Phn 2.

CC PHNG PHP BO TON C VN DNG GII NHANH CC BI TP TRC

NGHIM KHCH QUAN NHIU LA CHN PHN HO V C.
V.1) Phng php bo ton khi lng da vo nh lut bo ton khi lng (LBTKL) .
1/C s l thuyt
* LBTKL: Trong cc phn ng ha hc, tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng tng khi
lng cc cht to thnh sau phn ng.
A + B -> C + D
Ta c mA + mB = mC + mD
T tnh c khi lng ca 1 trong 4 cht A, B, C, D khi bit khi lng ca 3 cht cn li.
* i vi phn ng ch c cht rn tham gia :
-Gi mT l tng khi lng cc cht trc phn ng
mS l tng khi lng cc cht sau phn ng
Phn ng xy ra hon ton hay khng hon ton ta lun c:
mT = mS
* i vi phn ng xy ra trong dung dch m sn phm c cht kt ta to thnh hoc c cht kh bay ra th
khi tm khi lng ca dung dch sau phn ng phi tr i khi lng cht rn v cht kh tch ra khi dung dch.
* Khi c cn dung dch th khi lng hn hp mui thu c bng tng khi lng ca cc cation kim loi v
anion gc axit.
2/Mt s bi tp minh ho
Bi 1)Ho tan 28,4 gam mt hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi ho tr II bng dung dch HCl d thu
c 3,36 lt kh ( 0oC, 2 atm) v mt dung dch A. Khi lng mui c trong dung dch A l:
A. 1,73 gam
B. 3,17 gam
C. 3,71 gam
D. 31,7 gam
Gii: Gi hai kim loi ho tr II l A
ACO3 + 2HCl
ACl2 + CO2 + H2O (1)
nCO2 =(3,36x2): (0,082x273) = 0,3 mol
T (1) suy ra nHCl = 2nCO2 = 2x0,3 = 0,6 mol
nH2O = nCO2 = 0,3 mol
Theo LBTKL ta c: mACl2 = mACO3 + mHCl mCO2 mH2O
= 28,4 +0,6x36,5- 44x0,3- 18x0,3 = 31,7 gam (chn D)
Bi 2) Cho hn hp gm 3 kim loi A, B, C c khi lng 2,17 gam tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl to ra 1,68 lt
H2 (ktc). Khi lng mui clorua trong dung dch sau phn ng l:
A.7,945 gam
B. 7,495 gam
C. 7,549 gam
D. 7,594 gam
Gii: K hiu R l 3 kim loi.
2R + 2aHCl
2RCla + aH2 (1)
nH2 = 1,68:22,4 = 0,075 mol
T (1) nHCl = 2nH2 = 2x0,075= 0,15 mol
Theo LBTKL ta c : mRCla = mR + mHCl mH2
= 2,17 + 0,15x36,5 0,075x2 = 7,495 gam (chn B)
Hoc mRCla = mR + mCl-(mui), trong nCl-(mui) = nHCl
Do mRCla = 2,17 + 0,15x35,5 = 7,495 gam
Bi 3) Ho tan hon ton 3,22 gam hn hp X gm Fe, Mg, Zn bng mt lng va dung dch H 2SO4 long, thu
c 1,344 lt H2 (ktc) v dung dch cha m gam mui, gi tr ca m l:
A. 8,98 gam
B. 9,52 gam
C. 10,27 gam
D. 7,25 gam
Gii: Gi R l 3 kim loi Fe, Mg, Zn.
R + H2SO4
RSO4 + H2 (1)
nH2 = 1,344: 22,4 = 0,06 mol

Theo (1) nH2SO4 = nH2 = 0,06 mol

Theo LBTKL ta c : mRSO4 = mR + mH2SO4 mH2
= 3,22 + 0,06x98 0,06x2 = 8,98 gam (chn A)
Hoc mRSO4 = mR + mSO42-(to mui), trong nSO42-(to mui)= nH2SO4
Do mRSO4 = 3,22 + 0,06x96 = 8,98 gam
3/Mt s bi tp tng t
Bi 1) Ho tan ht 38,60 gam hn hp gm Fe v kim loi M trong dung dch HCl d thy thot ra 14,56 lt H 2
(ktc). Khi lng mui clorua khan thu c l:
A.48,75 gam
B.84,75 gam
C.74,85 gam
D.78,45 gam
Bi 2) Ho tan 28,4 gam mt hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi ho tr II bng dung dch HCl d thu
c 3,36 lt kh ( 0oC, 2 atm) v mt dung dch A. Khi lng mui c trong dung dch A l:
A. 1,73 gam
B. 3,17 gam
C. 3,71 gam
D. 31,7 gam
Bi 3) Cho 115,0 gam hn hp gm ACO3, B2CO3, R2CO3 tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl thy thot ra 22,4 lt CO2
(ktc). Khi lng mui clorua to ra trong dung dch l:
A. 142 gam
B. 126 gam
C. 141 gam
D. 123 gam
Bi 4) Cho 24,4 gam hn hp Na2CO3 v K2CO3 tc dng va vi dung dch BaCl2. Sau phn ng thu c 39,4
gam kt ta. Lc kt ta, c cn dung dch thu c a gam mui clorua . Gi tr ca a l:
A. 20 gam
B. 25,6 gam
C. 26,6 gam
D. 30 gam

V.2) Phng php bo ton nguyn t da vo nh lut bo ton nguyn t ca cc nguyn t(LBTNT)
* LBTNT: Trong cc phn ng ho hc, cc nguyn t lun lun c bo ton.
-Khi lng ca nguyn t tham gia phn ng bng khi lng ca nguyn t to thnh sau phn ng.
-S mol nguyn t ca nguyn t tham gia phn ng bng s mol nguyn t ca nguyn t to thnh sau
phn ng.
1/Mt s bi tp minh ho
Bi 1) Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,3 mol Fe; 0,1 mol Fe3O4; 0,1 mol FeS2 vo dung dch H2SO4 c, nng, d
thu c dung dch A. Cho dung dch NaOH d vo dung dch A thu c kt ta B. Lc kt ta, ra sch, sy kh,
nung n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn, m c gi tr l:
A. 84 gam

B. 51 gam

C. 56 gam

D. 48 gam

Gii: Nu gii bi ton ny bng cch thng thng: Vit phng trnh ho hc cc phn ng, da vo cc phng
trnh ho hc tnh ton i ti kt qu s di dng. Tuy nhin dng bo ton lng nguyn t Fe ta s tnh nhanh
n kt qu nh sau:
Ton b Fe trong hn hp ban u c chuyn ho thnh Fe2O3 theo s sau:
Fe

Fe

FeS2 Fe

0,3 mol 0,3 mol

0,1 mol 0,1 mol

Fe3O4 3Fe
0,1 mol 0,3 mol

T hp ta c: 2Fe Fe2O3
0,7 mol 0,35 mol
mFe2O3 = 0,35x160 = 56 gam (chn C)
Bi 2) Tnh khi lng qung pirit st cha 75% FeS2 (cn li l tp cht tr) cn dng iu ch 1 tn dung dch
H2SO4 98% (hiu sut qu trnh iu ch H2SO4 l 80%) ?
A. 1,28 tn

B. 1 tn

C. 1,05 tn

D. 1,2 tn

Gii: Nu vit y phng trnh ho hc th cch gii bi ton tr nn phc tp. Tuy nhin gii nhanh ta lp
s (bo ton lng nguyn t S) nh sau:
FeS2 2H2SO4
120

2x98

Khi lng FeS2 cn dng l:

0,98 x 120 x 100
= 0,75
2 x 98 x 80

Khi lng qung: (0,75 x 100):75 = 1 tn (chn B)

Bi 3) Ho tan hn hp X gm 0,01 mol Fe3O4, 0,015 mol Fe2O3, 0,03 mol FeO v 0,03 mol Fe bng mt lng va
dung dch HNO3 long. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c cht rn Y. Nung Y n khi lng khng i
thu c cht rn Z. Khi lng cht rn Z l:
A. 8 gam

B. 9,6 gam

C. 16 gam

D. 17,6 gam

Gii: X (Fe3O4,Fe2O3,FeO,Fe) + dd HNO3 va

dd Fe(NO3)3, c cn dung dch thu c cht rn Y l
Fe(NO3)3. Nung Y n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn Z l (Fe2O3)
Bo ton lng Fe ta c: nFe(Z) thu c = nFe(X) ban u
= 0,01x 3 + 0,015x 2 + 0,03 + 0,03 = 0,12 mol
2Fe Fe2O3
(mol) 0,12

0,06

mZ thu c = mFe2O3 = 0,06x 160 = 9,6 gam (chn B)

2/Mt s bi tp tng t
Bi 1) kh hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 cn 0,05 mol H2. Mt khc ho tan hon ton
3,04 hn hp X trong dung dch H2SO4 c thu c th tch kh SO2 ( sn phm kh duy nht) iu kin tiu
chun l:
A. 448 ml

B. 224 ml

C. 336 ml

D. 112 ml

Bi 2) Thi t t V lt hn hp kh (ktc) gm CO v H2 i qua mt ng ng 16,8 gam hn hp 3 oxit: CuO, Fe3O4,

Al2O3 nung nng, phn ng hon ton. Sau phn ng thu c m gam cht rn v mt hn hp kh nng hn khi
lng ca hn hp kh ban u l 0,32 gam. Tnh V v m.
A. 0,224 lt v 14,48 gam

B. 0,672 lt v 18,46 gam

C. 0,112 lt v 12,28 gam

D. 0,448 lt v 16,48 gam

Bi 3) Thi rt chm 2,24 lt (ktc) mt hn hp kh gm CO v H 2 qua mt ng s ng hn hp Al2O3, CuO,

Fe3O4, Fe2O3 c khi lng l 24 gam d ang c un nng. Sau khi kt thc phn ng khi lng cht rn cn
li trong ng s l:
A. 22,4 gam

B. 11,2 gam

C. 20,8 gam

D. 16,8 gam

Bi 4) t chy hon ton 4,04 gam mt hn hp bt kim loi gm Al, Fe, Cu thu c 5,96 gam hn hp 3 oxit.
Ho tan ht hn hp 3 oxit bng dung dch HCl. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl cn dng.
A. 0,5 lt

B. 0,7 lt

C. 0,12 lt

D. 1 lt

Bi 5) Hn hp A gm Fe3O4, FeO, Fe2O3, mi oxit u c 0,5 mol. Th tch dung dch HCl 1M ho tan hn hp
A l:
A. 4 lt

B. 8 lt

C. 6 lt

D. 9 lt

V.3) Phng php bo ton in tch da vo nh lut bo ton in tch(LBTT)

* nh lut bo ton in tch c pht biu tng qut: in tch ca mt h thng c lp th lun khng i
tc l c bo ton.
-Trong dung dch cc cht in li hoc cht in li nng chy th tng s in tch dng ca cc cation bng tng
s in tch m ca cc anion.
1/Mt s bi tp minh ho
Bi 1) Dung dch A c cha cc ion sau: Mg2+, Ba2+, Ca2+, 0,1 mol Cl- v 0,2 mol NO3-. Thm dn V lt dung dch
K2CO3 1M vo A n khi c lng kt ta ln nht. V c gi tr l:
A. 300ml
B. 200ml
C. 250ml
D. 150ml
Gii : thu c kt ta ln nht khi cc ion Mg2+, Ba2+, Ca2+ tc dng ht vi ion Ca2+.
Mg2+ + CO32- MgCO3
Ba2+ + CO32- BaCO3
Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3
Sau khi phn ng kt thc, trong dung dch cha cc ion K+, Cl- v NO3- (kt ta tch khi dung dch).
p dng LBTT ta c: nK+ = nCl- + nNO3- = 0,1 + 0,2 = 0,3 mol
nK2CO3 =0,15 mol
Vd
dK2CO3 = 0,15 : 1 = 0,15 lt = 150 ml (chn D)
Bi 2) (TSH khi A 2007): Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS2 v a mol Cu2S vo axit HNO3 (va
), thu c dung dch X (ch cha 2 mui sunfat) v kh duy nht NO. Gi tr ca a l:
A. 0,04
B. 0,075
C.0,12
D.0,06
Gii : FeS2 Fe3+ + 2SO420,12
0,12 0,24
Cu2S 2Cu2+ + SO42a
2a
a
p dng LBTT ta c : 3x0,12 + 2x2a = 0,24x2 + 2a
a = 0,06 (chn D)
2+
Bi 3) (TSC khi A 2007): Mt dung dch cha 0,02 mol Cu , 0,03 mol K+, x mol Cl- v y mol SO42-. Tng khi
lng cc mui tan c trong dung dch l 5,435 gam. Gi tr ca x v y ln lt l:
A. 0,03 v 0,02
B. 0,05 v 0,01
C. 0,01 v 0,03
D. 0,02 v 0,05
Gii : p dng LBTT ta c : 2x0,02 + 0,03 = x + 2y hay x + 2y = 0,07(1)
Khi lng mui : 0,02x64 + 0,03x39 + 35,5x + 96y = 5,435 (2)
Gii h (1) & (2) c : x = 0,03 v y = 0,02
chn A
2/Mt s bi tp tng t
Bi 1) Kt qu xc nh nng mol ca cc ion trong mt dung dch nh sau:
Ion :
Na+
Ca2+
NO3ClHCO3S mol:
0,05
0,01
0,01
0,04
0,025
Hi kt qu ng hay sai ? Ti sao.
Bi 2) Dung dch A cha a mol Na+, b mol NH4+, c mol HCO3-, d mol CO32- v e mol SO42- ( khng k cc ion H+ v
OH- ca H2O). Cho ( c+ d+e ) mol Ba(OH)2 vo dung dch A, un nng thu c kt ta B, dung dch X v kh Y.
Tnh s mol ca mi cht trong kt ta B, kh Y duy nht c mi khai v mi ion trong dung dch X theo a, b, c, d,
e.
Bi 3) Cho dung dch G cha cc ion Mg2+, SO42-, NH4+, Cl-. Chia dung dch G thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Phn th
nht tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, un nng, c 0,58 gam kt ta v 0,672 lt kh (ktc). Phn th hai tc
dng vi dung dch BaCl2 d, c 4,66 gam kt ta. Vit phng trnh ho hc ca cc phn ng (di dng ion
thu gn). Tnh tng khi lng ca cc cht tan trong dung dch G.
Bi 4) Dung dch cha cc ion: Na+ a mol, HCO3- b mol, CO32- c mol, SO42- d mol. to ra kt ta ln nht ngi
ta dng 100 ml dung dch Ba(OH)2 nng x mol/lt. Lp biu thc tnh x theo a v b.
Bi 5) Dung dch c cha a mol Na+, b mol Ca2+, c mol HCO3- v d mol Cl-. Biu thc lin h ng l:
A. a + b = c + d.
B. a + 2b = c + 2d
C. a +2b = c + d
D. 2a + 2b = c + d.

V.4) Phng php bo ton electron da vo nh lut bo ton electron

1/ nh lut bo ton electron: Trong cc phn ng oxi ho kh th tng s mol electron cht kh nhng bng
tng mol electron cht oxi ho nhn.
-Khi c nhiu phn ng hoc phn ng qua nhiu giai on th cn nhn nh ng trng thi u v trng thi cui
ca cc cht oxi ho, hoc cht kh khng cn quan tm n trng thi trung gian v khng cn vit phng trnh
ho hc ca cc phn ng xy ra.
2/ Cc dng bi tp c vn dng:
* Dng 1: Xc nh cc sn phm oxi ha-kh.
c im ca loi ton ny l phi xc nh c s oxi ha ca sn phm trc v sau phn ng t
xc nh l cht g.
V d 1: Ha tan ht 2,16g FeO trong HNO3 c. Sau mt thi gian thy thot ra 0,224 lt kh X (ktc) l sn
phm kh duy nht. Xc nh X.
Gii: Kh X c cha nit: NxOy
nFeO = 0,03mol ; nNxOy = 0,01mol
FeO + HNO3 -> Fe(NO3)3 + NxOy + H2O
0,03
Fe+2 1e -> Fe+3
0,01 xN+5 + (5x 2y)e -> xN2y/x
Phng trnh bo ton e:
0,03 = 0,01(5x 2y)
5x 2y = 3 -> x = 1 ; y = 1 (nhn)
-> x = 2 ; y = 2,5 (loi)
Vy X l NO
V d 2: Ha tan 2,4g hn hp Cu v Fe c t l s mol 1:1 v dung dch H 2SO4 c, nng. Kt thc phn
ng thu c 0,05mol mt sn phm kh duy nht c cha lu hunh. Xc nh sn phm .
Gi a l s mol Fe -> nCu = nFe = a
-> mkl = 56a + 64a = 2,4 -> a = 0,02mol
C
0,02 Fe 3e -> Fe+3
0,02 Cu 2e -> Cu+2
0,05 S+6+ ne -> S+(6-n)
Phng trnh bo ton e:
0,02 x 3 + 0,02 x 2 = 0,05n -> n = 2 -> S+4
Vy sn phm kh l SO2 .
* Dng 2: Hn hp kim loi to hn hp kh.
V d 3: C 3,04g hn hp Fe v Cu ha tan ht trong dung dch HNO3 to 0,08mol hn hp NO v NO2 c
=
42.
Hy xc nh thnh phn % hn hp kim loi ban u.
M
Gii:
Ta c
NO
30
4
n NO
1
=
42
->
nNO 2 3
NO2
46
12
M nNO + nNO2 = 0,08
-> nNO = 0,02mol ; nNO2 = 0,06mol
Fe
Fe(NO3)3 + Cu(NO3)2 + H2O
Cu
NO + NO2 + H2O
a
Fe 3e -> Fe+3
b
Cu 2e -> Cu+2
0,02 N+5 + 3e -> N+2

0,06 N+5 + 1e -> N+4

Bo ton electron, ta c:
3a + 2b = 0,02 x 3 + 0,06 -> 3a + 2b = 0,12 (1)
Khi lng kim loi: 56a + 64b = 3,04 (2)
H (1) & (2) -> a = 0,02 ; b = 0,03 -> Fe = 1,12g hay 63,16%
-> Cu = 1,92g hay 36,84%
* Dng 3: Hn hp kim loi cng hn hp mui.
Vi dng ny cn phn bit r cht c v khng thay i s oxi ha.
V d 4: Khuy k 100ml dung dch A cha AgNO3.Cu(NO3)2 vi hn hp kim loi c 0,03mol Al v
0,05mol Fe. Sau phn ng c dung dch C v 8,12g cht rn B gm 3 kim loi. Cho B tc dng vi HCl d th thu
c 0,672 lt H2 (ktc) . Tnh nng mol/lt ca AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 trong A.
Gii: 3 kim loi thu c l Ag, Cu v Fe d.
Gi s: Cu(NO3)2 a mol v AgNO3 b mol
Lng Fe phn ng vi dung dch mui x mol
Lng Fe cn d sau phn ng trn l y mol
Fe d s phn ng vi HCl:
Fe + 2HCl -> FeCl2 + H2
y(mol)
y(mol)
Ta c: nFe = x + y = 0,05
nH2 = y = 0,03
-> x = 0,02 mol ; y = 0,03 mol
Mt khc:
0,03 Al 3e -> Al+3
0,05 Fe 2e -> Fe+2
a
Cu+2 + 2e -> Cu
b
Ag+ + 1e -> Ag
0,03 2H+ + 2e -> H2
Bo ton electron, ta c:
2a + b + (0,03 x 2) = (0,03 x 3) + (0,05 x 2)
-> 2a + b = 0,13
(1)
Khi lng B:
mCu + mAg + mFe/d = 64a + 108b + (56 x 0,03) = 8,12
-> 64a + 108b = 6,44
(2)
T (1) v (2) :
-> a = 0,05mol Cu(NO3)2 hay 0,5M
b = 0,03mol AgNO3 hay 0,3M
*Vi v d trn, nu gii bng phng php i s thng thng s phi vit 5 n 7 phng trnh v gii h 4 n rt
kh khn.
* Dng 4: Nhiu phn ng xy ra ng thi.
V d 5: p gam bt Fe ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian thu c cht rn R nng 7,52g gm cht rn R
nng 7,52g gm Fe, FeO, Fe3O4: Ha tan R bng dung dch HNO3 c, nng thu c 0,672 lt (ktc) hn hp NO
v NO2 c t l s mol 1:1. Tnh p.
Gii: C moxit = mFe + mO2 = p + mO2 = 7,52

7,52 - p
-> mO2 = 7,52 p -> = n O2 =
32
nkh = 0,03 mol -> nNO = nNO2 = 0,015mol
p
56
7,52 - p
32

Xt

0,015

Fe 3e -> Fe+3
O2 + 4e -> 2O-2
N+5 + 3e -> N+2

0,015
N+5 + 1e -> N+4
Bo ton electron, ta c:
p
7,52 - p
x3=
x 4 + 0,015 x 3 + 0,015
56
32
-> p = 5,6g
* Dng 5: Phn ng nhit nhm.
V d 6: Trn 2,7g Al vo 20g hn hp Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm c hn hp A.
Ha tan A trong HNO3 thy thot ra 0,36mol NO2 l sn phm kh duy nht. Xc nh khi lng ca Fe2O3 v
Fe3O4.
Ta c: 0,1
Al 3e -> Al+3
a
3Fe+8/3 1e -> 3Fe+3
0,36 N+5 + 1e -> N+4
Bo ton electron, ta c:
0,1 x 3 + a = 0,36 x 1 -> a = 0,06
-> nFe3O4 = 0,06mol hay 13,92g
nFe2O3 = 20 13,92 = 6,08g
* Dng 6: Bi ton in phn.
V d 7: Tin hnh in phn hon ton dung dch X cha AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 thu c 56g hn hp kim
loi catt v 4,48 lt kh ant (ktc). Tnh s mol mi mui trong X.
Gii: Kh thot ra l O2.
a
Ag+ + 1e -> Ag
b
Cu2+ + 2e -> Cu
0,2
2O2- - 4e -> O2
Bo ton electron, ta c:
a + 2b = 0,8 (1).
Khi lng kim loi: 108a + 64b = 56 (2).
H (1) & (2) -> a = 0,4 = nAgNO3
b = 0,2 = nCu(NO3)2
*Dng 7: Phn ng kh to ra nhiu sn phm.
V d 8: Thi mt lung CO qua hn hp Fe v Fe2O3 nung nng c cht kh B v hn hp D gm Fe,
FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4. Cho B li qua dung dch nc vi trong (d) thy to 6g kt ta. Ha tan D bng H2SO4 (c,
nng) thy to ra 0,18mol SO2, cn dung dch E. C cn E thu c 24g mui khan. Xc nh thnh phn hn hp
ban u.
Gii:
2Fe -> Fe2(SO4)3
a
0,5a mol
Fe2O3 -> Fe2(SO4)3
b
b mol
-> nCO2 = nCaCO3 = 0,06mol
nSO2 = 0,18mol
a
Fe 3e -> Fe+3
0,06 C+2 2e C+4
0,18 S+6 + 2e -> S+4
Bo ton electron, ta c:
3a + (2 x 0,06) = 0,18 x 2
-> a = 0,08
(1)
Khi lng mui: 400 x (0,5a + b) = 24
-> 0,5a + b = 0,06mol (2)
T (1) v (2): -> a = 0,08mol = nFe hay 4,48g
b = 0,02mol = nFe2O3 hay 3,2g .
3/ H qu:

Mt hn hp gm nhiu kim loi c ho tr khng i v c khi lng cho trc s phi nhng mt s mol
electron khng i cho bt k tc nhn oxi ho no.
Bi tp minh ho:
Chia 1,24 gam hn hp 2 kim loi c ho tr khng i thnh 2 phn bng nhau :
- Phn I : B oxi ho hon ton thu c 0,78 gam hn hp oxit.
-Phn II : Tan hon ton trong dung dch H2SO4 long thu c V lt H2 (ktc). Gi tr V l :
A. 2,24 lt
B. 0,112 lt
C. 5,6 lt
D. 0,224 lt
Gii: Khi lng mi phn: 1,24:2 = 0,62 gam
S mol O kt hp vi 0,62 gam hn hp kim loi = (0,78 0,62) : 16 = 0,01 mol
Qu trinh to oxit: O + 2e O2mol: 0,010,02
Nh vy phn II hn hp kim loi kh H+ ca dung dch axit cng nhng 0,02 mol electron.
2H+ +2e H2
mol: 0,02 0,01
Vy th tch H2 thu c l: 0,01 x 22,4 = 0,224 lt (chn D)
Bi tp tng t:
Bi 1) Chia hn hp 2 kim loi A, B c ho tr khng i thnh 2 phn bng nhau :
-Phn I : Tan ht trong dung dch HCl to ra 1,792 lt H2 (ktc).
-Phn II : Nung nng trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 2,84 gam cht rn.
Khi lng hn hp 2 kim loi trong hn hp ban u l :
A. 2,4 gam
B. 3,12 gam
C. 2,2 gam
D. 1,8 gam
Bi 2) Ly 7,88 gam hn hp A gm 2 kim loi hot ng X, Y c ho tr khng i, chia thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn I: Nung trong oxi d oxi ho hon ton thu c 4,74 gam hn hp 2 oxit.
-Phn II: Ho tan hon ton trong dung dch cha hn hp 2 axit HCl v H 2SO4 long thu c V lt kh (ktc). Gi
tr V l:
A. 2,24 lt
B. 0,112 lt
C.1,12 lt
D. 0,224 lt
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------V.5) VN DNG PHNG PHP BO TON ELECTRON
TNH NHANH S MOL AXIT C TNH OXI HA
THAM GIA PHN NG VI KIM LOI
1/ C s l thuyt:
Xt phn ng ca a mol kim loi R (c s oxi ha + m) vi HNO3. Trong N+5 b kh xung N+x .
t nN+x = b. Cc bn phn ng:
R -> R+n + me
N+5 + ( 5 x)e -> N+x
a
a
ma
(5 x)b
b
p dng nh lut bo ton e:
ma
-> ma = (5 x)b -> b =
(5 x)
- Sn phm mui ca kim loi tn ti di dng R(NO3)m (a mol)
-> n NO3 to mui vi kim loi = ma
= ne (s mol electron cho nhn)
(I)
Ta c: n HNO = n NO to mui vi kim loi + n NO to sn phm kh N+ x
3

ma
(6 x )
= ma x (
)
(5 x)
(5 x)
(6 x)
= ne.(
) (II)
(5 x )
Tng t nh trn ta xy dng c cng thc tng qut i vi trng hp kim loi tc dng vi H 2SO4
= ma + b = ma +

c.
R -> R+n + me

S+6 + ( 6 x)e -> S+x

a
a
ma
(6 x)b
b
p dng nh lut bo ton e:
ma
-> ma = (6 x)b -> b =
(6 x )
- Sn phm mui ca kim loi tn ti di dng R2(SO4)m (a/2mol)
ma
-> n SO2- to mui vi kim loi =
4
2
1
= ne (s mol electron cho nhn)
(III)
2
+x
Ta c: n H SO 4 = n 2+ n 2SO

to mui vi kim loi

SO

to sn phm kh S

ma
(8 x )
ma
ma
+b=
+
= ma x (
)
(6 x )
2(6 x )
2
2
(8 x)
= ne.(
) (IV)
(6 x)

Kt lun:
T (I) v (III) ta nhn thy:
ne = n NO to mui vi kim loi = 2 n SO2- to mui vi kim loi
3

T (II) v (IV) ta nhn thy:

Nu bit s mol electron cho nhn v s oxi ha ca sn phm kh trong phn ng ca cc axit c tnh oxi
ha vi kim loi s tnh nhanh c s mol axit tham gia phn ng.
2/ Mt s bi tp p dng:
* Bi 1: Cho m(g) Al tc dng vi 150ml dung dch HNO 3 a(M) va thu c kh N2O duy nht v dung
dch A. C cn dung dch A thu c mt mui khan c khi lng (m + 18,6)g. Gi tr ca a l:
A. 1,5
B. 2
C. 2,5
D. 3
+1
Gii: Sn phm kh l N 2 O -> x = +1
muimui = mk.im loi + m NO3 to mui vi kim loi
-> mNO3 to mui vi kim loi = mmui mkim loi
= (m +18,6) m =18,6g
18, 6
nNO
-> ne = 3 to mui vi kim loi = 62 =0,3
(6 x )
5
n
HNO3 = ne x (5 x) = 0,3 x 4 = 0,375 mol
0,375
-> a = 0,15 = 2,5 -> p n C.
Khi ch c mt kim loi tham gia phn ng th phng php ny t ra t vt tri hn so vi phng php
thng thng nhng nu l hn hp nhiu kim loi khng r ha tr tham gia phn ng th phng php ny t ra u
vit hn rt nhiu.
* Bi 2: Ha tan hon ton m gam hn hp 3 kim loi X, Y, Z trong mt lng va 200ml HNO 3 b(M)
thu c kh khng mu ha nu trong khng kh v dung dch A khng cha ion NH 4+ .C cn dung dch A thu
c
(m + 37,2)g mui khan. Gi tr ca b l:
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 5
+2

Gii: Sn phm kh l: NO -> x = + 2

mmui = mkim loi + m NO

37,2
-> ne = n NO3 =
= 0,6
62
(6 x )
4
n HNO3

(5

x
)
->
= ne x
= 0,6 x 3 = 0,8 mol
0,8
-> b = 0, 2 = 4 -> p n C.

* Bi 3: Cn va 0,5 lt dung dch HNO3 x (M) ha tan hon ton m gam hp kim Al v Mg. Sau phn
ng thu c dung dch A v hn hp kh B gm N2O v NO. Khi c cn dung dch A thu c hai mui khan c
tng khi lng l (m + 136,4). Bit
A. 4,8
B. 5,6

d B/H = 18,5. Gi tr ca x l:
2

44 + 30
M B = 37 =
d
2
Gii: B/H 2 = 18,5 ->

C. 6,2

D. 7,0

-> nNO: N2O = 1: 1. t nNO = N2O = x

Xt cc bn phn ng:
N+5 + 3e -> N+2
2N+5 + 8e -> 2N+1
3x <- x
8x <- x
-> ne = 3x + 8x = 11x
(I)
Ta c: m NO3 = mmui - mkim loi
= (m + 136,4) m = 136,4g
136,4
-> ne = n NO3 =
= 2,2 (II)
62
T (I) v (II) -> 11x = 2,2
-> x = 0,2
Ta c: n HNO3 = n NO3- to mui vi kim loi + nNO + 2 N N2O

= ne + n NO + 2 N N2O
= 2,2 + 0,2 + 2 x 0,2 = 2,8 mol
2,8
-> x =
= 5,6
0,5
-> p n B
* Bi 4: m gam hn hp ba kim loi X, Y, Z tc dng va vi 250ml dung dch HNO 3 c(M) va thu
c dung dch A duy nht. Nu cho dung dch A tc dng vi dung dch NaOH (d) thy thot ra kh c mi khai.
Mt khc nu c cn cn thn dung dch A thu c (m + 21,6)g mui khan. Gi tr ca c l:
A. 1,5
B. 1,75
C. 2,5
D. 2,75
Gii:
X, Y, Z -> ion kim loi + ne
N+5 + 8e -> N-3
ne ->

ne
8

mmui = mmui kim loi + mmui amoni

mmui = mkim loi + m NO-3 to mui vi kim loi + mmui amoni
mmui = m + 21,6 = m + ne x 62 +

ne
8

x 80

-> ne = 0,3
n HNO3 = n NO3- to mui vi kim loi + n NO3- to sn phm kh N-3

HNO3

-> c =

= ne + 2 n N- 3 = ne + 2 x

0,375

ne
0,3
= 0,3 + 2 x
= 0,375
8
8

= 1,5
0, 25
-> p n A.
* Bi 5: Ha tan hon ton hn hp hai kim loi A, B trong axit H2SO4 (c, nng) d thu c kh SO2 duy
nht v dung dch X. Dn ton b lng kh sinh ra qua bnh ng dung dch nc Brom d thy c 96g brom phn
ng. S mol axit H2SO4 tham gia phn ng l:
A. 0,8
B. 1,1
C. 1,2
D. 1,4
Gii:
Khi dn kh SO2 qua dung dch nc Brom:
SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O -> 2HBr + H2SO4
0,6 <- 0,6
+4

Ta c: Sn phm kh l: SO 2 -> x = 4
S+6 + 2e -> S+4
1,2 <- 0,6
-> ne = 1,2
(8 - x)
4
n H2 SO4 = ne x ( 2(6 x) ) = 1,2 x 4 = 1,2 mol
-> p n C .
3/Mt s bi tp gii bng phng php bo ton electron:
Bi 1) Ho tan ht 2,16 gam FeO trong HNO3 c. Sau mt thi gian thy thot ra 0,224 lt kh X (ktc) l sn phm
kh duy nht. Xc nh X
A.NO
B. NO2
C. N2O
D.N2.
Bi 2) Ho tan 2,4 gam hn hp Cu v Fe c t l mol 1:1 vo dung dch H 2SO4 c, nng. Kt thc phn ng thu
c 0,05 mol mt sn phm kh duy nht cha lu hunh. Xc nh sn phm .
A. H2S
B. SO2
C. S
D.Khng xc nh c.
Bi 3) Ho tan ht 3,04 gam hn hp Fe v Cu trong dung dch HNO 3 to ra 0,08 mol hn hp kh gm NO v NO 2
c M = 42. Thnh phn % khi lng hn hp 2 kim loi Fe, Cu ln lt l:
A. 36,15%, 63, 85%.
B. 42,12%, 57,88%
C. 63,16%, 36,84%
D. 36, 45%, 63, 55%.
Bi 4) Khuy k 100ml dung dch A cha AgNO3, Cu(NO)2 vi hn hp kim loi c 0,03 mol Al v 0,05 mol Fe.
Sau phn ng c dung dch C v 8,12 gam cht rn B gm 3 kim loi. Cho B tc dng vi HCl d th thu c
0,672 lt H2 (ktc). Nng mol/lt ca AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 trong A ln lt l:
A. 0,3M; 0,5M
B. 0,3M; 0,4M
C. 0,2M; 0,5M
D. 0,4M; 0,5M
Bi 5) p gam bt Fe ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian thu c cht rn A c khi lng 7,52 gam gm Fe,
FeO, Fe3O4. Ho tan A trong dung dch HNO3 c, nng thu c 0,672 lt (ktc) hn hp NO v NO2 c t l mol
1:1. Tnh p.
A. 5,6 gam
B. 4,6 gam
C. 3,6 gam
D. 7,6 gam
Bi 6) Trn 2,7 gam Al vo 20 gam hn hp Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm c hn hp A.
Ho tan A trong HNO3 thy thot ra 0,36 mol NO2 l sn phm kh duy nht. Xc nh khi lng ca Fe2O3 v
Fe3O4.
S: Fe2O3: 6,08 gam; Fe3O4: 13,92 gam.
Bi 7) in phn hon ton dung dch X cha AgNO3 v Cu(NO3)2 thu c 56 gam hn hp kim loi catot v
4,48 lt kh anot (ktc). Tnh s mol mi mui trong X.
S: AgNO3 = 0,4 mol, Cu(NO3)2 = 0,2 mol.
Bi 8) Thi mt lung kh CO qua hn hp Fe v Fe 2O3 nung nng c cht kh B v hn hp D gm Fe, FeO,
Fe2O3 v Fe3O4. Cho B qua dung dch nc vi trong d thy to ra 6 gam kt ta. Ho tan D bng H2SO4 (c,

nng) thy to ra 0,18 mol SO2 v dung dch E. C cn E thu c 24 gam mui khan. Xc nh thnh phn hn hp
ban u.
S: Fe = 4,48 gam; Fe2O3 = 3,2 gam.
Bi 9) 11,2 lt (ktc) hn hp kh A gm clo v oxi tc dng va vi 16,98 gam hn hp B gm Mg v Al to ra
42,34 gam hn hp clorua v oxit ca hai kim loi.
Xc nh % th tch tng cht trong hn hp A v % khi lng tng cht trong hn hp B.
S: Trong A c 48% VCl, 52%VO2.
Trong B c 77,74% khi lng Mg; 22,26 % khi lng Al.
Bi 10) Ho tan 2,16 gam kim loi R c ho tr khng i cn va dung dch cha 0,17 mol H2SO4 thu c hn
hp kh A gm H2, H2S, SO2 (khng c sn phm kh khc) c t l mol tng ng l 1:2:3. Kim loi R cn tm l
A. Al
B. Fe
C. Zn
D. Mg
Bi 11) Kh hon ton 12 gam hn hp A gm FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 thu c 10,08 gam Fe.
a) Tnh th tch dung dch cha H2SO4 1M v HCl 2M cn ho tan ht 12 gam hn hp A.
b) Tnh th tch SO2 (ktc) thu c khi ho tan hon ton hn hp A bng dung dch H2SO4 c, nng, d.
c) Tnh th tch dung dch HNO 3 2M cn ly ho tan hon ton hn hp A cho sn phm kh duy nht l
kh NO.
S: a) 0,06 lt;
b) 3,36 lt;
c) 0,32 lt.
Bi 12) Oxi ho hon ton 2,184 gam bt st thu c 3,084 gam hn hp 2 oxit st (hn hpA). Chia A thnh 3
phn bng nhau.
a) kh hon ton phn 1 cn bao nhiu lt H2 (ktc)?
b) Ho tan hon ton phn 2 bng dung dch HNO3 d. Tnh th tch (ktc) kh NO (duy nht) thot ra ?
c) Phn th 3 em trn vi 5,4 gam Al ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm (hiu sut 100%).
Ho tan cht rn thu c sau phn ng bng dung dch HCl d. Tnh th tch H2 thot ra (ktc).
S: a) 0,4032 lt
b) 22,4 ml
c) 6,608 lt
Bi 13) 2,8 gam Fe tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO3 d thu c V lt hn hp NO v NO2 theo t l mol NO2:NO
= 2:1. V c gi tr l:
A. 2,016 lt
B.1,008 lt
C. 1,12 lt
D. 2,24 lt
Bi 14) Kh hon ton m gam hn hp A gm FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 bng kh CO. Lng CO2 sinh ra sau phn ng
hp th vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thu c 20 gam kt ta. Th tch dung dch B cha HCl 1M v H 2SO4 0,5M cn
ho tan ht m gam hn hp A l:
A. 300 ml
B. 250 ml
C. 200 ml
D. 150 ml
Bi 15) Cho 0,03 mol FexOy tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO3 thu c 0,224 lt kh X ( sn phm kh duy nht)
ktc. Xc nh X ?
A. NO
B. N2O
C. N2
D. NO2
Bi 16) Hn hp A gm Fe3O4, FeO, Fe2O3, mi oxit u c 0,5 mol. Th tch dung dch HCl 1M ho tan hn
hp A l:
A. 4 lt
B. 8 lt
C. 6 lt
D. 9 lt
Bi 17) Tnh khi lng Fe cn ho tan vo dung dch H2SO4 long, d thu c dung dch phn ng va vi
100 ml dung dch cha KMnO4 0,2M v K2Cr2O7 0,1M
A. 8,96 gam
B. 9,86 gam
C. 9,68 gam
D. 6,98 gam
Bi 18) Ho tan hn hp X gm 0,01 mol Fe3O4, 0,015 mol Fe2O3, 0,03 mol FeO, 0,03 mol Fe bng mt lng va
dung dch HNO3 long. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c cht rn Y. Nung Y n khi lng khng i
thu c cht rn Z. Khi lng cht rn Z l:
A. 8 gam
B. 9,6 gam
C. 16 gam
D. 17,6 gam
Bi 19) Ho tan hon ton hn hp X gm 0,002 mol FeS 2 v 0,003 mol FeS vo dung dch H 2SO4 c, nng d thu
c kh A. Th tch dung dch NaOH 1M ti thiu hp th ht lng kh A trn l:
A. 25,8 m
B. 14 ml
C. 28,5 ml
D. 57 ml
Bi 20) Ho tan 2,4 gam hn hp X gm FeS2, FeS v S ( trong s mol FeS bng s mol S) vo dung dch H2SO4
c, nng d. Th tch SO2 (ktc) thu c l:
A. 0,784 lt
B. 0,896 lt
C. 3,36 lt
D. 4,48 lt
Bi 21) (TSH B 2007): Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ho tan ht hn hp
X trong dung dch HNO3 (d) thot ra 0,56 lt (ktc) NO (l sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m l:

A. 2,52
B. 2,22
C. 2,62
D. 2,32
Bi 22) (TSH A 2008): Cho 11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO3
long (d), thu c 1,344 lt (ktc) NO (l sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X thu c
m gam mui khan. Gi tr m l :
A. 49,09
B. 34,36
C. 35,50
D. 38,72
**************************************************************