht do tu b lu gi. Deadfreight Cc khng L khon tin cc ca s lng hng m ngi thu tu tuy tha thun giao xung tu gi i theo quy nh ca hp ng thu tu nhng li do nhiu nguyn nhn trn thc t hng khng gi i c, khin cho kh nng chuyn ch ca con tu khng c tn dng, trng ti v dung tch tu dnh cho s hng b b trng. Cn lu : Cc khng l tin cc ca l hng khng thc s gi i do phi tr i ph bc / d hng khng c tnh vo nu hp ng thu tu k trc khi quy nh tin cc v ph bc / d tnh gp, theo iu kin bc / d tu ch (liner terms). Deadweight Trng ti ca tu L sc ch ca con tu c o bng tn mt h (Metric ton = 1.000 kg), tn Anh (British ton = 1016 kg) hoc tn M (US ton = 907,2 kg). C hai loi trng ti ca tu: - Trng ti ton phn (Gross deadweight or deadweight all told) bao gm: Trng lng hng ha, trng lng hnh khch v hnh l (nu c), trng lng vt phm cung ng cho chuyn i: nhin liu, du m, nc ngt, thc phm, vt liu ph tng d tr, trng lng thuyn vin v hnh trang (D.W.T = DW.a.t). - Trng ti tnh (Cargo deadweight or cargo deadweight capacity): L trng lng ton b hng ha m con tu ch c (D.V.C.C.). Theo cng c quc t v du chuyn ch (International Convention on Loadline) trng ti tu c ghi trong Giy chng nhn trng ti l trng ti ton phn v trng ti tnh ca con tu khi mn nc ca tu t du chuyn ch nc bin ma h lm tiu chun. Deadweight charter Thu bao trng ti L cch thu tu ch hng kh ri trn c s tin cc c tr theo tn trng ti ca con tu (cn gi l thu bao c tu). Mc ch ca ngi thu bao trng ti tu l to th ch ng trong vic chn la chng loi v s lng hng chuyn ch ph hp vi kh nng vn chuyn ca con tu c thu. Ngi thu bao s khng tr cc
khng nu tu khng y hng. Deadweight scale Bng thang trng ti (ca tu) c xc lp da trn mi lin h gia mn nc v trng ti ca tu, trn c s cc s liu v mn nc, mn kh, lng r nc, trng ti, s tn tng ng vi 1cm hay 1 (foot) mn nc. Bng thang trng ti c dng tra lng r nc y ti, trng ti ton phn hoc trng ti tng ng theo tng mn nc khc nhau. Deck cargo Hng (ch) trn boong Mt s hng do c im v tnh cht m khng th cht xp trong hm hng vn chuyn m c th v phi ch trn boong chnh ca tu. Th d: g cy, thit b my c kt cu nng n, cng knh (Dm cu, pontoon, s lan,...) hoc mt s loi hng nguy him cn phi tch bit (Thng sn, bnh a-xt, bnh cha kh a-x-ty-len...). Theo cng c Brc-xen 1924, hng ha thng thng nht thit phi c xp v vn chuyn trong hm hng. Ch cho php hng c bit nh ni trn mi c xp v vn chuyn trn boong, c s khai bo chnh xc ca ch hng v c s chp thun ca ngi chuyn ch, ph hp vi tp qun quc t. Deep sea trade Hng hi vin dng Dng ch hot ng kinh doanh ca cc tu trn tuyn hng hi quc t ng di, khc vi hot ng kinh doanh ca cc tu trn tuyn hng hi quc t ng gn (short sea trade). Deferred rebate Tin gim cc tr chm Trong chuyn ch bng tu ch, ch tu tha thun gim cc cho nhng ch hng no chu giao kt hng ca mnh cho ring ch tu chuyn ch. S tin gim cc c tr cho ch hng theo nh k (6 thng hoc 1 nm) sau khi vic ch hng c thc hin gi l tin gim cc tr chm. Delay in delivery Giao hng chm tr Hng c giao khng ng k hn quy nh trong hp ng mua bn k kt. Delivery by instalments Giao hng tng t i vi cc l hng s lng ln, sn xut di ngy, ngi bn v ngi mua cng nhau tha thun giao hng tng t. Nh vy, hng s c
chuyn ch bng nhiu chuyn tu cho n khi no hon thnh ton b s lng. Trong trng hp y, ngi m trch vic thu tu s tnh ton v chn la cch vn chuyn bng nhiu chuyn sao cho c li nht. Delivery order Lnh giao hng Chng t m ngi chuyn ch hoc i din ngi chuyn ch k cp cho ch hng lm bng chng n nhn hng ti bi container hay kho cng. Mun nhn c lnh giao hng, ngi nhn hng phi xut trnh vn n ng bin hp l cho ngi chuyn ch hoc i din ca h. Delivery terms iu kin giao hng L mt trong nhng iu kin quan trng trong hp ng mua bn, quy nh ngi bn c ngha v chuyn giao hng ha (hoc chng t) sang tay v di quyn nh ot ca ngi mua hoc i din ca h. iu kin giao hng bao gm cc quy nh v cch giao hng, ni giao hng, thi gian giao hng,... Demurrage - Bc / d chm - Tin pht bc / d chm (Demurrage money). Khi ngi thu tu khng hon thnh vic bc / d hng ng theo thi gian bc / d quy nh trong hp ng thu tu k, th ch tu c quyn i n b v nhng khon thi gian vt qu hn tha thun, tr khi nguyn nhn gy ra bc / d chm nm ngoi phm vi kim sot ca ngi thu tu v c nu r trong hp ng thu tu. Th d: Thi tit xu khng th lm hng, ma, ging bo, nh cng b xng, bo ng hoc sai lm no do pha tu phm phi... Ngy bc / d chm c tnh t khi ht hn bc / d hng, bao gm c ngy thi tit xu, ngy Ch nht v ngy l nu hp ng thu tu khng quy nh g khc. Thut ng c dng din gii quy nh ny l Once on demurrage, always on demurrage. Tin pht bc / d chm c th c tnh ring cho thi gian bc hng, thi gian d hng hoc tnh gp c thi gian bc / d theo li b tr (Reversible laydays), c tr ngay mi ngy hoc tr sau khi hon thnh b / d tu tha thun gia ngi thu tu v ngi chuyn ch. Deratting certificate Giy chng nhn dit chut Do c quan y t c thm quyn ti cng cp, xc nhn chut trn tu b dit. Derelict Vt v ch tri dt ngoi bin.
Vt v ch tri dt ngoi bin c th l tu v ch (Derelict ship), hng v ch (Derelict cargo) hoc v kh v ch (Derelict weapon). Despatch days Ngy bc / d nhanh L nhng ngy bc / d hng tit kim c do rt ngn thi gian bc / d c quy nh trong hp ng thu tu. iu ny c li cho c ngi thu tu ln ngi chuyn ch v ngi thu tu thng s c ch tu thng khuyn khch mt khon tin gi l tin thng bc / d nhanh (Despatch money) theo tha thun ghi trong hp ng. Despatch money Tin thng bc / d nhanh L s tin thng m ngi chuyn ch tr cho ngi thu v nhng ngy bc / d nhanh. Mc tin thng ny do 2 bn tha thun trong hp ng thu tu nhng theo tp qun hng hi s tin thng bc / d nhanh ch bng phn na (50%) s tin pht bc / d chm. C 2 cch tnh thng bc / d nhanh: - Tnh cho tt c ngy bc / d nhanh tit kim c bao gm c Ch nht v ngy l (For all time saved). Cch ny c li cho ngi thu tu. - Tnh cho tt c ngy lm vic bc / d nhanh ngha l khng bao gm Ch nht v ngy l (For all working time saved). Cch ny c li cho ngi chuyn ch. Ch tu v ngi thu tu nn cn nhc chn la cch v nh mc bc d, thng pht bc / d ph hp vi kh nng bc / d ti cc cng gh, c tnh ton n bin ng gi cc th trng thu tu v cc tnh hung khc. Detention clause iu khon lu gi tu Trong hp ng thu tu chuyn, thi gian pht bc / d chm thng c quy nh bng mt s ngy nht nh. Nu vt qu s ngy y m vn cha hon thnh vic bc / d hng v ngi gi hoc nhn hng tip tc lu gi tu bc / d hng th h phi n b tn tht cho ch tu v lu gi tu (Damage for detention) ty theo quy nh ca hp ng. Deviation clause iu khon tu chy chch ng Tu chy chch ng tc l chy ra ngoi tuyn ng vn chuyn bnh thng t cng gi hng n cng ch ghi trong hp ng thu tu. Theo lut php v tp qun quc t ca nhiu nc, ngi chuyn ch khng c ty cho tu chy chch ng, nu khng s gnh chu bi thng tn tht do vic chy chch ng gy ra. Nhng gim bt v lm r trch nhim ca mnh, ch tu thng t ra iu khon chy chch ng trong vn n, quy nh ngi chuyn ch c quyn chy chch ng vi l do chnh ng. Th d: Chy chch ng cu nn trn bin, cp cu bnh nhn trn tu, ly thm
nhin liu, thc phm, trnh tai nn bo t,... Direct Bill of Lading Vn n ch thng L loi vn n ng bin cp cho l hng c ch thng t cng gi hng n cng ch. Direct discharge D hng chuyn thng Hng c d v xp trc tip ln phng tin vn ti (-t, toa tu ha...) chuyn thng, khng qua cng on trung gian xp ln bn cng. Cch lm ny c li: gim bt c thao tc bc / d, tit kim ph v a nhanh hng n ch nhng i hi kt hp n khp gia tu v cng c vn ti tip chuyn. Direct transhipment Chuyn mn hng trc tip Hng c chuyn ti thng t tu ny sang tu kia c ch tip n ch m khng qua khu bc d ti cng (sang mn). Dirty bill of lading or foul bill of lading or unclean bill of lading. Vn n bn hay vn n khng hp cch. L mt vn n trn thuyn trng ghi ch nhn xt xu v tnh trng phm cht hoc bao b hng ch. Loi vn n bn s khng c ngn hng chp nhn lm chng t thanh ton. Disbursements account Bng ghi chi ph ca tu ti cng Bng ny do i l tu bin lp, trong lit k cc khon m tu chi ti cng. Bao gm cc loi chi ph nh: ph cng khu, ph hoa tiu, ph i l, ph xp d, ph mua nhin liu, thc phm, nc ngt, vt liu lm hng... Thuyn trng hoc i din s xem xt xc nhn lm cn c cho ngi khai thc tu thanh ton. Displacement Lng r nc (ca tu) L khi lng nc m con tu chim ch, c th c o bng mt khi hay cubic-feet (Volume of displacement) hoc bng tn (Weight of displacement or displace-ment tonnage). Trng lng r nc (tn) = Th tch nc m tu chim ch (m3) x T trng nc C hai loi trng lng r nc ca con tu: 1. Trng lng r nc khng ti: L ton b trng lng ca bn thn con tu, c mn nc thp nht vo ma h (Light displacement). Bao gm: - Trng lng v tu, my mc, thit b ph tng. - Trng lng du v nc cn st trong my, ni hi v ng dn. - Trng lng nc la-canh trong kt ballast. 2. Trng lng r nc y ti: L ton b trng lng con tu khi ch y, c mn nc t n du chuyn ch ma h (Loaded displacement). Bao gm: -
Trng lng bn thn con tu. - Trng lng hng chuyn ch v hnh khch. (nu c) - Trng lng vt phm cung ng cho chuyn i: nhin liu, nc ngt, thc phm, vt t ph tng d tr, dng c lm hng. Trng ti ton phn (Deadweight all told = Trng lng r nc y ti Trng lng r nc khng ti. Trng lng thuyn vin, hnh trang. Disponent owner Ch tu danh ngha Khi mt ngi thu tu no cho ngi khc (Ngi th ba) thu li con tu mnh thu trc th ngi y l ngi ch danh ngha c quyn iu khin, khai thc con tu y. Ch tu danh ngha khng phi l ch s hu thc s ca con tu m thng thng h ch l nhng ngi kinh doanh dch v hng hi. Thng thng gp khi cn, cc hng tu s thu nh hn mt vi con tu v s dng n khai thc cho thu li. Distance freight Cc khong cch gia tng Khi mt con tu ch hng n cng d gp nguy c b bng phong ta lm cho tu khng vo hoc ra c, thuyn trng xt thy phi a tu n mt a im an ton gn y d hng th h c quyn lm nh vy v gi cc c gi nguyn nh khi hng c giao ti cng quy nh trong hp ng thu tu. Tuy nhin, nu khong cch m tu phi chy thm li xa ng k (Lut Anh quy nh t 100 hi l tr ln) th ch tu c quyn yu cu ngi thu tr cc khong cch gia tng theo t l tng ng. Distress freight Cc r mt L mc cc rt thp m ch tu b buc phi chp nhn ch thu trong trng hp c bit tu khng hng y tu v cn phi ly thm s hng ny c th thc hin chuyn i. Double bottom y i (tu) Tu c ng y i phng trnh nc b trn vo hm hng nu xy ra s c mc cn. Ngoi ra, khong khng gian ca y i cn c dng cha nc dn tu (water ballast), hoc nhin liu, khi cn. Double hull V i (tu) Tu du thng c ng v i phng trnh tai nn trn du nu xy ra s c mc cn hoc va ng. Draught or draft. Mn nc (ca tu)
L khong cch thng ng o t mp di sng y tu n mt nc. Vch mn nc c k 2 bn ca mi tu, li tu v i khi gia chiu di thn tu, cnh du chuyn ch Plimsoll tin tnh ton mn nc ca tu. n v o mn nc c th bng -xi-mt (dm) hoc bng (feet): Khong cch gia 2 vch mn nc l 1 dm hoc 6 inches (15.24cm). Dock dues Ph bn cng S tin m tu phi np cho cng khi tu cp bn v s dng cu cng lm hng. Door to door T ca ti ca Thut ng dng ch cch chuyn ch a hng t ca ca cng trnh ny ca ngi gi n ca ca cng trnh kia ca ngi nhn (kho hng, x nghip) v thng phi s dng kt hp 2 hoc nhiu phng thc vn ti. Down to her marks. ...n du chuyn ch ca tu. Ch con tu xp hng n mn nc cho php ti ph hp vi du chuyn ch theo ma v ti khu vc. N khng cn kh nng xp thm hng c na. Draft survey Gim nh mn nc Mc ch xc nh trng lng hng ch trn tu sau khi bc hoc d hng. Trc tin, gim nh vin o mn nc mi v li tu, t trng vng nc ni tu ang nm, ri sau o tnh trng lng nhin liu, nc ngt, vt dn tu... Cui cng, t cc s liu trn tnh c trng lng hng ch trn tu. Drop-off charge (D.O.C.) Ph ph hon tr container L ph ph m ngi cho thu quy nh ngi thu phi b p khi tr container ti mt a im m ti nhu cu thu mn container thp km lm ny sinh kh nng phi iu container rng ni khc kinh doanh. Ph ph ny thng c p dng linh hot ty theo a im tr container v ca ngi cho thu. Dry freight container or dry cargo container Container cha hng kh Dual rate contract Hp ng cc sut i Cc hng tu thnh vin cng hi hng hi tu ch i khi p dng 2 loi gi cc: cc sut do cng hi quy nh i vi khch hng y thc trn lng hng ca h cho hng tu ch v cc sut cao khc
cho nhng ngi gi hng khng thuc din trn Dunnage Vt chn lt Trong vic cht xp hng ti hm tu, vic chn lt hng nhiu khi tr thnh cn thit nhm bo v hng v bao b ca n c an ton, chng rch v, m t hoc nhm ln. Vt liu lt trn sn (Flat dunnage) c th l vi nha, m bng, phn tre,... v vt liu chn theo chiu thng ng (Vertical dunnage) c th l g thanh, ti hi, li bc,...
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z En route ang trn ng (ang hnh trnh) Dng thng bo cho bn hu quan bit tu hoc i tng vn chuyn ang trn ng n ch. Escalation clause iu khon tng gi hay gi c leo thang Mc ch ca iu khon ny nhm bo v li ch ca ng s (Ch tu hay ch hng) trnh khi vic gnh chu hu qu ca gi c tng ln lm ny sinh nhng thit hi bt ng. iu khon qui nh cho php ng s c thu ph ph b p tn tht hoc qui nh cho php ng s c quyn t chi thanh ton nhng chi ph t xut xt ra khng thuc trch nhim ca mnh. Endorsement 1. Vic k hu Vn n, ngn phiu hoc hp ng bo him c k hu (Endorsed), c ngha l ngi nhn hng c tn ghi trn vn n theo lnh (to order B/L), ngi ch ngn phiu hoc ngi c bo him c tn trong hp ng bo him thc hin quyn lm ch s hu ti sn hoc quyn li ca mnh bng cch k tn trn trang sau ca chng t hu quan xc nhn vic chuyn nhng cho mt ngi no khc gi l ngi th hng (Endorsee). C 2 loi k hu ph bin: - K hu trng (Blank or general endorsement): trn chng t khng ghi tn ngi c k hu, ai c c chng t k hu ny, th ngi y c quyn th hng ti sn hoc quyn li c chuyn nhng. -
K hu ghi danh (full endorsement): trn chng t c ghi tn ngi c khu v ngi ny l ngi th hng ti sn hoc quyn li c chuyn nhng. 2. Giy bo him b sung. Sau khi cp n bo him chnh thc m ngi c bo him yu cu sa i, b sung mt s chi tit trong n bo him th ngi bo him s cn c yu cu y cung cp 1 giy bo him b sung c gi tr php l y km theo n bo him. En route ang trn ng (ang hnh trnh) Dng thng bo cho bn hu quan bit tu hoc i tng vn chuyn ang trn ng i n ch. Escalation clause iu khon tng gi hay gi c leo thang Mc ch ca iu khon ny nhm bo v li ch ca ng s (Ch tu hay ch hng) trnh khi vic gnh chu hu qu ca gi c tng ln lm ny sinh nhng thit hi bt ng. iu khon quy nh cho php ng s c thu ph ph b p tn tht hoc quy nh cho php ng s c quyn t chi thanh ton nhng chi ph t xut xt ra khng thuc trch nhim ca mnh. Th d: - Trong hp ng thu tu chuyn, ch tu thng p dng iu khon nhin liu (Bunker clause) nh sau ...Gi cc c da trn c s gi nhin liu l... USD. Nu sau ny, gi nhin liu tng ln th gi cc cng s tng theo tng ng. - Trong thu tu ch m biu cc vn chuyn c gi tng i n nh, ch tu thng p dng quy nh thu ph ph khi gi du tng (Bunker adjustment charges) hoc khi ng tin thanh ton cc st gi (Currency adjustment charges). - Ngi thu tu bo v li ch ca mnh bng quy nh trong hp ng: Mi ph ph v bo him con tu pht sinh do tui tu gi, do xp hng quc tch ca con tu, do phm cp ca con tu, do thu nh trn tin cc v. v... th ch tu / ngi chuyn ch phi t mnh chi tr, v ngi thu tu khng trch nhim gnh chu. Even if used (E.i.u.) Cho d c s dng Thut ng dng trong thu tu chuyn, c ngha l: nhng ngy c tr ra khng tnh vo thi gian bc d hng nu c s dng vo bc d hng cng khng tnh vo thi gian bc d. Exceptions clause iu khon min tr Thng c a vo hp ng thu tu chuyn hoc vn n tu ch quy nh cho tu ch hng c min trch nhim i vi h hng hng do nhng nguyn nhn c nu ra nh: thin tai bt kh khng, s sut iu khin tu ca thuyn trng,...
Excess landing Giao vt s lng Ch hng ha c giao ln b vt qu s lng ghi trong bn lc khai ca tu (ships manifest). Ex quay Giao ti cu cng L mt iu kin mua bn quc t, theo ngi bn giao hng cho ngi mua ti cu cng n c quy nh trong hp ng. Ex Ship Giao ti tu (Cng n quy nh) L mt iu kin mua bn quc t, theo ngi bn giao hng cho ngi mua trn tu ti cng n c quy nh trong hp ng. Ex Works Giao ti xng L mt iu kin mua bn quc t, theo ngi bn giao hng cho ngi mua ti xng sn xut ca mnh. Expected (estimated) ready to load or discharge Thi gian d kin sn sng bc hoc d hng. Dng thng bo cho bn hu quan bit d kin tu sn sng bc hoc d hng vo thi im no. Expected (estimated) time of sailing (ETS) or departure (ETD) Thi gian d kin tu chy hay khi hnh. Dng thng bo cho bn hu quan bit thi gian d kin tu ri cng. Expected (estimated) time arrival (ETA) Thi gian d kin hoc c on tu n Dng thng bo cho bn hu quan bit thi gian d kin tu s n cng ch nh Expected (estimated) time of completion (ETC) Thi gian d kin (c on) hon thnh. Dng thng bo cho bn hu quan bit thi gian d kin hon thnh cng vic (bc/d hng...).
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH)
----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Far Eastern Freight Conference (FEFC) Hip hi vn ti Vin ng Hip hi thnh lp t cui th k 19, bao gm nhiu hng tu ch lin kt kinh doanh ch thu hng ho t Chu u i Vin ng Chu v ngc li. Ban th k hip hi ng ti London v cc phn ban ng ti mt s cng Hamburg, Rotterdam, Antwerp.... Cc thnh vin ch cht gm c cc hng tu : Peninsular & Orient Steam Navigation Company (P&O) ca Anh, Nedlloyd ca H Lan, Maersk ca B, Nippon Yusen Kaisa (NYK) ca Nht, Compagnien Gnrale Maritime ca Php (CGM), Nepture Orient Line (NOL) ca Singapore, Amarican President Lines ca Hoa K, Swedish East Asiatic Co.,Ltd ca Thu in, Lloyd Triestino Societa Anonima di Navigazione ca ,... Fast as can Nhanh c th c Thut ng c dng trong trng hp giao nhn hng khng c nh k bc d, ch qui nh chung chung bc/d nhanh n mc m tu c th giao hoc nhn c. Th d : tu m trch bc/d hng nhanh n mc m tu c th nhn c (Liner terms as fast as the vessel can recieve or deliver). Feeder vessel or feeder ship Tu Container tip vn Loi tu container c nh, c sc cha khong vi trm container 20 (TEU), hot ng trn tuyn vn chuyn nhanh (Feeder service), phc v vic tp trung hoc phn phi container hng ha gia cc cng nhnh (feeder ports) v cc cng bc/d trung tm (hub ports) ca cc con tu container c ln chuyn hot ng ng di. Thng thng cc hng tu container ny thu cc vn chuyn sut (through rate) trong bao gm c cc vn chuyn nhanh. Feeders Tm chn L nhng tm chn g c ng thnh loi thng khng y t ti ming hm hng ht ri nhm phng tnh nng trn trt gy dch chuyn hng v mt pha trong lc tu chy. Ferticon Tn mu hp ng thu tu ch phn bn t Hoa K v Canada (North American Fertilizer Charter Party)
Fighting rate Cc chin u Loi cc c mc thng rt thp (ph gi) c cc hip hi vn ti tu ch p dng cnh tranh, loi tr cc hng tu ngoi hip hi ra khi tuyn kinh doanh ca mnh. FIATA (Fdration internationale des associa-tions de transitaires et assimils) Lin on quc t cc hip hi giao nhn L mt t chc quc t rng ri, ln mnh v c uy tn gm cc hip hi giao nhn vi nhiu nc l thnh vin hot ng trn lnh vc giao nhn hng quc t. c thnh lp ti Vin nm 1926 v c tr s ti Zurich (Thy S). Hin nay, FIATA bao gm 35.000 thnh vin ca trn 130 quc gia, trong c Hip hi giao nhn Vit Nam (VIFFAS) c thnh lp t 18/5/1994. FIATA l mt t chc phi chnh ph nhng c nhiu t chc kinh t quc t k c cc t chc kinh t ca Lin Hip quc (UNC TAD, IATA, IMO,...) xem nh mt t vn giao nhn, vn ti quc t. FIATA son tho nhiu vn kin gi tr nh: iu l giao nhn, vn n,... c tha nhn v s dng rng ri. Final sailing Chuyn ri cng cui cng Mt con tu c coi nh thc hin chuyn ri cng cui cng khi n nhn xong hng v ri cng bc hng, thc hin chuyn vn chuyn cui cng theo quy nh ca mt hp ng thu tu. Far Eastern Freight Conference (FEFC) Hip hi vn ti Vin ng Hip hi thnh lp t cui th k 19, bao gm nhiu hng tu ch lin kt kinh doanh ch thu hng ho t chu Au i Vin ng chu v ngc li. Ban th k hip hi ng ti London v cc phn ban ng ti mt s cng Hamburg, Rotterdam, Antwerp,... Cc thnh vin ch cht gm c cc hng tu: Peninsular & Orient steam Navigation Company (P & O) ca Anh, Nedlloyd ca H-lan, Maersk ca B, Nippon Yusen Kaisa (NYK) ca Nht, Compagnie Gnrale Maritime ca Php (CGM), Neptune Orient Line (NOL) ca Singapore, Amarican President Lines ca Hoa K, Swedish East Asiatic Co., Ltd ca Thy in, Lloyd Triestino Societa Anonima di Navigazione ca ,... Fast as can Nhanh c th c Thut ng c dng trong trng hp giao nhn hng khng c nh mc bc d, ch quy nh chung chung bc/d nhanh n mc m tu c th giao hoc nhn c. Th d: tu m trch bc/d hng nhanh n mc m tu c th nhn hoc giao c (Liner terms as fast as the vessel can receive or deliver).
Ferticon Tn mu hp ng thu tu ch phn bn t Hoa K v Canada (North American Fertilizer Charter Party) Fighting rate Cc chin u Loi cc c mc thng rt thp (ph gi) c cc hip hi vn ti tu ch p dng cnh tranh, loi tr cc hng tu ngoi hip hi ra khi tuyn kinh doanh ca mnh. FIATA (Fdration internationale des associa-tions de transitaires et assimils) Lin on quc t cc hip hi giao nhn L mt t chc quc t rng ri, ln mnh v c uy tn gm cc hip hi giao nhn vi nhiu nc l thnh vin hot ng trn lnh vc giao nhn hng quc t. c thnh lp ti Vin nm 1926 v c tr s ti Zurich (Thy S). Hin nay, FIATA bao gm 35.000 thnh vin ca trn 130 quc gia, trong c Hip hi giao nhn Vit Nam (VIFFAS) c thnh lp t 18/5/1994. FIATA l mt t chc phi chnh ph nhng c nhiu t chc kinh t quc t k c cc t chc kinh t ca Lin Hip quc (UNC TAD, IATA, IMO,...) xem nh mt t vn giao nhn, vn ti quc t. FIATA son tho nhiu vn kin gi tr nh: iu l giao nhn, vn n,... c tha nhn v s dng rng ri. Firm order 1. n t thu tu c nh (Khng thay i) 2. n t mua hng c nh Trong nghip v thu tu, khi ngi thu tu a ra mt n t thu tu c nh, iu c ngha l ngi thu c yu cu chn chn v thu ch hng v chun b sn sng i vo thng lng c th, dt khot (Firm negociations) vi ngi ch thu (Ch tu) k kt hp ng thu tu. Thng thng, ch ng trong tm thu tu, ngi thu quy nh r thi hn m ngi nhn n t thu phi tr li. Nu qu hn quy nh, n t thu s khng cn hiu lc. Th d: Firm order with daysnotice (n t thu c nh trong...ngy) First refusal Quyn u tin Thng thng trong m phn k kt hp ng thu tu, ch tu v ngi thu u c gng ginh quyn u tin v quyt nh hoc chn la mt gii php no c li cho mnh. Th d: Khi lng l hng chuyn ch t cng X n cng Y l 10,000 tn mt-h bt m ng bao c cng thm hoc tr i 10% ty theo chn la ca ch tu (10,000 metric tons flour in bags with 10% more or less at owners option). Nh
vy, ch tu c quyn u tin quyt nh khi lng hng nhn ch ph hp vi tho thun ni trn. Tuy nhin, cng c nhng trng hp ngi thu cho ch tu c hng quyn u tin v chuyn ch hng ca mnh trn mt tuyn ng no nhm khuyn khch, ng vin s tch cc hp tc ca ch tu. Th d: Ngi thu dnh quyn u tin cho ch tu v chuyn ch ton b s go ca mnh i t Vit Nam n cc cng ng Phi chu trong nm 199... (Charterer to give Owners first refusal on all shipments of rice from Vietnam to East Coasts of Afica during 199...) Fixing letter or fixture note Th xc nh m phn, thng lng thu tu gia ngi thu v ngi chuyn ch ch yu thng qua Telex hoc Fax. Thng thng, sau khi t c tha thun v cc iu kin vn chuyn c bn, hai bn ng s c th lp v trao i cho nhau th xc nh ghi tm tt ni dung cc iu khon chnh yu trong khi ch i k kt hp ng thu tu chnh thc vi y chi tit. Flat rate Cc sut ng lot Khi ch hng c yu cu ch hng n mt vng cng (Range of ports) bao gm mt s cng nm trong phm vi c xc nh bi 2 cng u v cui v mt trong cc cng y s c chn lm cng d hng, th ngi thu tu v ngi chuyn ch c th tha thun quy nh cc sut ng lot, khng thay i khi hng c d ti bt c cng no trong vng cng , bt k c ly vn chuyn xa hay gn. Ngoi ra, cc sut ng lot cng c th c p dng i vi mt s loi hng chuyn ch tng t m ch hng thu ch cha th khng nh tn mt hng c th s c vn chuyn. Floating policy Hp ng bo him ng L loi hp ng bo him hng ha c ghi cc iu khon bo him chung cha xc nh tn tu v cc chi tit khc. Phn khai bo tn tu v cc chi tit khc s c thc hin sau, bng cch no ty hai bn (Ngi bo him v ngi c bo him) tha thun. Hp ng bo him ng c nhiu nt ging hp ng bo him bao (Open cover), nhng trong hp ng bo him ng, ph bo him phi c tr ngay khi k kt v mt khi s tin bo him c khai bo vt mc quy nh ca hp ng k th hai bn phi k tip mt hp ng bo him khc. Forwarding agent (Forwarder) i l giao nhn L ngi (cng ty) nhn y thc ca mt ngi khc (ch hng, ngi
chuyn ch, ngi giao nhn khc...) theo ch dn ca ngi ny m lm thay cc phn vic lin quan n giao nhn hng chun ch trong hay ngoi nc: Giao hng xut khu, nhn hng nhp khu, lu kho hng ha, lm th tc hi quan, thu tr tin hng hay cc ph... i l giao nhn c hng hoa hng i l cao thp ty theo mc dch v giao nhn c y thc (Forwarding agents commission) Franchise Mc min gim L t l min trch nhim bi thng cho ngi bo him trong mt v tn tht hng ha. C hai loi min gim: - Min gim c tr (Deductible franchise): Ngi bo him ch bi thng phn tn tht vt qu t l min gim quy nh trong hp ng bo him. Th d: Min gim c tr 3% (Free from 3%) . C ngha l: Tn tht di 3% th khng bi thng v nu tn tht trn 3% th ch bi thng phn vt qu 3% ca s tin bo him. - Min gim khng tr (Non-deductible franchise): Ngi bo him khng bi thng nu tn tht thp hn mc min gim quy nh; nhng nu tn tht vt qu mc min gim quy nh th ngi bo him s bi thng ton b tn tht. Th d: Mc min gim khng tr quy nh 3% (Warranted free from particular average under 3%), nay tn tht l 5%, vt qu mc gim quy nh l 3%, th ngi bo him s n trn tn tht l 5% ca ton b s tin bo him. Free alongside ship (FAS) Giao dc mn tu L iu kin mua bn quc t, theo ngi bn c trch nhim v chu chi ph cho n khi hng c t dc mn tu ti cng xp hng quy nh trong hp ng. Free despatch Min thng bc / d nhanh Dng trong hp ng vn ti chuyn ch ngi chuyn ch (Ch tu) khng phi chi tr tin thng bc / d nhanh cho ch hng, cho d ngi ny rt ngn c thi gian bc / d hng sm hn quy nh ca hp ng. Free in and out (FIO) (to the ship) Min ph bc v d Thut ng thu tu hng hi dng ch: Ngi chuyn ch (Ch tu) khng c trch nhim tr ph bc / d hng (loading and dis-charging charges). Ph bc / d hng do ngi thu tu gnh chu v nh vy h cng phi t m trch vic bc / d hng. Free in and out, stowed and trimmed (FIOST) Min ph bc v d, cht xp v san co hng Thut ng thu tu dng ch: Ngi chuyn ch (Ch tu) khng c trch nhim tr ph bc / d, k c vic cht xp v san co hng trong
hm tu v nh vy cng khng chu trch nhim bc / d, lm hng... Trch nhim bc / d, cht xp v san co hng ti hm tu cng cc chi ph pht sinh thuc v ngi thu tu gnh chu. Free in and out and free taxes Min ph bc v d v min np thu Theo quy nh ny, ngi chuyn ch (Ch tu) khng m trch vic bc d, vic chi tr ph bc d v cng khng gnh chu vic np cc loi thu lin quan do chnh quyn a phng t ra. Vic bc d hng, chi tr ph lm hng v np thu ti a phng s do ngi thu tu chu trch nhim. Free on board (FOB) L iu kin mua bn quc t, theo , ngi bn c trch nhim v chu chi ph cho n khi hng c giao ln tu ti cng xp hng quy nh trong hp ng. Free Port or Free Zone Cng t do hay khu vc cng t do L cng hay khu vc cng c dnh ring cho hng ha nhp vo khng phi np thut. Hng c a vo cng/khu vc cng t do thng thng s c ti xut, sau khi c ti cht v x l nu cn. Free Pratique Min dch Giy chng min dch Theo tp qun hng hi quc t, bt c tu bun no mun c vo cng v cp bn, u phi chu th tc kim tra v sinh i vi thuyn vin, hnh khch v hng ha thuc loi ng thc vt, thc vt nu c. Vic kim tra ny do t chc y t, v sinh nc s ti thc hin. Nu con tu p ng y iu kin y t v sinh th s c coi l min dch (To be in free pratique) v s nhn c mt giy chng min dch cho php tu c cp cng v lm hng. Ngc li, nu tu khng p ng y iu kin y t v sinh ca nc s ti th s b t chi vo cng hoc s b lu gi ti mt v tr ring bit ngoi khu cng x l dch bnh trc khi c php vo cu cng lm hng. Free time Thi gian nhn hng L thi hn m ngi chuyn ch quy nh cho ch hng s dng vo vic nhn hng v hon tr container ti cng d. Thi gian nhn hng c tnh t ngy tu thng bo container cha hng n cng d. Th d: Thi gian nhn hng trong vng 7 ngy... Nu vt thi gian quy nh, ch hng phi chu pht ph lu gi container qu hn. Fridays and holidays excluded (FHEX)
Th su v ngy l b loi tr L cch quy nh thi gian bc d hng khng bao gm th su trong tun v ngy l, v l nhng ngy ngh vic ca nc s ti. Quy nh ny c p dng ch yu vi mt s nc -Rp quy nh ngy ngh vic trong tun l ngy th su theo o Hi, khc vi a s cc nc khc trn th gii thng quy nh thi gian bc d khng bao gm Ch nht v ngy l (Sundays and holidays excluded). Freight (Ocean freight) I. Cc chuyn ch (Cc vn chuyn ng bin) II. Hng (ha) chuyn ch (Cargo) 1. L s tin m ngi thu tu phi tr cho ngi chuyn ch v cng vn chuyn a hng n ch v sn sng giao cho ngi nhn. Thng thng cc chuyn ch c xy dng trn c s cc yu t: - Hng chuyn ch: S khi lng, chng loi, c tnh, gi tr kinh t, cch ng gi, h s cht xp... - Tuyn chuyn ch: khong cch vn chuyn, tnh hnh cng bc/d, iu kin thi tit kh hu... - Con tu: Kch c trng ti/ dung tch, khu hao, bo him, duy tu sa cha, tiu hao nhin liu, thi gian chy tu v cng, qun l khai thc... - S c khc: khng hong v cnh tranh kinh t, phong ta, cm vn, chin tranh... * Cn c vo cc yu t ny m cc chuyn ch c cu thnh bi: - Cc loi ph c nh: Ph khu hoa, duy tu sa cha vbo him con tu, lng bng v bo him x hi ca thuyn vin, ph qun l hnh chnh... - Cc loi ph bin ng: Ph tiu hao nhin liu v vt liu, ph bc d lm hng, cng ph v thu... * Cc chuyn ch c tnh ton bng 2 cch: - Da vo hng chuyn ch: Ly n v trng lng hng (Weight) hoc n v th tch hng (Measurement) lm n v tnh cc (Freight unit) - Da vo con tu: Ly n v trng ti hoc dung tch ca con tu lm n v tnh cc (Lumpsum Freight) Tu phng thc v c im kinh doanh ca con tu m cc chuyn ch c th phn thnh 3 loi: - Biu cc tu ch (Liner bound freight tariff) - Cc tu chy rong hay cc m (Tramp freight or open freight): Gm cc chuyn v cc nh hn. - Cc ring bit: Gm biu cc chuyn ch container (container freight tariff), cc chuyn ch du (tanker freight), cc chuyn ch hng ng lnh (reefer freight)... * Cc chuyn ch c th: - c tr trc ti cng bc hng (Freight prepaid or freight paid at port of loading) - c tr sau ti cng d hng (Freight payable at port of destination or freight to collect) - Mt phn cc c tr ti cng bc hng v phn cn li c tr ti cng d hng (...% payable at port of loading and ...% payable at port of discharging) Do quy nh trong vn n tu ch hoc do tha thun gia ngi thu tu v ngi chuyn ch. 2. Hng chuyn ch: Do khc bit v ng gi, c chi thnh: - Hng c bao b (Package freight) - Hng ri (Bulk freight) Ngoi ra ty tnh cht c im, hng c chia ra nhiu loi p dng sut cc ring bit. Hng chng hng (Perishable freight) - Hng qu kh (Large size freight)
- Hng di (Long freight) Freight conference or shipping conference Hip hi vn ti bin (Cng hi hng hi) T chc lin kt gia nhng hng tu da trn c s mt tha c c k kt (Conference Agreement) v cng nhau kinh doanh ch thu6 hng ha trn mt tuyn hay khu vc hng hi theo nhng iu kin vn chuyn thng nht nhm mc ch hn ch cnh tranh ni b bo v li ch ca cc thnh vin, gi vng th c quyn v chng li s cnh tranh t bn ngoi. Mc lin kt do tha c quy nh cao thp, linh hot hay cht ch ty theo tha thun gia cc thnh vin hip hi. a. Hip hi quy nh biu cc, gim cc v iu kin vn chuyn thng nht (Freight conference) b. Loi hip hi c tnh hp tc cao hn da trn c s tha c hp doanh (Pool agreement) quy nh, mc phn chia hng vn chuyn hoc phn chia li nhun cn c theo ng gp (tu, vn) ca mi thnh vin. * Hot ng tp trung ca hip hi nhm vo cc vn : - Quy nh biu cc, gim cc thng nht bt buc mi thnh vin cng thc hin. Xy dng iu khon v iu kin vn chuyn c lng vo ni dung vn n. - t k hoch khai thc kinh doanh: Phn chia s lng chuyn i, s lng hng ha chuyn ch v cc thu nhp. - Kim tra gim st vic tun th quy ch, quy nh ca hip hi. - Ap dng bin php i ph cnh tranh ca cc hng tu ngoi hip hi (Outsiders) Do tnh c th ca ngnh vn ti bin, cc hip hi hng hi ra i vo cui th k 19 v pht trin cho n nay c trn 200 t chc bao gm cc hip hi tu ch truyn thng (Liner freight conferences), cc hip hi tu container, cc cng-xoc-xim (Consortium) v cc pun hng hi (Shipping pools). S lng ny thng xuyn bin ng bi vic gii th, sp nhp hoc thnh lp cc hip hi mi. * Nhng hip hi vn ti bin ng hng u ca th gii ngy nay gm c: - Hip hi Chu Au Vin ng (Far-Eastern Freight Conference) - Hip hi Vin ng ng Phi Chu (Far East/East Africa Freight Conference) - Hip hi lc a Chu Au Cn ng (Continent/Near-East Conference) - Hip hi /Bc M (Asia/North America Rate Agreement) - Cng-xoc-xim Mitsui-OSK line (bao gm Kline, Safmarine, NYK Line, Nedlloyd Line) Hip hi Tn hon cu (New Global Alliance): Gm cc hng tu Hapag Lloyd, NOL, NYK, P&O, v OOCL... Freight in full of all port charges, pilotage, consulages light due, trimming, lighterage at discharging port Cc ton b gm c cng ph, ph hoa tiu, ph lnh s, ph san co, ph chiu sng ti cng d hng Theo quy nh ny, ngi thu phi tr y tin cc cho ngi chuyn ch, trong bao gm c cng ph, ph hoa tiu, ph lnh s, ph nh sng, ph san co, ph lng hng ti cng d. Freight rate Cc sut L s tin cc m tu ch thu theo n v hng chuyn ch (tn hay mt khi)
Freighter (Cargo ship) Tu (ch) hng Dng ch hng, khc vi loi tu (ch) khch (passenger ship) Full reach and burden Sc cha v sc ch hng ton vn Thut ng dng ch phm vi cha v ch hng ca cc hm v boong tu c dnh ton vn cho ngi thu s dng. Trong hp ng thu tu chuyn, bung hnh khch v cc khu vc c dng vo cc mc ch ngoi vic cha v ch hng khng c tnh vo phm vi lc quyn s dng ca ngi thu. Nhng trong hp ng thu nh hn, bung hnh khch c tnh vo phm vi s dng ca ngi thu. Th d: Ton b phm vi cha v ch hng ca cc hm, boong, ni bc hng thng thng (Nhng khng c vt qu gy tr ngi cho kh nng cht xp v chuyn ch ca con tu) v tt c bung hnh khch u s do ngi thu ty s dng (...the whole reach and burden of the vessels holds, decks and usual places of loading (but not more than she can reasonably stow and carry) and all passenger accom-modation shall be at the charterers disposal...) Freight shall be considered as fully earned upon shipment and non returnable in any event whether or not the voyage shall be performed and whether or not the vessl and / or cargo shall be lost Cc s c xem nh l thu lc gi hng v khng hon tr trong bt k trng hp no cho d chuyn i s c thc hin hay khng v cho d con tu v/hoc hng chuyn ch s b tn tht hay khng Nguyn tc c bn ca lut hng hi Anh M v ca nhiu nc khc quy nh: Ngi chuyn ch ch thu c cc khi hng c vn chuyn n ch v sn sng c giao cho ngi nhn. Nu tu b tn tht hoc khng i n ch theo yu cu th ngi chuyn ch s khng c quyn thu cht cc no Tuy nhin, bo v li ch ca mnh, ch tu thng b sung vo hp ng thu tu hoc vn n on thut ng ni trn bo m thu cc lc gi hng m khng phi hon tr li cho ngi thu mc d hnh trnh ca tu gp trc tr nh nu. Tt nhin, v phn mnh, ngi thu tu s cn nhc vic chp nhn quy nh sa i b sung ny v c th c gii php m bo an ton phng ri ro mt cc (Freight risk) bng cch bo him cc. Freight ad valorem Cc theo gi tr hng Trong chuyn ch hng bng tu ch ph thng hoc bng tu container chuyn dng, ch tu thu cc theo gi tr i vi mt hng c gi tr cao (Goods of great value). i vi cc mt hng thng thng, gi tr khng cao, ch tu p dng thu cc theo trng lng hoc th tch hng chuyn ch. Ch nhn cc loi hng chuyn ch c gi tr cao cn phi khai bo r gi tr ngi chuyn ch xem xt v nh mc cc tng ng. Gi tr hng c khai bo l c s tnh ton bi
thng tn tht nu c xy ra sau ny do li ca ngi chuyn ch. Freight market Th trng thu tu (Th trng vn ti bin) L ni giao dch thu v cho thu tu gia ngi c nhu cu chuyn ch (Ch hng, hnh khch) v ngi c tu kinh doanh ch thu (Ch tu) c hnh thnh r nt t nhng nm cui th k 19 vi cc trung tm thu tu ch yu (Th trng thu tu London, th trng thu tu NewYork, th trng thu tu Tokyo, Hamburg, Oslo,...) da trn c s 2 yu t c bn l hng ha hnh khch v tu bun. Th trng thu tu v thc cht l ni mua bn sn phm vn ti ng bin m gi c c biu th bng gi cc thu tu, l phn nh tp trung cc mi quan h cung cu v quan h li ch ca ngi thu tu v ngi chuyn ch. Th trng thu tu tng hp gm 2 lnh vc: Lnh vc thu tu hnh khch (Passenger freight market) v lnh vc thu tu hng (Cargo freight market). Lnh vc thu tu hng c quy m rng ln, c t chc kh phc tp phn chia thnh nhiu b phn th trng (Freight market sectors) v c tc dng quyt nh i vi pht trin ca ngoi thng ng bin th gii. Freight payable at destination or freight to collect Cc tr ti ch n hoc cc tr sau Thut ng dng ch ngi thu tu tr cc ti ch n ca hng ha, c ngha l tr cc sau khi tu hon thnh chuyn vn chuyn. c r rng, chnh xc hn, trong hp ng vn ti i khi ngi ta cn ghi thm: Cc tr trc khi d hng (Before breaking bulk) hoc sau khi d hng (After dis-charging) ti cng ch. Freight index Ch s cc Trong nghin cu tnh hnh th trng thu tu, ngi ta thng ly mc cc ti mt khu vc hoc tuyn chuyn ch vo mt thi im no lm ch s cc gc v xut pht t m tm ra v so snh s bin ng tng gim ca gi cc trong mt khong thi gian cn xem xt, lm c s gp phn d on xu hng pht trin ca gi cc trong nhng nm ti. Th d: - Ch s cc tu ch (Liner freight index) - Ch s cc tu chy rng (Tramp freight index) - Ch s cc tu container (Container freight index) Freight note Thng bo cc L chng t do ngi chuyn ch hoc i l, i din ngi chuyn ch gi n ch hng hoc i l ca h, thng bo v s tin cc chuyn ch phi tr trc khi c trao vn n ti cng bc hoc cng d hng.
Freight payable on in-taken quantity Cc tr theo khi lng hng xp xung tu Trong chuyn ch hng c khi lng ln bng tu chuyn, ngi ta c th ly khi lng xp xung tu ti cng gi hoc ly khi lng hng d ln b ti cng n lm c s tnh cc, ty ch tu v ngi thu tha thun. Nhng trn thc t, ch tu thng yu cu ngi thu tr cc theo khi lng hng xp xung tu ti cng gi. Freight ton (freight unit) Tn cc L n v o lng ph bin ca mt mt hng chuyn ch (Thng thng l tn hay mt khi) c dng lm c s tnh cc. Cn lu v cn c nhng sai bit v n v o lng mt s nc do tp qun s dng lu i li cho nn phi quy nh r, c th n v o lng trong hp ng trnh hiu lm, gy tranh chp. Frustration Mt tc dng Hp ng thu tu mt tc dng khi n khng cn t c mc ch kinh t mong mun do con tu gp phi mt s c bt ng ngoi s kim sot v ngoi trch nhim ca cc bn ng s lm hng k hoch d tnh. Th d: Tu b bo gy h hng nng m nu sa cha c th tip tc hnh trnh theo hp ng th phi ko di thi gian, tng thm nhiu ph tn v hai bn ng s s khng t c mc ch kinh t. Do , hp ng thu tu c t trong tnh trng mt tc dng ngha l khng tn ti na v khng bn no chu trch nhim v vic khng thc hin hp ng ny. Full and down y tu v tn mn Dng ch hm tu c xp y hng ng thi tu t n du chuyn ch ti a cho php, ph hp vi khu vc a l chuyn ch v ma tit... Full and complete cargo Hng y v trn vn Ch khi lng hng y v trn vn cho sc ch bng tn hoc mt khi ca con tu. Full container load (FCL) Ch trn container Dng ch hng c ch y mt container v ngi chuyn ch s thu cc theo n v container (CBR hoc FAK)
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Grain cargo certificate Giy chng nhn ch ng cc Chng t do gim nh vin xc nhn con tu thch hp cho tip nhn v vn chuyn ht ng cc ri c ngi chuyn ch lp v xut trnh cho ngi gi hng cng lc vi thng bo sn sng bc hng ln tu theo qui nh ca hp ng vn ti. Gantry crane Cu khung Loi cu c t trn khung (gantry), di ng trn ray hoc trn bnh cao su, c sc nng khe v nhanh, thng c b tr bc / d container hng ln xung tu qua bn trn lan can (Lift-on / Lift-off) Gasvoy M hiu ca mu chun hp ng thu tu ch kh thin nhin (natural gas) do Hip hi BIMCO son tho. Geared ship Tu c trang b bc / d hng: cu n, cn trc... Gearless ship Tu khng c trang b bc / d hng Gencon L m hiu ca mu hp ng thu tu thng nht ch hng tng hp do Hip hi vn ti bin quc t v Ban-tch (BIMCO) xy dng v c nhiu nc s dng rng ri trong m phn v k kt hp ng thu tu ch bch ha. General average Tn tht chung L tn tht do hnh ng tn tht chung gy ra cho tu v hng ha trong mt chuyn i trn bin, nhm bo v li ch ca tt c cc bn (Ch tu, ch hng). Do mi bn phi cng nhau gnh chu Tn tht chung khc vi tn tht ring (Particular average) l loi tn tht ch lin
quan n li ch ring ca ch ti sn no (Ch tu hay ch hng) trong chuyn i chung trn bin v ngi ny phi t mnh gnh chu m khng i hi c cc ch ti sn khc cng ng gp. Tn tht chung bao gm: 1. Hy sinh tn tht chung (General average sacrifices): L nhng thit hi vt cht ca: - Tu: Do dp tt m chy trn tu, cht b thit b vt dng b nt, ng c tu b hng do chy my qu gii hn cho php vt cn,... - Hng: Vt b hng lm nh tu, hng ngm t do dp m chy trn tu, h hng khi phi d hng ti cng lnh nn... 2. Chi ph tn tht chung (General average expenditures) Bao gm cc chi ph cu h (Ph lai dt, ph sang mn hng,...), chi ph ti cng lnh nn (Ph vo v ri cng, ph d hng, ph sa cha tu, chi ph lng bng thuyn vin trong thi gian tu lu ti cng lnh nn,..._ v cc chi ph khc c lin quan (Ph gim nh, ph tnh ton phn chia ng gp tn tht chung,...) Tn tht chung l mt s c hng hi thng xy ra v cch gii quyt kh phc tp i hi tnh chnh xc v c thi gian. V th, trc y rt lu ngi ta c gng son tho v p dng thng nht cc vn bn lut php v tn tht chung nh: Quy tc York-Antwerp 1924, quy tc York-Antwerp 1950 Hin nay cc nc thng nht s dng quy tc York-Antwerp 1994 (York-Antwerp Rules 1994) m ni dung gm 7 quy tc t A n G v 22 iu khon nhm din gii r rng cc trng hp tn tht chung, cc hy sinh v chi ph tn tht, cch tnh ton ng gp tn tht chung v th tc tin hnh. General average act. Hnh ng tn tht chung Theo din gii ca Quy tc A York-Antwerp 1994 c quc t cng nhn ph bin: c coi l hnh ng tn tht chung ch khi no hnh ng y c ch nh (Intentionally) v hp l (Reasonably) v s an ton chung (Common safety) khi gp him ha, gy ra nhng hy sinh v ph tn bt thng nhm bo v ti sn thot khi him ha trong mt chuyn i chung trn bin. Th d: - Vt b hng lm nh tu. - T nguyn a tu vo cn trnh tai nn. - Bm nc vo hm hng dp tt la - a tu vo cng lnh nn cu cha... General average clause iu khon tn tht chung iu khon trong hp ng thu tu hoc vn n quy nh ni v quy tc x l tn tht chung (thng p dng quy tc York-Antwerp) General average deposit Tin k qu tn tht chung Khi xy ra trng hp tn tht chung, ch tu c quyn yu cu ngi nhn hng ng mt s tin k qu no trc khi nhn hng, lm c s bo m vic chi tr phn phi ng gp tn tht chung (general average contribution). Tin k qu c a vo ti khon lin doanh ca ch tu v ch hng. Ngi ng tin k qu s nhn c bin
nhn lm bng chng (deposit receipt) S tin k qu k c tin li ca n s do nhng chuyn vin tnh tn tht chung (average adjuster) s dng chi tr tn tht chung v/hoc tn tht ring, v/hoc cc ph khc. Nu s tin k qu vt qu mc ng gp th s d tha s c hon tr cho ngi np. Cng c mt s trng hp, ch tu chp nhn ngi nhn hng (hoc cng ty bo him l hng) lm giy bo m chi tr m khng phi np tin k qu (Letter of guarantee) General cargo Hng bch ha L cc loi hng thng thng, c ng thnh n v: thng, kin, hm, b, st, bnh, vi bc xp, vn chuyn c an ton v tin li. Cn c vit tt l Generals Cch bc d v cng c bc d hng bch ha rt khc bit vi cch bc d v cng c bc d hng ri l loi hng khng bao b c ch trn (Bulk cargo) Khoang cha hng bch ha thng chim nhiu dung tch hn khoang cha hng ri v n bao gm c bao b hng ha v khong trng cht xp (Broken stowage) General purpose container Container a dng, dng ch hng bch ha. Good ship or vessel Tu tt Thut ng dng khi m u mt hp ng thu tu ni v con tu c thu, hm l con tu thch hp cho yu cu chuyn ch v kh nng i bin nu khng c quy nh hn ch g khc. Khi nim tt y cha r rng v dt khot. Grab discharge D hng bng gu ngom i vi cc loi hng ri nh: Than, qung, phn bn c quy nh d hng bng gu ngom, hp ng thu tu thng km theo iu kin khng c xp hng vo kt su (Deep tank), v vic ny gy kh khn phc tp cho thao tc d hng v c th gy thit hi cho kt su. Nhng nu ngi thu tu mun s dng kt su cha hng th phi c tha thun ca ngi chuyn ch, phi t mnh trang tri chi ph d hng v do cng s c chp nhn tng thm thi gian d hng tng ng. Grain cargo certificate Giy chng ch ng cc Chng t do gim nh vin xc nhn con tu thch hp cho tip nhn v vn chuyn ht ng cc ri c ngi chuyn ch lp v xut trnh cho ngi gi hng cng lc vi thng bo sn sng bc hng ln tu
theo quy nh ca hp ng vn ti. Gross charter or gross terms or liner terms Thu tu theo iu kin rng hay thu theo iu kin tu ch Theo cch thu ny, ngi thu tu ch phi tr tin cc chuyn ch m khng phi gnh chu thm loi ph no khc c lin quan. Ch tu s phi gnh chu ngoi ph khai thc con tu ra, cc loi ph bc d hng, ph kim kin, cng ph... Cc iu kin thu ny c p dng ph bin trong thu tu ch nn cn c gi l Thu theo iu kin tu ch Ngc li vi cch thu theo iu kin rng l cch thu theo iu kin hp (Net charter), quy nh ngi thu phi gnh chu ph bc / d v cht xp hng (Free in and out and free stowed to the ship) nhng khng bao gm cng ph. Cc thut ng Gross charter v Net charter ch thng c s dng Hoa K. Gross Tonnage (GT) Dung tch (dung ti) ton phn Theo iu 7 ca cng c v dung ti (Tonnage) 1969 v c hiu lc t 1982, dung tch ton phn p dng cho cc tu bin c chiu di bng hoc hn 24m thay th cho dung tch ng k ton phn (Gross Register Tonnage) trc kia v bao gm ton b khng gian khp kn ca tu, c o theo mt cng thc quy nh: - Dung tch ton b cc hm cha hng hoc bung cha hnh khch nu c. - Dung tch bung my - Dung tch ton b cc kho cha nhin liu, nc ngot v thc phm. Dung tch bung n, bung ng cu lc b thuyn vin. - Dung tch bung hi v in bo thng tin , nhng khng bao gm dung tch bung li, bung v sinh v li i li, dung tch y i. n v o dung tch tu l m3 (n v o dung tch ng k c: 1RT = 100 cubic feet) Gross weight Trng lng (hng) c b L tng trng lng hng chuyn ch (Cargo gross weight) bao gm trng lng tnh ca hng ha (Cargo net weight) v trng lng ca bao b (Cargo package weight) Groupage Bill of lading (Master bill of ladingk) Vn n gp chugn hng (vn n ngi chuyn ch thc) L vn n do ngi chuyn ch thc cp cho ngi giao nhn kim ngi gom hng thu trn container gi hng l ca nhiu ch hng n cng mt cng ch. Mi ch hng l c nhn ring mt vn n gom hng (House bill of lading) lm bng chng giao nhn hng. Guaranteed space per ton Khong cha hng cam kt cho mi tn Trong thu tu ch ng cc ri, ngi thu thng mun chn cc con
tu c t s dung tch tnh cao so vi trng ti tnh v n c li cho cht xp v chuyn ch ng cc l loi hng c h s cht xp cao. V l , ngi thu yu cu ch tu bo m c th trong hp ng khong cha bng mt khi cho mi tn ng cc. Th d: Ch tu bo m cho ngi thu ty s dng nu c yu cu, khong cha hng cam kt cho mi tn ng cc l...mt khi trong chuyn vn chuyn, nu khng t c nh th, tin cc s c h thp theo t l (Theo hp ng Centrocon ch ng cc t River-Plate i cc ni).
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Hague Rules Quy tc Hague L quy tc lut php chi phi vn chuyn hng ng bin, quy nh quyn li v trch nhim ca ch tu, ch hng da trn cng c quc t thng nht mt s quy tc lut php lin quan n vn n (The International Convention for the Unification of certain Rules of Law relating to Bill of lading), c k kt ti Brussels, ngy 25/8/1924. Quy tc c hn 60 quc gia ph chun v p dng. Hague Vixby Rules Quy tc Hague Vixby L quy tc Hague c b sung v sa i bi ngh nh th 1968 (Protocol 1928) V c bn, iu khon v quyn li v trch nhim ca ch tu, ch hng trong quy tc Hague Vixby khng c g thay i so vi quy tc Hague. Hamburg Rules Quy tc Hamburg L quy tc lut php chi phi hp ng vn ti ng bin, da trn cng c Hamburg (Hamburg Convention) k kt ngy 31/3/1978 ti Hamburg v c hiu lc t 1/1/1992 Quy tc ny l kt qu u tranh ca nhm 77 nc ang pht trin nhm mc ch thay th quy tc Hague v c nhiu tin b, cng bng hn khi quy nh quyn li v trch nhim ca ch tu, ch hng. Tuy nhin, hin nay quy tc Hamburg vn cha c 1 s nc c i tu ch thu pht trin mnh tn thnh v p dng. Handy max
Loi tu ch hng ri c sc ch 25,000 tn trng ti Handy sized bulker Loi tu ch hng ri c sc ch 30,000 35,000 tn trng ti Harbour dues Cng ph S tin m ch tu phi np cho qun l cng v s dng cng trong vic kinh doanh. Hatch of hatchway Ming hm (Tu) L khong trng hnh ch nht dng lm li a hng ra, vo hm cha hng ca con tu. Ming hm rng, hp ty theo c im con tu chuyn dng ch loi hng chuyn ch v c bao bc bi mt g chn bng kim loi bn chc (Hatch coaming) Ming hm c np y kn bng vt liu do, bng kim loi hoc bng g ph bt (Hatch cover) phng nc ma, nc bin xm nhp. Heavy grain Ng cc nng Trong chuyn ch ng cc, ngi ta thng quan tm v phn lm 2 loi: - Loi ht ng cc c trng lng nng gm: La m, la mch en, ng, go... - Loi ht ng cc c trng lng nh (Light grain) gm: i mch, yn mch, hng dng, cao lng... Loi ng cc c trng lng nh chim nhiu khong cha nn c h s cht xp cao hn loi ng cc trng lng nng. Nhng trn thc t, ngi ta thng ly ng cc trng lng nng lm n v tnh cc. iu ny gy thit thi cho ngi chuyn ch nu mt hng c th thuc ng cc trng lng nh. V l , ch tu thng yu cu tr thm mt mc ph ph nht nh khi ch hng ng cc trng lng nh. Head Charter or Head Charter Party Hp ng gc L hp ng thu tu u tin c k kt gia ch tu v ngi thu. Thut ng c dng phn bit vi hp ng thu tu th cp c k kt gia ngi thu tu v ngi th ba, khi cho thu li tu (sublet) Heavy lift Hng nng qu c Ch loi hng m trng lng vt qu mc nng thng thng do tu quy nh v b buc phi s dng thit b nng hng ring bc, d (heavy lift crane or heavy lift derrick)
Hire money or Hire Tin thu tu nh hn c tnh trn c s bao nhiu tin/ngy cho c tu hoc tn trng ti/thng ty tha thun v thng c tr trc theo nh k thng hoc qu. Hold (Cargo hold) Hm hng, Khoang hng L ni cht xp, cha v bo qun hng ha ca con tu trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Ty tnh cht hng chuyn ch m hm hng c cu to v trang b thch hp thnh cc loi: Hm hng kh (Dry cargo hold); hm hng ri (Bulk cargo hold); hm mt, lnh v ng su (Chilled, cold and deep-freeze hold), hm cch nhit (Insulated hold), hm qung ( Ore hold),... iu kin hm hng v trang thit b, v v sinh, v thng gi, ...tt, xu l mt trong nhng nhn t nh hng ln n gn gi phm cht hng ha trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Hold cleaning Dn v sinh hm hng Vic lm sch hm hng l nhim v ca tu trc khi nhn xp v ch l hng mi. Hull insurance Bo him thn tu Bo him thn tu bao gm cc i tng: V tu, my tu v trang thit b ca tu Theo iu kin ca Hip hi bo him London, cc ri ro chnh c bo him l: - Tai nn lc bc / d hng v tip nhin liu. Thin tai gy ra nh: ng t, ni la phun, gi lc, st nh,... - Tu mc cn, b lt hoc b m, mt tch. - Tu m va tu khc hoc m va vt th c nh (Trang thit b cu cng... k c tng bng) - N trn tu, n ni hi, gy trc my hoc do khuyt tt ngm ca v hay my tu. - H hng do s sut bt cn ca thuyn trng, s quan, thuyn vin, hoa tiu hay th sa cha tu m nhng ngi ny khng phi l ngi c bo him. - ng gp hi sinh v chi ph tn tht chung. - Chi ph hp l v cn thit nhm cu cha tu v hn ch tn tht. Nhng cn lu : Cc tn tht ni trn khng c nguyn nhn do s thiu cn mn ca ngi c bo him, ch tu hoc ngi qun tr tu. Cc trng hp m ngi bo him c min trch bi thng gm c: Tu khng tnh nng hng hi. - Hng ng c hoc s sut bt cn ca ngi c bo him - Ri ro chin tranh. - Ri ro nh cng. Tuy nhin, ty theo yu cu ca mnh m ngi c bo him c th sa i hoc b sung mt vi iu kin ca Hip hi bo him London, vi s tha thun ca ngi bo him Hp ng bo him thn tu c th c k theo thi hn 12 thng hoc theo chuyn nu thi hn di 3 thng.
Husband (Ships husband) Ngi chm nom tu L ngi thay mc ch tu chm nom qun l con tu (v nh ngi chng ca c tu) Husbandry Vic chm nom qun l tu (duy t, sa cha...) Hygroscopic cargo Hng d ht m Ch loi hng nhy ht m trong khng kh v chu nh hng m thay i trng lng trong chuyn i bin di ngy.
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) Phng thng mi quc t L mt t chc thng mi quc t phi chnh ph, thnh lp t nm 1919, tn ti v pht trin qua nhiu giai on lch s cho n nay. Tr s ng ti Paris (Php). Mc tiu ca Phng Thng Mi Quc T l phc v v thc y s giao lu hng ha, dch v, t bn gia cc nc trn c s cnh tranh cng bng, gp phn xy dng trt t kinh t quc t. Phm vi hot ng ca n bao gm nhiu lnh vc quan trng nh: Ngoi thng, du lch, thanh ton quc t, vn cnh tranh, bo v quyn li cho ngi tiu dng, quyn s hu cng nghip, vn trng ti gii quyt tranh chp... Ice Clause iu khon ng bng c ghi trong vn n hoc hp ng thu tu, quy nh ngi thu v ch tu cng nhau tha thun gii php x l trng hp tu n khng vo c v cng ng bng: thuyn trng c quyn iu tu n 1 cnh an ton khc d hng hoc ngi thu chn cch lu gi tu i bng tan hay ph bng v chp nhn chu pht d chm hng hoc lu tu nu iu xy ra. ICHCA (International Cargo Handling Coordination Association)
Hip hi quc t v phi hp lm hng Thnh lp vo 01/01/1952 vi 9 nc thnh vin ti London (Anh) nhm mc ch lc u rt ngn thi gian bc d hng ca tu ti cng khu. Nm 1964, mch ch hot ng c m rng nhm nng cao kh nng hiu qu kinh t trong vn chuyn hng ha thng qua hp tc, phi hp gia phng tin vn ti cng khu cc nghip v c lin quan khc. S lng thnh vin gm: Cc ch tu, ch hng, i l vn ti, i l giao nhn, cc cng trnh s ng tu, nh bo him,...ln n 1000 ngi thuc hn 70 quc gia (Anh, Php, c, B, H Lan, , Ty Ban Nha, n , Hoa K...) Ch tch Ban qun tr t chc c bu lun lu 4 nm 1 ln gia cc quc gia thnh vin. Cc t cng tc trc thuc nghin cu nhiu chuyn v thc y quay vng nhanh ca con tu, c kh ho bc d, nh k m hiu hng, o to cng nhn bc d, phc tho kiu tu mi... Kt qu nghin cu v kinh nghim thu thp c ph bin n cc thnh vin bng tp ch thng tin xut bn hng qu hoc bng bn thng bo xut bn nh k 1 thng/ln hoc bng hi tho k thut khi cn thit. Idle ship (Laid-up-ship) Tu nm khng Ch con tu khng c vic lm, phi nm ch trong khong thi gian no . IMDG Code (International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code) Quy tc quc t v vn chuyn hng nguy him ng bin Do t chc hng hi quc t (IMO) xut p dng vo nm 1965 nhm m bo an ton trong qu trnh vn chuyn hng nguy him ng bin. Ni dung ca quy tc bao gm: Vic phn loi hng nguy him, cch ng gi, quy nh v nhn hiu, cch bc d, cht xp v bin php x l trong qu trnh vn chuyn. Ch hng c bn phn ng gi, dn nhn v khai bo y , chnh xc bng vn bn tnh hnh hng ha, cn ngi chuyn ch c bn phn thc hin ng n, thch ng cc quy tc vn chuyn ni trn. Theo IMDG Code, hng nguy him c phn thnh 9 nhm: - Nhm 1: gm cc cht n - Nhm 2: gm cc cht kh (Kh nn, kh ha lng) c th gy chy n, c hi, n mn... - Nhm 3: cht lng d chy - Nhm 4.1: cht rn d chy - Nhm 4.2: cht d b bc chy - Nhm 4.3: cht khi tip xc nc c th bc kh chy. - Nhm 5.1: cht -xy ha - Nhm 5.2: cht peroxide hu c Nhm 6: cht c hi gy tn thng hoc t vong khi tip xc qua ng tiu ha hoc h hp hoc gy nhim qua da. - Nhm 7: cht phng x - Nhm 8: cht n mn - Nhm 9: cc cht nguy him khc khng thuc cc nhm trn. Mi nhm c chia thnh nhiu loi hng v mi loi hng u c nhn hiu vi mu sc biu th tnh cht nguy him, i hi yu cu ring bit v bc d, cht xp, vn chuyn.
Immediate rebate Gim cc ngay Ch vic gim cc c thc hin ngay khi gi hng do Hip hi vn ti u i ch hng, trn c s hai bn k mt hp ng trung thc xc nhn ch hng s y thc ton b khi lng hng ca mnh cho cc thnh vin ca Hip hi chuyn ch. In Bulk Ch ri Ch trng thi nhng l hng chuyn ch khng c bao b, khng c ng thnh chic, hm, kin, bao..nh: Ht ng cc, qung, than, phn bn, du m... In case ng bao Ch trng thi hng ha c cha ng trong bao b thnh kin, hm, thng, hp, ...trong qu trnh bo qun hoc vn chuyn. Hng ng bao ch yu l hng bch ha (general cargo) nh: dng gia nh, my mc v linh kin, phng tin vn ti, hng dt may, thc phm... Independent line or Non-confermce line or outsider Hng tu c lp hay hng tu ngoi Hip hi vn ti L nhng hng tu khng tham gia Hip hi vn ti, ng ra kinh doanh c lp. Cnh tranh gia hng tu c lp vi cc hng tu thuc Hip hi vn ti thng xuyn xy ra dnh u th kinh doanh trn cng tuyn ng vn chuyn. Inducement cargo Lng hng ti thiu L khi lng hng t nht do hng tu ch quy nh con tu chp nhn gh ly hoc tr hng ti cng nhm bo m li ch kinh doanh ca mnh. Indicative seal Du phong Dng nim phong ca container cha hng, chng t c b vi phm m ra hay khng In geographical rotation Theo vng quay a l Khi ngi thu tu yu cu bc v d hng ti mt vng cng (Range) c nhiu cng m ngi thu v l do no cha th xc nh ngay t u cng giao hoc nhn hng, th tu s n cng hoc 1 s cng cn c theo lnh ca ch hng theo vng quay i l trnh hnh trnh vng vo, gy lng ph nhin liu v thi gian. Nu ngi thu tu ch nh cng bc hoc d khng ph hp vi yu cu Theo vng quay i
l th phi chu hu qu tr ph nhin liu tng thm k c lng ph thi gian. Incentive Tin thng khuyn khch Trong vn chuyn hng bng cotnainer, ch tu (Ngi chuyn ch) thng trch t thu nhp cc ph mt khon tin nh (trn di 1%) thng cho ch hng (Ngi gi hng) nhm khuyn khch ngi ny tip tc giao dch vi hng tu sau ny. Tin thng khuyn khch c th c xem nh tin hoa hng i l thu tu m ngi chuyn ch tr cho ngi mi gii trong cc giao dch thu tu ph thng (Thu chuyn, nh hn hay tu ch) Inherent vice Khuyt tt vn c Dng ch nhng nguyn nhn tn tht thuc khuyt tt bn thn hng ha ch khng phi do hon cnh khch quan gy ra. Th d: Hoa vn trn cc l gm nu b phai hoc bin mu l do thiu st trong pha ch ha cht mu lc lm sn phm. Theo quy tc Hagues v tp qun quc t, nu tn tht hng xy ra do khuyt tt vn c ca n th ngi chuyn ch c min trch nhim bi thng. Insitute clauses iu kin bo him ca Hip hi bo him London L nhng iu kin bo him do y ban k thut v iu khon ca Hip hi nhng cng ty bo him London (Technical and Clauses Committee of the Institute of London underwriters) son tho, c s tn thnh ca Lin on bo him Lloyds. iu kin bo him hng chuyn ch (Institute Cargo Clauses) ban hnh ngy 01/01/1963 gm c: iu kin min bo him tn tht ring FPA (Free from particular average), iu kin c bo him tn tht W.A (With particular average), iu kin bo him chin tranh (War risks), iu kin bo him nh cng (Strikes). Bt u t 01/01/1982, Hip hi bo him London sa cha v b sung, ban hnh iu kin bo him mi gm c: iu kin bo him C (Institute Cargo Clauses C) thay th cho iu kin FPA, iu kin bo him B (Institue Cargo Clauses B) thay th cho iu kin W.A, iu kin bo him A (Institute Cargo Clauses A) thay th cho iu kin A.R v cc iu kin chin tranh (Institute War Clauses Cargo), iu kin nh cng (Institute Strikes Clauses Cargo). Cc iu kin bo him hng ha ny c p dng rng ri ti Anh v c nhiu nc khc trn th gii tham kho v vn dng. Instituter Cargo Clauses (A) iu kin bo him hng ha (A) ca Hip hi Anh. A.Theo iu kin bo him ny, ngi bo him chu trch nhim v 1. Mi ri ro mt mt hay h hi ca i tng c bo him tr cc trng hp min tr. 2.Chi ph tn tht chung v cu h c tnh ton v cc nh ph hp vi hp ng thu tu v/hoc lut l iu chnh. 3. M rng vic bi thng cho ngi
c bo him phn trch nhim theo iu khon Hai tu ng nhau cng c li ca hp ng thu tu. B. Cc trng hp loi tr ca iu kin bo him (A) gm c: 1. Tn tht hoc ph tn c th quy cho cch hnh x xu c ca ngi c bo him; r chy thng thng, hao ht thng thng v hoa mn thng thng ca i tng c bo him tn tht do bao b thiu st, hoc khng thch hp tn tht v ph tn do khuyt tt vn c ca i tng c bo him tn tht hoc ph tn gn nht do chm tr cho d chm tr y bt ngun t mt ri ro c bo him tn tht hoc ph tn do khng cn kh nng tr n hoc thiu ht ti chnh ca ch tu, ngi thu tu hoc ngi iu hnh tn tht v ph tn do v kh nguyn t hoc phng x. 2. Tn tht hoc ph tn do tu khng tnh nng hng hi, khng thch hp cho vn chuyn container an ton. 3. Tn tht hoc ph tn gy ra bi ni chin, chin tranh cch mng, ni dy hoc bo hnh qun chng hoc hnh ng th ch bi hoc do 1 th lc tham chin bt gi, tch thu, cu lu hoc cu thc hoc hu qu ca mu y (Tr cp bin) do mn, thy li hoc v kh khc tri git. 4. Tn tht hoc ph tn do: nh cng, b xng ca cng nhn bo ng, bo lon ca qun chng hnh ng ca k khng b hoc ngi no bt ngun t ng c chnh tr. Institue Cargo Clauses (B) iu kin bo him hng ha(B) ca Hip hi Anh A. Theo iu kin bo him ny, ngi bo him chu trch nhim v: 1. Mt mt hoc h hi c quy hp l cho: Chy hoc n tu hay phng tin b mc cn, lt p hoc m tu ha trt ng ray, t b lt m va tu khc hoc vt th bn ngoi tr nc d hng ti cng gp nn ng t, ni la phun hoc st nh. 2. Mt mt hoc h hi ca i tng bo him do hy sinh tn tht chung vt (hng) xung bin hoc nc bin cun hng xm nhp ca nc bin, nc sng vo hm hng hoc ni cha hng. 3. Tn tht ton b ca nguyn kin ri mt khi bc hoc d hng. 4. Chi ph tn tht chung v cu h c tnh ton v xc nh ph hp vi hp ng thu tu v / hoc lut l iu chnh. 5. M rng bi thng cho ngi c bo him phn trch nhim theo iu khon Hai tu ng nhau cng c li ca hp ng thu tu. B. Cc trng hp loi tr (Exclusion) ca iu kin bo him (B) gm c: 1. Tn tht hoc ph tn c th quy cho cch hnh x xu c ca ngi c bo him r chy thng thng, hao ht thng thng, hao mn thng thng ca i tng c bo him tn tht do bao b thiu st hoc khng thch hp tn tht hoc ph tn gn nht do chm tr cho d chm tr y bt ngun t ri ro c bo him tn tht hoc ph tn do khng cn kh nng tr n hoc thiu ht ti chnh ca ch tu, ngi thu, ngi iu hnh tn tht v ph tn do v kh nguyn t hoc phng x. 2. Tn tht hoc ph tn do tu khng tnh nng hng hi, khng thch hp cho vn chuyn container an ton. 3. Tn tht hoc ph tn gy ra bi ni chin,
chin tranh cch mng, ni dy hoc bo lon qun chng hoc hnh ng th ch bi hoc do 1 th lc tham chin bt gi, tch thu, cu lu hoc cu thc hoc nhng hu qu ca mu y. 4. Tn tht hoc ph tn do: nh cng hoc b xng ca cng nhn bo ng, bo lon qun chng hnh ng ca k khng b hoc ngi no bt ngun t ng c chnh tr. Institute Cargo Clauses (C) iu kin bo him hng ha (C) ca Hip hi Anh A. Theo iu kin bo him ny, ngi bo him chu trch nhim v: 1. Mt mt hoc h hi c quy hp l cho: Chy hoc n tu hay phng tin vn ti b mc cn, lt p hoc m phng tin vn ti trn b b lt hoc trt ray m va tu khc hoc vt th bn ngoi tr nc d hng ti cng gp nn. 2. Mt mt hoc h hi ca i tng bo him gy ra do hy sinh tn tht chung vt hng xung bin. 3. Chi ph tn tht chung v cu h c tnh ton, xc nh ph hp vi hp ng thu tu v lut l iu chnh 4. M rng bi thng cho ngi c bo him phn trch nhim theo iu khon Hai tu ng nhau cng c li ca hp ng thu tu. B. Cc trng hp loi tr (Exclusions) ca iu kin bo him (C) gm c: 1. Tn tht hoc ph tn c th quy cho cch hnh x xu, c ca ngi c bo him r chy thng thng, hao ht thng thng, hao mn thng thng ca i tng c bo him tn tht do bao b thiu st hoc khng thch hp tn tht hoc ph tn do khuyt tt vn c ca i tng c bo him tn tht hoc ph tn gn nht do chm tr y bt ngun t 1 ri ro c bo him tn tht hoc ph tn do khng cn kh nng tr n hoc thiu ht ti chnh ca ch tu, ngi iu hnh tn tht do v kh nguyn t v phng x. 2. Tn tht hoc ph tn do tu khng tnh nng hng hi, khng thch hp cho vn chuyn container an ton. 3. Tn tht hoc ph tn gy ra bi ni chin, chin tranh cch mng, ni dy hoc bo lon qun chng hoc hnh ng th ch bi hoc do 1 th lc tham chin bt gi, tch thu, cu lu hoc cu thc hoc nhng hu qu ca mu y. 4. Tn tht hoc ph tn do: nh cng hoc b xng ca cng nhn bo ng, bo lon qun chng hnh ng ca k khng b hoc ngi no bt ngun t ng c chnh tr. Institute Warranties iu kin cam kt ca Hip hi bo him Anh Ngha v do Hip hi nhng ngi bo him London t ra cho ngi c bo him cam kt khng a tu c bo him n mt s vng bin b loi tr, c coi l c nhiu ri ro tai nn hng hi. Ranh gii a d ca vng bin ny (Institute warranty limits) c xc nh theo kinh , v trn bn . Insurable value Gi tr bo him
L gi tr ti sn c ghi trong hp ng bo him (n bo him hoc Giy chng nhn bo him) . Gi tr bo him mt l hng CIF thng thng bao gm: * C (Cost): Gi hng ti cng gi * I (Insurance premium): Ph bo him * F (Freight): Cc chuyn ch Nhng ty theo yu cu ca ngi c bo him, gi tr bo him c th tng thm 10% li sut d thu v tr thnh: CIF + 10% CIF Insured risks Ri ro c bo him L nhng ri ro c ngi bo him chp nhn bo him theo nhng iu kin quy nh v chu trch nhim bi thng tn tht do cc ri ro c bo him gy ra: * Ri ro c bo him c chia lm 2 loi: 1. Ri ro c bo him theo iu kin thng thng, bao gm: Thin tai (Act of God), tai nn (him ha) ca bin (Perils of the sea) v ri ro ph, khch quan (Extraneous risks). 2. Ri ro c bo him theo iu kin c bit, bao gm: Chin tranh (War risks) v nh cng (Strikes riots & civil commotions). Loi ny ch c bo him i km vi cc iu kin bo him thng thng ch khng c nhn bo him ring mt mnh. Ngoi hai loi ri ro c bo him ni trn, cn c loi ri ro b loi tr hon ton, khng c nhn bo him (Excluded risks), bao gm: hnh x xt c hoc sai lm ca ngi c bo him (Willfu misconduct or default of the insured) r chy, hao ht hoc hao mn thng thng ca i tng bo him (Ordinary leakage, loss of weight or wear & tear of the subject-matter insured) khuyt tt vn c ca i tng bo him (Inherent vice) bao b thiu st hoc khng thch hp (Improper packing) chm tr hoc mt th trng (Delay or loss of market) tu khng tnh nng hng hi (Unseaworthiness) vi phm lut l xut nhp khu hoc vn ti khng c kh nng tr n ca ch tu, ngi thu tu hoc ngi iu hnh. Insured amount S tin bo him Ngi c bo him, bo him ti sn ca mnh bng mt s tin nht nh m khng nht thit cn c theo gi tr thc t ca n. S tin bo him thng thp hn gi tr ti sn c bo him v khi xy ra tn tht, s tin bi thng s tnh tng ng vi t l ca s tin bo him vi gi tr ti sn bo him. In taken weight Trng lng hng xp xung tu Thng c dng tnh cc hng thu ch bng tu chuyn International Association of Classification Societies (IACS) Hip hi cc t chc xp hng tu Bao gm cc t chc xp hng tu c quy m ln, c tn tui nhm mc ch hp tc vo vic hon thin cc ch tiu kinh t k thut ca tu p ng cho an ton hng hi.
International Maritime Organization (IMO) T chc hng hi quc t Ngy 06/3/1948, T chc t vn hng hi lin chnh ph IMCO (International Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization), l tin thn ca t chc hng hi quc t IMO c thnh lp ti Geneva vi mc ch trc tin l xy dng Cng c bo m an ton sinh mnh ngi trn bin c v sau tng bc m rng n cc lnh vc hot ng hng hi khc... Ngy 22/5/1982 t chc IMCO i thnh t chc IMO hin nay, bao gm hn 155 nc thnh vin (Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam l thnh vin th 126 t ngy 12/6/1984) v 2 quan st vin l Hongkong v Macao. C cu t chc ca IMO gm c: Ban t vn (Consultative committee), Ban an ton hng hi (Maritime Safety Committee), Ban php lut (Legal Committee), Ban bo v mi trng (Marine Environment Protection Committee) ...Hot ng ca cc Ban ny gp phn khng nh vo bo m an ton v pht trin ngnh hng hi th gii. Intermodal transport or combined transport or multimodal transport Vn ti a phng thc hay vn ti hn hp L cch vn chuyn hng ha m trong qu trnh i sut c s tham gia phi hp t 2 phng thc vn ti tr ln. Th d: Phi hp gia ng bin hng khng ng t,...Ch hng (Ngi gi hng) v ngi vn ti a phng thc MTO hay CTO (Multimodal or combinded transport operator) tha thun cng nhau k kt mt hp ng vn ti quy nh cc iu kin chuyn ch v mt gi cc chung cho ton tuyn vn chuyn. Ngi vn ti a phng thc m trch vn chuyn i sut k c vic chuyn ti dc ng, k kt cc hp ng vn ti ph (Subcontract of carriage) vi cc ch phng tin vn ti trn tng cung ng v chu trch nhim bi thng tn tht hng ha hoc giao hng chm tr. Vn ti a phng thc c u im gp phn tng nhanh tc vn chuyn, rt ngn thi gian v chi ph chuyn ti, gim bt th tc giy t nhng c nhc im: t chc vn chuyn kh phc tp, quy tc lut php quc t v vn ti a phng thc cha p dng thng nht. Thng 8/1950 cng c quc t v vn ti a phng thc do IMO v UNCTAD son tho tuy c 83 nc thnh vin Lin hip quc thng qua nhng n nay cha c hiu lc v s lng quc gia ph duyt cha theo th tc. Do , ngi ta tm thi s dng bn Quy tc thng nht v chng t vn ti lin hp (Uniform Rules for a combined transport document) do Phng Thng Mi Quc T son tho (Vn kin 481 cng b ngy 01/01/1992) v c UNCTAD tn thnh lm c s lut php cho vic lp 2 loi chng t vn ti lin hp : COMBIDOC do t chc hng hi quc t v Bantic son tho v vn n hn hp FBL (FIATA Bill of Lading) do Hip hi giao nhn quc t FIATA son tho. Hai loi chng t ny ging nhau v cc iu khon c bn nhng cng c mt vi quy nh chi tit khc nhau cn lu khi
s dng. Internatinal Load Line Certificate Giy chng nhn quc t mc chuyn ch (Giy chng quc t ti trng) Do t chc qun l hng hi hoc t chc xp hng tu, c y quyn cp pht cho tu hot ng trn cc tuyn hng hi quc t. Giy chng nhn ghi cc chi tit v mc chuyn ch v mn kh ca con tu theo nh quy nh ca Cng c quc t v mc chuyn ch tu bin (Internatinal Con-vention on Load Line). International Tonnage Certificate Giy chng quc t trng ti (tu) Do t chc qun l hng hi quc gia hoc t chc xp hng tu c y quyn cp pht cho tu hot ng trn cc tuyn hng hi quc t, ph hp vi Cng c quc t quy nh v trng ti, kch thc tu bin (International Convention of Tonnage Mea-surement of ships). Giy chng c ghi dung tch, trng ti ton phn v cu trc cc khoang hm ca con tu. Itinerary (Sailing list) Lch tu chy L bn thng bo v thi gian v chuyn i c th gh qua cc cng lm hng ca cc con tu hot ng chuyn ch theo nh tuyn (tu ch, tu container).
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Jettison Vt hng xung bin L hnh ng c nm b hng khi tu trnh mt him ha thc t ang e da sinh mnh v ti sn trn tu Quy tc 2 ca York-Antwerp 1994 nu r: Tn tht cho tu v/hoc hng do vic vt hng xung bin v an ton chung k c tn tht do nc bin trn vo khi m hm hng vt hng xung bin cng c nhn l tn tht chung. Tuy nhin, hng b vt xung bin v c nhn l hy sinh tn tht chung phi l hng c cht xp ng quy nh k thut trong hm hng. Nu l hng xp trn boong th hng ny cng phi ph hp vi tp qun thng mi cho php xp trn boong mi c nhn l hy sinh tn tht
chung Ring hng b vt xung bin do nguyn nhn khuyt tt vn c ca bn thn hng hoc do thiu st ca ch hng, ngi gi hng (Bin i phm cht e da n an ton chung) s khng c nhn l hy sinh tn tht chung Joint service Lin doanh chuyn ch L vic lin kt cng nhau kinh doanh ch thu trn mt tuyn ng c th no ca 2 hoc nhiu hng tu bng cch mi bn gp mt s tu vo hot ng nhng khng chung vn tu nh t chc Cong-xocximk (Consortiums). Jettison Vt hng xung bin L hnh ng c nm b hng khi tu trnh mt him ha thc t ang e da sinh mnh v ti sn trn tu Quy tc 2 ca York-Antwerp 1994 nu r: Tn tht cho tu v/hoc hng do vic vt hng xung bin v an ton chung k c tn tht do nc bin trn vo khi m hm hng vt hng xung bin cng c nhn l tn tht chung. Tuy nhin, hng b vt xung bin v c nhn l hy sinh tn tht chung phi l hng c cht xp ng quy nh k thut trong hm hng. Nu l hng xp trn boong th hng ny cng phi ph hp vi tp qun thng mi cho php xp trn boong mi c nhn l hy sinh tn tht chung Ring hng b vt xung bin do nguyn nhn khuyt tt vn c ca bn thn hng hoc do thiu st ca ch hng, ngi gi hng (Bin i phm cht e da n an ton chung) s khng c nhn l hy sinh tn tht chung Joint service Lin doanh chuyn ch L vic lin kt cng nhau kinh doanh ch thu trn mt tuyn ng c th no ca 2 hoc nhiu hng tu bng cch mi bn gp mt s tu vo hot ng nhng khng chung vn tu nh t chc Cong-xocximk (Consortiums).
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Keel Sng y tu
L cu trc thp nht lm ch da cho khung xng ca con tu Knot (Kn) Hi l / gi (pht) L n v o tc ca tu thuyn. Hi l / gi quc t (International nautical knot) bng 1.852 m/gi.
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Labels of dangerous goods Nhn hiu hng nguy him c dng trong vn chuyn hng ha biu th tnh cht nguy him ca n bng hnh v v nhng k hiu c bit. Theo Quy tc vn chuyn hng nguy him (IMDG Code) th ch hng (Ngi gi hng) c trch nhim dn nhn hiu hng nguy him chnh xc v ng mu quy nh ti mt hoc hai ni d nhn thy nht trn kin hng hoc container nhm thng tin cnh bo vic vn chuyn, bo qun v bc d hng phi ht sc thn trng v p dng bin php thch hp. Laid up vessel or Idle ship Tu nm khng (nm x) Ch nhng con tu khng c ngi thu, phi nm khng (nm x) cc bn cng ch vic lm. Ch s khi lng cc con tu nm khng tng gim ni ln quan h cung cu gia hng v tu trn th trng thu tu v l mt trong nhng cn c cho vic nh gi tnh hnh giao dch v xu hng pht trin ca th trng thu tu. Landbridge on hnh trnh trn b Thut ng dng ring cho vn chuyn container, c ngha l: on vn chuyn trn t ni lin vi hai on hnh trnh trn bin m cc hng tu p dng tit kim thi gian chuyn ch. Th d: on hnh trnh trn t M ni lin 2 i dng: Thi Bnh Dng v i Ty Dng. Lashings Dy buc, dy chng. Dng gi hng ha hoc container khng di dch khi tu chy. Latent defect Khuyt tt n du (n t) Ch khuyt im hoc thiu st ca tu m ngi ta khng pht hin c mc d c s kim tra xem xt mn cn, thch ng (Due diligence). Theo quy tc Hagues 1924 khi tu khng tnh nng hng
hi do khuyt tt n du gy ra th ngi chuyn ch s c min trch nhim bi thng tn tht. Lawful trade Mua bn hp php vn chuyn hp php Thut ng c dng trong hp ng thu tu nh hn nhm ngn tr ngi thu tu khng ch hng bt hp php: Hng lu (Smuggled goods), hng cm (Prohibited goods). Hng c php chuyn ch l hng hp php (Legal merchandise) Lay/can (laydays/cancelling date) Ngy tu n cng bc hng/ngy hy hp ng Ch tu phi n cng sn sng nhn hng ng ngy quy nh nhn hng (Laydays not to commence before...) v ngi thu tu phi c hng sn sng giao vo lc y. Nu tu n sm hn th ngi thu tu khng chu trch nhim v vic hng ha cha sn sng. Nu v bt c l do no m tu n chm hn ngy hy hp ng (Cancelling date) th ngi thu c quyn n phng hy hp ng m khng chu bt c trch nhim no. Trong trng hp thu tu, ngi ta thng tch vic tu n cng bc hng v vic hy hp ng thnh hai iu khon ring bit (Loading, discharging clause and cancelling clause) nhm lm r hn trch nhim ca ch tu phi a tu n cng nhn hng ng thi gian quy nh v quyn ca ngi thu tu hy hp ng vn ti k nu tu khng n cng bc ng ngy quy nh. T Laydays, ngoi cch hiu nh trn, cn c ngha l: nhng ngy c dnh cho bc/d hng hay thi gian bc/d hng (laytime) nh di y. Laydays or laytime S ngy bc/d hng hay thi gian bc/d hng L s ngy hoc thi gian m hp ng thu tu qui nh cho ngi thu tu c s dng bc v d hng ti cng khu c lin quan (Time allowed for loading and discharging). Ty theo tha thun gia ch tu v ngi thu, thi gian bc v d hng c th c hai cch quy nh: 1. Quy nh chung chung, khng dt khot. Th d: - Bc / d theo mc nhanh thng l ca cng (With customary quick despatch = CQD) - Bc / d nhanh theo kh nng tu tip nhn v giao hng (As fast as the ship can receive and deliver). Cch quy nh ny khng km theo quy nh thng pht bc / d nhanh, chm. 2. Quy nh r, dt khot thi gian bc d bng mt s ngy hay mc bc / d bng bao nhiu tn cho mt ngy. Th d: - Thi gian cho bc hng l 10 ngy... (10 running days for loading). - Mc bc hng cho c tu / ngy l 800 MT (Loading at a rate of 800 metric-tons per day and ship). - Mc bc hng cho mi mng / ngy l 100 MT (Loading at a rate of 100 metric-tons per day and hatch). Cch quy nh ny thng km theo quy nh thng pht bc, d nhanh, chm. Ngy bc / d hng ty theo tha thun
trong hp ng thu tu m c th c quy nh tnh ton bng: a. Ngy nin lch (Calendar days) hay ngy lin tc (Consecutive or running days): Di 24 ting ng h bt u t 0 gi na m ny n 24 gi na m sau, khng phn bit ngy lm vic, ngy ngh hay ngy l. Cch tnh ny c li cho ch tu v n rt ngn thi gian bc / d hng ca tu ti cng bc / d. b. Ngy lm vic (Working days) do nh chc trch a phng hoc tp qun cng bc / d quy nh loi tr nhng ngy ngh v ngy l (Non-working days and holidays excluded). Thng thng, phn ln cc cng trn th gii quy nh ngy lm vic di 24 ting ng h bt u t 0 gi na m ny n 24 gi na m sau bt k cng vic bc d hng c s dng ht hoc khng ht thi gian. Nhng cng c 1 s cng quy nh ngy lm vic khng di 24 gi, th d: cc nc Trung M, ngy lm vic ca cc cng khu di 8 ting ng h t th hai n th su v ch di 4 ting ng h vo th by v ngy ngh cui tun bt u t 11 gi tra ngy th by. Do d quy nh r ngy lm vic 24 ting ng h l c s nhn nhn thng nht, trnh hiu lm. Hn na, ngi ta c th tha thun thm: l Ngy lm vic 24 ting lin tc (Working days of 24 consecutive hours). Nh vy, c ngha l ngy bc d l ngy lm vic 24 gi, v bc/d c tin hnh lin tc c ngy ln m. c. Thi tit tt xu cng nh hng n thi gian bc/d. Do , ngi ta quy nh: Ngy thi tit tt cho lm hng (Weather permitting days) mi c tnh vo thi gian bc d. Thi tit xu gy tr ngi cho bc/d nh: Ma, bo, gi to, sng to, ng t... th thi gian y s khng c tnh vo s ngy bc / d. Trong hp ng thu tu, cn c nhng quy nh chnh xc, r rng v thi gian bc / d hng v n c lin quan mt thit n li ch ca ch tu v ngi thu. Th d: - Hng c bc v d trong vng 20 ngy lm vic thi tit tt (cho php), khng k Ch nht, ngy l hai u tr khi c s dng (Cargo to be loaded and discharged in 20 weather working days both ends, Sundays holidays excluded unless used). Hng c bc theo mc 2500 MT v d theo mc 2100 MT cho mi ngy lm vic thi tit tt khng k ch nht v ngy l cho d c s dng (Cargo to be loaded at a rate of 2100MT and discharged at a rate of 2100 MT per weather working day, Sundays holidays excepted even if used). Lease contract or Lease Hp ng thu mn Hp ng thu mn l vn bn php l c k gia ngi cho thu (Lessor) v ngi thu (Lessee). Hp ng thu mn cha ng nhng iu khon thng thng ca mt hp ng kinh t quy nh ngha v v trch nhim ca 2 bn ng s, i tng thu mn c th l nh ph, t ai, cng c sn xut, cng c vn ti k c container,... Length over all (L.O.A)
Chiu di ton phn (ca tu) Khong cch t im u mi n im cui pha sau li tu. Less than a container load (LCL) Hng gi l container L l hng khng s hoc trng lng thu trn mt container nn phi kt hp cng nhng l hng l khc ng chung vo mt container gi i. Cch gi ny gi l cch gi hng l container. Letter of indemnity Giy bo m Giy bo lnh L vn bn ca mt ngi th ba (Ngi ngoi cuc) ng ngoi quan h ca mt hp ng m cam kt bi thng cho mt bn k kt v ri ro tn tht c th xy ra cho bn . Giy bo m, bo lnh thng cn n trong cc trng hp sau y: - Cam kt nhn vn n sch (hon ho): Khi giao hng xut khu, i lc xy ra tnh trng thiu st bn ngoi hng ha m thuyn trng c th ghi ch vo vn n lm cho vn n c th tr thnh khng sch v khng c ngn hng chp nhn thanh ton, ngi gi hng buc phi thng lng vi thuyn trng v lm giy bo m, cam kt bi thng tn tht ca ngi chuyn ch nu ngi nhn hng khiu ni hng khng ng nh ghi trn vn n. Tuy nhin, vic lm giy bo m ny khng c cc ta n quc t cng nhn rng ri l hp php, vic cam kt c th gy hu qu nng n nn ngi gi hng cn cn nhc k. - Bo lnh nhn hng: V vn n cn xut trnh cho tu nhn hng nhng khng n kp lc tu n giao hng, ngi nhn b buc phi yu cu ngn hng h tr lm giy bo lnh c th nhn c hng t ngi chuyn ch (Bankers indemnity). - Bo m ng gp tn tht chung: theo quy tc York-Antwerp 1990, ch hng c ti sn trong chuyn tu gp tn tht chung phi k cam kt ng gp tn tht chung (Average bond) v ng tin ng vo ti khon chung lm qu x l tn tht chung, th mi c nhn hng ca mnh cn trn tu. Nhng nu hng ha c bo him, ch hng s yu cu cng ty bo him ng ra lm th bo lnh (Letter of indemnity or letter of guarantee) gi cho ngi chuyn ch c th nhanh chng mang hng v. Letter of reservation Th d khng L vn bn ca ngi nhn hng gi cho thuyn trng thng bo mnh bo lu, gi quyn khiu kin hng b tn tht i vi ngi chuyn ch khi pht hin hng ha c du hiu b h hi nhng cha r rng (Damages non-apparent) nn khng th lp ngay giy chng nhn hng h hi hoc bin bn gim nh hng h hng ti hin trng. Theo iu khon 3 ca Cng c Bruc-xen 1924 v vn n ng bin, th d khng v hng h hi cha r rng (Bao b xc xch, b vy bn, hng cht xp b o ln so vi nhn hiu ch dn,...) phi c lp v trao
cho thuyn trng hoc i din ngi chuyn ch trong vng 3 ngy k t ngy nhn hng, trc khi mang hng v. Nu khng, ngi chuyn ch s t chi xem xt bi thng hng b tn tht. Lien and maritime lien c quyn trn ti sn v c quyn lu gi hng hi Theo thng php v lut cng bng c quc t cng nhn rng ri, c quyn trn ti sn c quan nim l quyn lu gi (Cm gi) ti sn ca ngi c quyn lu gi (Lienor) truy i n cho n khi mn n c lin quan n ti sn y c tr xong. Lift on lift off container ship (LO-LO container ship) Tu container bc d qua mn L loi tu container thng thng, s dng loi cu trang b trn tu hoc cu b bc hoc d hng qua mn tu. Light cargo Hng nh Loi hng c t trng thp (Density), mi tn trng lng chim trn 50 foot khi hay 1,415 m3, v th tuy con tu c dung tch cha y hng nh nhng trng ti an ton ti a ca n vn cha s dng ht. Th d: Bng x, ht nha, lng v,... Do , tn dng dung tch v trng ti ca con tu nhm t c hiu qu kinh t cao nht, ngi ta phi kt hp kho lo vic cht xp hng nh cng vi hng nng (Heavy cargo) trong iu kin cho php. Light displacement Lng r nc tu rng L trng lng bn thn con tu khi cha ch hng, ly mn nc bin ma h thp nht (Light draft) lm tiu chun. Lng r nc tu rng bao gm: - Trng lng thn v tu. - Trng lng my tu. - Trng lng trang thit b v ph tng ca tu. - Trng lng ni hi - Trng lng nhin liu st trong my tu v ng dn. - Trng lng nc st trong ni hi v ng dn. - Trng lng nc la-canh st trong ba-lat (Ballast). Lighterage 1. Vic lng hng. 2. Ph lng hng. L cch bc hoc d hng khi tu khng cp trc tip cu bn, phi neo u ngoi cu cng v dng s lan (Lighter) chuyn hng ha ln xung tu. Lng hng xy ra khi mn nc khng cho php tu cp cu an ton hoc khi cu bn b n tc hoc khi trn tu ch loi hng c bit m t chc qun l cng buc tu phi bc hoc d ngoi cu cng. Lng hng s lm tng thm chi ph bc hoc d hng (Ph lng hng), cao hn ph bc/d thng thng khi tu bc/d trc tip ti cu. Ni chung, trong nhiu hp ng
thu tu hay vn n ng bin ch tu thng quy nh nu xy ra lng hng th ngi thu tu (Ch hng) phi gnh chu ph lng hng k c nhng ri ro do vic lng hng gy ra. Lighter aboard ship (Lash) or lighter carrier Tu ch x lan L loi tu c thit k c bit, c trng ti v dung tch ln (20000 30000 DWT) c trang b cu chuyn dng c sc nng khe a s lan hng ha ln xung tu v ch i. Cc s lan ny c sc cha hng kh ln, ming hm c y kn v khng trang b ng c t hnh m phi da vo tu ko lai dt vo bn bc hoc d ln b. Limitation of liability Gii hn bi thng Dng ch s tin ti a m ngi chuyn ch phi bi thng cho ngi thu tu/ ngi ch vn n v tn tht hng m mnh gnh chu trch nhim cn c theo hp ng vn ti, tnh trn c s n v ng gi, n v tn,...Mc bi thng c n nh do 2 bn tha thun trong hp ng hoc theo quy tc ca Lut php c lin quan. Liner Tu ch (Tu nh tuyn) L loi tu c t 2 boong tr ln, kinh doanh ch thu hng ha trn mt tuyn vn chuyn c nh, gh qua nhng cng bc/ d hng theo mt lch trnh chy tu u n c cng b trc. Tu c trang b tt v tc kh cao. Hng chuyn ch ch yu l bch ha ng kin, c s lng nhiu t khng bt buc. Cc vn chuyn c xy dng, tp hp thnh biu sut cc ph hay biu cc (Liner freight tariff) theo tng loi v mt hng, tng i n nh so vi cc thu chuyn (voyage charter freight rate) v chu s khng ch hoc nh hng ca cc hi vn ti tu ch hoc Cng-xc-xim. Vn n tu ch l bng chng ca hp ng vn ti c k kt gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi thu tu ng thi l bin lai giao nhn hng ha v l chng t xc nhn quyn s hu hng ha ca ngi nhn hng c tn trong vn n. Th tc thu tu ch n gin, ngn gn, ngi thu nghin cu lch trnh chy tu, lm giy lu ch (Booking note) v nu c nhn ch, s a hng ra dc mn tu giao cho ngi chuyn ch, sau nhn vn n do thuyn trng k pht. Liner freight tariff Biu cc tu ch L bn lit k theo th t A, B, C...hoc theo c tnh hng ha, cc loi cc sut tu ch do hng tu n phng n nh thu cc i vi tng loi hoc mt hng chuyn ch. Cc sut tu ch (Liner freight rate) c tnh trn c s gi thnh vn ti thc t v phn li d kin c thu vo. Gi thnh vn ti tu ch l tng chi ph m ngi vn ti phi b ra vn chuyn hng ha v bao gm: - Cc loi ph khu hao,
duy tu sa cha v bo him tu. - Lng bng v bo him x hi ca thuyn vin. - Ph cung ng vt phm (Nhin liu, thc phm, d tr, vt t, ph tng...) - Ph bc v d hng (Theo iu kin bc/ d tu ch) Cng ph, ph qua knh o quc t... - Ph qun l, hnh chnh. Ngoi ra quyt nh c th cc sut cho tng loi hoc mt hng, ngi vn ti cn phi xem xt n h s cht xp hng, c ly vn chuyn v c tnh hnh th trng vn ti, ng thi quyt nh thu thm cc loi ph ph (Surcharges) c lin quan n gi thnh v thu nhp nh: Ph ph v gi du tng (BAC= Banker adjustment charges), ph ph ng tin thanh ton mt gi (CAC= Currency adjustment charges), ph ph v cng n tu (Port congestion surcharges), trong nhng trng hp c bin ng. Tuy nhin, ngc li, hng tu ch cng thc hin chnh sch gim cc (Rebate) nhmthu ht khch hng, nng cao nng lc cnh tranh ca mnh. Liner terms of berth terms iu kin bc d tu ch Liner freight conference (Shipping conference) Hip hi vn ti tu ch (Cng hi hng hi) L hnh thc lin kt hp tc ca cc hng tu ch cng kinh doanh trong mt khu vc hay trn mt tuyn ng vn ti, ra i vo u th k 19 v pht trin mnh trong th k 20. Mc ch thnh lp Hip hi vn ti tu ch l bng cch ch nh, p dng nhng chnh sch v biu cc thng nht trong khu vc, Hip hi s gt b s cnh tranh khng lnh mnh gia cc thnh vin, bo v li ch Hip hi chng s xm nhp kinh doanh ca cc hng tu ngoi Hip hi (Outsiders) Hin nay, trn cc tuyn hng hi trng yu ca th gii c trn 400 Hip hi vn ti tu ch hot ng, s lng ny thng bin ng bi nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra s tan r ca mt s Hip hi ny v s ra i ca mt s Hip hi khc. Nhng Hip hi vn ti tu ch ni ting gm c: Hip hi vn ti tu ch Vin ng (Far East Freight Conference), Hip hi vn ti tu ch Bin (Continent Red Sea Liner Conference), Hip hi vn ti tu ch xuyn i Ty Dng (Transatlantic Freight Conference), Hip hi vn ti tu ch xuyn Thi Bnh Dng i pha Ty (Transpacific Westbound Freight Conference),... Vo th k 20, ngnh vn ti bin pht trin mnh thm, mt s Hip hi lin kt nhau thnh nhng Siu Hip hi (Supershipping conferences) hoc thnh cc Pun (Pools), cc Cng-xc-xim vn ti (consortiums) cng nhau phn chia khi lng hng vn chuyn v n chia cc thu nhp theo ng vn ng gp kinh doanh ca mi thnh vin. Lloyds agent i l Lloyds L nhng i l do Lin on Bo him Lloyds ca Anh quc ch nh v xy dng thnh mt mng li i l ti hu ht cc cng khu quan trng trn th gii. H thng c tuyn chn t nhng ngi thnh
tho, giu kinh nghim trong lnh vc vn ti, giao nhn v bo him. i l Lloyds c giao nhim v theo di v thng bo kp thi cho Lin on v tnh hnh hot ng hng vn, cc s c ng bin xy ra ti a phng ca mnh (tu ng nhau, mc cn, chy n, m,...) Khi hng ha hoc tu b tn tht, ch hng v ch tu c th yu cu s gip ca i l Lloyds hot ng nh mt ngi t vn ch khng phi l i din ca Lin on Lloyds tr khi no h c Lin on Lloyds chnh thc u quyn. Thng thng, khi c yu cu gim nh tn tht hng hoc tu, i l Lloyds s s dng gim nh vin lnh ngh, c kinh nghim tin hnh gim nh v sau , lp bin bn gim nh theo mu ca Lloyds (Lloyds form) vi ch k tn c i l Lloyds xc nhn. Lloyds list Tn tp ch thng k do T chc ng kim Anh Lloyds Register of Shipping pht hnh Tp ch ng ti danh sch tu bin c ng k ti Anh v cc nc khc trn th gii cng cc bin ng v cm c, mua bn v chuyn nhng cc con tu. Lloyds list and shipping gazette Tn ca t bo hng ngy do Lin on Bo him Lloyds pht hnh Chuyn mc ca t bo l ng ti tin tc hot ng chuyn ch hng ha quc t ca tu bin v my bay cng cc s c tai nn xy ra c lin quan n vn ti bin v bo him hng hi. Lloyds register of shipping Cng ty ng kim tu bin Lloyds L t chc ng kim v xp hng tu bin ca nc Anh, thnh lp chnh thc nm 1760, xut pht t yu cu nghip v ngnh vn ti bin m ni tp trung cc thng tin lc u l qun c ph ca Edward Lloyd (London). T chc Lloyds nhn ng kim v xp hng cc loi tu bin c dung tch t 100 BRT tr ln cho cc hng tu Anh v ngoi quc. Vic gim nh kim sot bt u t khi con tu c thit k theo n cho n lc n c h thy v chy th. Lloyds s cn c vo kt qa gim nh, i chiu vi Quy tc v tiu chun k thut ca Lloyds (Lloyds Rules and Regulations) m xp hng v cp giy chng hng th ca tu (Certificate of ships class). Sau , tn v c im con tu s c ghi vo s danh b (Register book of shipping) ca Lloyds c pht hnh hng nm. Lloyds cp hng th cao nht l 100 A1 cho cc loi tu bin ph thng, tu du v tu qung chuyn dng c ng ph hp vi Quy tc v tiu chun k thut ca Lloyd. Dy s 100 dng ch thn, v v my tu (My chnh, my ph, ni hi, cc thit b quan trng, h thng bm, h thng in) p ng ng yu cu k thut ca Lloyds. S 1 dng ch thit b neo, dy cp, ng neo
trong iu kin hot ng tt. i vi cc con tu m trang thit b cha hon ton ph hp vi tiu chun k thut quy nh m Lloyds xt c th chp nhn c th cp hng th 100A v thay th s 1 sau bng mt vch ngang. i vi cc con tu km v cht lng v thiu v trang b, sau khi kim tra gim nh li (4 nm/ ln) th s b loi khi s danh ba ng kim. T thng 7/ 1949, Quy tc v tiu chun k thut ca Lloyds c sa i. K hiu 100A c cp cho cc tu hng thng thng v tu khch t yu cu. K hiu 100A1 vi du thp en phn bit dng ch cc con tu c ng di s kim sot, gim nh c bit ca Lloyds. K hiu LMC (Lloyds Machinery Certificate) vi du thp phn bit dng ch my tu c ch to di s gim nh c bit ca Lloyds. Lloyds Underwriters Association Lin on bo him Lloyds Tn gi chung ca cc cng ty bo him Anh, xut pht t tn mt ch qun c ph Edward Lloyd ti London vo cui th k 18. Qun Lloyds Coffee l ni gp g, thng bo v trao i cc thng tin, trao i nghip v thu tu v bo him hng hi. Nm 1727, Lin on bo him Lloyds chnh thc thnh lp, kinh doanh nghip v bo him ti nc Anh v trn ton th gii. Lin on bo him Lloyds c nh hng ln n th trng bo him ton th gii v quy nh cc quy tc, iu kin bo him v s lng doanh thu. Lloyds c mt mng li i l bo him lnh ngh phc v c lc ti hu khp cc cng khu quan trng trn th gii. Loaded displacement Lng r nc tu ch y L ton b trng lng con tu ch y hng, ly mc nc bin an ton cao nht vo ma h lm tiu chun (Loaded draft). Lng r nc tu ch y bao gm: - Lng r nc tu rng (Light displacement) Trng lng hng ha v hnh khch (nu c) - Trng lng vt phm cung ng cho chuyn i: Nhin liu, du m, nc ngt, thc phm, vt t d tr cho hot ng lm hng. - Trng lng thuyn vin v hnh trang. Loadline and loadline marks Mc (nc) chuyn ch v du chuyn ch Mc nc chuyn ch l ng phng ca mt nc tip xc vi thn tu, dng lm du o chiu cao mn kh (Freeboard) v mn nc (draft) ca con tu. bo m an ton hng hi v tn dng kh nng ch hng, ngi ta cn c vo tnh ton k thut m k Du chuyn ch gia 2 bn mn tu, ngay bn di ng boong chnh (Deck line) nhm xc nh chiu cao mn kh v mn nc ti a m con tu c th ch hng ti tng khu vc bin v theo tng ma trn th gii. Cng c quc t v du chuyn ch 1966 (International convention on
loadline 1966) c sa i v b sung t Cng c an ton v du chuyn ch 1932 (Safety and loadline convention 1932). Trc kia, quy nh du chuyn ch gm c: 1. Mt vng trn chiu rng 25mm, c ng knh 300mm (Loadline disc),. 2. Mt ng vch ngang chiu rng 25mm, chiu di 450mm, i qua tm ca vng trn. Ch r mn nc bin ti a vo ma h m con tu c th ch c hng (Summer loadline). 3. Cc ng vch ngang khc song song vi ng vch ngang S vi cc k hiu: T: Ch du chuyn ch mn nc bin nhit i ( Tropical loadline) W: Ch du chuyn ch mn nc bin ma ng (Winter loadline) WNA: Ch du chuyn ch mn nc bin ma ng Bc i Ty Dng (Winter North Atlantic) F: Ch du chuyn ch nc ngt (Fresh water loadline) TF: Ch du chuyn ch mn nc ngt vng nhit i (Tropical fresh water loadline) Ngoi ra trn ng vch ngang i qua vng trn, c ghi k hiu ca t chc ng kim ca con tu. Th d: L R: L k hiu t chc ng kim Lloyds. V R: L k hiu t chc ng kim ca Vit Nam thc hin ch hng ng theo du chuyn ch ph hp vi tng khu vc bin v theo tng ma, ngi ta v bn phn chia khu vc bin v theo tng ma (Chart of zones and seasonal areas) cc con tu hot ng cn c vo m p dng. Log book or ships log Nht k hng hi L quyn s ghi chp hng ngy mi hot ng ca con tu v mi tnh hung c lin quan khi tu chy trn bin hoc ti cng khu nh: Chuyn hi trnh, hng i, tc , vng hot ng, tnh hnh thi tit, tnh hnh bc hoc d hng cng cc s c khc c lin quan. Nht k hng hi thng c trch dn lm chng c trong vic gii quyt cc tranh chp t tng hng hi v trch nhim ch tu, x l tn tht chung hoc tn tht tu/ hng khc,...(Log abstract). Lumpsum charter Thu bao (con tu) Khc vi cch thu chuyn thng thng m tin cc ph c tr cn c theo khi lng hoc trng lng thc t ca hng chuyn ch, thu bao l cch thu chuyn m tin cc ph c tnh v tr cn c theo trng ti hoc dung tch ca con tu c thu (Lumpsum freight). Ngi thu bao con tu c quyn cht xp v vn chuyn mt s lng hng ha ty theo yu cu c th ca mnh min l khng vt qa mc trng ti an ton ca con tu v khng phi chu pht cc khng nu hng chuyn ch khng y tu. Trong cch thu bao, ngi thu t mnh phi gnh chu ph bc hoc d hng
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) -----------------------------------------------------
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Maritime usage Tp qun hng hi L nhng l thi, qun l c s dng lu i trong ngnh hng hi, c tnh n nh, hp php v c gii thch thng nht. Tc dng ca tp qun hng hi l gii thch, b sung v hng dn thc hin cc iu kin c lin quan ca hp ng vn ti bin m cc iu khon cha quy nh hoc quy nh cha c th. Th d: Vic vt hng xung bin cu tu, hng v sinh mnh thuyn vin trnh mt thm ha thc s l mt tp qun hng hi lu i c x hi tha nhn. Main deck Tng boong chnh (ca tu) Manifest of cargo (Cargo manifest) Bn lc khai hng ha L t khai hng ha ch trn tu gm cc chi tit s vn n, tn v m k hiu, s kin, trng lng hng, cng gi, cng n, ngi gi hng, ngi nhn hng,... C 3 loi lc khai hng ha: Bn lc khai hng nhp (Inward cargo manifest), bn lc khai hng xut (Outward cargo manifest) v bn lc khai hng ha qu cnh (Intransit cargo manifest). Bn lc khai hng do tu lp v xut trnh cho hi quan kim tra khi tu vo / ra cng. Marine Insurance Bo him hng hi L bo him ti sn trong qu trnh vn chuyn ng bin nhm mc ch hn ch v b p tn tht do s c, tai nn ng bin gy ra. i vi ngi bo him (Cng ty bo him), kinh doanh bo him hng hi l mt lnh vc kinh doanh hp dn em li thu nhp ph bo him rt ln v i tng bo him ch yu nh tu bin, hng ha, cc ph l nhng ti sn c gi tr cao, cn c bo him trc cc ri ro, tai nn xy ra thng xuyn trn cc bin v i dng. Maritime perils Him ha hay tai nn ng bin Theo lut bo him ca Anh 1906 (Marine Insurance Act 1906) v nhiu nc khc, him ha ng bin l nguyn nhn ca nhng ri ro hng hi (Marine Risks) xy ra bt ng, c lin quan n qu trnh vn chuyn ng bin v gy tn tht cho con ngi v ti sn. Him ha ng bin bao gm: 1. Thin tai (Act of God): Bin ng (Seaquake), bo t (Tempest), gi lc (Cyclone), st (Lighting), ni la phun (Volcanic eruption), thi tit qu xu (Heavy weather),... 2. Him ha ca bin (Perils of the sea), mc cn (Stranding), m (Sinking), chy (Fire), n
(Explosion), m va (Collision), mt tch (Missing), hnh ng ph hoi ca thuyn vin (Barratry),... 3. Ri ro t bn ngoi hay ri ro ph (Extraneous risks): Nc ma / nc ngt gy hi (Rain or fresh water damage), trm cp hoc giao thiu hng (Theft, pilferage or nondelivery), r chy (Leakage), thiu ht (Shortage), v, cong, vt (Breaking, bending, denting),... Him ha ng bin c nhn bo him theo iu kin bo him thng thng (Bo him mi ri ro, bo him c tn tht ring v bo him min tn tht ring). iu ny khc vi ri ro chin tranh (War Risks) v ri ro nh cng (Strike, Riot & Civil commotion), ch c bo him theo iu kin c bit. Marked by sea-water C vt nc bin Ch hng ha hoc bao b c du nc bin xm phm, lm t. Market Th trng Theo khi nim chung th trng l ni tip xc v trao i mua bn sn phm hng ha hoc dch v gia bn mua v bn bn. Ngy nay, cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca sn xut v lu thng hng ha, th trng c xc nh v hnh thnh trong quan h cung cu ca sn phm hng ha hoc dch v m c khi khng cn n mt a im tip xc c th gia bn mua v bn bn. Ty theo i tng v tnh cht, th trng c th phn chia thnh: - Th trng hng ha (Commodity market). - Th trng thu tu (Freight market). - Th trng bo him (Insurance market). - Th trng chng khon (Stock market). - Th trng lao ng (Labour market). Marking K m hiu Nhn hiu L nhng du hiu bng hnh v hoc ch, s ghi trn bao b hng ha hay cng c vn ti nhm chuyn t ngn gn cc thng tin cn thit v: - Nhn dng hng ha (Identifying markings). - M t tnh cht hng ha (Descriptive markings). - Lu khi bc d, vn chuyn , bo qun hng ha (Precaution marks). - Ngun gc v ch r ngi gi / nhn hng (Source and destination marks). Master bill of lading Vn n ngi chuyn ch thc Mates receipt. Bin nhn ca thuyn ph Sau khi l hng c bc xp xong xung tu, thuyn ph tu (Ships mate) s cn c vo kt qu kim m hng m k pht cho ngi gi hng mt chng t lm bng c gi l bin nhn ca thuyn ph. Ni
dung bin nhn c ghi tn hng, k m hiu, s kin, trng lng, tnh trng bn ngoi, ghi ch nhn xt. Bin nhn thuyn ph l chng t quan trng m thuyn trng da vo k pht vn n sch hay khng sch cho ngi gi hng v l hng nhn ch. Mean draft: Mn nc trung bnh (gia mn nc mi v li) Measurement cargo L loi hng nh, c t trng trn 1.13m3/ tn. Do ngi chuyn ch chn cch tnh cc hng theo khi lng (Dung tch) bng m3 hoc Cubic feet c li v cc. (K hiu tt: M). Member Line Hng tu thnh vin ca hip hi vn ti tu ch Mile Hi l Dm n v dng o qung cch vn chuyn C my loi hi l vi tc di ngn khc nhau. - Hi l quc t (International nautical mile): C di 1852 mt = 6.080 feet, bng chiu di ca mt pht cung ca chu vi qu t (40.000.000m/360x60). c s dng ph bin t 1970. - Hi l Anh (Admiralty mile) c di 1.853,18 mt. Cn phn bit vi dm Anh (British mile) l n v o chiu di trn b ca Anh, bng 1609,344 mt = 0.568 hi l quc t. Memorandum of affreightment Bn ghi nh thu tu Trong qu trnh m phn thu tu, khi ngi thu tu v ch tu thng qua trao i thng lng t c tha thun v nhng iu kin thu tu c bn, th hai bn ng k bn ghi nh v kt qu ban u lm c s cho vic tip tc m phn nhng vn cn li i n k kt hp ng thu tu chnh thc v hon chnh. Merchant marine i tu bun (i thng thuyn) ca mt quc gia Misdelivery Vic giao nhm hng ca ngi chuyn ch Misrepresentation Miu t sai (khng chnh xc) Trong giao dch thu tu chuyn hoc thu tu nh hn, ch tu c bn phn miu t chnh xc v cung cp nhng thng s k thut ng n ca con tu (Tn tu, loi tu, nm ng, ni ng k, kch thc trng
ti, tc ,... ngi thu tu xem xt v quyt nh vic thu mn. Ch tu phi chu trch nhim v vic m t con tu v ngi thu tu c quyn t chi nhn tu thm ch c quyn i bi thng nu nguyn nhn do miu t sai ca ch tu nn dn n s dng khng ng gy hu qu tn tht cho ngi thu. Misrouting of shipment Gi hng sai a ch Nu ch hng gi hng m ghi sai a ch ni n lm cho chng t vn ti hoc hng ha khng th chuyn n tay ngi nhn hng th ch hng phi gnh chu hu qu tn tht hng ha v / hoc chm tr k c nhng chi ph do pht sinh. Moorage Ch u tu L ph u tu ti bn... Mortgage of ship Cm c tu Ch ch tu cm c con tu lm vt th chp ngn hng hoc t chc ti chnh cho vay tin. Multimodal transport or combined transport Vn ti a phng thc hay vn ti hn hp L cch vn chuyn hng ha dy chuyn, i sut t ni gi n ni giao hng cui cng: - C s tham gia chuyn ch t 2 phng thc vn ti tr ln. - Do mt ngi chuyn ch duy nht (Ngi vn ti a phng thc) thc hin theo ch trch nhim thng nht. - S dng chng t vn ti a phng thc lm chng t vn ti duy nht. - p dng gi cc tng hp cho ton b qu trnh vn chuyn. Vn ti a phng thc quc t (International combined transport) c s dng rng ri chuyn ch hng ng trong pallet, container hoc trailer mua bn gia 2 hay nhiu nc v c nhiu u im: Tc vn chuyn giao hng nhanh chng, chi ph vn ti thp v th tc, chng t n gin, ph hp vi yu cu hp l ha sn xut vn chuyn phn phi. Multimodal transport document Chng t vn ti a phng thc L chng t m ngi chuyn ch a phng thc (Combined Transport Operator) k pht cho ngi gi hng theo yu cu ca ngi ny. N c chc nng giao dch ca mt chng t vn ti y php l: - Bin lai giao nhn hng. - Chng t xc nhn quyn s hu hng. Bng chng mt hp ng vn ti k kt. C hai loi chng t vn ti a phng thc ang c s dng: 1. Loi do Cng hi hng hi BIMCO son tho. Tn gi tt: COMBIDOC. 2. Loi do Hip hi giao nhn quc t (FIATA) son tho. Tn gi tt: Vn n hn hp FBL. C
2 loi chng t ny u c xy dng da trn bn Quy tc thng nht v chng t vn ti a phng thc ca Phng Thng Mi Quc T (ICC) c UNCTAD chp nhn v c hiu lc t 01/01/1992. Multimodal transport operator or combined transport operator (MTO or CTO) Ngi vn ti (Chuyn ch) a phng thc. L ngi chuyn ch k hp ng vn ti a phng thc vi ch hng v l mt bn ng s m trch vic ch hng t ni gi n ch cui cng (Contractual carrier). Ngi vn ti a phng thc c th c hay khng c phng tin vn ti ring tham gia vn chuyn. Trn cc chng ng m h khng c phng tin vn ti ring th h phi k hp ng vn ti ph (Sub Contract of transport) vi nhng ngi vn ti khc bo m a hng n ch theo yu cu ca ch hng. Multipurpose cargo ship Tu ch hng a dng Loi c th ch c vi loi hng khc nhau nh: tu ch qung / hng ri / du, tu ch s lan / container.
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Natural wastage Hao ht t nhin L hao ph, thiu ht khng th trnh i vi mt s hng ha chuyn ch do c tnh ca n hoc do cch chuyn ch. Th d: Chuyn ch du phi chu hao ph tt nhin v du bc hi hoc chuyn ch cc loi hng ri phi chu hao ph tt nhin v ri vi v khng th dn sch ht hng trong hm tu. V l , ngi bo him quy nh mc min gim (Franchise) thch hp vi t l hao ht t nhin trnh trch nhim bi thng. Nautical error Li hng vn Ch nhng li lm ca thuyn trng, thy th hoc ngi phc v cho ngi chuyn ch c hnh vi chnh mng, sai st, khng hon thnh bn phn trong vic iu khin, chy tu. Th d: Say ru nn li tu
vo cn, t gh vo cng ngoi lung,... iu 4 ca Cng c Brcxen 1924 quy nh ngi chuyn ch c min trch nhim i vi li hng vn (Nautical error) hoc li v qun tr tu (error in management of the ship). Quy nh ny c li cho ch tu v khng phi trong trng hp no ngi ta cng c th phn bit r li hng vn vi li thng mi v qun l v lm hng (Commercial error in management and handling of the cargo) m ch tu thng vin c tn tht hng l do li hng vn gy ra c hng min trch. Do , ch hng b thit v khng i c tu bi thng tn tht hng. Near clause iu khon n gn Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch l a tu n a im bc d hng ng quy nh trong hp ng. Nhng i khi do nhng tr ngi bt ng ngoi s kim sot ca tu (Bn u h hng bi bo t, ng vo cng b cn v t ct dn n, cng b phong ta,...) lm cho con tu khng n ni mt cch an ton. phng trng hp y, mt s hp ng quy nh iu khon n gn cho php ngi chuyn ch c a tu n mt a im gn giao nhn hng coi nh vn hon thnh ngha v hp ng. Th d: Hp ng mu Gencon quy nh: Con tu ni s n cng xp hng... hoc a im gn y m con tu c th cp bn an ton v lun lun u ni... (The said vessel shall proceed to the loading port... or so near thereto as she may safely get and he always afloat...). Negligence clause (Inchmaree clause) iu khon s sut iu khon quy nh nhng h hng ca my mc trong tu do s s sut, bt cn (Negligence) ca thuyn vin gy nn khng c coi l tai nn hng hi (Maritime perils) v do s khng c bo him bi thng. iu khon ny cn c gi l iu khon Inchmaree (Inchmaree clause) do mt v kin c ta n xt x con tu c tn Inchmaree theo iu khon quy nh trn. Negotiable Bill of Lading and non-negotiable Bill of Lading Vn n lu thng v vn n khng lu thng Vn n lu thng l chng t vn ti hp php, cho php ch hng c tn trong vn n thc hin vic chuyn quyn s hu hng ha ghi trong vn n cho mt ngi no khc bng cch trao tay hay k hu (Endorsement). Vn n gc (Original) sch-hng xp ln tu (Clean on board) c ghi ch Lu thng (Negotiable) c ngha l vn n c th c chuyn nhng cho ngi khc v vn c cc ngn hng thng mi chp nhn thanh ton. Ngc li, cc bn vn n c ghi ch Khng lu thng (Non-negotiable) l nhng bn ph ca vn n gc (Copies) khng c chuyn nhng cho ngi khc v s khng c cc ngn hng thng mi chp nhn thanh ton. Chng ch c
dng lm bng chng trong cc nghip v lin quan cn n (Cng, qun l xut nhp khu, thng k,...) Net capacity Dung tch tnh Dung tch tnh ca con tu cn c gi l dung ti tnh ca con tu (Net Tonnage) l sc cha hng ca n tnh bng m3 khi con tu t n mn nc bin ma h. Nh vy, dung tch tnh ca con tu khng bao gm cc khoang khc dng ngoi mc ch cha hng (Bung my, ni sinh hot thuyn vin, kho thc phm, hm cha nhin liu,...) Net charter Thu tu tr thc cc Con tu c thu theo iu kin tr thc cc ngha l sau khi con tu c giao cho ngi thu ti cng bc hng u tin, th t ngi thu phi t mnh gnh chu ph bc / d hng v cc loi ph khc ti cng bc hng u tin, cc cng bc hng k tip v cng d hng. Sau khi d xong hng, tu c hon tr cho ch tu th t ph ri cng v cc ph khc s do ch tu gnh chu. Nh vy, tin cc thu tu theo iu kin ny c tnh da trn ph vn chuyn n thun. Hin nay, iu kin thu tu ny t c dng v hu nh n ch c s dng Hoa K. New Jason clause (Amended Jason clause) iu khon Jason mi (iu khon Jason c sa i) Khi tn tht chung xy ra v c x theo n l nc M, ch tu khng c php thu nhn phn t l ng gp tn tht chung ca ch hng nu nguyn nhn xy ra tn tht chung y do bt cn trong vic chy tu hoc sai lm trong vic qun tr con tu. Do , trnh hu qu bt li ni trn, ch tu t ra iu khon Jason mi c ni dung quy nh nh sau: Ch hng hoc ngi gi, ngi nhn hng c bn phn ng gp tn tht chung bt k him ha, tai nn xy ra trc hoc sau hnh trnh ca con tu, bt k nguyn nhn xy ra tn tht chung nh th no bao gm c nguyn nhn bt cn ca tu m tu c hng min trch cn c theo lut php, hp ng hoc cch no khc. H s tr ph cu h v nhng chi ph c bit pht sinh i vi hng ha. Ph cu h s c tr ton b y cho d tu cu h thuc s hu ch tu hay s hu ca ngi ngoi. S tin k qu ng gp tn tht chung do ngi chuyn ch hoc i l ca h d kin coi nh y s c ch hng, ngi gi hoc ngi nhn hng giao np trc khi nhn hng. New York Produce Exchange charter party (N.Y.P.E) Hp ng mu thu tu ch nng sn New York (Hoa K) No cure no pay
Khng cu c, khng chi tr Thut ng dng trong hp ng cu h (Salvage Agreement), c ngha l: tin cu h ch c chi tr khi ti sn c cu ph hp vi hp ng. Non vessel operating common carrier (NVOCC) Ngi vn ti (Chuyn ch) cng cng khng tu Trong vn chuyn hng bng container, i b phn cc hng tu ch ch thu trn container (FCL/FCL) m khng nhn ch thu hng l (Khng trng ti, th tch container). p ng yu cu vn chuyn hng l, mt s ngi kinh doanh dch v vn ti m phn ln l nhng Cng ty giao nhn hng ng ra lm ngi ch thu hng l. H tp hp hng ha t nhiu ch hng, sp xp v phn loi cho trn mt hay nhiu container ri sau h thu hng tu container l nhng ngi vn ti thc s ch hng n ch giao cho ngi nhn, bi v bn thn h khng c tu. Thu nhp ca h l khon tin chnh lch gia tin cc nhn c t cc ch hng l v tin cc m h phi tr cho hng tu container. H c gi l Ngi vn ti cng cng khng tu. Non delivery Khng giao hng Thut ng dng ch ngi chuyn ch khng c hng giao cho ngi nhn ti cng n m l ra l ngha v ca mnh. Tu khng giao hng c th do nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra nh: Thin tai (Bo lm m tu v hng...), hng b trm cp, b mt tung tch, b tch thu, b ph hoi,... Ty theo quy nh ca hp ng thu tu hoc vn n v nguyn nhn khng giao hng m xc nh trch nhim ngi chuyn ch i vi Khng giao hng. Non-hygroscopic cargo Hng khng ht m Non reversible layday Thi gian bc d khng b tr Dng ch tha thun gia ch tu v ngi thu v cch tnh thi gian lm hng ca tu ti cng bc v cng d hng khng gp chung lm mt m tch ring thnh thi gian bc hng (Loading time) v thi gian d hng (Discharging time). Nh vy, vic thng / pht bc d nhanh, chm cng do c tnh ring l m khng c tnh gp thi gian bc v thi gian d hng c b tr cho nhau. Norgrain (North American Grain Charter Party) Hp ng thu chuyn ch hng ht t Hoa K v Canada, do Hip hi
mi gii v i l tu Hoa K son tho (Association of Ship Brokers and Agents-USA) Not always afloat but safe aground Khng lun lun ni nhng chm y an ton Ti mt bn cng m ngi thu tu bit trc l c su t nhiu hn ch i vi mn nc ca con tu c thu nhng y bn l bn mm th ngi thu tu yu cu ch tu chp nhn ghi vo hp ng thut ng trn, c ngha l: tu khng lun lun u ni ti bn cng, m cho php tu c lc chm y trong iu kin tu v hng vn c bo m an ton. Bng quy nh ny, ngi thu trnh c s phn i v khiu ni ca ngi chuyn ch v vn c php xung hng y tu d y tu vn chm nh trn t bn. Not before... Khng trc ngy Thut ng dng ch thi gian bc hoc d hng khng bt u trc mt ngy no c quy nh trong hp ng vn ti. Ngi thu tu khng chu trch nhim v c th ty x l nu tu n cng sm hn ngy quy nh. Th d: Thi gian bc hng khng trc ngy 15/8 (Time of loading not to commerce before August 15th). Notice of readiness Thng bo sn sng bc / d Khi con tu c thu n cng giao hoc nhn hng, ch tu phi thng bo bng vn bn hoc Telex cng sm cng tt cho ngi thu (Ngi gi hoc nhn hng) bit tu n cng v sn sng bc d hng. Tu c coi l sn sng bc d hng khi c cc iu kin sau: - Tu n ng a im bc d quy nh trong hp ng hoc n gn ni y m tu c th tip cn c mt cch an ton. Tu hon thnh cc th tc php l cn thit (Th tc vo cng, th tc an ninh, hi quan, y t, kim dch). - Tu chun b mi mt giao nhn hng (Hm hng, cng c bc d, nh sng,...) ty theo quy nh ca hp ng thu tu. i vi tu ch ng cc ri, hp ng thu tu i khi cn quy nh ch tu phi xut trnh km theo thng bo sn sng bc d giy gim nh xc nhn cc hm hng ca tu iu kin tip nhn, bo qun ng cc ri. Khi ngi thu tu (Ngi gi hoc ngi nhn hng) ghi ngy gi chp nhn thng bo sn sng bc d c trao vo ngy lm vic a phng th sau , thi gian bc d hng bt u c tnh theo quy nh ca hp ng. Th d: Hp ng thu tu mu Gencon quy nh Thi gian bc d hng bt u tnh t 13 gi nu thng bo sn sng bc d c trao v chp nhn trc 12 gi cng ngy v bt u tnh t 6 gi ngy hm sau nu thng bo sn sng bc d c trao v chp nhn vo gi lm vic bui chiu ca ngy hm trc.
Nuvoy Hp ng thu chuyn tng hp (General purpose voyage charter party) do Phng Thng Mi Anh son tho Natural wastage Hao ht t nhin L hao ph, thiu ht khng th trnh i vi mt s hng ha chuyn ch do c tnh ca n hoc do cch chuyn ch. Th d: Chuyn ch du phi chu hao ph tt nhin v du bc hi hoc chuyn ch cc loi hng ri phi chu hao ph tt nhin v ri vi v khng th dn sch ht hng trong hm tu. V l , ngi bo him quy nh mc min gim (Franchise) thch hp vi t l hao ht t nhin trnh trch nhim bi thng. Nautical error Li hng vn Ch nhng li lm ca thuyn trng, thy th hoc ngi phc v cho ngi chuyn ch c hnh vi chnh mng, sai st, khng hon thnh bn phn trong vic iu khin, chy tu. Th d: Say ru nn li tu vo cn, t gh vo cng ngoi lung,... iu 4 ca Cng c Brcxen 1924 quy nh ngi chuyn ch c min trch nhim i vi li hng vn (Nautical error) hoc li v qun tr tu (error in management of the ship). Quy nh ny c li cho ch tu v khng phi trong trng hp no ngi ta cng c th phn bit r li hng vn vi li thng mi v qun l v lm hng (Commercial error in management and handling of the cargo) m ch tu thng vin c tn tht hng l do li hng vn gy ra c hng min trch. Do , ch hng b thit v khng i c tu bi thng tn tht hng. Near clause iu khon n gn Trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch l a tu n a im bc d hng ng quy nh trong hp ng. Nhng i khi do nhng tr ngi bt ng ngoi s kim sot ca tu (Bn u h hng bi bo t, ng vo cng b cn v t ct dn n, cng b phong ta,...) lm cho con tu khng n ni mt cch an ton. phng trng hp y, mt s hp ng quy nh iu khon n gn cho php ngi chuyn ch c a tu n mt a im gn giao nhn hng coi nh vn hon thnh ngha v hp ng. Th d: Hp ng mu Gencon quy nh: Con tu ni s n cng xp hng... hoc a im gn y m con tu c th cp bn an ton v lun lun u ni... (The said vessel shall proceed to the loading port... or so near thereto as she may safely get and he always afloat...). Negligence clause (Inchmaree clause)
iu khon s sut iu khon quy nh nhng h hng ca my mc trong tu do s s sut, bt cn (Negligence) ca thuyn vin gy nn khng c coi l tai nn hng hi (Maritime perils) v do s khng c bo him bi thng. iu khon ny cn c gi l iu khon Inchmaree (Inchmaree clause) do mt v kin c ta n xt x con tu c tn Inchmaree theo iu khon quy nh trn. Negotiable Bill of Lading and non-negotiable Bill of Lading Vn n lu thng v vn n khng lu thng Vn n lu thng l chng t vn ti hp php, cho php ch hng c tn trong vn n thc hin vic chuyn quyn s hu hng ha ghi trong vn n cho mt ngi no khc bng cch trao tay hay k hu (Endorsement). Vn n gc (Original) sch-hng xp ln tu (Clean on board) c ghi ch Lu thng (Negotiable) c ngha l vn n c th c chuyn nhng cho ngi khc v vn c cc ngn hng thng mi chp nhn thanh ton. Ngc li, cc bn vn n c ghi ch Khng lu thng (Non-negotiable) l nhng bn ph ca vn n gc (Copies) khng c chuyn nhng cho ngi khc v s khng c cc ngn hng thng mi chp nhn thanh ton. Chng ch c dng lm bng chng trong cc nghip v lin quan cn n (Cng, qun l xut nhp khu, thng k,...) Net capacity Dung tch tnh Dung tch tnh ca con tu cn c gi l dung ti tnh ca con tu (Net Tonnage) l sc cha hng ca n tnh bng m3 khi con tu t n mn nc bin ma h. Nh vy, dung tch tnh ca con tu khng bao gm cc khoang khc dng ngoi mc ch cha hng (Bung my, ni sinh hot thuyn vin, kho thc phm, hm cha nhin liu,...) Net charter Thu tu tr thc cc Con tu c thu theo iu kin tr thc cc ngha l sau khi con tu c giao cho ngi thu ti cng bc hng u tin, th t ngi thu phi t mnh gnh chu ph bc / d hng v cc loi ph khc ti cng bc hng u tin, cc cng bc hng k tip v cng d hng. Sau khi d xong hng, tu c hon tr cho ch tu th t ph ri cng v cc ph khc s do ch tu gnh chu. Nh vy, tin cc thu tu theo iu kin ny c tnh da trn ph vn chuyn n thun. Hin nay, iu kin thu tu ny t c dng v hu nh n ch c s dng Hoa K. New Jason clause (Amended Jason clause) iu khon Jason mi (iu khon Jason c sa i) Khi tn tht chung xy ra v c x theo n l nc M, ch tu khng
c php thu nhn phn t l ng gp tn tht chung ca ch hng nu nguyn nhn xy ra tn tht chung y do bt cn trong vic chy tu hoc sai lm trong vic qun tr con tu. Do , trnh hu qu bt li ni trn, ch tu t ra iu khon Jason mi c ni dung quy nh nh sau: Ch hng hoc ngi gi, ngi nhn hng c bn phn ng gp tn tht chung bt k him ha, tai nn xy ra trc hoc sau hnh trnh ca con tu, bt k nguyn nhn xy ra tn tht chung nh th no bao gm c nguyn nhn bt cn ca tu m tu c hng min trch cn c theo lut php, hp ng hoc cch no khc. H s tr ph cu h v nhng chi ph c bit pht sinh i vi hng ha. Ph cu h s c tr ton b y cho d tu cu h thuc s hu ch tu hay s hu ca ngi ngoi. S tin k qu ng gp tn tht chung do ngi chuyn ch hoc i l ca h d kin coi nh y s c ch hng, ngi gi hoc ngi nhn hng giao np trc khi nhn hng. New York Produce Exchange charter party (N.Y.P.E) Hp ng mu thu tu ch nng sn New York (Hoa K) No cure no pay Khng cu c, khng chi tr Thut ng dng trong hp ng cu h (Salvage Agreement), c ngha l: tin cu h ch c chi tr khi ti sn c cu ph hp vi hp ng. Non vessel operating common carrier (NVOCC) Ngi vn ti (Chuyn ch) cng cng khng tu Trong vn chuyn hng bng container, i b phn cc hng tu ch ch thu trn container (FCL/FCL) m khng nhn ch thu hng l (Khng trng ti, th tch container). p ng yu cu vn chuyn hng l, mt s ngi kinh doanh dch v vn ti m phn ln l nhng Cng ty giao nhn hng ng ra lm ngi ch thu hng l. H tp hp hng ha t nhiu ch hng, sp xp v phn loi cho trn mt hay nhiu container ri sau h thu hng tu container l nhng ngi vn ti thc s ch hng n ch giao cho ngi nhn, bi v bn thn h khng c tu. Thu nhp ca h l khon tin chnh lch gia tin cc nhn c t cc ch hng l v tin cc m h phi tr cho hng tu container. H c gi l Ngi vn ti cng cng khng tu. Non delivery Khng giao hng Thut ng dng ch ngi chuyn ch khng c hng giao cho ngi nhn ti cng n m l ra l ngha v ca mnh. Tu khng giao hng c th do nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra nh: Thin tai (Bo lm m tu v hng...), hng b trm cp, b mt tung tch, b tch thu, b ph
hoi,... Ty theo quy nh ca hp ng thu tu hoc vn n v nguyn nhn khng giao hng m xc nh trch nhim ngi chuyn ch i vi Khng giao hng. Non-hygroscopic cargo Hng khng ht m Non reversible layday Thi gian bc d khng b tr Dng ch tha thun gia ch tu v ngi thu v cch tnh thi gian lm hng ca tu ti cng bc v cng d hng khng gp chung lm mt m tch ring thnh thi gian bc hng (Loading time) v thi gian d hng (Discharging time). Nh vy, vic thng / pht bc d nhanh, chm cng do c tnh ring l m khng c tnh gp thi gian bc v thi gian d hng c b tr cho nhau. Norgrain (North American Grain Charter Party) Hp ng thu chuyn ch hng ht t Hoa K v Canada, do Hip hi mi gii v i l tu Hoa K son tho (Association of Ship Brokers and Agents-USA) Not always afloat but safe aground Khng lun lun ni nhng chm y an ton Ti mt bn cng m ngi thu tu bit trc l c su t nhiu hn ch i vi mn nc ca con tu c thu nhng y bn l bn mm th ngi thu tu yu cu ch tu chp nhn ghi vo hp ng thut ng trn, c ngha l: tu khng lun lun u ni ti bn cng, m cho php tu c lc chm y trong iu kin tu v hng vn c bo m an ton. Bng quy nh ny, ngi thu trnh c s phn i v khiu ni ca ngi chuyn ch v vn c php xung hng y tu d y tu vn chm nh trn t bn. Not before... Khng trc ngy Thut ng dng ch thi gian bc hoc d hng khng bt u trc mt ngy no c quy nh trong hp ng vn ti. Ngi thu tu khng chu trch nhim v c th ty x l nu tu n cng sm hn ngy quy nh. Th d: Thi gian bc hng khng trc ngy 15/8 (Time of loading not to commerce before August 15th). Notice of readiness Thng bo sn sng bc / d Khi con tu c thu n cng giao hoc nhn hng, ch tu phi thng bo bng vn bn hoc Telex cng sm cng tt cho ngi thu
(Ngi gi hoc nhn hng) bit tu n cng v sn sng bc d hng. Tu c coi l sn sng bc d hng khi c cc iu kin sau: - Tu n ng a im bc d quy nh trong hp ng hoc n gn ni y m tu c th tip cn c mt cch an ton. Tu hon thnh cc th tc php l cn thit (Th tc vo cng, th tc an ninh, hi quan, y t, kim dch). - Tu chun b mi mt giao nhn hng (Hm hng, cng c bc d, nh sng,...) ty theo quy nh ca hp ng thu tu. i vi tu ch ng cc ri, hp ng thu tu i khi cn quy nh ch tu phi xut trnh km theo thng bo sn sng bc d giy gim nh xc nhn cc hm hng ca tu iu kin tip nhn, bo qun ng cc ri. Khi ngi thu tu (Ngi gi hoc ngi nhn hng) ghi ngy gi chp nhn thng bo sn sng bc d c trao vo ngy lm vic a phng th sau , thi gian bc d hng bt u c tnh theo quy nh ca hp ng. Th d: Hp ng thu tu mu Gencon quy nh Thi gian bc d hng bt u tnh t 13 gi nu thng bo sn sng bc d c trao v chp nhn trc 12 gi cng ngy v bt u tnh t 6 gi ngy hm sau nu thng bo sn sng bc d c trao v chp nhn vo gi lm vic bui chiu ca ngy hm trc. Nuvoy Hp ng thu chuyn tng hp (General purpose voyage charter party) do Phng Thng Mi Anh son tho
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Off-hire clause or suspension of hire Clause iu khon nh thu Theo thng l v quy nh ca hp ng thu tu nh hn, ngi thu tu c ngha v tr cc trong sut thi gian t khi nhn n khi tr tu. Nhng trong hp ng thng c ghi thm iu khon nh thu ngha l ngi thu tu c quyn nh thu mt cch hp l v khng tr cc trong thi gian m con tu mt kh nng hot ng kinh doanh v nhng nguyn nhn c hai bn tha thun nh: Tu mc cn; b chy; v my hoc thit b h hng, tu thiu ph tng d b l ra phi c thay th b phn h hng, tu khng hot ng do li lm, s sut ca thuyn vin; tu vo bo dng nh k k thut,... mt s hp ng thu nh hn, ngi ta quy nh cch tnh thi gian nh thu bt u t khi con tu mt kh nng hot ng cho n khi n tr li hot ng ti ni m trc khi n ngng hot ng v s c no (Put
back clause). Lut php ca mt s nc li quy nh thi gian nh thu ch c tnh nu n vt qu khong thi gian min tnh (Threshold rule). Th d: Hp ng thu nh hn Baltime quy nh thi gian nh thu ch c tnh nu tu ngng hot ng qu 24 ting ng h v khi tnh thi gian nh thu s tnh ton b, khng c khu tr. Hp ng cng quy nh nu tu ngng hot ng do thi tit xu (Bo t, sng m), ng t, bng hoc cn ct phong ta, nh cng bi cng ca thuyn vin hoc cng nhn bc d trn b... th thi gian y khng c tnh vo nh thu. iu khon nh thu kh phc tp, l do v cch tnh thi gian nh thu cn nhiu im cha thng nht nn ngi thu tu cn m phn v tha thun c th vi ch tu. Offer Cho gi n cho gi Trong thu tu chuyn, vic cho gi cho thu do ch tu pht ra cho ngi thu. Ni dung n cho gi gm c: - Tn a ch hng tu. - Tn v c im con tu. - Khi lng v tnh cht loi hng. - Cng bn bc / d. - Cc ph v iu kin thanh ton. - Cc iu khon khc (Mu hp ng thu tu, hoa hng i l, ch nh i l tu,..) Nu l thu tu nh hn, hng tu phi m t y v chnh xc con tu (Ships description). Ni dung gm c: - Tn v a ch hng tu. - Tn tu, nm ng, quc tch v ni ng k. - Trng ti v dung tch. - S lng v kch thc hm hng. - Trang b bc d v bo v hng. - Tc v mc tiu hao nhin liu. - Cc ph v iu kin thanh ton. - Cc iu khon khc (Mu hp ng, k hn cho thu,...) Ngi thu nghin cu n cho gi v tr li bng nhiu cch: - Chp nhn thu hon ton theo n cho gi (Clean accept). - T chi hon ton khng mc c (Charterers decline owners offer without counter). - T chi n cho gi v cho li (Charterers decline owners offer and counter offer as follows...) Cho gi ca ch tu c 2 dng: Cho gi c nh (Firm offer) v cho gi c iu kin (Offer subject to...) On Carrier Ngi vn ti (chuyn ch) ni tip L ngi hoc cng ty k hp ng m trch chuyn ch hng ni tip t cng hoc ni bc d ca tu bin (tu bin vin dng) n ch giao hng cui cng thng nm su trong ni a bng t ti, tu ha hoc s lan. On hire survey Off hire survey Gim nh tip nhn thu Gim nh chm dt thu Trong thu tu nh hn, khi k hn thu chm dt, ngi thu phi hon tr cho ch tu con tu trong tnh trng tt (In good order and condition) nh khi n c giao cho ngi thu s dng t ban u, tr nhng hao mn t nhin thng thng (Ordinary wear and tear excepted). Do , bo v li ch cng bng cho 2 bn, hp ng thu
tu nh hn quy nh lc giao tu cho ngi thu v lc ngi thu hon tr cho ch tu, con tu phi c gim nh k lng v mi mt v bin bn gim nh c xc nh lm c s cho vic tip nhn v giao tr tu. Once on demurrage, always on demurrage. Mt khi bt u thi gian b pht bc/d chm, thi gian bc/d chm tr s c tnh lin tc. Khi xy ra chm tr bc/d hng so vi quy nh ca hp ng thu tu th ngi thu tu, ngi gi hoc ngi nhn hng s khng cn c p dng iu kin Ch nht, ngy l v ngy thi tit xu c loi tr, khng tnh vo thi gian bc d. Thi gian bc/d chm c tnh bt u t ngy ht hn bc/d xong hng trong thc t, trong gm cc ngy Ch nht, ngy l v ngy thi tit xu v ch tr i thi gian bc/d b ngt qung do li ca pha tu nh: Chnh mng lm vic ca thuyn vin, cn cu tu b hng, tu khng th cung cp nng lng cho bc d,... Open conference Hip hi vn ti m Ch hip hi vn ti tu ch quy ch thong, khng i hi b phiu kt np thnh vin mi. Open cover Hp ng bo him bao (m sn) L mt loi hp ng bo him hng ha c 2 bn ngi bo him v ngi c bo him k kt trc khi thc hin cc chuyn vn chuyn hng. Ni dung hp ng bao gm cc iu khon xc nh: Tnh hnh hng ha, loi tu ch hng, cch tnh gi tr bo him, s tin bo him ti a cho mi chuyn i, iu kin bo him, ph sut bo him, thi hn hiu lc v cc chi tit khc c 2 bn nht tr tha thun. (Khi lng hng c th cho tng chuyn chuyn ch cha c xc nh). Ngi c bo him s thng bo kp thi cho ngi bo him cc chi tit thit yu v chuyn gi hng v yu cu ngi ny k pht bo him n hoc giy chng nhn bo him nu cn. Thng bo ny s khng c trao chm hn lc bt u d hng t tu ti cng ch c nu trong hp ng. Open rate Cc sut m L loi cc m ngi gi hng hoc ngi giao nhn thng lng vi hng tu vn chuyn 1 mt hng no khi lng t hn khi lng ti thiu m hng tu quy nh nhn ch i vi mt hng y. Cc sut m thp hn cc sut c cng b trn bin cc v thng c p dng i vi mt mt hng i thng t cng gi ti cng ch. Optional cargo Hng c quyn chn
i khi hng bn i cha kt thc dt khot, cha th ghi r trn vn n ngi nhn v tn cng n, ngi bn vn c th c ch tu chp nhn ch i vi gi cc c phn cao hn thng thng. L hng ny c gi l Hng c quyn chn ngha l ngi thu tu c quyn chn giao hng ti mt cng no trn ng i ca tu (Option port), min rng phi kp thi thng bo tn ngi nhn v tn cng d hng 24 hoc 48 ting ng h trc khi tu n. Cch gi hng ny t c dng v kh phc tp, d gy tranh chp. Th d: L c ph 100 tn i cng Antwerp c quyn chn Rotterdam, Hamburg, London (option Rotterdam, Hamburg, London). Outport or Outside port Cng ngoi lung Tu ch hot ng theo tuyn c nh v theo lch trnh chy tu c cng b trc, ghi r tn cc cng chnh m tu gh qua giao hoc nhn hng (Main ports of call). Ngoi ra tu c th cng b mt s cng ph gi l Cng ngoi lung dc tuyn i m tu c th gh bt thng nu ch hng yu cu vi s lng hng ha trang tri chi ph vo ra cng v c li. Order Charterers Order. 1. n t hng (ca ngi mua hng) 2. n thu tu n thu tu l vn bn m ngi thu tu t mnh trc tip hoc thng qua mi gii thu tu (chartering broker) gi n ch tu ngh thu tu theo nhng iu kin nu ra. a. n thu tu chuyn c ni dung c bn nh sau: Tn v a ch ngi thu tu. - Hng ha cn ch: S lng, c im, cch ng gi... - Thi gian chuyn ch v cng bc/d hng. - iu kin yu cu con tu: Quc tch, chng loi, kch c, trang b, ngy n nhn hng,... b. n thu tu nh hn c ni dung c bn nh sau: Tn v a ch ngi thu tu. - Tnh hnh, c im con tu cn thu: Chng loi, trng ti v dung tch, trang thit b, phm vi hot ng, tc , mc tiu hao nhin liu. - K hn thu tu v cch thu. - Cc chi tit khc... c. Tnh cht ca n thu tu: - C nh (Firm order or definite order) : C s rng buc php l v hiu lc trong bao nhiu ngy i hi ch tu phi tr li kp thi. Th d: C nh trong vng bao nhiu ngy nhn thng bo (Firm with... daysnotice). - Khng c nh (Prospective order): khng c s rng buc i vi ngi pht n v cng thng khng quy nh thi hn hiu lc phi tr li. n thu tu khng c nh c th l: - n thu tu ph thuc vo iu kin hng (Subject to stem or substem). - n thu tu ph thuc vo chi tit cn bn thm (Subject to details). - n thu tu ph thuc ti xc nhn ca ngi pht n (Subject to reconfirmation). - Tt nhin ch tu khng thch n thu tu khng c nh v n biu th vic cho thu khng chc chn.
Outsider Hng tu ngoi hip hi vn ti L nhng cng ty kinh doanh ch thu c lp, khng tham gia v do cng khng b rng buc bi quy ch ca hip hi vn ti m t mnh t ra cc iu kin ch thu v cc ph. Hng tu ngoi hip hi l i tng cnh tranh ca cc thnh vin hip hi vn ti cng kinh doanh ch thu chung tuyn ng. Outturn report or Cargo outturn report Bn tng trnh d hng L vn bn ca cng ty bc d hng (hoc cng khu) ghi nhn tnh hnh, iu kin hng c d ti cng so vi tnh hnh, iu kin hng nu trong bn lc khai hng ca tu. Bn tng trnh d hng cng c coi nh 1 bn tng trnh v hng tha, thiu hoc h hi khi d ti cng (over, short and damage report). Overage Khi lng hng d vt qu khi lng ghi trong bn lc khai hng Overloaded ship Tu xp hng qu ti Ch con tu xp hng vt qu mn nc an ton cho php c th dn n s c, tai ha khng lng c. Overside delivery clause or under tackle clause iu khon giao hng qua mn tu hay di mc cu iu khon ny cho php ngi nhn hng c th nhn loi hng ng kin di mc cu trn b hoc trn s lan. Nu ngi nhn n nh s dng s lan ca mnh nhn hng qua mn tu th phi thng bo cho ch tu 48 ting ng h trc khi tu n v khi nhn hng phi lm hng lin tc khng k ngy m, Ch nht, ngy l theo kh nng bc d nhanh nht ca con tu. Ni dung ca iu khon ny quy nh: Ngi nhn hng c th chn cch d hng bng s lan ca mnh nhng khng c v n gy chm tr cho tu. Cc s lan nhn hng sang mn phi lm vic lin tc ngy m k c Ch nht v ngy l. Thng bo v quyt nh dng s lan d hng sang mn phi c trao 48 ting ng h trc khi tu n. Nu khng c thng bo, tu c quyn t chi d hng bng s lan v c quyn giao hng trc tip ln b hoc bng cng c vn ti no khc m mi chi ph do pht sinh s do ngi nhn hng gnh chu. iu khon giao hng qua mn tu c ni dung quy nh tng t nh iu khon di mc cu (Under tackle or souspalan) c s dng ph bin trong ngnh hng hi ca Php. Overtime
Thi gian lm vic ngoi gi Tin th lao lm vic ngoi gi Owners offer firm... Ch tu cho gi c nh Thut ng thng dng m u n cho gi c nh do ch tu pht cho ngi thu vi ni dung y , r rng th hin ch i n k kt hp ng. n cho gi c nh quy nh cht ch thi gian hiu lc trong vng mt s ngy ngi thu xem xt kp tr li.
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Pallet Khay xp hng Dng c mt phng a phn lm bng g, nha i khi bng kim loi dng cht xp hng ng gi (hp, kin, carton,...), gp thnh mt n v hp nht, tin li khi bc d v vn chuyn. Khay xp hng ph bin c 2 kch c: loi khay theo tiu chun ca t chc tiu chun o lng quc t ISO c 2 chiu ngang, dc l 1 mt, 1,2 mt v loi thng dng ti Chu u c 2 chiu ngang, dc l 0,8 mt, 1,2 mt. Panamax Ch c tu ch hng ri, c trng ti t 60.000 n 70.000 tn v c th lu thng c qua knh o Panama. Paramount clause iu khon ng u (Vn n) Gi l iu khon ng u v tnh cht ngha rt quan trng v php l ca n. iu khon ny dn chiu lut php no s l lut p dng trong thng v vn ti ny v s chi phi mi quan h quyn li v ngha v gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi thu tu. Trong vn chuyn hng bng tu ch, vn n tu ch l bng chng ca hp ng chuyn ch, iu khon ng u ca vn n dn chiu lut p dng l quy tc Hague (Hague Rules) thuc cng c Brc-xen 1924 (Brussels Convention 1924) hoc l quy tc Hague-Visby, da trn c s cng c Brc-xen c b sung, sa cha bng ngh nh th 1968 (Protocol 1968). i a s nc k kt hoc ph duyt Cng c Brc-xen v ngh nh th 1968 p dng mt trong hai quy tc ny lm c s lut php iu chnh vn n tu ch ca nuc mnh. Tuy
nhin vn cn mt s t nc trn th gii cha tham gia v ph duyt cc Cng c v ngh nh th ni trn. iu khon ng u trong vn n tu ch ca h dn chiu lut hng hi quc gia ca mnh lm lut c s cho vic iu chnh vn n. Ngoi ra, cng cn lu trong vic ch hng bng tu chuyn, ngi chuyn ch k pht vn n trn c iu khon ng u dn chiu n vic p dng quy tc Hague hoc quy tc Hague-Visby, c lut php nc gi hng hoc nc nhn hng cho php p dng th vn n ny l mt vn bn php l b sung cho hp ng thu tu v khng c tri vi iu khon ca hp ng thu tu c k kt. Parcel List Bn khai gi ch km L bn k nhng gi nh ch trn tu, trng lng, kch thc v gi tr kinh t khng ng k v khng c vn n. Th d: Gi hng mu, ti chng t, bu phm vt... (Khng bao gm trang sc, vng bc, qu, my nh). Khi trn tu c gi ch km, tu phi lp bn khai gi ch km np theo bn lc khai hng ha xut trnh cho hi quan kim tra khi ra, vo cng khu. Parcel receipt Phiu nhn gi ch km L chng t m thuyn trng k pht cho cc ch hng c gi gi theo tu. Trn phiu gi c ghi: Ngi gi hng, du hiu s kin, trng lng, gi tr, tn tu, cng n, tn v a ch ngi nhn hng,... Phiu nhn gi ch km khng c chc nng tc dng ca mt vn n nn khng c gi tr giao dch v khng c k hu. Packing list or Packing note Phiu ng gi L bn k chi tit hng ha ng chung trong mt kin hoc mt container hng, do ch hng (Ngi gi hng) lp. Ni dung bao gm: Tn hng, s lng, trng lng tnh v trng lng c b, kch c,... Phiu ng gi c t trong kin hoc container hng ngi nhn hng tin kim tra hng ha. Part Cargo Phn hng Ch mt l hng c khi lng ng k nhng khng chim trn dung tch v trng ti ca con tu chuyn c thu. c gi l mt phn hng trong tng s hng c ch trn tu trong chuyn vn chuyn. Partial delivery or partial shipment Giao hng tng phn Trong hp ng mua bn xut nhp khu, quy nh giao hng tng phn
c ngha l hng ha thuc hp ng mua bn khng phi giao ton b trong mt chuyn chuyn ch m c giao bng nhiu chuyn chuyn ch do ngi bn quyt nh (Partial shipment allowed), hoc do 2 bn tha thun theo nh k (Shipment by instalment). Particular Average (P.A) Tn tht ring L mt tn tht b phn ca mt i tng bo him (Insured subject matter) do mt ri ro c bo him gy ra (Insured risks) v li khng phi l tn tht chung v n ch lin quan n li ch ring ca ngi c bo him y. Peage dues Thu thng qua (thu mua ng) L loi thu a phng nh vo phng tin vn ti i ngang qua mt cng trnh giao thng c bit nh: Knh o, ng hm, cu,.. nhm thu hi vn li b ra xy dng v duy tu cng trnh y. Th d: Thu knh o Suez, thu ng hm Eurotunnel. Penalty clause or Indemnity clause iu khon tin pht hy iu khon bi thng Thng c p dng trong thu tu chuyn, iu khon ny quy nh nu ch tu khng thc hin hp ng thu tu k kt gy nn tn tht c chng c cho ngi thu th phi chu pht tin hay bi thng mt s tin khng vt qu s tin cc ph d tnh thu c. Performance Clause iu khon hiu sut Trong hp ng thu tu nh hn, iu khon hiu sut nu r: nu tu chy khng t c tc quy nh hoc tu tiu hao nhin liu vt qu nh mc, th ngi thu c quyn khiu ni gim gi cc b p thit hi v thi gian b mt v ph vt tri v nhin liu. Perils of the sea Him ha ca bin Tai nn ca bin L tai nn bt ng. Bao gm cc loi tai nn: Chy (Fire), n (Explosion), m va (Collision), lt (sizing), m (Sinking), mc cn (Stranding), phiu dt (Wrecking), mt tch (Missing),... c ngi bo him chp nhn bo him v chu trch nhim bi thng tn tht. Tai nn ca bin khc vi tai nn trn bin (Perils on the sea) xy ra trong tnh hnh hot ng bnh thng trn bin. Th d: tu b bt v bun lu hng ha, tu b nh chm do s ph hoi ca mt phn t khiu khch. Perishable Goods Hng d hng
Ch cc loi hng d thiu thi, bin cht trong qu trnh vn chuyn nhiu ngy trn bin v i hi c bin php bo qun thch ng nh: thng gi, lm lnh, p ng,... Th d: thc phm, rau qu, tht c,... Picked ports Cng c chn Dng ch mt s cng c ngi thu tu chn trong dy cng giao / nhn hng c quy nh trong hp ng thu tu chuyn lm ni tu phi gh bc d hng. Cc cng c chn phi l cng c nhiu iu kin thun li cho bc d, giao nhn an ton v nhanh chng. Pick up Charge Ph ph nhn container L s tin m ngi cho thu tr cho ngi thu khi ngi ny nhn container ti mt a im m ti nhu cu thu mn container ngho nn v t i, nhm mc ch khuyn khch ngi thu. Ph ph ny thng c p dng linh hot ty tnh cht a im nhn container v ca ngi cho thu. Pier to house T cu cng n nh xng Dng ch loi chuyn ch ca hng tu container nhn hng t ngi gi ti cu cng nc xut khu v vn chuyn hng n tn c s (x nghip, kho...) ti nc nhp khu giao cho ngi nhn. Pilotage 1. Hoa tiu: vic dn ng a tu ra, vo cng do hoa tiu vin cng s ti m nhim. 2. Ph hoa tiu, cn gi l pilotage dues: ph tr cho cng vic dn ng ra, vo cng. Plimsoll mark. Du chuyn ch Plimsoll L du hiu ch gii hn m con tu c th xp v ch c hng (Loadline Marks) Samuel Plimsoll l nh chnh tr ngi Anh ra vic p dng du hiu chuyen ch hn ch s ty tin xp v ch hng ca thuyn trng c th gy hu qu tai nn. Do , tn ng c t cho du hiu chuyn ch vo nm 1876 c b sung vo lut thng thuyn Anh (British Merchant Shipping Act). Polcoalvoy Tn ca mu hp ng thu tu chuyn do Hip hi vn ti BIMCO son tho, dng ch than. Pool (Shipping pool)
Hi hp doanh tu ch (Pun hng hi) L t chc lin kt gia cc hng tu ch cng kinh doanh chung trn mt tuyn vn chuyn, da trn c s mt tha thun (Pool Agreement) quy nh nhng iu kin kinh doanh v gi cc thng nht nhm gim bt cnh tranh, bo m phn chia li ch ty theo ng gp (gp vn, tu) ca mi thnh vin. C th chia 2 dng hi hp doanh: Hi hp doanh cng nhau phn chia t l tn hng chuyn ch v hi hp doanh cng nhau phn chia t l tin cc cho mi thnh vin. T l tn hng chuyn ch phn chia cho mi thnh vin do Ban th k ca Hi quy nh bng s lng cc chuyn vn chuyn mi nm, da trn trng ti ca tu ng gp vo. Ngi ta khng quy nh t l ny bng mt con s tuyt i m cho php mi thnh vin c mt khong cch linh hot thc hin. Th d: T l hng ha phn chia cho thnh vin X l t 25% n 30% ca tng s lng hng d kin chuyn ch. Khi Hi hp doanh phn chia tin cc cho mi thnh vin th l cc rng (net freight) c tr i cc khon chi ca ngi chuyn ch nh ph bc / d hng, ph i l, cng ph,... Phn tin cc chia cho mi thnh vin c tnh theo t l tng ng vi s tn trng ti ca hng tu m Hi s dng. C mu vng c tu treo ln bo hiu tu ang trong thi gian chu kim dch (Subject to quarantine). Port dues or Harbour due Cng ph L s tin m tu bin phi tr cho mi ln ra vo cng. Cng ph bao gm: Ph trng ti (Tonnage dues), ph cu tu (Pier dues), ph th neo (Anchorage dues), ph buc dy (Mooring dues), thu bn (Wharfage), thu quan (Customs dues) v i khi cn c ph nh sng n pha (Light dues). Port of refuge or port of distress Cng lnh nn hay cng tr nn L cng m tu phi vo tr mong tm s che ch nhm trnh tai nn trn bin e da an ton sinh mnh v ti sn trong chuyn hi trnh. Th d: vo cng trnh bo t hay l cng m tu phi vo sa cha v phc hi kh nng hot ng ca con tu sau mt tai nn trn bin gy h hng nghim trng. Port of registry or Port of registration Cng ng k L ni con tu np h s tu xin ng k vi c quan qun l hng hi cho php con tu hot ng hp php. C quan ng k ( Vit Nam l c quan ng kim) s kim tra chu o con tu v nu xt tiu chun hot ng trong phm vi, lnh vc no th s ghi vo s ng b, cp giy chng nhn ng k (Certificate of Registry) v giy chng nhn quyn s hu (Certificate of Ownership), l nhng chng t khng th thiu trong b chng t hon chnh ca tu
Position of the vessel V tr tu Trong thu tu chuyn, ngi thu tu cn bit con tu mnh thu hin ang u tnh ton kh nng tu n cng nhn hng v thu xp vic giao hng xung tu hp l v c li nht. V th, khi k kt hp ng thu tu, h yu cu ghi r v tr con tu hin nay (Present position). Nhng i khi, ch tu gp kh khn khng xc bo c, h s yu cu ghi: Tu hin ang hot ng (Now trading), thay v ghi c th v tr ca con tu. Theo tp qun quc t, nu ch tu vi phm hp ng v s c mt ca con tu ti v tr quy nh, ngi thu tu c quyn hy b hp ng. Pro-forma charter Bn d tho hp ng thu tu tin li cho m phn k kt hp ng, ch tu v ngi thu tu thng s dng cc hp ng thu tu tiu chun (mu) nh: Gencon, Nuvoy, Grainvoy,... lm cn c thng lng. l cc loi hp ng do cc t chc hng hi son tho c nhiu ngi bit n v s dng rng ri. Tuy nhin v cc iu khon trong cc hp ng ny hon ton c th c b sung, sa cha cho ph hp vi yu cu vn chuyn thc t nn i khi mt trong hai bn ng s thu v cho thu tu son tho v chuyn cho i tc tham kho bn d tho hp ng thu tu lm c s cho m phn thng lng. Th d: bn d tho hp ng Gencon 1994 (Gencon-Proforma 1994) Promotional Rate Cc sut khuyn mi Ch loi cc sut thp hn cc sut thng thng do mt hng tu hay mt Hip hi vn ti no p dng nhn nhng cho ngi gi (ch hng) to thun li cho xut khu vo mt th trng mi. Prompt ship Tu c ngay C trng hp ngi thu tu cn ch hng khn cp (Prompt shipment) nn yu cu ngi chuyn ch lp tc a tu hoc trong thi gian rt ngn iu tu n mt cng c ch nh no bc v d hng. Con tu c iu n c gi l Tu c ngay. Cc ph chuyn ch ca con tu n ngay tt nhin cao hn cc ph ca con tu chuyn ch thng thng. Private Form of Charter-Party Mu hp ng thu tu t nhn Ch loi hp ng thu tu do mt cng ty hay x nghip c bit no t son tho p dng ring. Loi ny thng gp cc hng tu ch du v i khi cc hng tu ch ng cc hay ch qung.
Prompt delivery or spot delivery Giao ngay lp tc 1. Theo hp ng mua bn Giao ngay lp tc c ngha l ngi bn phi giao hng ngay cho ngi mua theo yu cu khn cp ca ngi ny (C hay khng c quy nh c th mt s ngy sau khi k kt hp ng). 2. Theo hp ng thu tu nh hn, Giao ngay lp tc c ngha l ch tu phi giao tu ngay cho ngi thu s dng theo yu cu khn cp ca ngi ny (C hay khng c quy nh c th ngy phi giao tu). Protecting Agent i l gim h L ngi hoc cng ty c ch tu ch nh bo v li ch ca mnh v gim st vic lm ca i l tu khi con tu ca ngi ch tu ang cng. Protection & Indemnity (P&I) Bo him trch nhim ch tu L mt loi hnh bo him ring bit do Hi tng h ca cc ch tu m trch (Shipowners mutual protection and indemnity association) nhm bo v quyn li ca cc ch tu hi vin i vi nhng ri ro thuc trch nhim ch tu khng c cc loi bo him thng thng chp nhn bo him nh bo him thn tu (Hull insurance), bo him hng ha (Cargo insurance) v bo him cc (Freight insurance). Hi tng h ca cc ch tu l mt t chc php nhn c thnh lp di dng cng ty. C quan lnh o l Hi ng gim c do cc ch tu l hi vin bu ra theo nhim k. Di Hi ng gim c c cc nhm chuyn vin c chc nng t gip x l nhng cng vic hng ngy. Hi nh ra quy ch, quy tc hot ng trong c phn trng yu nht l iu kin bo tr i vi ri ro ca cc con tu ca hi vin (iu kin bo him ring bit). C s ti chnh ca hi da vo ph ng gp hng nm ca cc ch tu hi vin (Contribution or call) ty theo s lng tn tu ca tng hi vin v cng ty theo tnh hnh m hi c th yu cu ng gp thm (Supplementary Call) hoc ng gp khn cp (Catastrophe Call). Cc khon tin ng gp c coi nh mt loi ph bo him dng lp qu d tr b p cho cc hi vin khi xy ra ri ro gy tn tht nm trong quy nh ca Hi. Vo cui nm ti chnh, Hi s hch ton v nu tin qy khng s dng ht th phn cn li s c hon tr cho cc hi vin trc khi thu tin ng gp nm mi. Hin nay, c nhiu Hi tng h ca cc ch tu c thnh lp nhng c bit ting hn ht l Hi ca cc nc Anh, Na Uy, Hoa K. Quy ch hot ng ca mi hi tuy c khc nhau nhng cc quy tc v th l bo tr (bo him) v c bn ging nhau nh sau: 1. i vi cc ri ro m va (Collision) a. m va vo tu khc: Hi chu trch nhim bi thng: - 1/4 tn tht v ph tn ca bt k tu no khc, m theo
tp qun quc t 3/4 tn tht v ph tn c Bo him thn tu (Hull insurance) bi thng. T l ny c th thay i ty yu cu ca ch tu hi vin v chp thun ca hi, theo cch x l trch nhim cho hay trch nhim 50/50 v 2 tu m va. - Tn tht hng, bt ng sn hay vt dng c nhn, sinh mnh, thng tt thuyn vin, ph cu h v cu cha ti sn, ph ng gp tn tht chung c lin quan. b. m va vt th ni hoc c nh. - Tn tht cc vt th nh: Cu cng, tu, phao, p chn sng,.. c. Hi cng chp nhn bi thng trch nhim ca ch tu hi vin iu khin tu khng ng cch gy hu qu lm cho 2 tu khc m va nhau hoc lm cho 1 tu no khc phi mc cn. 2. i vi thuyn vin. Hi chp thun gnh chu: - Ph bnh vin, ph iu tr, ph cp cu, ph mai tng khi thuyn vin m au hoc cht, tin thng tt do bt cn trong lao ng gy ra, m ch tu hi vin c trch nhim theo lut hay hp ng lao ng. - Ph hi hng (Repatriation) v cc ph khc c lin quan do m au hoc tu m. dng c nhn b tn hi, mt mt. - Hi cng nhn bi thng tin thng tt, ph iu tr, ph mai tng vi bt k ngi no khc do li bt cn ca ch tu hi vin gy ra v c trch nhim. 3. i vi ri ro nhim (Pollution): Do thot thi ca du m hoc kh c khi tu c bo him gp nn hoc h hng thit b (Bn cha, ng dn). - Trch nhim i vi tn tht, tn hi, lm bn. - Tin pht gy nhim do lut nh hay quyt nh ca nh cm quyn (Cng c quc t v nhim MARPOL 1973-1978). - Ph p dng bin php hp l trnh, hn ch v cu cha tn tht, tn hi. iu kin bo him ny c km quy nh gii hn mc bi thng ca hi (Khong 300 triu 500 triu USD) do hu qu nhim i khi rt nghim trng v mc bi thng rt ln. 4. i vi tn tht hng ha. Hi nhn bi thng: - Hng ha b thiu ht, h hng, mt mt k c cc loi ti sn khc khng thuc v tu (Nhng loi tr ti sn c gi tr cao nh vng bc, qu,...) m nguyn nhn gy tn tht do: hnh ng bt cn hoc li lm thuyn vin hay ngi lm vic cho ch tu hi vin trong cng vic bc d, cht xp, vn chuyn v chm sc hng khng ng quy cch hoc do tu c bo him khng kh nng i bin gy nn. - Ph b sung bc d ngoi ph bc d thng thng m ch tu hi vin phi gnh chu khi x l hng b tn tht m khng i c ngi no khc bi thng. - Cc tn tht hng ha c chuyn ch bng phng tin vn ti khc ngoi con tu c bo him hoc c lu kho bi hay x l ngoi kho bi ca cng bc d nhng ch tu hi vin vn phi chu trch nhim cn c theo vn n i sut hoc hp ng vn chuyn c hi chp thun. - Phn t l hng ha tn tht trong tn tht chung hoc cu h phn b cho bn khc nhng ch tu khng thu c do vi phm hp ng chuyn ch. - V s c gy tn tht hng xy ra thng xuyn v nguyn nhn kh phc tp nn hi phi xc nh r trng hp hi c min trch ng thi i hi ch tu hi vin c trch nhim y cu cha hng v thc hin tt cc quy tc, th tc khiu ni th mi c hi chp thun bi thng. 5. i vi di di xc tu
(Ships wreck removal) - Chi ph, ph tn trc vt, di di hoc ph hy xc tu c bo him k c vic nh du v bo hiu nh sng ti ni y m ch tu hi vin phi thc hin theo lut nh, theo lnh ta n hoc theo mt iu khon ca hp ng bi thng c hi chp thun. - Cc chi ph pht sinh khc do kt qu ca trc vt, di di, ph hy xc tu, m ch tu hi vin chu trch nhim. 6. i vi ri ro pht v: do nh ng cc, ta n hoc trng ti thuc cc trng hp: Thiu st trong chp hnh quy tc an ton k thut hay quy nh ca bt k nc no lin quan n con tu c bo him. - Giao thiu hoc tha hng ha so vi s liu ca chng t hoc ch lu hng ha. - Vi phm th l hi quan, quy nh nhp cnh. - Gy nhim du, thot thi kh c. - Cc hnh ng bt cn, li lm ca thuyn vin hay i l tu. Ngoi cc ri ro c hi gnh chu nu trn, ch tu hi vin c th yu cu hi bo him thm v cc ph, tin pht bc d v bo v (Freight, demurrage & defence) l loi bo him khng nm trong din P & I. Put back clause iu khon a tu v ch c Trong thu tu nh hn, mt s hp ng mu nh Baltime... quy nh Thi gian nh thu kt thc khi con tu phc hi kh nng hot ng tr li. iu ny c th gy bt li cho ngi thu v c trng hp con tu c sa cha xong, phc hi kh nng hot ng nhng n vn cn cn c mt thi gian chy tu tr v ch c v t mi tip tc hnh trnh, m thi gian ny li khng c tnh vo thi gian nh thu. V l , ngi thu tu yu cu p dng iu khon a tu v ch c tc l v ch con tu ang trn ng i gp phi s c v phi ri ni y i sa cha mt a im cch xa. Nh vy, thi gian a tu v ch c ca hnh trnh s c tnh gp vo thi gian nh thu.
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Quantity contract of affreightment Hp ng thu tu da theo khi lng (hng) Khi ngi thu cn chuyn ch mt l hng c khi lng ln, trong mt thi gian nht nh v bng nhiu chuyn lin tc th h c th m phn vi ch tu v k kt mt hp ng thu tu da theo khi lng hng. Ch tu s cn c theo khi lng hng ghi trong hp ng m b tr phng tin chuyn ch vn chuyn lin tc cho n khi hon tt. Quarter ramp Cu dn sau li
L trang thit b c bit ca tu bc d hng bng cu dn (Ro-Ro ship) dng ni lin tu v b cng, phc v cho vic a hng ln xung tu bng xe vn ti Quarantine flag C kim dch C mu vng c tu treo ln bo hiu tu ang trong thi gian chu kim dch (Subject to quarantine). Quantity contract of affreightment Hp ng thu tu da theo khi lng (hng) Khi ngi thu cn chuyn ch mt l hng c khi lng ln, trong mt thi gian nht nh v bng nhiu chuyn lin tc th h c th m phn vi ch tu v k kt mt hp ng thu tu da theo khi lng hng. Ch tu s cn c theo khi lng hng ghi trong hp ng m b tr phng tin chuyn ch vn chuyn lin tc cho n khi hon tt. Quarter ramp Cu dn sau li L trang thit b c bit ca tu bc d hng bng cu dn (Ro-Ro ship) dng ni lin tu v b cng, phc v cho vic a hng ln xung tu bng xe vn ti.
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Rate of discharge or Rate of discharging Nng sut d hng L s tn hng d c t b xung tu trong 1 ngy (...tn hng/ngy) Rate of loading Nng sut bc (xp) hng L s tn hng bc c t b xung tu trong 1 ngy (...tn hng/ngy). Rate of freight or Freight rate Cc sut L s tin cc chuyn ch phi tr cho 1 n v hng ha: tn, m3
hoc container. Rate of service speed Mc tc khai thc (ca tu) L mc tc trung bnh m con tu t n iu kin hot ng bnh thng trong 1 n v thi gian. c o bng: Hi l/gi (Knot) hay Km-gi. Trong hp ng thu tu, ngi ta khng quy nh c th mc tc phc v ca con tu nhng theo tp qun quc t, con tu ch hng phi chy vi tc thch hp (Convenient speed) trong sut hi trnh. Rate of fuel consumption Mc tiu th nhin liu L lng nhin liu trung bnh m con tu hot ng iu kin bnh thng trn bin tiu th trong mt n v thi gian. Thng c o bng MT hay m3/ngy (Daily rate of fuel consumption). Readdressing Vic chuyn i a ch Trong vic gi hng, c nhng trng hp c bit m ngi thu phi sa i a ch ngi nhn hng khc vi a ch ghi trn vn n trc kia. Nh vy, ngi thu phi kp thi thng bo cho tu v c tu chp nhn. Vic chuyn i a ch ch nn thc hin trong tnh th bt buc v ngi thu yu cu chuyn i a ch thng phi chu thm ph ph. Ready berth clause Waiting for berth clause iu khon cu bn sn sng iu khon ch cu bn. Trong thc t, c trng hp m khi con tu n cng bc / d hng theo quy nh hp ng thu tu nhng khng cp cu c v cu khng sn sng tip nhn bi nhiu l do (n tu, sa cha cu bn,...). Do , tu phi tm trong hoc ngoi thy vc cng ch cu nn khng trao ngay c thng bo sn sng bc d cho ngi gi hoc ngi nhn hng, gy chm tr bc d v ko di thi gian tu lu ti cng. trnh tnh trng trn, ch tu a vo hp ng iu khon cu bn sn sng hay iu khon ch cu bn nhm rng buc ngi thu tch cc chun b sn cu bn cho tu nhanh chng vo v lm hng bng cch ch tu c tnh thi gian ch cu bn vo thi gian lm hng m hp ng quy nh. V iu ny, Hip hi vn ti Bantic v quc t son tho ni dung iu khon nh sau: ...Bt k i vi s vic trn, nu mt cu bn no khng sn sng tu vo khi tu n trong hoc ngoi thy vc cng hoc ti mt a im no gn , th tu s c quyn trao thng bo sn sng bc hng c hiu lc tnh thi gian bc hng nh khi tu cp cu, min rng thuyn trng cam kt l con tu sn sng v mi mt bc hng. Thi gian thc t t lc tu ri ni tm n lc cp cu xong s
khng tnh vo thi gian bc hng. Tuy nhin, nu sau khi cp cu li pht hin tu cha sn sng xp hng, th tu phi lp li vic trao thng bo bc hng khc theo nh quy nh ca hp ng.... Hp ng thu tu mu Berdiscon cng p dng iu khon ch cu bn son tho v khuyn co v d hng vi ni dung tng t nh trn. Rebate or Freight abatement Gim cc Trong thu tu ch hoc thu tu vn chuyn container, ch tu thc hin vic gim cc cng khai hay b mt nhm khuyn khch ngi thu tu gn b chuyn ch hng ha vi mnh ng thi s dng vic gim cc nh mt li kh cnh tranh vi cc ch tu khc. Tt nhin khi ch tu l thnh vin ca mt hip hi vn ti no th vic gim cc ca h s tun th s qun l v ch o thng nht ca t chc ny. C 2 cch gim cc: - Gim cc ngay (Immediate rebate): Ch tu tr ngay s tin cc c gim gi vo lc ngi thu thanh ton cc ch hng (~ 9-10% trn gi cc). - Gim cc nh k hay hi khu (deferred rebate ) : Ch tu cn c vo hp ng gim cc (Rebate contract) vi khch thu quen m thc hin chi tr tin gim cc theo nh k 3 hoc 6 thng / ln ty tha thun. Trong vn chuyn hng bng container, ch tu gim cc bng cch thng khuyn khch cho khch hng (Incentive) tc l khu tr mt t l phn trm (~12,5% ) trn tin cc phi tr. i vi khch hng c khi lng hng ln, ch tu thc hin chit khu cn c theo hp ng nh k - s lng ( Time volume contract ). Th d : Trong nh k 6 thng, ch hng xp c 200 TEU u tin s tr s tin cc l...., nu xp vt qu s lng ni trn s c gim gi v tr cc thp hn l.... Received for shipment bill of lading (Custody bill of lading ) Vn n nhn hng trc ch L chng t m ngi chuyn ch k pht cho ngi thu tu hay ngi gi hng xc nhn mnh nhn hng, ch tu n s bc xp v vn chuyn. Vn n nhn hng trc ch c chc nng nh mt bin nhn hng ha lm bng chng cho ngha v v trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch bt u t ngy nhn cho n ngy giao tr hng ti ni n. Nhng theo thng l quc t, vn n nhn hng trc ch khng c ngi nhp khu v ngn hng chp nhn l 1 trong b chng t thanh ton trong mua bn quc t vi l do l hng cha thc xp xung tu, tr khi c mt tha thun no khc gia ngi mua v ngi bn. Do , sau khi hng thc t c xp xung tu ngi gi hng phi yu cu i Vn n nhn hng trc thnh Vn n hng xp (On board B/L). Recovery Vic truy i ngi th ba (T cu) Trong nghip v bo him, sau khi bi thng cho ngi c bo
him, ngi bo him c quyn truy i ngi th ba bi hon s tin tr nu xt thy ngi th ba gy ra tn tht y. Trong trng hp nh vy, ngi c bo him sau khi nhn tin bi thng c bn phn cung cp vn bn h s khiu ni ngi th ba v giy th quyn (Subrogation form) cho ngi bo him. Reconfirm the fixture (Fixture reconfirmation) Ti xc nhn vic thu tu Trong qu trnh m phn thu tu, khi cc iu khon ch yu v nhng chi tit c lin quan c ngi thu v ch tu thng nht tha thun, nhng vn bo lu (Reservations) b gt b th 2 bn cng nhau ti xc nhn vic thu tu. Ngi mi gii thu tu (nu c) s lp v gi cho 2 bin bn tm lc hon chnh (Complete recap) m ni dung cha ng nhng iu khon v chi tit c tha thun lm c s cho vic xc lp v k kt hp ng thu tu chnh thc sau ny. Reefer ship or refrigerated ship: Tu ng lnh L tu c trang b h thng my lm lnh, dng ch cc loi hng d hng nh: rau, qu, tht, c. Register - Danh b ng k (tu) - C quan ng k (ng kim) tu. Register ton (RT) Tn ng k L n v o lng dung tch tu. Mt tn ng k c 100 feet khi (Cubic feet) v bng 2,83m3. Registry of shipping Vic ng kim (ng k) tu Theo thng l quc t, v lut php mi quc gia c tu u quy nh bt c phng tin v cng c vn ti no gm tu hng, tu khch, container u phi c kim tra cht ch v ng k ghi tn vo s ng b (Register book) ca c quan ng kim nh nc th mi c cp php hot ng kinh doanh. Giy chng nhn ng k (Ships certificate of registry) l mt chng t quan trng cp cho tu, xc nhn tn, quc tch, nm ng, cng ng k, kch thc, trng ti, ch s hu ca con tu,... n minh chng lut php chi phi lut php con tu ti ni n ng k. Vit Nam, vic ng tu do Cng ty ng kim tu Vit Nam (VIRES) m trch. VIRES l mt Cng ty quc doanh m trch vic ng kim tu ng thi kim lun vic xp th hng tu (Ships Classification). nhiu nc khc vic ng kim tu do chnh quyn qun l cn vic xp hng tu l do cc t chc xp hng tu t nhn (Classification Societies). Nhng Cng ty xp hng tu ni ting th gii gm c: Cng ty Lloyd ca Anh (lloyds Register of Shipping), Cng ty BV ca Php (Bureau Vritas), Cng ty ABS ca M (American
Bureau of Shipping), Cng ty NK ca Nht (Nippon Kaiji Kentei Kyok)... Reporting day Ngy thng bo sn sng bc/d cho ch hng hay ngi gi hng Ngy trao thng bo c c tnh vo ngy lm hng (Layday) hay khng s ty thuc vo quy nh ca hp ng thu tu hoc tp qun ca cng khu. Rerouting of vessel Thay i hnh trnh Dng ch tu thay i hng i, khng theo hnh trnh vch trc kia. Respondentia Vay cm hng L vic thuyn trng dng hng chuyn ch cm c vay tin khi khn thit, khng cn cch no khc v khi tu n ch s hon tr cho ngi vay. Nhng nu v mt l do no m tu khng n ch c (th d: tu b m dc ng) th ngi cho vay phi chu ri ro khng thu c n, nn h thng cho vay vi li sut cao. Revenue Ton (Freight ton) Tn Tnh cc L n v hng ha m ngi chuyn ch chn lm c s tnh v thu cc. Trong kinh doanh ch thu bng tu ch, ch tu thng ch ng quy nh 3 cch tnh cc: - Cc theo trng lng hng (Freight by cargo weight) - Cc theo th tch hng (Freight by measurement) Cc theo gi tr hng (Freight ad valorem) V t dnh cho mnh quyn chn la v p dng cch tnh cc no c li nht. Reverible layday Thi gian bc d b tr Dng ch tha thun gia ch tu v ngi thu v cch tnh thi gian bc v d hng 2 u cng lm hng c tnh gp lm 1 v c b tr ln nhau. Nh vy, vic tnh ton thng pht bc/d nhanh chng s ch c thc hin sau khi ch xong hng cng d v ton b thi gian lm hng 2 u cng c tng kt chnh xc. Th d: Ch tu v ngi thu tha thun thi gian bc d b tr cho 1 l phn bn ng bao 10.000 tn, nng sut bc v d hng l 1.000 tn/ngy. Khi thc t tin hnh bc hng, ngi thu ch thc hin c mc bc phn bn 900 tn/ngy, thp hn mc quy nh l 100 tn. Sau , ngi thu c gng tm cch nng mc d hng ti cng d ln 1.100 tn. Nh vy, rt ngn thi gian d hng b vo thi gian bc hng chm tr trc kia, bo m thc hin bc v d hng ng thi gian quy nh, trnh c b pht bc d chm. Rider
Phn ph lc L vn bn nh km vi hp ng thu tu b sung nhng iu khon hoc quy nh c 2 bn ch tu v ngi thu tha thun, m ring bn thn hp ng thu tu khng th bao qut v cp y cc chi tit cn thit. Rolling cargo Hng chuyn ch c bnh ln L cc loi hng nh t, my ko, xe nng...tin li cho vic a hng xung tu Ro-Ro bng cu dn. Roll on Roll off ship (Ro-Ro ship) Tu bc d hng bng cu dn (Xem: Rolling cargo v Ro-Ro container ship). Round voyage charter Thu chuyn c i v Thu chuyn kh hi (Xem: Voyage charter) Running days or cousecutive days Ngy thng hay ngy lin tc L ngy lch ph thng c 24 gi ni tip, khng phn bit Ch nht v ngy l. (Xem: Layday). Running down clause iu khon tu m va (xem: Conllision clause). Rate of discharge or Rate of discharging Nng sut d hng L s tn hng d c t b xung tu trong 1 ngy (...tn hng/ngy) Rate of loading Nng sut bc (xp) hng L s tn hng bc c t b xung tu trong 1 ngy (...tn hng/ngy). Rate of freight or Freight rate Cc sut L s tin cc chuyn ch phi tr cho 1 n v hng ha: tn, m3 hoc container. Rate of service speed Mc tc khai thc (ca tu) L mc tc trung bnh m con tu t n iu kin hot ng bnh thng trong 1 n v thi gian. c o bng: Hi l/gi (Knot) hay
Km-gi. Trong hp ng thu tu, ngi ta khng quy nh c th mc tc phc v ca con tu nhng theo tp qun quc t, con tu ch hng phi chy vi tc thch hp (Convenient speed) trong sut hi trnh. Rate of fuel consumption Mc tiu th nhin liu L lng nhin liu trung bnh m con tu hot ng iu kin bnh thng trn bin tiu th trong mt n v thi gian. Thng c o bng MT hay m3/ngy (Daily rate of fuel consumption). Readdressing Vic chuyn i a ch Trong vic gi hng, c nhng trng hp c bit m ngi thu phi sa i a ch ngi nhn hng khc vi a ch ghi trn vn n trc kia. Nh vy, ngi thu phi kp thi thng bo cho tu v c tu chp nhn. Vic chuyn i a ch ch nn thc hin trong tnh th bt buc v ngi thu yu cu chuyn i a ch thng phi chu thm ph ph. Ready berth clause Waiting for berth clause iu khon cu bn sn sng iu khon ch cu bn. Trong thc t, c trng hp m khi con tu n cng bc / d hng theo quy nh hp ng thu tu nhng khng cp cu c v cu khng sn sng tip nhn bi nhiu l do (n tu, sa cha cu bn,...). Do , tu phi tm trong hoc ngoi thy vc cng ch cu nn khng trao ngay c thng bo sn sng bc d cho ngi gi hoc ngi nhn hng, gy chm tr bc d v ko di thi gian tu lu ti cng. trnh tnh trng trn, ch tu a vo hp ng iu khon cu bn sn sng hay iu khon ch cu bn nhm rng buc ngi thu tch cc chun b sn cu bn cho tu nhanh chng vo v lm hng bng cch ch tu c tnh thi gian ch cu bn vo thi gian lm hng m hp ng quy nh. V iu ny, Hip hi vn ti Bantic v quc t son tho ni dung iu khon nh sau: ...Bt k i vi s vic trn, nu mt cu bn no khng sn sng tu vo khi tu n trong hoc ngoi thy vc cng hoc ti mt a im no gn , th tu s c quyn trao thng bo sn sng bc hng c hiu lc tnh thi gian bc hng nh khi tu cp cu, min rng thuyn trng cam kt l con tu sn sng v mi mt bc hng. Thi gian thc t t lc tu ri ni tm n lc cp cu xong s khng tnh vo thi gian bc hng. Tuy nhin, nu sau khi cp cu li pht hin tu cha sn sng xp hng, th tu phi lp li vic trao thng bo bc hng khc theo nh quy nh ca hp ng.... Hp ng thu tu mu Berdiscon cng p dng iu khon ch cu bn son tho v khuyn co v d hng vi ni dung tng t nh trn.
Rebate or Freight abatement Gim cc Trong thu tu ch hoc thu tu vn chuyn container, ch tu thc hin vic gim cc cng khai hay b mt nhm khuyn khch ngi thu tu gn b chuyn ch hng ha vi mnh ng thi s dng vic gim cc nh mt li kh cnh tranh vi cc ch tu khc. Tt nhin khi ch tu l thnh vin ca mt hip hi vn ti no th vic gim cc ca h s tun th s qun l v ch o thng nht ca t chc ny. C 2 cch gim cc: - Gim cc ngay (Immediate rebate): Ch tu tr ngay s tin cc c gim gi vo lc ngi thu thanh ton cc ch hng (~ 9-10% trn gi cc). - Gim cc nh k hay hi khu (deferred rebate ) : Ch tu cn c vo hp ng gim cc (Rebate contract) vi khch thu quen m thc hin chi tr tin gim cc theo nh k 3 hoc 6 thng / ln ty tha thun. Trong vn chuyn hng bng container, ch tu gim cc bng cch thng khuyn khch cho khch hng (Incentive) tc l khu tr mt t l phn trm (~12,5% ) trn tin cc phi tr. i vi khch hng c khi lng hng ln, ch tu thc hin chit khu cn c theo hp ng nh k - s lng ( Time volume contract ). Th d : Trong nh k 6 thng, ch hng xp c 200 TEU u tin s tr s tin cc l...., nu xp vt qu s lng ni trn s c gim gi v tr cc thp hn l.... Received for shipment bill of lading (Custody bill of lading ) Vn n nhn hng trc ch L chng t m ngi chuyn ch k pht cho ngi thu tu hay ngi gi hng xc nhn mnh nhn hng, ch tu n s bc xp v vn chuyn. Vn n nhn hng trc ch c chc nng nh mt bin nhn hng ha lm bng chng cho ngha v v trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch bt u t ngy nhn cho n ngy giao tr hng ti ni n. Nhng theo thng l quc t, vn n nhn hng trc ch khng c ngi nhp khu v ngn hng chp nhn l 1 trong b chng t thanh ton trong mua bn quc t vi l do l hng cha thc xp xung tu, tr khi c mt tha thun no khc gia ngi mua v ngi bn. Do , sau khi hng thc t c xp xung tu ngi gi hng phi yu cu i Vn n nhn hng trc thnh Vn n hng xp (On board B/L). Recovery Vic truy i ngi th ba (T cu) Trong nghip v bo him, sau khi bi thng cho ngi c bo him, ngi bo him c quyn truy i ngi th ba bi hon s tin tr nu xt thy ngi th ba gy ra tn tht y. Trong trng hp nh vy, ngi c bo him sau khi nhn tin bi thng c bn phn cung cp vn bn h s khiu ni ngi th ba v giy th quyn (Subrogation form) cho ngi bo him.
Reconfirm the fixture (Fixture reconfirmation) Ti xc nhn vic thu tu Trong qu trnh m phn thu tu, khi cc iu khon ch yu v nhng chi tit c lin quan c ngi thu v ch tu thng nht tha thun, nhng vn bo lu (Reservations) b gt b th 2 bn cng nhau ti xc nhn vic thu tu. Ngi mi gii thu tu (nu c) s lp v gi cho 2 bin bn tm lc hon chnh (Complete recap) m ni dung cha ng nhng iu khon v chi tit c tha thun lm c s cho vic xc lp v k kt hp ng thu tu chnh thc sau ny. Reefer ship or refrigerated ship: Tu ng lnh L tu c trang b h thng my lm lnh, dng ch cc loi hng d hng nh: rau, qu, tht, c. Register - Danh b ng k (tu) - C quan ng k (ng kim) tu. Register ton (RT) Tn ng k L n v o lng dung tch tu. Mt tn ng k c 100 feet khi (Cubic feet) v bng 2,83m3. Registry of shipping Vic ng kim (ng k) tu Theo thng l quc t, v lut php mi quc gia c tu u quy nh bt c phng tin v cng c vn ti no gm tu hng, tu khch, container u phi c kim tra cht ch v ng k ghi tn vo s ng b (Register book) ca c quan ng kim nh nc th mi c cp php hot ng kinh doanh. Giy chng nhn ng k (Ships certificate of registry) l mt chng t quan trng cp cho tu, xc nhn tn, quc tch, nm ng, cng ng k, kch thc, trng ti, ch s hu ca con tu,... n minh chng lut php chi phi lut php con tu ti ni n ng k. Vit Nam, vic ng tu do Cng ty ng kim tu Vit Nam (VIRES) m trch. VIRES l mt Cng ty quc doanh m trch vic ng kim tu ng thi kim lun vic xp th hng tu (Ships Classification). nhiu nc khc vic ng kim tu do chnh quyn qun l cn vic xp hng tu l do cc t chc xp hng tu t nhn (Classification Societies). Nhng Cng ty xp hng tu ni ting th gii gm c: Cng ty Lloyd ca Anh (lloyds Register of Shipping), Cng ty BV ca Php (Bureau Vritas), Cng ty ABS ca M (American Bureau of Shipping), Cng ty NK ca Nht (Nippon Kaiji Kentei Kyok)... Reporting day Ngy thng bo sn sng bc/d cho ch hng hay ngi gi hng Ngy trao thng bo c c tnh vo ngy lm hng (Layday) hay khng s ty thuc vo quy nh ca hp ng thu tu hoc tp qun
ca cng khu. Rerouting of vessel Thay i hnh trnh Dng ch tu thay i hng i, khng theo hnh trnh vch trc kia. Respondentia Vay cm hng L vic thuyn trng dng hng chuyn ch cm c vay tin khi khn thit, khng cn cch no khc v khi tu n ch s hon tr cho ngi vay. Nhng nu v mt l do no m tu khng n ch c (th d: tu b m dc ng) th ngi cho vay phi chu ri ro khng thu c n, nn h thng cho vay vi li sut cao. Revenue Ton (Freight ton) Tn Tnh cc L n v hng ha m ngi chuyn ch chn lm c s tnh v thu cc. Trong kinh doanh ch thu bng tu ch, ch tu thng ch ng quy nh 3 cch tnh cc: - Cc theo trng lng hng (Freight by cargo weight) - Cc theo th tch hng (Freight by measurement) Cc theo gi tr hng (Freight ad valorem) V t dnh cho mnh quyn chn la v p dng cch tnh cc no c li nht. Reverible layday Thi gian bc d b tr Dng ch tha thun gia ch tu v ngi thu v cch tnh thi gian bc v d hng 2 u cng lm hng c tnh gp lm 1 v c b tr ln nhau. Nh vy, vic tnh ton thng pht bc/d nhanh chng s ch c thc hin sau khi ch xong hng cng d v ton b thi gian lm hng 2 u cng c tng kt chnh xc. Th d: Ch tu v ngi thu tha thun thi gian bc d b tr cho 1 l phn bn ng bao 10.000 tn, nng sut bc v d hng l 1.000 tn/ngy. Khi thc t tin hnh bc hng, ngi thu ch thc hin c mc bc phn bn 900 tn/ngy, thp hn mc quy nh l 100 tn. Sau , ngi thu c gng tm cch nng mc d hng ti cng d ln 1.100 tn. Nh vy, rt ngn thi gian d hng b vo thi gian bc hng chm tr trc kia, bo m thc hin bc v d hng ng thi gian quy nh, trnh c b pht bc d chm. Rider Phn ph lc L vn bn nh km vi hp ng thu tu b sung nhng iu khon hoc quy nh c 2 bn ch tu v ngi thu tha thun, m ring bn thn hp ng thu tu khng th bao qut v cp y cc chi tit cn thit.
Rolling cargo Hng chuyn ch c bnh ln L cc loi hng nh t, my ko, xe nng...tin li cho vic a hng xung tu Ro-Ro bng cu dn. Roll on Roll off ship (Ro-Ro ship) Tu bc d hng bng cu dn (Xem: Rolling cargo v Ro-Ro container ship). Round voyage charter Thu chuyn c i v Thu chuyn kh hi (Xem: Voyage charter) Running days or cousecutive days Ngy thng hay ngy lin tc L ngy lch ph thng c 24 gi ni tip, khng phn bit Ch nht v ngy l. (Xem: Layday). Running down clause iu khon tu m va (xem: Conllision clause).
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Safe aground Chm y an ton (Xem: Safe berth, safe port). Safe berth Safe port Cu bn an ton Cng an ton Cu bn hoc cng bc d hng c coi l an ton phi l: - Cu bn hoc cng bc d m tu c th vo, ra an ton, thun li v trong thi gian lm hng tu lun lun u ni (always afloat), y tu khng chm t ngay c khi triu xung. - An ninh trt t x hi ti a phng bnh thng, khng c bin ng chnh tr, x hi, e da n an ton v vic bc /d hng ca tu. Tuy nhin, mt vi cng chu nh hng ca bin thy triu lm cho con tu sau khi bc xp khi lng ln hng ha c th b chm y khng gy hi, ngi thu tu c th yu cu sa i on cu: Nhng chm y an ton (But safe aground). (Xem:
Arrival ship). Said to contain c ni l gm c... Thut ng c dng trong vn n ch thuyn trng/ ngi chuyn ch khng bit tnh cht, khi lng hng cha trong bao b, hm, thng, hp...v ch ghi trong vn n theo khai bo ca ngi gi hng v do khng chu trch nhim v xc ca s liu. Said to weight... Trng lng khai bo... Cn c theo quy tc Hague 1924 v vn chuyn hng ha, ngi chuyn ch c ngha v k pht vn n cho ngi gi hng, trn vn n phi ghi r s lng / trng lng hng ha xp ln tu .Nhng quy tc Hague cng cho php ngi chuyn ghi vo vn n S lng/trng lng hng thc xp ln tu theo khai bo ca ch hng m tu cha th kt lun l chnh xc nhng tu li khng c iu kin kim tra. Bng cch ghi ch nh vy, ch tu trnh c trch nhim v s chnh xc ca cc s liu ghi, nu xy ra thiu ht hng v ngi nhn khiu ni i bi thng. Hp ng mu ch ng cc Centrocon li quy nh: (ch tu)... khng bit trng lng, th tch phm cht v gi tr hng ( xp ln tu) Weight, measure, quality and value unknown. Theo quy nh ny, ngi chuyn ch cng c hng phm vi min trch nhim rng hn. iu ny bt li cho ngi thu tu. Trong nhiu tranh chp v i bi thng s lng v trng lng hng ho, i b phn to n v trng ti quc t c ch ti vn hng khi lng ng bao, ng kin... v nht tr buc ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim v s lng bao, kin,... thiu ht, v s liu ny c kim nhn c th lc xp ln tu. Said to weight... Trng lng khai bo... Cn c theo quy tc Hague 1924 v vn chuyn hng ha, ngi chuyn ch c ngha v k pht vn n cho ngi gi hng, trn vn n phi ghi r s lng / trng lng hng ha xp ln tu .Nhng quy tc Hague cng cho php ngi chuyn ghi vo vn n S lng/trng lng hng thc xp ln tu theo khai bo ca ch hng m tu cha th kt lun l chnh xc nhng tu li khng c iu kin kim tra. Bng cch ghi ch nh vy, ch tu trnh c trch nhim v s chnh xc ca cc s liu ghi, nu xy ra thiu ht hng v ngi nhn khiu ni i bi thng. Hp ng mu ch ng cc Centrocon li quy nh: (ch tu)... khng bit trng lng, th tch phm cht v gi tr hng ( xp ln tu) Weight, measure, quality and value unknown. Theo quy nh ny, ngi chuyn ch cng c hng phm vi min trch nhim rng hn. iu ny bt li cho ngi thu tu. Trong nhiu tranh chp v i bi thng s lng v trng
lng hng ho, i b phn to n v trng ti quc t c ch ti vn hng khi lng ng bao, ng kin... v nht tr buc ngi chuyn ch phi chu trch nhim v s lng bao, kin,... thiu ht, v s liu ny c kim nhn c th lc xp ln tu. Sailing list Bng lch trnh chy tu L bng thng bo v k hoch thi gian vn chuyn (Shipping Schedule) ca cc con tu ch hoc tu container trn cc tuyn hot ng u n, c nh do mt hng tu no cng b trong tng thi k nhm gip cho ch hng tnh ton thun tin vic thu tu lu khoang. Trn bng lch trnh c ghi cc thng tin v: Tn tu, chuyn i, cc cng khu gh qua, cc cng trung chuyn, ngy gi tu cp bn /ri bn v ghi ch khc c lin quan. Salvage Cu nn (trn bin) Chi ph cu nn Cng c quc t 1989 v cu nn trn bin (International Convention on Salvage 1989) quy nh v vic cu nn trn bin l mt hnh vi nhn o, mt ngha v khng th thoi thc ca bt c mt con tu no khi nhn c tn hiu cu cu (SOS) ca con tu ang gp nn nghim trng nh: Mc cn, m va, ha hon, nguy c m tu, hng my tu,... Cng vic cu nn thng xy ra t xut do cc con tu khng chuyn hoc do nhng con tu cu h chuyn nghip c trang b k thut cao, c i ng cu h thnh tho v sn sng trong t th tham gia cu nn trn cc vng bin nguy him thng xy ra tai nn. Do tnh t xut ca vic cu nn nn bn tu gp nn v bn tu cu tr khng c nh c trc nhng khi bt tay vo cu nn, hai bn s nhanh chng nh c, c th da theo mu chun hp ng cu nn ca Lloyds (Lloyds standard form of salvage agreement), trong quy nh chi ph cu nn (Salvage charges) m bn tu gp nn phi chi tr cho tu n cu tr, theo nguyn tc chung Cu nn c kt qu mi tr tin (No cure No pay) da trn c s tr gi ti sn c cu (Salvage value). Salvage charges Chi ph cu nn L tng s tin bao gm nhng ph tn, nhng thit hi vt cht v tin cng cu nn pht sinh trong qu trnh cu nn, m bn tu gp nn phi chi tr cho bn tu n cu tr c hiu qu: - Ph tn m tu cu h b ra: Du m, nhin liu, lng bng v tin thng lm vic ngoi gi ca thuyn vin v nhng ngi phc v khc tham gia cu tr. - Thit hi vt cht ca tu n cu tr nu c: Do va chm gia 2 tu, h hng mt mt trang thit b k c thng tt v t vong ca i ng n cu tr. - Tin cng cu tr c quy nh theo t l gi tr ti sn (Tu, hng ha) c cu thot. S tin ny kh ln c th chim
n 1/3 gi tr ti sn (Salvage remune-ration). Nu chi ph cu tr thuc loi tn tht chung v ti sn gp nn c bo him th Cng ty him s thay mt ch ti sn ng ra chi tr phn ng gp tn tht chung theo quy tc tn tht chung quy nh. Salvage value Tr gi ti sn c cu (Xem: Salvage) Saturday clause iu khon ngy th by (trong tun) Theo thng l quc t , ngy Ch nht v ngy l c xp vo nhng ngy ngh lm hng, loi tr khi thi gian bc d. Tuy nhin ti cng khu ca mt s nc, c quan c thm quyn li quy nh thm ngy th by trong tun cng l ngy ngh vic, khng bc d hng. nhn thc thng nht, trnh hiu lm, hp ng thu tu thng ghi thm: iu khon ngy th by, cng nhn ngy th by khng lm hng. Scope of voyage clause iu khon phm vi hnh trnh iu khon ny quy nh: sau khi bc xong hng ti cng gi, tu phi khi hnh n cng d giao hng cho ngi nhn theo nh hnh trnh c ghi trn vn n hoc hp ng vn ti. Tp qun hng hi quc t khng chp nhn tu chy chch ng ngoi phm vi hnh trnh, nu khng v mt l do chnh ng. bo v li ch ca mnh, nhiu hng tu ghi rtrong iu khon phm vi hnh trnh mt s trng hp ngoi l cho php tu c thay i hnh trnh nh: Khi cn tip thm nhin liu, thc phm, khi cn trnh bo hoc thi tit qu xu trn ng i, khi cng n khng an ton,... Tt nhin khi xy ra vic tu chy ngoi phm vi hnh trnh gy chm giao hng hoc gy tn tht hng th ngi thu tu phi xem xt l do tu chy chch ng c chnh ng hay khng nh ot trch nhim ca ngi chuyn ch. Severe weather Thi tit khc nghit L thi tit xu, khng n nh, chu nh hng nghim trng ca gi to, bo, lc, ma, nhit qu lnh hoc qu nng, sng m dy c... Ni chung, iu khon Thi gian bc d hng ca cc hp ng thu tu ghi nhn thi tit khc nghit khng bo m an ton cho vic bc d hng, do nhng ngy thi tit khc nghit c loi tr khng tnh vo thi gian bc d. Sea Waybill Giy gi hng ng bin L chng t vn ti ng bin m ngi chuyn ch lp v k pht cho ch hng, xc nhn nhn v vn chuyn s hng ghi trong y.
Giy gi hng c dng trong quan h gia ngi chuyn ch v ngi thu tu, c tc dng nh mt bin lai giao nhn hng v mt hp ng vn ti c k kt. N khng c coi l bng chng xc nhn quyn s hu hng ha v do khng c cc ngn hng chp nhn l mt chng t thanh ton ngoi thng. l im khc bit gia giy gi hng v vn n ng bin. (Xem: Ph lc s:15). Seasonal port Cng hot ng theo ma L nhng cng khng hot ng quanh nm m ch c th hot ng theo ma c thi tit thun tin. Th d: Cc cng Montreal, Quebec (Cananda), cc cng Bantic... l nhng cng nm su gn vng cc Bc ca qu t, khng hot ng c vo cc thng ma ng bi l cng b bng dy phong ta. Seaworthiness Tnh nng hng hi. (Tnh thch hp i bin) L tnh nng biu th cht lng ca mt con tu thch hp v mi mt cho chuyn hnh trnh trn bin. Con tu c tnh nng hng hi (Seaworthy ship) phi l con tu c kh nng i ph trong chng mc nht nh nhng ri ro, tai nn ng bin d kin ng thi bo m an ton chuyn ch hng ha. Con tu y phi kn nc (Tight), vng chc (Staunch), kho (Strong), c trang b tt v cc dng c hng hi v lm hng. Bt k con tu no c dng ch hng phi c tnh nng hng hi v tu theo tnh hnh chuyn ch loi hng c th m c thm nhng yu cu v cht lng ca con tu. iu 3 ca Quy tc Hague 1924 quy nh: Ch tu/ ngi chuyn ch cam kt khn trng ng mc trc v lc bt u khi hnh: - Lm cho con tu c tnh nng hng hi. - Bin ch nhn s, trang b v cung ng nhu yu phm (Thc phm, nhin liu,...) cho chuyn i. - Lm cho cc hm, bung lnh, my pht lnh v cc ni cha hng khc trn tu thch hp cho vic tip nhn, vn chuyn v bo qun hng ho. Tu khng c tnh nng hng hi (Unseaworthy ship) l nhng con tu khng bn chc, ng c tu c khim khuyt, l nhng con tu khng bin ch thuyn vin, l nhng con tu khng cung ng nhu yu phm d tr cho chuyn i hoc cu trc khng thch hp cho vic chuyn ch mt loi hng c bit no . Seaworthy ship Tu c () tnh nng hng hi (Xem: Seaworthiness) Seaworthy trim clause iu khon san hng hp tnh nng hng hi c dng trong trng hp thu tu chuyn ch hng ri nu tu phi d hng 2 hoc nhiu cng khc nhau, nhm mc ch buc ngi
thu tu nu phm li lm hoc s sut trong san xp hng ln tu v nhn hng ti cng d th phi gnh chu cc chi ph pht sinh bi nhng tc nghip cn thit m bo con tu c tnh nng hng hi. Th d: iu khon san xp hng an ton gia 2 cng d ca hp ng thu tu ch hng ri Austral quy nh: Nu ngi thu khng ch dn d hng ti 2 cng hoc nu ngi thu khng cung cp thng tin chnh xc hng s c d ti cng u tin cho thuyn trng bit trc lc d hng, th bt c chi ph no pht sinh ti cng d u tin do vic i cu (Shifting), d hng (Discharging) v / hoc ti xp hng (Reloading) lm cho hng c san xp thch hp bo m tu tip tc i n cng th 2 an ton, cng nh do nhng tc nghip cn thit gip cho vic d hng ti cng d u tin c tin hnh thun li s do ngi thu c trch nhim chi tr.... Segmented transport Vn ti tng chng L cch chuyn ch xuyn sut t ni gi n ni n hng, thng qua t nht 2 phng thc vn ti tham gia nhng c im ch yu ca n l tuyn chuyn ch b ngt on theo tng chng v mi chng do mt ngi vn ti m trch cn c theo hp ng vn ti c k kt ring r trc tip vi ch hng. Cch chuyn ch ny kh phc tp, c nhng nhc im bt li i vi ch hng v h phi k trc tip hp ng vn ti tng chng vi tng ch phng tin, mt nhiu cng sc t chc, theo di, trung chuyn hng dc ng, thi gian vn chuyn thng b ko di v chi ph vm chuyn thng cao hn cch vn ti a phng thc. (Xem: Multimodal transport). Separation Vic ngn cch (hng) Bin php m tu thng p dng trong chuyn ch ngn cch cc l hng khc nhau, trnh nhm ln hoc giao nhm cng. Shifting Vic i cu L s di chuyn tu t cu bn ny sang cu bn khc bc d hng trong cng mt cng. Vic i cu bc d hng khng c li cho c ngi chuyn ch ln ngi thu, ngi nhn hng v n ko di thi gian bc d v pht sinh chi ph i cu. Khi cn thit i cu bc d, ngi thu phi thng lng trc vi ch tu c th nht tr v quy nh ph i cu do bn no gnh chu. Ship or substitute Tu... hoc tu thay th Quy nh ny trong hp ng thu tu cho php ch tu c thay th con tu c tho thun trc bng mt con tu khc hon thnh hp ng. Tt nhin, con tu thay th phi c sc ch hng v nhng tnh nng k thut tng t nh con tu tho thun trc kia
(k c cp hng tu) v m bo bc xp hng ng k hn ca hp ng. Nh vy r rng l nu c hp ng thu tu khng quy nh cho php ch tu thay th tu c tho thun trc th ch tu s khng c quyn thay th tu m khng c s ng ch ngi thu. Ship breaker Ngi (cng ty) ph hu tu c L nhng ngi (cng ty) mua li nhng con tu c v ph hu n thnh st vn (serap). Cc con tu ny c tnh gi theo lng r nc khng ti (light displacement tonnage). Ship Chandler Ngi cung ng tu bin L ngi (hoc cng ty) c a bn hot ng ti cc cng khu chuyn kinh doanh dch v cung ng nhu yu phm cho tu bin: Nhin liu, thc phm, nc ngt, vt liu thit b hng hi v lm hng,... Shipped or on board Bill of Lading Vn n hng xp xung tu L loi vn n ch c ngi chuyn ch hoc i din ca h k pht cho ngi gi hng sau khi hng c xp xung tu. (Xem: Bill of Lading). Shippers weight Trng lng do ngi gi hng khai bo Thut ng c ngi chuyn ch s dng khi ghi trng lng hng trn vn n cn c vo li khai ca ngi gi hng (ch hng) m pha tu khng cn o hoc khng c kh nng cn o. Lm nh vy, ngi chuyn ch trnh c trch nhim v s chnh xc ca trng lng hng ghi trn chng t vn ti. Shipping 1-Ngnh vn ti bin 2-Tu bin 3-Vic xp hng ln tu Shipping agent i l hng hi L ngi hoc Cng ty nhn y thc ca mt ngi khc v hon thnh mt nghip v no thuc lnh vc vn ti bin nhn hoa hng. C nhiu loi i l hng hi: - i l giao nhn ( Forwarding agent or Forwarder): Chuyn ngh dch v gi v nhn hng theo u thc ca ch hng, ch tu. - i l tu bin (Ships agent): Chuyn ngh dch v thu xp: th tc tu ra vo cng; bc d v lu kho hng ha, tip t cung ng thc phm,... theo ch nh, u thc ca tu. - i l thu tu (Chartering agent) hay mi gii thu tu (Chartering broker): Chuyn ngh dch v thu tu theo y thc ca ch hng. - i l ngi chuyn
ch (Carriers agent) hay i l ch tu (Owners agent): c ngi chuyn ch hay ch tu chn v ch nh lm i l thc hin cc nghip v theo ch th ca cc ch tu: Cho thu tu v thu cc, giao nhn v lu kho bi hng ha, thu xp cu bn , nghin cu th trng v qung co tip th,... - i l hay mi gii mua bn tu (Ships sale or purchase broker): Chuyn lm mi gii trung gian gia ngi mua v bn tu. Nghip v i l hng hi l mt loi dch v khng th thiu, gp phn phc v c lc cho s pht trin ca ngnh hng hi v thng mi quc t. Shipping Conference (Freight Conference) Hip hi vn ti bin (Xem: Freight Conference) Shipping documents Chng t gi hng L chng t dng chng minh vic gi hng nh vn n, giy gi hng v cc loi chng t vn ti khc tng t. Trong mua bn quc t, chng t gi hng c th tu theo yu cu m c km theo ha n v hp ng bo him hng gi. Shipping Exchange or Freight exchange S giao dch thu tu L ni tp trung tin hnh cc giao dch thu tu, nhng th trng thu tu trng yu thnh vin tham gia giao dch gm c: Ch tu, ch hng, ngi kinh doanh ch thu, ngi mi gii, ngi kinh doanh gi/nhn hng... S giao dch thu tu Bantic l mt trong nhng ni giao dch thu tu lu i ln nht th gii. Shipping Line 1. Cng ty vn ti bin (Shipping Company) 2. Tuyn ng hng hi ni lin cc cng Shipping Instructions Bn ch dn lm hng Do ngi gi hng son v gi cho tu ch dn vic lm hng. Bn ch dn bao gm vic m t hng, ni gi v ni n, tn tu vn chuyn, ngy gi bc d, cc chng t theo hng v bin php p dng c bit nu cn. Shipping Note Thng bo gi hng L giy bo ca ch hng / ngi gi hng gi cho hng tu / i l hng tu hoc ban qun l cng khu v tnh hnh chi tit l hng s c xp xung tu gi i, km theo nhng ch dn v bc d, bo
qun v vn chuyn nu cn. Shipping unit n v chuyn ch L n v o lng ph bin thng dng tnh s / khi lng cho mt loi hng ha no , c ch gi hng v ngi chuyn ch nht tr dng lm c s giao v nhn hng. Th d: Kg, pound, tn, m3, Cubic feet, lit, barrel, fathom, mt, yard, inche, n v chuyn ch cng thng l n v tnh cc (Freight unit) tr trng hp i vi loi hng c gi tr cao nh vng bc, qu...th cc thu theo gi tr m khng theo n v chuyn ch. Ships articles (articles of agreement) Hp ng thu thuyn vin c k kt gia thuyn trng v thuyn vin, trong bao gm tin lng, chc danh thuyn vin, ngy bt u hnh trnh v ngy kt thc. Ships documents or Ships papers Chng th tu bin L nhng vn bn chng minh ngun gc, phm cht, kh nng hot ng kinh doanh ca con tu theo th tc lut php quc gia v quc t. Gm c: - Chng th quc tch (Certificate of Nation). - Chng nhn quyn s hu (Certificate of Ownership) - Chng nhn ng k (Certificate of Registry). - Chng nhn dung ti quc t (International Tonnage Certifcate). - Chng nhn du chuyn ch quc t (International Load Line Certificate). - Chng nhn phm cp (Certificate of Ships Class) - Chng nhn an ton kt cu (Cargo ship safety construction Certificate). - Chng nhn an ton trang thit b (Cargo ship safety equipment Certificate). - Chng nhn an ton v tuyn in bo, in thoi (Cargo ship safety radio-telephoby, radiotelegraphy Certificate). - Danh b thuyn vin (Crew List). - Chng nhn dit chut (Deratting Certificate). - Chng nhn phng chng nhim du quc t (International oil polluting Certificate). - Chng ch v sinh (Sanitary Certificate) - ... Tu theo yu cu m cc chng t ca tu s c xut trnh cho c quan kim dch v sinh (Sanitary service), hi quan (Customs), c quan nhp c hoc lc lng bin phng (Immigration Service), c quan cng v hoc qun l cng (Port Authority), cng vi mt s giy khai khc c kim tra trc khi vo cng. Ships husband (Husbandary agent) Ngi qun l tu L ngi c ch tu ch nh lm i din theo di hot ng ca con tu bao gm: chm sc, duy tu v sa cha tu nhm bo v li ch ca ch tu. Vic ch nh ngi qun l tu ch xy ra khi no ch tu xt thy cn thit.
Ships owner Ngi ch tu L ngi ch s hu con tu c ng k chnh thc v ang hot ng (Registered owner). Cn phn bit vi ch tu danh ngha (Disponent owner), khng phi l ch tu thc s m ch l ngi i thu tu v kinh doanh cho thu li (sublet). Ships Master Thuyn trng L ngi ch huy cao nht ca 1 tu bun, chu trch nhim v mi mt hot ng ca con tu ng thi cng c quyn hn rng ri c php lut hng hi quc t v quc gia cng nhn. Ships protest or Se protest or captains protest Bn khng ngh hng hi Khi con tu/hoc hng ha b tn tht do thin tai hay nhng ri ro khc trong chuyn i trn bin, thuyn trng s lp bn khng ngh hng hi trong nu r tnh cht, nguyn nhn s c, tnh hnh tn tht,...gi n nh ng cc c thm quyn (C quan cng chng, lnh s,...) trong thi hn quy nh sau khi tu cp bn. Bn khng ngh hng hi l mt trong nhng chng c trng yu ta n, trng ti hoc chuyn vin tnh ton tn tht xem xt v gii quyt bi thng tn tht. Ships rail Lan can tu Theo iu kin thng mi quc t Inconterms, lan can tu c dng lm ranh gii chuyn ri ro t ngi bn sang ngi mua khi iu kin giao hng FOB hoc C&F, CIF c p dng. Ships report Bo co hnh trnh ca tu L bo co m tu phi np cho hi quan trong thi gian quy nh (Thng trong vng 48 ting ng h) sau khi tu n cng theo th tc nhp cnh a phng. Bo co ghi r: Tn tu, cng ng k, quc tch, ngy v cng khi hnh hoc gh qua, tnh hnh chuyn ch, s c xy ra trong hnh trnh nu c; Bo co cc hnh trnh ca tu tu quy nh nh ng ca a phng m c gi l bn ghi chp hnh trnh (Voyage memo or Memorandum). Ships size C tu C tu to hay nh biu th sc ch ca con tu. Tu theo sc ch ca con tu m ngi ta thng chia thnh 5 c: 1. Tu handy size (c nh): Trng ti t 25.000 n 40.000DWT. Ch hng kh hoc hng ri. 2. Tu handy max (c nh va): Trng ti t 35.000 n 50.000DWT. Ch hng kh hoc hng ri. 3. Tu panamax (c di trung bnh):
Trng ti t 50.000 n 80.000DWT. Ch hng kh hoc hng ri. 4. Tu e-size (c ln): Trng ti t 100.000 n 150.000DWT. Ch hng ri. 5. Tu medium size (c trung bnh): Trng ti t 90.000 n 175.000DWT. Ch du m. Nhng nm gn y, cng nghip ng tu pht trin mnh, cho ra i nhng con tu ch du th rt ln hoc cc ln trng ti t 200.000 n 500.000DWT (Very large or ultra large crude oil carrier). Ships sweat ng hi nc (hp hi) Hin tng ng hi nc xy ra khi hng ch trn tu pht nng v hp hi (Heating and sweating). Lng hi nc tha ng thnh git khi nhit ngoi tu tng cao cn nhit bn trong tu cha hng li thp hn im sng ca khng kh (dew point). Shipyard or yard Xng ng tu Short form bill of lading Vn n rt gn L vn n ch cha ng nhng thng tin cn thit v giao nhn, vn chuyn m khng ghi y nhng chi tit khc v chng c nu trong mt vn bn chuyn ch hoc php l khc m vn n dn chiu trong iu khon ng u (Paramount clause). Th d: vn n theo hp ng thu tu (Charter-Party Bill of Lading) l mt vn n rt gn, c ghi cu: Mi iu kin vn ti khc nh ghi trong hp ng thu tu (Other conditions of carriage as per Charter-Party). Short sea trade Vn ti bin gn Shortage S thiu ht (hng) Ch hng ha giao hoc nhn khng trng lng (Shortage in weight) hoc khng s kin (Shortage in pieces) hoc khng s bao (Shortage in bags) so vi s liu ghi trong chng t vn ti hay phiu giao nhn. Short handed ship Tu khng bin ch thuyn b m bo an ton cho cc hot ng trn bin ph hp vi cc quy tc an ton hng hi quc t, mi quc gia u cn c vo kch c, chng loi v trang b k thut m quy nh s lng thuyn b (Crew) cho tng con tu bao gm thuyn trng, s quan, thu th v nhng
ngi gip vic c bin ch vo cc b phn trn boong, b phn my v b phn qun tr. Mt con tu khng bin ch thuyn b, khim khuyt nhn vin m nhim mt chc v no trn tu nht l nhng chc v trng yu th s b coi l khng c tnh nng hng hi v c th v l do m ch tu phi chu trch nhim v tn tht tu, hng nu khng may xy ra. Short landed cargo Hng d thiu L hng d ln b thiu ht, so vi s/khi lng ghi trong chng t vn ti. Trong trng hp ny, ngi nhn hng s yu cu ngi chuyn ch lp v k giy chng nhn hng thiu ht lm bng chng khiu ni sau ny (Certificate of Short landed cargo). Trch nhim v vic d hng ln b thiu ht thuc v ngi chuyn ch. Short shipped cargo Hng gi thiu Dng ch hng c bc ln tu gi i b thiu ht, khng s/trng lng m hp ng mua bn hoc th tn dng quy nh ti iu khon giao hng. Trch nhim v vic gi hng thiu (Short shipment) thuc v ch hng hay ngi gi hng. Short ton or US ton Tn ngn hay tn M L n v tn s dng ph bin Hoa K v mt s nc khc, c trng lng bng 907,2kg. Similar substitute or substitute (ship) Tu thay th tng t Dng ch con tu c tnh nng tng t (trng ti, dung tch, s ham,hng...) m ch tu c quyn s dng thay th con tu quy nh trc kia cn c theo tho thun ca hp ng k kt. (Xem: sister ship) Single deck ship or singledecker Tu mt boong L loi tu m cu trc ch c mt boong chuyn dng ch hng kh ri. Sister ship Tu ch em Trong vic ch thu hng ha, ngi chuyn ch c ngha v cung cp con tu tnh nng hng hi v cc iu kin khc theo quy nh ca hp ng. Nhng phng trng hp con tu c thu gp bt trc khng th thc hin chuyn chuyn ch ng k hn, ngi chuyn ch thng ghi thm Tu X hoc tu thay th (X ship or substitute),
dnh cho mnh quyn c thay th bng con tu khc. Trong trng hp nh vy, ngi thu xc nh tu thay th phi l tu ch em ca tu X, ngha l con tu c cu trc, tnh nng hng hi, sc ch tng t v thuc cng mt ch tu nhm bo v quyn li ca mnh theo hp ng thu tu. Sling X-lng L dng c h tr dng bc d cc loi hng bao, kin, hm, thng nhm nng cao hiu qu nhanh chng an ton. Tu loi hng m ngi ta s s dng x-lng dy cho (Rope sling) hoc x-lng li (Net sling). 2 u x-lng c mt thng lng gi cht hng khi nng ln, h xung. i khi, ngi ta nguyn x-lng khi cht xp hng trong ham tu. Th d: Bao ximng, mc ch khi d hng ln b c nhanh chng, tin li. Hng ho ny coi nh c gom trc vo x-lng (Pre-sling). Slot charter Thu li Ch ngi khai thc mt i tu m v trong mt trng hp c bit no khng sn tu nh ch hng nn phi thu li mt vi tu (slot) ca mt cng ty vn ti container khc thc hin hp ng chuyn ch k vi ch hng. Smuggled goods Hng lu L loi hng phi php, trn thu hi quan. Smuggler - Tu bun hng lu. - Ngi bun hng lu. Sofort or immediate rebate Gim cc ngay (Xem: Rebate) Sous pslan or under ships tackle Di mc cu ca tu Dng ch trch nhim ca ch tu bt u t khi mc cu ri l hng ti cng d. D nhin, cc sut thu tu s c tnh tng ng vi phm vi trch nhim ni trn. Spot or Spot prompt Ngay lp tc Trong thu tu, thut ng ny c dng ch ngi thu c yu cu khn cp v vn chuyn hng, ch tu cn nhanh chng iu tu n cng bc hng ngay lp tc sau khi hai bn tho thun k kt hp ng
vn ti. Thng thng, khi ngi thu c yu cu khn cp a tu n ngay cng bc hng, th ch tu c th nhn c hi nng cao cc ph. State bill of lading Vn n n chm L vn n n tay ngi nhn hng chm tr, lm cho ngi ny khng nhn hng kp thi trong khi tu v hng ha n trc. Trng hp vn n n chm c th xy ra khi c ly vn chuyn gia cng gi v cng n qu ngn hoc ngi bn gp nhng trc trc ngn tr lp v gi b chng t thanh ton hng mua bn kp thi. phng trnh hu qu bt li do tnh hnh trn, ngi bn cn c bin php khc phc (Gi chng t vn ti theo tu,, dng thng bo in t,...) hoc tho thun trc vi ngi nhn hng. Straight bill of lading Vn n ch danh L vn n ghi ch danh tn ngi nhn hng m khng km theo ch Theo lnh. Nh vy, ch c ngi ny mi c quyn nhn hng nu trong vn n. Vn n ch danh l loi vn n khng th chuyn nhng bng cch k hu (Non-endorsed bill of lading) (Xem: Bill of lading). Standard form of charter party Mu chun hp ng thu tu (Xem: charter party standard). Standard sea-water Nc bin tiu chun L nc bin c t trng d (Density) = 1,027 v nhit T (Temperature) = 150C. Standard fresh water Nc ngt tiu chun L nc bin c t trng d (Density) = 1 v nhit T (Temperature) = 150C. Statement notice Thng bo tnh hnh (hng ha) Khi xy ra s c hng b h hi, thiu ht hoc mt tch th ngi chuyn ch c trch nhim gi thng bo tnh hnh hng ha kp thi ch hng bit v x l. Statement of facts Bn nht k bc/d (hng) L bn ghi chp s vic trong qu trnh bc/d hng ca con tu lin tc
t khi tu n cng cho ti khi bc/d xong. Ni dung bn nht k bc/d (hng) ch yu gm c: Ngy gi tu n, ngy gi trao thng bo sn sng bc/d, thi gian bt u lm hng, tnh hnh din bin lc lm hng, thi gian gin on, thi gian kt thc bc/d. Bn nht k bc/d (hng) c dng lm c s tu lp bng tnh thi gian bc/d (Time sheet). Steamship or steamer (S/S) Tu hi nc L tu chy bng ng c hi nc. Hin nay t c s dng v c nhiu nhc im k thut v km hiu sut kinh t. Stevedorage - Cng vic bc d hng - Ph bc d hng Stevedore Cng nhn bc d hng Ti cc cng khu, cng nhn bc d c phn cng vic bc d theo i hoc nhm (Team): Nhm lm vic ti thm bn (Apron team), nhm lm vic ti ming ham (Hatch team) v nhm lm vic trong hm hng (Hold team). Stiffeners Bao (ti) dn hng Trong chuyn ch hng ht ri, ngi ta dng bao (ti) c ng y hng dng lm vt dn phng trnh hng ht ri x dch gy tr ngi, nguy him khi tu chy. Nhng hng ha cha trong bao (ti) s c ly ra v tnh chung vo trng lng ca l hng. Stockage Vic tn tr L vic lu gi hng, vt phm vo kho lm d tr. Stoppage in transifu Ngng chuyn giao hng Trong trng hp ngi mua khng chu hoc khng cn kh nng thanh ton cc khon n theo ngha v c quy nh trong hp ng mua bn, th ngi bn c th thc hin quyn ngng chuyn giao hng ang trn ng gi i bng cch yu cu ngi chuyn ch gi hng li cho mnh, lm p lc buc ngi mc n phi nhanh chng chi tr mi c nhn hng. (Xem: Lien). Storage 1. Vic lu kho (Warehousing): Ch vic ct gi hng vo kho. 2. Kho
(Warehouse): Bao gm cc loi nh kho (Sorehouse), kho tm (Interim storage), kho cng (Dock storage), kho ngoi quan (Bonded storage), kho lnh (Freezer or refrigerated storage), kho qu cnh (Transit storage), bi hng khng mi che (Open storage). 3. Ph kho bi (Tin thu kho bi). Stowage factor H s cht xp (hng) L mt i lng biu th mt n v trng lng ca hng chuyn ch chim bao nhiu n th tch ca n: M (m2) W (tn) Trong : - M (Measurement): Th tch hng. - W (Weght): trng lng hng. H s cht xp ca hng ha cao hay thp l tu thuc vo c tnh l ho v vt liu, cch ng gi bao b ca bn thn hng ha . Ngi chuyn ch thng cn c vo h s cht xp ny phn bit hng nng, hng nh (cng kng) chn la cch thu cc theo trng lng hoc theo th tch hng ng thi nghin cu kt hp t l chuyn ch gia hng nng v hng nh tn dng trng ti v dung tch ca con tu trong chuyn i theo cch c li nht Stowage space or shipping space Khong khng gian cha hng chuyn ch ca mt con tu Straddle carrier system H thng bc d bng xe nng bn trong Trn mt bng ca bi cha container, cc xe nng container bn trong (Straddle carrier) c s dng lm cng c ch lc nng, vn chuyn v xp cc container theo cc tng cao. B tr lc lng xe nng bn trong thnh mt h thng bc d ti khu cng container c li v cng c vn chuyn bc xp ny va nng va di chuyn v cht xp container cho php tn dng mt bng ca bi cha v bo m an ton hn v cc container c gi khong trng gia 4 bnh xe nn t b va chm. Stranding or Grounding Vic mc cn Tu mc cn (Strandd ship) tm thi khng di chuyn c v y tu chm t hoc chm chng ngi no khc ( ngm, xc tu, bi san h,...). Vic tu mc cn xy ra c th do s c vo cn (Intentional stranding) nhm tnh mt s c khc gy tn tht nghim trng hn (Trnh m tu, trnh tri dt,...) nhng cng c th do s c bt ng l nguyn nhn gy nn (Sng thn, bo t,... x y tu vo cn). Trong bo him hng hi, vic mc cn gy tn tht cho tu, hng v nguyn nhn ngu nhin, bt ng hoc c trnh tn tht ln hn (trng hp tn tht chung) th s c Cng ty bo him bi thng. Strike clause iu khon nh cng nh cng (Strike) v b xng (Lock-out) trong lc bc d hng ti
cng hay trong lc tu ang hnh trnh c th ko di thi gian bc d v vn chuyn hng,gy tn tht cho tu v hng ha. Trong chuyn ch bng vn n tu ch hay bng hp ng thu tu chuyn, tp qun hng hi quc t cng nhn nh cng, b xng l mt ri ro khch quan ngoi mun nn ch tu v ngi thu u c min trch. Tuy nhin, khi xy ra nh cng th vic x l kh phc tp do trong nhiu hp ng thu chuyn, iu khon nh cng thng c a vo 2 bn m phn v thng nht cch x l, tip tc thc hin hay hy hp ng, b p tn tht tu b lu gi ti cng qu thi gian bc d, nh ot s hng bc d dang ln tu, vn iu tu n cng khc,... (Xem: iu khon chung v nh cng-General strike cluse ca hp ng thu chuyn Gencon v Institute Clauses). Stffing or Vanning Vic ng hng (Cht xp hng) vo container Theo tp qun vn chuyn container, vic ng hng vo container l do ch hng t lm ly, tr khi c yu cu c bit ca ch hng hoc khi hng gi i l hng l ca nhiu ch c gom v vn chuyn chung trong mt container, (Xem: Consolidation) Subject to stem (substem) or subject to enough merchandise Tu thuc ch n lt hoc tu thuc (iu kin) hng Trong m phn thu tu ch than, qung vi khi lng ln, i khi v vic chun b giao hng ca ngi cung cp hng hay ca ngi thu tu khng hon tt kp thi gian lm hng tha thun, nn ngi thu phi bo lu iu kin Tu thuc ch n lt hoc Tu thuc (iu kin) hng. Thut ng ny hm nu hng cha giao th ngi chuyn ch phi ch n Ngy hng (Stem date) mi bt u bc d v tnh thi gian lm hng cho d tu n v trao thng bo sn sng bc hng trc . Nhng nu vic bc hng c th bt u ngay sau khi tu n th ngi thu s thng bo Tu min ch n lt (Free stem) cho ch tu. Subject to details (Sub details) Tu thuc (iu kin) chi tit Trong m phn thu tu, khi 2 bn ng s tp trung thng lng vo cc iu khon ch yu v dnh cc chi tit m phn sau th cui cu ca cho thu v i p cho thu (Offer and counter), h thng ghi thut ng Tu thuc chi tit. Nh vy, sau khi tho thun xong cc iu khon ch yu, 2 bn phi tip tc m phn cc chi tit c th i n mt xc nh thu dt khot (Clean fixture). Tuy nhin c trng hp khng tho thun c cc chi tit ca vic thu v cho thu nn mt trong 2 bn c th v m hu b m phn. Subject to license being granted Tu thuc (iu kin) tu c cp php Trong m phn thu tu, khi ch tu thy mnh khng c t do
quyt nh cho thu th khi cho thu h thng nu on thut ng: Tu thuc tu c cp php. Nh vy, nu cp trn hoc nh ng cc c thm quyn khng cp php cho tu hot ng, th cho thu tr thnh v hiu v thnh giao k hp ng s khng kt qu. Tt nhin, cch cho thu khng c nh ny s lm cho ngi thu khng yn tm v cha r kt qu c thu c tu ch hay khng. Subject open or subject being free Tu thuc (iu kin) tu rnh vic Trong m phn thu tu, i khi ch tu cho thu khng c nh bng cch a ra on thut ng: Tu thuc tu rnh vic. Nh vy, ch tu dnh cho mnh quyn bo lu quyt nh cho hay khng cho thu vi iu kin tu thuc vo con tu lc y khng b rng buc bi mt v vic kinh doanh no khc. Tt nhin, ngi thu tu khng hoan nghnh cch cho thu ny v h khng th tin chc s thu c tu ch hng. Subject to sapproval Tu thuc vo ng ca Thut ng c ngi thu tu i khi s dng trong khi i p cho thu dnh ch ng, linh hot trong m phn. Th d: - Tu thuc vo ng ca Ban gim c thu tu (Subject to charterers boards approval). - Tu thuc vo ng ca ngi nhn hng (Subject to receiversapproval). Subject to reservation or to conditions Tu thuc vo nhng bo lu hay iu kin Trong qu trnh m phn thu tu, ch tu v ngi thu tu i lc cho thu c nhng bo lu hay iu kin, quy nh ny lm cho vic thu tu tr thnh khng c nh, nhng bo lu hay iu kin b loi b th tnh php l ca cho thu mi c hiu lc vng chc. Ngi thu cng nh ch tu phi quan tm y n tnh cht, ni dung ca nhng bo lu hay iu kin c s nh gi ng v cho thu v xu hng pht trin ca m phn. Subletting-subcharter Vic cho thu li tu Thng thng theo tp qun, nu hp ng c quy nh th ngi thu tu chuyn hoc thu theo nh hn c php cho ngi th ba thu li ton b hoc mt phn khoang ca con tu ch hng. H tr thnh ngi cho thu th cp (Subfreighter) v m trch ngha v chuyn ch i vi ngi th ba. Cho thu li tu l kinh doanh ring ca ngi thu tu nhng ngi thu tu vn phi c ngha v thc hin y cc iu khon ca hp ng gc k vi ch tu. Sublease
Vic thu li tu Ch nhng trng hp ch hng khng k hp ng gc thu tu trc tip vi ch tu m phi thu li tu t ngi thu tu u tin nay tr thnh ngi cho thu li (Sublessor). Vic k hp ng thu li tu kh phc tp, ngi thu li cn xem xt k trnh u c v gian ln hng hi. Subrogation Quyn thay th - Th quyn Sau khi ti sn c bo him ca mnh bi thng tn tht tha ng v y , ngi c bo him (Insured) c trch nhim lp v gi cho ngi bo him (Insurer) th th quyn (Letter of subrogation) xc nhn ngi bo him c quyn thay th x l mi vn c lin quan n quyn li i vi vt c bo him (Subject matter insured). Nu tn tht ca ti sn c lin quan n khiu ni i bi thng ngi th ba gy ra tn tht y, th ngi c bo him phi cung cp nhng chng t c lin quan ngi bo him c c s php l khiu ni ngi th ba. Nu khng cung cp chng t cn thit cho vic khiu ni, ngi bo him c quyn t chi bi thng phn ny cho ngi c bo him. Subsistence supply - Vic cung cp lng thc (cho tu) - Lng thc c cung cp (cho tu) Suation elevator My ht bi Dng d hng ht ri bng cch ht qua ng chn khng. Sua and Labour clause iu khon hnh ng phng tnh v gim nh tn tht Khi mt s c xy ra, ngi c bo him m trc tin l thuyn trng phi hnh ng kp thi, thc hin mi bin php hp l phng trnh v gim nh tn tht ti sn c bo him. Nu ngi c bo him khng lm trn trch v ny th ngi bo him s khng chu trch nhim bi thng tn tht xy ra. Nhng chi ph m ngi c bo him b ra thc hin cc bin php c hiu qu ngn nga v hn ch tn tht do cc ri ro c bo him ghi trong hp ng bo him theo bt c iu kin u s c ngi bo him gnh chu Supercargo 1. i din ngi thu tu Trong thu tu nh hn, ch tu thng ng cho ngi thu c c mt i din ca mnh i theo tu trong
thi gian thu. Tu s cung cp thc phm v tin nghi sinh hot nh mt s quan ca tu. Cc chi ph khc ca i din s do ngi thu gnh chu. Trch nhim ca i din l theo di v chm sc, bo v li ch ca ngi thu m mnh l i din nhng khng can thip vo cng vic ca thuyn trng l iu khin tu v lm hng. 2. Ngi p ti hng Trong thu tu chuyn v i khi trong thu tu ch, ngi p ti hng c ch hng phi i theo tu chm sc, gi gn mt s loi hng c bit nh:Hng c gi tr kinh t rt cao, hng nguy him, ng vt sng,... m ch tu t chi khng m nhn vic chm sc. Tu trng hp, ngi p ti c th c ch tu cung cp thc phm v tin nghi sinh hot. Supervision of register Vic gim sat ca t chc ng k v xp hng tu m bo vic k cp giy chng nhn phm cp tu c chnh xc, c gi tr ch thc, t chc ng kim phi cc thanh tra vin hay gim nh vin (Surveyor) ca mnh theo di v gim st cht ch con tu t khi bt u ng cho n lc h thu v chy th. Trong trng hp khc, khi con tu gp s c v b h hng nng nh hng n phm cp con tu, t chc ng kim s theo yu cu ca ch tu m c thanh tra vin ca mnh theo di, gim st vic sa cha v ty thc trng ca con tu m cho php n c duy tr phm cp c hoc phi tip tc sa cha c th phc hi phm cp sau ny. Surf day Ngy c sng cn (Sng v b) Sng cn gy kh khn nht nh cho vic bc d hng ti cng khng c che chn t pha bin (open port). Nu sng cn qu to, lm cho vic bc d khng an ton th ngy c sng cn c coi l ngy thi tit khng cho php bc d (Weather not permitting). Surveyor Gim nh vin, Thanh tra vin L nhng chuyn vin hoc k thut vin lnh ngh c ch nh hoc u thc vic gim st v kim tra tnh trng, cht lng ca con tu hoc hng ha nhm phc v cho vic ng kim xp hng tu, cho vic giao nhn tu theo hp ng thu tu nh hn, cho vic nh gi tn tht ca hng ha c bo him,... (Xem: Survey report). Survey report Bin bn gim nh L bo co kt qu gim st, kim ra ca gim nh vin c u quyn, lm chng c php l xc nhn thc trng k thut ca tu hoc thc trng tn tht ca hng ha. Bin bn gim nh c thit lp khi xp hng con tu (ships classification survey), khi giao tu v hon tr tu nh hn (On-hire ang off-hire survey), khi hng ha b tn tht (cargo
damage report)... Survey for classification Vic kim tra xp hng tu Vic kim tra xp hng tu c tin hnh bi cc gim nh vin lnh ngh ca t chc xp hng bt u t khi thit k, ng v, lp t ng c v trang thit b cho n khi h thu v chy th. T chc xp hng s cn c vo kt qu kim tra m xp hng v k pht giy chng nhn xp hng cho con tu ph hp vi quy tc, quy nh ca t chc xp hng (Classification societies). (Xem: Registry of shipping). Suspension of hire nh thu (Ngng thu)
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Tallying Vic kim m hng (kim m) Vic giao nhn hng ti cng gia ngi chuyn ch v ch hng i hi phi tin hnh cht ch, chnh xc bng cch: Kim tra v cn m s lng hng thc t c bc xung tu hoc d ln b. Vic kim m c th tin hnh ti cu cng (Dock tally) hoc ti ming hm tu (Hatch tally) do nhn vin kim kin (Tallyman or tally clerk) i din cho 2 bn giao v nhn cng ghi chp v i chiu. Thng thng, cc cng khu trng yu, hng ha i n vi khi lng ln, c nhiu cng ty kim m (Tally company) lm dch v kim m thu cho tu v ch hng. Tally sheey Phiu kim m L bn ghi kt qu kim m c ch k xc nhn ca bn giao v bn nhn, lm c s cho tu cp bn nhn hng v vn n. Ni dung ch yu ca phiu kim m bao gm cc chi tit lin quan n kim kin: S vn n, tn v m hiu hng, tn tu, ngy v ni kim... Sau cng l tng s kin hoc tng trng lng hng c bc hay d hoc c tm d v ti bc xp ln tu. Tanker (tankship) Tu ch hng lng(Tu du) L loi tu c cu trc 1 boong, c khoang hng c bit gm cc bn cha c vch ngn trong t th ng hoc nm, dng cha du m, du thc vt v kh ho lng. Cng c bc d gm mt h thng my
bm v ng dn. Thit b phng chng chy c b tr y v nghim ngt trn cc tu ch du m v kh ha lng. C nhiu c tu: Loi nh trng ti vi nghn tn dng ch du thc vt hoc phn phi sn phm du m gia cc cng gn nhau v loi ln hoc cc ln trng ti vi chc ngn tn cho n 400/500 nghn tn dng ch sn phm du v du th trn tuyn ng di (Ultra large crude oil carrier = ULCC). Ty tnh cht hng chuyn ch m c th phn chia: - Tu ch du (Oil tanker) gm: Tu ch du m th (Crude oil tanker), sn phm du m c ch luyn (Product oil tanker) v du hay cht lng ngun gc thc vt nh du hng liu, mt ma, ru... (Vegetable oi tanker). - Tu ch kh ho lng (Liquefied gas tanker) nh: Metan, butan,... c cha trong bu hoc ng ng trn, cu trc kin c v kn hi c kh nng chu p sut ln v nhit rt thp di m . Tare Trng lng ca bao b L trng lng ca cng c cha hng chuyn ch nh: Hm, kin, st, container,... Trong chuyn ch hng c bao b thng thng, ngi vn ti s thu cc ph theo tng trng lng hng ha bao gm trong l trng lng bao b. Nhng trong chuyn ch hng bng container, ngi vn ti s thu cc theo trng lng tnh ca hng ha, c ngha l tr i trng lng ca container. Tariff 1. BIu thu (Hi quan) L loi thu nh vo hng ha xut / nhp khu v qu cnh do hi quan thu, np vo ngn qu quc gia. Mt nc c th t ra nhiu loi biu thu ty theo ng li chnh sch i ngoi ca mnh: - Biu thu ph thng (General tariff):p dng mc thu sut bnh thng i vi hng ha xut nhp khu v qu cnh ca nc ngoi. - Biu thu u i (Preferential tariff): p dng mc thu sut thp i vi mt s nc c hng ch u i. - Biu thu ti hu quc (Most favoured nation tariff): Dnh ring p dng i vi cc nc c hng ch ti hu quc trong quan h kinh t i ngoi. - Biu thu bo h (Protection or protective tariff): p dng thu sut cao i vi nhng mt hng nhp khu nhm bo v cc loi hng ny sn xut trong nc chng xm nhp cnh tranh t bn ngoi. Thu sut c tnh theo n v trng lng / th tch (Specific tariff) hoc theo gi tr hng (Advalorem tariff). 2. Biu cc tu ch (Liner freight tariff) L bng k tng hp cc cc sut do cc Hip hi vn ti tu ch hoc nhng cng ty kinh doanh tu ch quy nh, p dng vo vic thu cc hng ha ch thu. (Xem: Liner freight tariff). 3. Biu cc tu container (Container freight tariff) L bng k tng hp cc cc sut do cc hip hi/Cng-xoc-xim (consortiums) (vn ti tu container quy nh p dng vo vic thu cc hng ha ch thu. (Xem: Container freight tariff).
Terminal Ni cui - Phn cht Terminal chassis Khung gm L thit b h tr bc d chuyn dng lm gi cht xp v vn chuyn container gia tu-cng v trong bi cha nh vo ng lc ca my ko (tractor) Terminal handling charge Ph lm hng (ti bn cng container) L s tin m ch hng phi chi cho hng tu v cng vic tu tip nhn v cht xp container hng xung tu ti cng gi (cng bc hng) ch i hoc v cng vic tu d container hng ln b ti cng ch giao tr cho ngi nhn hng. Terms of a contract iu kin (iu khan) hp ng L nhng iu kin m 2 bn ng s trao i nhau tho thun, i n k kt hp ng mua bn hoc hp ng vn ti (Expressterms); Th d: - Delivery terms: iu kin giao hng. - Liner terms: iu kin vn chuyn tu ch. - Icoterms: iu kin thng mi quc t. TEU (Twenty feet equivalent unit) n v container bng 20 foot L n v container c 20(foot) c dng lm tiu chun o lng sc cha container ca con tu v tnh cc chuyn ch. Through Bill of Lading Vn n ch sut L loi vn n cp cho l hng c ch t cng gi hng n cng ch m dc ng hng c chuyn ti t tu ny sang tu khc hoc trung chuyn t phng thc vn ti ny sang phng tin ca phng thc vn ti khc. Tu theo tha thun ca hp ng m ngi cp vn n ch sut c th chu trch nhim i vi hng ho trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn hay l ch chu trch nhim i vi hng ha trong cung on vn chuyn do mnh thc hin m thi. Tidal port Cng thy triu L cng c mc nc bin ng do chu nh hng ca thu triu ln xung. Ti nhng cng thu triu c bin ln, vic ra vo v lm hng ca tu c th b tr ngi nn cn c s d tnh thch hp.
Through rate Cc sut ch sut (Xem: through bill of lading) Time bar Thi gian chm dt khiu ni L k hn quy nh trong hp ng thu tu m sau ch hng khng cn quyn khiu ni ch tu, ngi chuyn ch ra hi ng trng ti hoc to n kinh t. Time Charter Thu (tu) nh hn 1. L cch thu trn con tu: - Ly thi hn thu lm c s (nh hn). Tu c giao cho ngi thu s dng cho n lc kt thc thi hn s c hon tr cho ch tu. - Cc nh hn c tnh theo tn trng ti/thng ca con tu v thng thng c tr trc, bt k lng hng c ch nh th no. 2. C 2 cch thu nh hn: - Thu nh hn ph thng: ch tu giao tu c bin ch thuyn vin cho ngi thu s dng trong thi hn thu. - Thu tu trn (bare-boat charter or charter per demise): ch to giao tu khng c thuyn b (crew) cho ngi thu s dng trong thi gian thu. 3. Hp ng thu nh hn ph thng thng da vo mu chun Baltime do HIp hi hng hi Bantic v quc t son tho v c b sung sa cha nhiu ln. - Hp ng quy nh trch nhim ca ch tu: C s khn trng ng mc lm cho con tu tnh nng hng hi v duy tr hot ng c tnh nng hng hi trong sut thi hn thu; cung cp v chi tr mi t liu sinh hot, lng bng, tin thng v ph bo him x hi khc cho ton b thuyn b, s quan v thuyn trng; chi tr ph bo him thn tu v ph duy tu sa cha k thut theo nh k. - Hp ng quy nh trch nhim ngi thu: T mnh iu ng khai thc con tu trong phm vi hot ng v gii hn hng c ch, chi tr mi chi ph khai thc con tu, gm c: Nhin liu nc ni hi, cng ph, ph hoa tiu, ph qua knh o, thu cc, ph lm hng bc d, tin thng lm vic ngoi gi. - Hp ng cn quy nh nhng iu khon trng yu nh: iu khon v giao v hon tr tu, iu khon nh thu, iu khon cc ph, iu khon t tng v nhng iu khon khc v tn tht chung, k pht vn n, tu ng nhau,... Trong thu tu nh hn, ngi thu cn phi nm vng tnh cht, c im kinh t-k thut ca con tu c phng n thu v s dng c hiu qu ph hp vi yu cu chuyn ch ca mnh. (Xem: Ph c s 16) Time Sheet or Layday Statement Bng tnh thi gian thng pht bc/d (hng) L bng tnh thi gian s dng vo vic bc hoc d hng tnh thng pht trong c ch k xc nhn ca thuyn trng v ngi thu tu hay i din ca h. Ni dung chi tit gm c: - Tn cng, tn
tu. - Ngy gi tu n. - Ngy gi trao thng bo sn sng bc /d. Ngy gi bt u bc d. - Khi lng hng bc d tng ngy. - Thi gian gin on v nguyn nhn. - Ngy gi bc/d. - Thi gian c php s dng cho bc/d. - Kt qu thng/ pht Bng tnh thi gian thng pht bc /d l c s tnh thng pht bc /d theo quy nh ca hp ng. Thng thng, nu c im no trong bng tnh cha ng th thuyn trng hoc ngi thu c th ghi C khng ngh (Under protest) tip tc gii quyt sau. T.I.R (Transport international routier) Phng thc vn ti ng b quc t Tolerance (more or less) Dung sai hoc chnh lch cho php (Xem: %more or less). Ton-mile traffic Khi lng hng chuyn ch tnh theo n v tn-hi l Ton per inch immersion/Ton per centimeter S lng trng ti cho inch mn nc hoc cho 1cm mn nc Da vo bn Thang trng ti cho bit s tn trng ti tng ng khi con tu chm xung nc 1 inch hoc 1 cm. Ngi ta c th t s lng inch hoc cm mn nc ca con tu tm ra s tn trng ti tng ng ca n Tonnage 1. Thut ng c dng ch: - Dung tch (Sc cha) ca 1 con tu, c o bng th tch:m3 hoc cubic feet (Registered Tonnage). Cn c gi l dung tch ca tu. - Trng ti (Sc ch) ca 1 con tu, c o bng trng lng:Tn hoc cn Anh (Deadweight tonnage). 2. L mt tp hp dung tch hoc trng ti tu ca mt n v no . Th d: National Tonnage (S lng i tu quc gia) - Coastal Tonnage (S lng i tu cn duyn) - Charter Tonnage (S lng i tu thu mn). Tonnage Certificate (Certificate of Tonnage) Giy chng nhn dung ti L mt chng t ghi nhn s lng o lng v dung tch ca con tu do c quan ng kim cp pht: Tn v loi tu, quc tch, ch s hu, cng ng k, kch thc, dung tch, trng ti,... Tu bun hot ng trn cc tuyn ng quc t phi c giy chng nhn dung ti quc t (Intenational Tonnage Certificate), ph hp vi quy tc ca cng c v ch thng nht o dung ti tu k kt ti Olso ngy 10/6/1947 v
c b sung bi Cng c quc t v o dung tch trng ti ca tu c k ngy 23/1/1969 v c hiu lc t 18/7/1982 (The International Convention of the TonnageMeasurement of ship) Giy chng nhn dung ti tu c dng lm c s tnh thu cng v cc chi ph c lin quan, ngoi tr thu knh o Suez v Panama c tnh theo s o dung ti tu theo quy tc ring ca cc con knh ny (Suez cacal Tonnage & Panama canal Tonnage). Tonnage Thu dung ti L s tin m tu bin phi tr khi u ti cng, cn c theo s tn dung tch ng k ton phn (GRT) hoc s tn dung ti ng k tnh (NRT). Thu dung ti c tnh hp vo cng ph cng v (Harbour or port dues) trong bng lit k chi ph ti cng ca tu. (Xem: Port dues). Tonnage Du tn ti trng Theo khuyn co ca T chc t vn hng hi lin chnh ph (Intergoverment Maritime Consultative Organization-IMCO) ngy:18/10/1963, loi tu c cu trc 2 boong v nhiu hn 2 boong th 2 bn mn tu phi k du tn ti trng bn cnh v cch du chuyn ch t 540mm n 2000mm v pha li tu. Du tn ti trng gm c: 01 ng nm ngang di 380mm rng 25mm l du tn ti trng chnh vng b. - 01 tam gic u cnh, mi cnh di 300mm, rng 25mm, nh tam gic nm gia ng nm ngang. - 1 ng nm ngang di 230mm, rng 25mm nm bn trn du tn ti trng chnh, l du tn ti trng ph ti vng nc ngt. Khong cch t du tn ti trng chnh n ng boong 2 ly theo quy phm v php o tn ti trng. Khi con tu ch t hng nh, du tn ti trng cha ngp chm trong nc, th ngi chuyn ch c th ly s lng tn ng k ton phn (BRT) v tn ng k tnh tng ng (NRT) lm c s tnh mc ph ra vo cng. (Xem: Ph lc s 17) Total loss Tn tht ton b Ch l hng b h hng hoc mt mt ton b v s, khi lng hoc phm cht. C 2 loi tn tht ton b: - Tn tht ton b thc s: L hng c bo him khng tn ti hoc thc s mt ht phm cht (Actual total loss) Th d: L hng 3.000 hp o s-mi b mt sch, cha r nguyn nhn. - Tn tht ton b c tnh: L hng c bo him tuy cha b tn tht hon ton nhng s lng cn st khng ng k hoc phm cht l hng b suy gim nghim trng n mc gi tr s dng cn st khng ng k (Contructive total loss). Nu phi b cng v chi ph cu cha, ti ch, ng gi v tip chuyn s ngang bng hoc vt qu gi tr bo him ca l hng. Trong trng hp ny, ngi c bo him c th thc hin quyn t b l hng, yu cu ngi bo
him bi thng ton b l hng v nu c ngi bo him chp nhn th sau khi nhn s tin bi thng, ngi c bo him s lm th tc chuyn giao quyn chi phi v x l hng ha (k c vic khiu ni ngi c li gy tn tht) cho ngi bo him. Nhng cng c trng hp him hoi, ngi bo him t chi bi thng tn tht ton b c tnh m ch bi thng b phn s hng b tn tht thc s. Nh vy, ch hng s gi nguyn quyn chi phi s hng cn li m khng chuyn giao cho ngi bo him. Th d: L bt m 5200 tn do bo bin lm t hng, mt phm cht hon ton 5100 tn. Cn li 100 tn cng b thit hi b phn do rch v, dy bn. Ngi c bo him ngh v c hng bo him chp nhn bi thng coi nh tn tht ton b. (Xem: Subrogation). Towage 1. Vic lai dt B: (ko, y) tu hoc s lan bng sc mnh ca tu lai dt hoc tu ko (towboat or tugboat) 2. Ph lai dt tu: Cn c gi l towage due hoc tug boat charges. Trade usage (Commercial usage) Tp qun mua bn - Tp qun thng mi L nhng l thi, qun l c p dng lu i trong mua bn, c tnh n nh, hp php v c gii thch thng nht. Tc dng ca tp qun mua bn l gii thch, b sung v hng dn thc hin cc iu khon c lin quan ca hp ng mua bn m cc iu khon cha quy nh hoc quy nh cha c th. Trader 1. Thng nhn (Merchant). 2. Tu bun ch khch hoc ch hng (Passenger ship or cargo ship). Trading limits Gii hn hot ng (ca con tu) L khu vc a l m con tu c php hot ng trong iu kin bo m an ton, tu theo tnh nng v c im trang b k thut ca n. Nhiu hp ng thu tu nh hn quy nh: phm vi hot ng ca tu rng khp th gii nm trong gii hn ca nhng iu kin bo him tu IWL (World wide trading within Institute Warranties Limints). (Xem: Institute warranties). Train ferry Ph ch tu ho L loi ph c boong (tng quay) c lp t ng ray tip nhn v vn chuyn cc toa khch, toa hng ca tu ha cn ch qua on sng- bin. Tramp
Tu chy rong L loi tu lm dch v ch thu (Tramping service) c ng tu theo yu cu ch hng m khng c tuyn c nh, khng c lch trnh chy tu c nh (Sailing schedule) nh tu ch. Thng c s dng trong vn chuyn hng khi lng ln, khng bao b (hng ri) nh: Ng cc, than, qung, phn bn, tu a phn c cu trc mt boong (Single deck), trng ti ln v thn tu b tr nhiu hm hng. Tramp-Liner L loi tu c cu trc thch hp cho php ty tnh hnh th trng thu tu m kinh doanh theo cch chy rong hoc theo cch tu ch. Cht lng loi tu no cao hn loi tu chy rong thng thng, c cu trc 2 boong (Tween deck). Transhipment Bill of Lading Vn n chuyn ti L loi vn n do ngi chuyn ch hoc i din ca h k pht cho ch hng hay ngi gi hng trong trng hp hng c vn chuyn t cng gi n cng cui phi tri qua mt i ln chuyn ti dc ng (Transhipment) t tu ny sang tu khc. Vn n chuyn ti thuc loi: Vn n chuyn sut (Through Bill of Lading). Trasit goods (Goods in transit) Hng qu cnh Ch hng chuyn ch t nc gi n nc n, dc ng phi i qua nc th ba. Transit time Thi gian trung chuyn L thi gian c dng chuyn i hng ha/container t phng tin vn ti ny sang phng tin vn ti khc. Transport in bulk Vn chuyn hng ri Hng ri l loi hng khng c bao b, c ch x vi khi lng ln (in mass), chim hu nh ton b dung tch trng ti ca tu ch hng ri trong chuyn i. Th d: Than, qung cc loi, ng cc, phn bn, ximng,... Trasporter oe Conveyor Bng chuyn L loi cng c bc d s dng chuyn ng lin tc ca cc bng chuyn bng cao su hay nha do vn chuyn mt s loi hng thch hp, trn mt hng c nh v trong mt khong cch gii hn. Th d: - Bng chuyn cho bc d than, qung, phn bn,... hoc cc kin hng
c trng lng v hnh dng thch hp (Ti xch, cc-tng, bao gi,...) Bng chuyn ng rt hng v vo container. Transtainer or Trasfer crane Cu di ng Loi cu cu trc dng khung vi 4 chn gn vo bnh kim loi ln trn ray hoc bnh ln cao su, bn trn trang b mt xe ti in (Trolley) thao tc nng ln, h xung v dch chuyn cc loi hng bc d c trng lng ln. Thng c s dng ph bin trong vn chuyn, xp tng cc container ti bi cha. Tray Khay hng Loi mm hnh vung di, bng g hay nha cng c dng xp cc loi hng ng gi kch c nh (hp, ti...) trong qu trnh bc d ln xung tu. Trimming S san co L thao tc b tr, xp t hng v phn phi hng ri trong tng hm hng ca tu nhm t c hiu qu kinh t ti a v sc cha ng thi bo m th vng an ton ca con tu. (Xem: Loading and discharging conditions) Trimmed by the head Tu b chi mi Ch c con tu c mn nc mi (draught forward) n nc hi su hn mn nc li (draught after) Trimmed by the strn Tu b chi li Ch c con tu c mn nc li (draught after) n nc hi su hn mn nc mi (draught forward). Trip charter Thu (tu) chuyn (Xem: Voyage charter). Trip-time chartering Vic thu chuyn nh hn L cch thu tu phi hp thu chuyn v thu nh hn ngha l con tu c thu cho 1 chuyn vn chuyn v kt thc trong thi hn quy nh. Th d: thu 1 chuyn nh hn vi 2 cng bc hng ti Nht v 2 cng bc hng ti Vit Nam. Hon tr ti trm hoa tiu cng d sau cng. Thi hn thu tng cng 25 ngy. Khi cho thu chuyn nh hn, ch tu thng yu cu thm quy nh sau: Nu ngi thu khng hon tr ng thi hn th phi tr cc ph tri nu gi cc th trng
tng cao vo thi im y. V vy, ngi thu cn cn nhc v xem xt cc iu khon no cn b sung v sa i cho thch hp yu cu chuyn ch. Turnaround time Thi gian quay vng Thi gian quay vng ca con tu c tnh t khi bt u bc hng xung tu thc hin chuyn vn chuyn th nht v kt thc khi tu bt u bc hng xung tu thc hin chuyn vn chuyn th hai. Thi gian quay vng con tu l mt trong nhng yu t biu th hiu qu kinh doanh ca con tu. Tween-Deck Boong gia (cn gi l tng quay) ca tu Cu trc nm di boong chnh (main deck) ngn chia khoang tu thnh khoang trn (upper hold) v khoang di (lower hold), to thun li cho vic cht xp hng c hiu qu v trnh chng cht qu ti gy h hi hng. Tweendeck ship or Tween-decker Tu c boong gia Loi tu c nhiu khoang hng trn di c ngn cch bi boong gia, a phn c s dng ch hng bch ha nn cn c gi l tu ch bch ha (general cargo ship). Khoang hng di ca tu c dng cht xp hng nng (hng li) v khoang trn ca tu c dng cht xp hng nh (hng cng knh). Ming hm ca khoang tu tu theo yu cu m c th chia thnh loi ming hm n (single hatch) hoc ming hm kp (Twin-hatch) tin bc d hng ra vo hm.
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Ullage 1. Lng vi Trong chuyn ch hng lng, c bit cc loi hng d bc hi nh du m, ngi ta khng th rt y thng, chai hoc hm cha m phi lu mt khong trng phng khi nhit tng cao, bc hi va p sut ca hng tng mnh th vn bo m c an ton, trnh s r r v n chy. Khong trng c gi l lng vi. 2. Lng hao ht Thut ng c dng trong ngnh bo him ch lng hng b hao ht trong qu trnh vn chuyn. T l hao ht ty theo tnh cht loi hng s do ngi bo him quy nh v nu lng hao ht khng vt qu t l c quy nh th ngi bo him s khng phi bi
thng. Ultra large crude oil carrier (U.L.C.C.) Tu ch du th cc ln L c tu c trng ti t 350.000 tn n 550.000tn, chuyn dng ch m th. Umpire Trng ti vin quyt nh (Xem: Abitration) Unapproachable place V tr khng th tip cn (Khng th n) Trong vn chuyn hng ha, ngi chuyn ch c bn phn a tu n ng ni v ng lc lm hng theo quy nh ca hp ng chuyn ch. Nhng nu gp trng hp t bin ni y thnh v tr (Cng bn) m tu khng th tip cn lm hng bi nhng l do chnh ng (Cng bn b phong ta, lung tu vo b cn dng v l ;t y ct v, ri lon chnh tr, chin tranh,...) th ngi chuyn ch c quyn x l thch hp vi tnh th (Lu tu ch i, iu tu i ni khc, hy hp ng,...) v kp thi thng bo cho ngi thu bit quyt nh ca mnh. Unclean bill of lading Vn n khng sch (khng hp cch) (Xem: Bill of lading) Uncontainerable cargo Hng khng xp c vo container (do qu kh) U.N.C.T.D. (United nations conference on Trade and Development) Hi ngh Lin hip quc v bun bn v pht trin. Hi ngh do Lin hip quc ch tr nhm tm bin php gip cc nc ang pht trin gii quyt kh khn trong mua bn quc t v pht tin kinh t. Hi ngh c triu tp 3 nm 1 ln vi s tham gia ca i din cc nc thnh vin ca Lin hip quc v cc ban chuyn mn. Hi ngh tng a ra quy tc vn chuyn tu ch v phn chia khi lng hng chuyn ch: 40% dnh cho nc xut khu, 40% dnh cho nc nhp khu v 20% dnh cho nc th ba. Under deck shipment Hng c xp trong hm tu, khc vi hng xp trn boang (on deck cargo)
Underwriter or Insurer - Ngi bo him - Cng ty bo him L ngi ng ra kinh doanh nghip v bo him, c quyn thu ph bo him ng thi c trch nhim bi thng tn tht ca cc i tung c bo him, tu theo iu kin bo him c quy nh theo lut bo him hoc quy ch bo him. Unloading or Discharging Vic d hng t tu ln b Unitization n v ha Ch vic gp cc kin hng l thnh mt n v c kch c thng nht nng cao hiu qu bc d v vn chuyn. Qu trnh n v ha cc kin hng l dn n s ra i cch vn chuyn bng pallet v cch vn chuyn container. Unprotected goods Hng trn, khng c bao b che chn Unseaworthiness Khng tnh nng hng hi (tu) (Xem: Seaworthiness) Unstuffing orDevanning Vic rt hng (D hng) ra khi container (Xem: Stuffing) Utilisation allowance (FCL allowance) Tin gim cc s dng trn container Khi ch hng c 1l hng l, khng dung tch hoc ti trng ca container nhng vn chu thit thu trn 1 container ch, th hng tu c th u i gim gi cc cho thu trn container tu theo mc s dng (utilization). S tin y c gi l tin gim cc s dng trn container.
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Valuation form
Bng nh gi hng can d tn tht chung Khi xy ra tn tht chung, chuyn vin tnh tn tht chung yu cu ch hng khai np bng nh gi hng trong c ghi chi tit v tnh hnh vn chuyn, gi tr hng chuyn ch km theo ha n. Nu hng ha c bo him th phi ghi r tn, a ch ngi bo him v s tin bo him. Bng nh gi hng can d tn tht chung s l c s tnh ton b gi tr ng gp tn tht chung ca mi bn ng s (ch tu v ch hng) (Xem: General average). Ventilation Vic thng gi, thng hi Thng gi, thng hi hm hng, container hng l bin php quan trng bo v phm cht hng trong qu trnh vn chuyn di ngy trn bin, qua nhng vng a l c nhit v m khc nhau. Mc ch thng gi, thng hi l lm gim nhit , phng trnh hng b hp hi, m t, ngn nga t bc chy, thi b mi hi v kh c do c tnh ca hng ho. Ngi ta thc hin thng gi, thng hi t nhin bng cch ly gi tri hoc thng gi, thng hi bng qut my. Ventilated container Tontainer thng gi (Xem: Ventilation). Vessel sharing agreement Bn tha thun chia phn tu chy chung lch trnh Khi 2 hng vn ti kinh doanh chuyn ch c chung 1 lch trnh (Common chedule), 2 bn s k tha thun phn chia s tu mi bn tham gia vn chuyn nhm trnh s d tha trng ti c th a n s cnh tranh gay gt. Visit and search Vic khm xt v lc sot (tu) Khm xt v kim tra giy t trc khi tu ra vo cng l iu bnh thng do cc c quan chc nng thc hin (An ninh, y t, hi quan,...) theo lut php a phng. Nhng khi c du hiu vi phm php lut s ti th cc c quan chc nng ni trn s tin hnh lc sot k lng con tu (search) trc khi cho php con tu vo hoc ri cng. Voyage charter or Trip charter Thu (tu) chuyn L cch thu trn con tu hay mt phn ln trng ti ca con tu chy rng ch hng, ly chuyn vn chuyn lm c s thu v tr cc. Ch hng thu chuyn nhm mc ch ch l hng ln thng c ch ri nh: Than, cc loi qung, ht ng cc, du m,... Ch hng v ch tu thng tha thun chn mt hp ng thu tu tiu chun c s dng ph bin trn th trng thu tu quc t lm c s tin li,
rt ngn m phn v k kt hp ng thu chuyn (Voyage charterparty standard). Hp ng ny cha ng cc iu khon trng yu v: 1- Tnh hnh con tu c thu. 2- Tnh hnh hng chuyn ch. 3- Cng bc/d hng v cng chuyn ti nu c. 4- nh mc bc/d v thng pht. 5- Cc ph v thanh ton. 6- Ngha v, quyn li v trng hp min trch nhim ca cc bn. 7- Cc quy nh linh tinh khc nh: Cp vn n, gii quyt tranh chp, t tng,... Ni chung, trong thu chuyn ch tu c ngha v cung cp cho con tu c tnh nng hng hi v kh nng lm hng, iu tu n cng gi hng ng thi hn, thc hin vic bc xp, san co hng theo quy nh ca hp ng, gi gn, bo qun, vn cuyn v giao tr hng y v an ton cho ngi nhn ti cng n. Cn ngi thu c ngha v giao hng xung tu ti cng gi v nhn hng ti cng n ng theo quy nh trong hp ng, tr cc ph chuyn ch v chp hnh thng pht bc/d nu c. Ngi thu c th ty theo yu cu vn chuyn m c 3 cch thu chuyn: - Thu chuyn n hay thu chuyn mt (Single voyage) - Thu chuyn kh hi hay thu chuyn i ln chuyn v (Round voyage) - Thu chuyn lin tip (Consecutive voyages): i lin tip hay v lin tip. Tm li, thu chuyn c u im l gi cc thng thp hn gi cc tu ch, nhng n cng c nhc im l thng xuyn bin ng, vic m phn thu kh phc tp v tn ph nhiu thi gian 2 bn tho thun i n k kt hp ng. (Xem: Charter-Party).
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Waiver clause iu khon khc t Thng c p dng trong hp ng bo him, ni dung quy nh: Mi hnh ng ca Cng ty bo him hoc ngi c bo him nhm phc hi, cu cha hay bo ton ti sn c bo him s khng c coi l mt s khc t hoc mt s chp nhn mc nhin vic tuyn b b hng (abandonment), khi xy ra tai nn gy tn tht. Nh vy, iu khon ny s gip cho hai bn trnh s hiu lm l cc hot ng cn thit cu tr hng ni tn. Wastage Hao ph, mt mt (Xem: natural wastage) War clause iu khon chin tranh Vn n hoc hp ng thu tu c ghi iu khon chin tranh vi ni
dung t nhiu khc nhau ty theo mi ch th nhng thng c chung quy nh: Cho php thuyn trng rng quyn i ph khi c chin tranh gy nguy him cho tu, hng hoc thuyn vin. Warehousing Lu kho vic gi hng vo kho (warehose) (xem:Storage) Warranted free from Cho php c min trch i vi Thut ng thng c s dng trong cc vn kin ngnh bo him, c gi tr nh mt bo lu cho php ngi bo him c gii min trch nhim i vi mt s vic hay mt vn g . Th d: Cho php cng ty bo him c min trch i vi tn tht ring di 3% gi tr bo him (Warranted free from particular aveage under 3%). Warrnty S bo m Thut ng thng c dng trong cc hp ng bo him ch mt iu kin phi c hon thnh chnh xc cho d n c mt thit hay khng n mt tai nn ri ro no m nu ngi c bo him vi phm iu kin th ngi bo him s khng chu trch nhim na bt u t lc y. S bo m c th c biu th r rt bng cch ghi chp trong hp ng hoc c hiu ngm l mt iu tt nhin. Th d: trong hp ng bo him chuyn, tuy khng ghi r thnh vn bn nhng con tu thc hin chuyn i phi c hiu c s bo m ngm l tnh nng hng hi (Sea-worthiness). (Xem: Institute warraties) Waybill Giy gi hng (Xem: Sea waybill). Weather permitting Thi tit thun li (cho lm hng) (Xem: Laytime). Weather working day of 24 hours Ngy lm vic tt tri 24 gi (Xem:Laydays)
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
X-radiation S chiu tia X. X-radiography Php chiu tia X. X-raying Vic chiu tia X, vic kim tra bng tia X. xylotrya Mt loi h c g.
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Y Yacht : Du thuyn yc. u ni hnh Y.
Y-bend
Y-ing xch Y-maneuver Y-maneuver S quay tr hnh Y (ngot 180 ). YA xch YAR. Cu lc b yc, cu lc b thuyn bum.
yacht club
yacht ensign M c xung. yacht Thuyn yc // i thuyn yc. yachter yachting yc. yachtsman Ngui i thuyn yc. Vic i thuyn yc, th thao yc // (thuc) Ngi i thuyn yc. Ph n i yc.
yachtswoman YAG
M, kh miscellaneous auxiliary: Tu ph tr cc loi.
yanno Mt loi xung ba l nh c Nht Bn.
YAR
York-Antwerp Rule: Quy tc York-Antwerp.
yard boom n cu pha cu tu (khi hai n cng yard derrick n cu bn mn (khi hai n lm vic ghp). yard 1. yard (n v chiu di bng 0,914 mt), 2. X yard-arm derrick n cu bn mn (khi hai n lm vic ghp). yard-tackle Palng trn x ngang bum. n nhy nh ct.
yardarm blinker yardage yardarm yarn
Chiu di, din tch, th tch bng yt. u x ngang bum.
Si, ch, dnh. S o hng, gc o // o hng, chch Gia tc o hng. Bin o hng.
yaw khi Yaw Acceleration yaw amplitude yaw angle yaw axis
xch angle of yaw Trc o hng, trc thng ng. Con quay gc o.
yaw-angle gyro yaw-heel
Gc nghing do o hng. Bin o hng. xch angle of yaw H s mmen o hng.
yawing amplitude yawing angle
yawing moment coefficient yawing couple yawing yawl Mmen git.
S o hng. Thuyn in (bn hay su ngi cho). Dng c o gc o hng.
yawmeter
YC M, kh open lighter, non-self-propelled: S lan khng boong v YCF M, kh car float, non-self-propelled: S lan khng t hnh YCV M, kh aircraft transportation lighter, nonself-propelled: S lan khng t YD M, kh floating crane, non-self-propelled: Cn cu ni khng t YDT M, kh diving tender, non-self-propelled: Xung khng t hnh phc year Nm. year of grace Nm u tin (thi hn c php ko di k year-round fishery nh c quanh nm. yellow flag lng C kim dch.
YF M, kh covered lighter, self-propelled: S lan c boong t YFB M, kh Ferry boat or launch: Xung ch sang ngang. YFD M, kh yard floating drydock: Xng ni.
YFN M, kh covered lighter, non-self-propelled: S lan c boong khng YFND M, kh drydock companion craft, non-selfpropelled: Tu khng t hnh YFNX M, kh lighter special purpose, non-selfpropelled: S lan khng t YFP M, kh floating power barge, non-selfpropelled: Trm in ni khng YFR M, kh refrigerated covered lighter, selfpropelled: S lan lnh c YFRN M, kh refrigerated covered lighter, non-selfpropelled: S lan lnh c YFU M, kh harbor utility craft: S lan cng tc ti yielding flow S chy do, s chy long. YLLC M, kh salvage lifting craft, lighter, selfpropelled: Tu cu h YM 1. M, kh dredge, self-propelled: tu cuc t hnh. 2. Yacht yoke 1.Vng m, vng cch ( ln); n gnh, ci chc, young cyclone Kh xoy tr.
young flood 1. Triu mi dng, 2. L sm.
Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z drive Truyn ng ch Z. Z-bar Thp hnh Z. Z-frame zed Sn hnh Z.
Thp hnh Z. Thp hnh Z. Thp hnh Z, dm thp hnh Z. C ly ti thin nh (ca thin th).
zee-bar zee-beam
zenith distance zenith Thin nh. zenithal
(thuc) Thin nh.
zero adjuster Ci iu chnh vch s khng. zero adjustment Chnh zer.
zero buttock ng ct dc s khng, ng dc tm tu. zero datum Chun zer. S zer cao. S khng, gc ta , gc qui chiu,
zero elevation zero s khng
zero of elevation zero of gauge zero zone
S khng cao, S khng dng c o.
Mi gi khng. Vng tn hiu bng khng.
zero-signal zone zeroing zigzag zigzagging zinc
Vic iu chnh dng c v s khng. Dcdc // chuyn ng dc dc. Quay tr hnh dc dc.
Km // trng km.
zinc-silicate coating Lp ph km-silicat. Zink-lead accummulator Accu (c qui) km ch.
zodiacal constellation Chm sao hong i. zodiac Hong i. zodiacal (thuc) Hang i. zone Vng, i, di, khu vc. zone of departure Khu vc xut pht.

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Thut Ng hng hi ANH - VIT (su tm t cc website Vit nam) Sp xp theo th t ch ci ABC (TING ANH) ----------------------------------------------------A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Abatement S gim

M, kh miscellaneous auxiliary: Tu ph tr cc loi.

yanno Mt loi xung ba l nh c Nht Bn.

York-Antwerp Rule: Quy tc York-Antwerp.

yardarm blinker yardage yardarm yarn

Chiu di, din tch, th tch bng yt. u x ngang bum.

yaw-angle gyro yaw-heel

Gc nghing do o hng. Bin o hng. xch angle of yaw H s mmen o hng.

yawing amplitude yawing angle

yawing moment coefficient yawing couple yawing yawl Mmen git.

S o hng. Thuyn in (bn hay su ngi cho). Dng c o gc o hng.

young flood 1. Triu mi dng, 2. L sm.

zenith distance zenith Thin nh. zenithal

(thuc) Thin nh.

zero adjuster Ci iu chnh vch s khng. zero adjustment Chnh zer.

zero elevation zero s khng

zero of elevation zero of gauge zero zone

S khng cao, S khng dng c o.

Mi gi khng. Vng tn hiu bng khng.

zero-signal zone zeroing zigzag zigzagging zinc

zinc-silicate coating Lp ph km-silicat. Zink-lead accummulator Accu (c qui) km ch.

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