I.

Introduction

At first the word software had been coined as a prank by 1953, but it did not appear in print until the 1960s. Before, computers were programed by either customers, or few of the commercial computer vendors of the time, such as UNIVAC and IBM. The first company founded that provides software the Computer Usage Company, the company was founded at the year 1955. The software industries expanded at the 1960s, after that almost immediately after computers were first sold in mass-produced quantities. The customers that created the demand for the software industries during that time were the Universities, Government and Businesses. Many of these softwares were written in-house or full-time programmers. Some of the softwares were freely distributedbetween users of a particular machine for no charge. Others were done on a commercial basis, and then other companies start to grow, companies like Computer Science Corporation founded in 1959. After that the computer makers started creating Operating Systems software and programing environments and machines.

Another multinational software company that was created along with the first multinational companies is Digital Equipment Corporation founded in 1957. This corporation brought relatively low-price micro-computers to the market, thus, it also it brought computing within reach of many more companies and universities worldwide, and created great innovations in terms of new powerful programing languages and methodologies. Because of the advancement of the micro-computers new softwares were created in order to comply with the advancement made for the micro-computer, softwares like IBM, followed DECs example quickly, resulting in the IBM AS400 amongst others.

At the mid 1970s there was a rise in personal computers, thus, the software industries expanded greatly. It also created a growing market for games, applications, and utilities in its sub-sequent years. The most dominating operating system was DOS, Microsofts first operating system product.

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Another successful business model has risen for the hosted softwares, its called Software as a Service or SaaS; this is the third time this was attempted. With the help of SaaS the concerns of software privacy reduced,because it can only be accessed through the web, and by definition no clients software is loaded to the end of the users PC.

Multinational Software companies are software corporations that operate not just in one country but in multiple countries as said that it is multinational. Today, there are large numbers of multinational software companies. Multinational Software Companies plays an important role in enhancing the international relations and globalization especially in the field of technology. These kinds of companies also bring some benefits to developing countries. They provide jobs for the graduates of that certain country, the job is always taken by IT related graduates for their course is directly related to the companies products.

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II.

Body 1. The Software Sectors in multinational software companies. a. Types of software industries There are various types of businesses in the software industries. Here are some examples of businesses in the software industries; Infrastructure software, Enterprise software, and Security software. i. The Infrastructure Software 1. Includes operating systems, middleware and databases 2. Usually produced by companies like Microsoft, IBM, Sybase, EMC, Oracle and VM Ware ii. Enterprise software 1. Is a software that automates business processes in finance, production logistics, sales and marketing 2. Produced by the companies Oracle, SAP AG, Sage and In For iii. Security software 1. Is a software designed to protect a computer system from spyware 2. Made by companies like Symantec, Trend Micro and Kaspersky b. Industry-Specific Software There are also some industryspecific software makers. They are also some of the largest software companies of the world. i. Sun Guard 1. Makes Softwares for banks ii. Black Board 2. Makes Softwares for schools iii. Qualcomm and Cyber Vision 3. Makes Softwares for telecom companies

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2. Top of the leading companies in the software industry a. Top 10 Multinational Software Companies There are many Multinational Software companies around the world but only these companies stand as the best among the rest. Here is the list of the top 10 companies for the year 2010 (listed in chronological order): Microsoft, IBM, Oracle, SAP, Nintendo, HP, Symantec, Activation Blizzard, Electronic Arts, and CA. i. Microsoft 1. The founder of Microsoft is Bill Gates and Paul Allen in the 1975. Bill Gates a drop out of Harvard University and a son of a successful business family. Bill Gates was born as William Henry Gates III on October 28, 1955. 2. Microsoft is a multinational company that develops a wide range of software products. The most popular and the most profitable product of Microsoft are the Windows Operating System and the Microsoft Office Suite of productivity software. Its main headquarters is at Redmond Washington. 3. In the mid-1980s the MS-DOS of Microsoft dominated the home computer operating market. After that all the other operating systems followed and dominated the home computer up until now, because it was a user friendly system which can be used in almost any computer. 4. Windows is the courier product of Microsoft, and the current version of Windows today is the Windows 7, which was released last 2009. 5. Microsoft now has three business divisions. These divisions are the following: a. Microsoft Platform Products and Service Division b. Microsoft Business Division c. Microsoft Entertainment and Devices Division 6. For the Past 8 years Microsoft has been the number 1 multinational software company all over the world.

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ii. IBM 1. IBM used to be Tabulating Machine Company founded at the 1896 by Herman Hollerith. The company specialized at developing punch card data processing equipment. This technology was applied at 1884. 2. The company is a multinational computer, technology in Armonk, New York. 3. IBM produces hardware and software, and offers services in areas from mainframe computers and nanotechnology. 4. This company is also the worlds largest IT service company and the number 2 in the software industries. 5. The company also received the most US patents for the 17th consecutive year. This was awarded last 2009. 6. The main software products of IBM are the following: a. Websphere b. DB2 c. Lotus d. Tivoli e. Cognos 7. The company is widely known for its dominant computer business. Also, it had major roles in many other industries. In the present IBM enjoys continues success with systems easily applicable to business as well as personal use. iii. Oracle 1. Oracle was founded in the year 1977. The founders are Ed Oats, Bob Miner and Larry Ellison. Ellison noticed that many businesses and companies that were lacking something when it came to database software. That is why they put up the company Oracle. 2. This is a multinational computer-technology corporation that produces enterprise software products, particularly database management systems.
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3. Oracle had also enlarged its share of software market through organic growth and through a number of high-profile acquisitions, including PeopleSoft and BEA Systems. 4. The company is the 3rd largest software company in the world and number 2 in enterprise Software Company in the world. iv. SAP 1. SAP (Systems, Applications, and Products in data processing)wasfounded in 1972. The five founders were all former employees of IBM (Dietmar Hopp, Hans-Werner Hector, Hasso Plattner, Claus E. Tschira, and Claus Wellenreuther). The vision of SAP was to develop standard application software for real-time processing. 2. The company is a world leader in business solutions, offering comprehensive software and services that address the unique needs of customers around the globe. 3. This company is a multinational software development and consulting corporation that provides enterprise software applications to businesses of all shapes. 4. SAPs most known product is SAP Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) 5. SAP is also the largest enterprise software company of the world. v. Nintendo 1. This company is based at Kyoto, Japan. Nintendo was establishes at the late 1889. The founder is Fusajiro Yamauchi. 2. The first products of Nintendo are handmade hanafuda cards. 3. At the year 1975, Nintendo evolved to a video game company, which produces consoles and games. They really had a big boost in overall revenues when Nintendo released the game Donkey Kong in the year 1981. Another game that helped out Nintendo is Super Mario Bros.

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4. When they created many handheld consoles and games, they managed to maintain an industry leading position. Their most recent game console is the Nintendo Wii, which gives the player a close to life experience in playing the game. With the new game console that was released by Nintendo, they became one of the fastest growing software companies of the top 100 software companies, and in 2009, Nintendo was the largest game company in the world. vi. HP 1. HP or Hewlett Packard was founded in 1939 by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard. They both studied at Stanford University in 1934 as electrical engineers. The two started Hewlett Packard, which is commonly known as HP, by taking the advice of their professor, Fred Terman, that they should start a business. 2. HPs major product lines are personal computing devices, enterprise servers, related storage devices, and also a diverse range of printers and other imaging products. 3. The company is also known as one of the largest technology company. Last 2006 HP hit the $91.7 billion dollars annual income, comparing it to IBMs annual income in 2006 that is just $91.4 billion dollars, making HP the worlds largest technology vendors in terms of sales. 4. HP is also the largest worldwide seller of personal computers, surpassing its rival Dell. The company took the 6th spot as the Largest Software Company of the world. vii. Symantec 1. In the year 1982 Gary Hendix founded Symantec. Hendix hired natural language processing researchers from Stanford University and focused on artificial intelligence related projects, with the aid of a National Science Foundation grant.

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2. C&E Software, which was founded by Dennis Coleman and Gordon Eubanks, purchased Symantec at the year 1984. But never the less that the company was purchased, the name Symantec was still retained. 3. Symantec is also a computer-technology corporation that develops security softwares. The companys most popular product is the Norton anti-virus. 4. Because of the outstanding performances of the companys computer securities it became the largest software security software company, and also is the 7th largest software company in the world. viii. Activation Blizzard 1. The company before was named Activation, that was founded at October 1, 1979. Activation was the first independent developer and distributor of video games and gaming consoles. 2. It was announced that Activation will be acquired by the company Vivendi, last December 2, 2007, and the merge took place last July 9, 2008, which gave birth to Activation Blizzard. Even thou that Activation are acquired by Vivendi, it still exists, but only as a subsidiary of Activation Blizzard, and it will still develop the games Call of Duty and Guitar Hero. 3. Because of the merging of the two companies Activation Blizzard became one of the fastest growing software companies in 2009, and obtained the 8th place as the worlds largest software companies. ix. Electronic Arts 1. Electronic Arts or EA as many people call it was founded and incorporated at May 28, 1982 by Trip Hawkins.

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2. Many well-known products under the EA sports label, these products are the following: a. Battle Field Series b. Command and Conquer Series c. And many other sports like NBA and FIFA 3. By 2009 EA got the 9th place as the largest software company in the world. x. CA 1. CA was formally known as Computer Associates. It is a multinational computer software corporation. Founded by Charles Wang and Russ Artzt, in the year 1976. 2. CA has a vision of how enterprises can collect the power of IT through what CA calls Enterprise IT Management or EITM 3. EITM divides into three broad categories across distributed or mainframe environments: a. Govern is to help make better decisions by giving enterprises insight into their IT investments and risk from a single place. b. Manage is to make it easier to manage technology so that high-quality IT services can be delivered at a competitive cost. c. Secure is to ensure secure access to the information, applications, systems and services needed to conduct business. 4. CA is the 10th of the largest software companies in the world with the revenues of close to $4 billion dollars.

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b. Top 100 Multinational Software Companies Other than the top 10 there are still the top 100 software companies in the world including the top 10. As show in the table below they are all ranked according to their annual software revenues. The software revenue is defined as revenues coming from sales of licences, maintenance, subscription and support, but revenues from custom software development are excluded. Table 1
Software Software Total Software Revenues Revenue Revenues Revenue mln US$ growth mln US$ share 49453 22089 17560 11604 7245 6243 5692 4622 4268 3936 3361 3171 2083 2015 1984 1982 1605 1585 1569 1496 1486 1452 1431 1407 1383 10% 11% 17% 8% 113% 6% 8% 73% 29% 4% 10% 3% 16% 17% 14% 1% 3% 2% 21% -7% 10% 48% 6% 0% -3% 61900 103630 22102 16111 19886 117837 6152 5032 4268 4305 3544 14876 3318 5596 39455 2303 1855 1698 4738 2244 1486 1452 5315 4535 2800 80% 21% 79% 72% 36% 5% 93% 92% 100% 91% 95% 21% 63% 36% 5% 86% 87% 93% 33% 67% 100% 100% 27% 31% 49%

# Company 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Microsoft > IBM > Oracle > SAP > Nintendo > HP > Symantec > Activision Blizzard > Electronic Arts > CA > Adobe > EMC > Konami > SunGard > Cisco > Autodesk > Dassault > BMC > Namco Bandai Games > Sage > Ubisoft > Take 2 Interactive > NCR > Sega Sammy Holdings > Intuit >

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# Company 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Sony > Synopsys > Citrix > VMWare > Apple > SAS Institute > Infor > Trend Micro > Salesforce.com > THQ > Cadence > Qualcomm > Thales Computers > Teradata > Siemens (UGS) > McAfee > Novell > Software AG > Reynolds & Reynolds > Compuware > Avid > Wincor Nixdorf > Check Point > Cegedim Dendrite > PTC (Parametric) >

Software Revenues mln US$ 1334 1200 1180 1178 1131 1130 1100 985 959 917 905 890 880 849 800 795 794 749 744 726 714 697 691 690 624

Software Revenue growth 16% 11% 11% 30% 29% 5% 5% 16% 45% -17% -39% 7% -9% -4% 0% 25% 16% 13% 0% -1% -11% 0% 10% 21% 10%

Total Revenues mln US$ 87701 1341 1583 1881 34526 2260 2200 985 1049 917 1039 10875 19874 1762 1200 1600 1122 1002 967 1145 845 3320 809 1180 1043

Software Revenue share 2% 89% 75% 63% 3% 50% 50% 100% 91% 100% 87% 8% 4% 48% 67% 50% 71% 75% 77% 63% 85% 21% 85% 58% 60%

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# Company 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Intergraph > Capcom > Sybase > Open Text > McKesson > Square Enix > Nuance > Philips > Red Hat > Sterling Commerce > F5 > Diebold > Quest > Progress > Lawson > Mentor Graphics > Aspect Communications > Real > Misys > Fair Isaac > Pitney Bowes > Tibco > ESRI Pvt > Acxiom Corporation > Ansys >

Software Software Total Software Revenues Revenue Revenues Revenue mln US$ growth mln US$ share 606 582 574 571 567 565 549 532 526 526 496 469 468 465 463 457 450 444 444 405 400 389 387 384 372 11% -3% 9% 12% 1% 6% 19% 13% 22% 16% 21% 11% 13% 6% 9% -18% 0% 6% -24% -17% 16% 7% 0% -17% 25% 808 831 1132 711 105834 1507 868 36675 631 634 662 3170 735 513 810 797 600 605 974 722 6262 635 773 1327 478 75% 70% 51% 80% 1% 37% 63% 1% 83% 83% 75% 15% 64% 91% 57% 57% 75% 73% 46% 56% 6% 61% 50% 29% 78%

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# Company 76 Kaspersky Lab > 77 ADC Telecommunications > 78 Autonomy > 79 Google Inc. > 80 Bentley > 81 Eclipsys > 82 Unit4 Agresso > 83 Attachmate > 84 ACI > 85 Emblaze > 86 Websense > 87 Wind River > 88 Rockwell Automation > 89 Blackboard Inc. > 90 Epicor > 91 Informatica > 92 JDA > 93 NCSoft > 94 National Instruments > 95 SPSS > 96 Omniture > 97 The MathWorks > 98 Trimble > 99 DST Systems > 100 Jack Henry & Associates >

Software Software Total Software Revenues Revenue Revenues Revenue mln US$ growth mln US$ share 360 346 335 333 333 330 326 313 299 296 296 295 285 283 283 282 276 275 274 273 267 267 266 264 263 177% 4% 46% 455% 11% 7% 13% 57% 6% 53% 40% 10% 14% 32% 5% 14% 10% -22% 11% 4% 102% 0% 9% -5% 4% 360 1383 503 21796 500 516 547 470 418 591 296 357 5698 312 488 456 390 275 821 303 296 400 1329 2285 739 100% 25% 67% 2% 67% 64% 60% 67% 72% 50% 100% 83% 5% 91% 58% 62% 71% 100% 33% 90% 90% 67% 20% 12% 36%

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3. Size of the Industry a. Total size of the world wide software industry According to research, the total size of the world wide software industries in 2008 was $303.8 billion dollars, it increased by 6.5% compared to 2007. The data monitor forecasts that by 2013, the global software market will reach the value of $457 billion dollars, a 50.5% increase. The top 10 major contributors to the size of the software industry are also the top 10 software companies of the world: Microsoft, IBM, Oracle, SAP, Nintendo, HP, Symantec, Activation Blizzard, Electronic Arts, and CA. The top 10 software companies have contributed a rather large amount of growth. Here are the revenues of the 10 companieslast 2010. i. Microsoft earned $49.090 billion dollars ii. IBM earned $21.396billion dollars iii. Oracle earned $18.582billion dollars iv. SAP earned $11.368billion dollars v. Nintendo earned $6.799billion dollars vi. HP earned $6.183 billion dollars vii. Symantec earned $5.565 billion dollars viii. Activation Blizzard earned $4.279 billion dollars ix. Electronic Arts earned $3.728 billion dollars x. CA earned $4.012 billion dollars

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4. Business models in the software industry a. Composition of business models in the software industry First let me discuss about what business models should consist of. A business model must contain the following: i. Type of Goods or Services must have these criterias 1. Financial Software vendors lend money 2. Physical Software vendors have retail stores 3. Intangible Software vendors trade intellectual property and do OEM and resell agreements 4. Human Software vendors have man power for programing ii. Business Model Archetype 1. The pattern shown in the table below gives us the overview of what are the kinds of firms needed for each type of goods or services in order to achieve maximum revenue. Table 2

Types of goods or services Creator Financial Entrepreneur Physical Manufacturer Intangible Inventor Human N/A

Distributor

Finance Trader

Wholesaler / Retailer Physical Lessor Physical Broker

Intangible Distributor Intangible Lessor Intangible Broker

N/A

Lessor Broker

Financial Lessor Financial Broker

Contractor HR Broker

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iii. Revenue Model 1. Is implemented by revenue generation or collection model. To use this model a firm must have disciplined analytics that predict consumer behaviour at the micro-market level and optimize product availability and price to maximize revenue growth. 2. This model that is showed below is the revenue model of SAP. Image 1 Revenue 5. Stream from 6. Subscription Revenue Stream from Ecosystem Revenue Stream from Reselling Revenue Stream from Services

SAP revenue model

Revenue Stream from Commercial Licences

Revenue Stream from Adaption or Expansion

Revenue Stream from Support

Revenue Stream from Maintenance

a. Revenue Stream from Subscription it is a revenue obtained from subscribers b. Revenue Stream from Ecosystem it is a revenue obtained from the ecosystem c. Revenue Stream from Reselling it is a revenue obtained from reselling recycled products d. Revenue Stream from Services it is a revenue obtained from services rendered to customer

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e. Revenue Stream from Commercial Licenses it is a revenue obtained from selling commercial licences f. Revenue Stream from Adaption and Expansion it is a revenue obtained from adapting to the surroundings and expanding to different nations g. Revenue Stream from Support it is a revenue obtained from supporting the customers about the products and services h. Revenue Stream from Maintenance it is a revenue obtained from maintaining the system softwares and providing customer service

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5. Disruptive Business Models in software companies a. The Disruptive Business Models i. If there are Models that maximizes revenues, there are some that undermine the business models of existing companies and industries. They are mostly hybrid business models, for example: a new combination of several types of products or services, archetypes, and revenue models. 2. Here is one of the perfect example of the companies that uses this Model a. Google revenues are mostly generated thru advertising, and other products or services dont generate revenue for them. i. This is how Google works Image 2

Advertising Customers

Google

Search Customers

The black arrows are the Products, Services, and Assets The Blue Arrows are the Advertising Payments and the Compensation

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6.Opportunity Challenge b. The challenges faced by software companies i. The main challenge of the software companies 1. The main challenge of the software companies today is the global recession that is happening now. A big percentage of the software produced was used in financial sector and global recession that had affected the financial sector badly, thus, if not used for any of these to it will greatly have a negative effect in the software industry. Another challenge the software industry is facing is the problem of piracy. Piracy is the biggest problem that software companies are facing. The pirated online distribution of software products causes malfunctions on the software companys revenues. Bill Gates is one of the first programmers who rose up the problem of piracy. He concluded with the line Nothing would please me more than being able to higher 1p programmers and deluge the hobby of making good software. He accused hobbyists for stealing software, specifically the ALTAIR BASIC 1.1. He put up and even published it to the newspapers and magazines last February 3, 1976, his complains of piracy to his open-letter to the hobbyist. But even with Bill Gates interference piracy did not ended at that time, even until today, in fact piracy has more than tripled since the last time the topic had been raised. As you can see even here in the Philippines piracy is almost everywhere. Because of piracy the software industry alone lost $220 million dollars last 2007 and another $202 million dollars last 2008, thus, making piracy the largest challenge software industries face today.

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7. Software becomes efficient and how it helped businesses to be efficient a. More efficient software technology i. During the global recession 1. Because of the global recession IT departments are looking for ways to reduce the total cost of the software deployments in the businesses. For this particular reason virtualized, and thin client desktops are most likely to increase in popularity in the next few years. Thus, for the next five years thin based client software applications may reach more than 10% of all enterprise client devices. With the give trends, benefits of cost reduction may happen, improved energy efficiency, better security, and an increase of personal productivity. ii. The contribution of software to making businesses efficient 1. The contribution of software to businesses is that it greatly accelerated the paper work to be done, because in manual inputting it take very long, not like using the Microsoft office tools they can make paper work faster.

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8. The future of software a. Software Vendors i. Meaning of software vendor 1. Software Vendor is a business for companies specializing in making, or selling software designed for mass marketing. Such markets may be diverse including real estate brokers, scheduling for healthcare personnel, barcode scanning, stock maintenance and even child care management software. ii. What is software vendors like? 1. Software vendors are like dinosaurs. They live in an environment that forces them to grow very big, because of the large demands of much software. And also software vendors wants to grow big, because the bigger they are the bigger the revenue the will have. b. The Cloud i. What is a cloud in software terms 1. The word cloud is used a lot today, but however, its a rather broad term. The main essence of cloud computing is that is abstracts away from infrastructure and, a case of SaaS, from all platform related elements. A popular SaaS example is the Google Applications suite. The cloud is also the most important element in the future in software development c. The Model Driven Development (MDD) i. The 2nd most important element in software development 1. Its the MDD. There had always been a venture for higher-level and more productive languages. The combination of cloud and MDD is a powerful one. MDD is an automate development, cloud is an automated deployment.

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d. Application store or App Stores i. The 3rd most important element in software development 1. The App store is the last most important element in software development. App store is a store where you can download applications for your Netbook, iPhone, iPod or iPad. When Apple was succeeding many other App stores saw the light at pursued to make more applications for them to sell in the application stores. Google launched an App Store with add-ons for Google Apps, theres Java Store. Microsoft had also planned to launch an App Store together with the release of Windows 8. Recently, Mendix launched Mendix App Store, it is fully integrated with their modelling environment to share and download templates, models, widgets, and full-fledged business components

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III.

Conclusion a. Multinational Software companies are companies that operate around the world, and they provide various kinds of softwares in which every kind is very unique. They are unique in such a way of the fields that they excel, fields like security, accounting, business, and gaming software productions. They also use different kinds of business models that help the company and industries to maximize their revenues. Software companies now a day face challenges like the global recession and piracy. The multinational companies will grow in a very large rate in the following years, because of the advancements this world today is demanding.

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Glossary Analytics it means is to investigate, detailing, organizing, problem solving, or diagnostic. Archetype it means a type, model, and pattern. Broker an agent, middleman, intermediary, or dealer Contractoris a person that issues debt incurs Corporation is an association, company, partnership, or a corporate body. Disruptive a disturbance, interference, rupture, separation, or division. Distributor a retailer. Ecosystemis a system formed by the interaction of a community of people with its environment. Enlarge is to expand, amplify, magnify, or to heighten. Enterprise is a business, company, firm, or an establishment. Entrepreneura person who organizes and manages an enterprise or business. Hybrid means a composite, or a combination. Industry is a manufacture, production, trade, or business. Infrastructure is the basic framework of a system or organization. Intangibleis incapable of being perceived by touch. Lessor A person that grants lease. Manufacturer means to produce, build, construct, or mass-produce. Merging The fusion of 2 or more corporations. Multinational An industry or company that operates in many countries Programmersan individual that sets a sequence of instructions enabling a computer to perform a task. Sectors a part of an organization.
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Server is a system that interconnects a computer network. Softwareis a program for directing the operation of a computer or for essing electronic data. Tabulatingmeans to input a tabular form. Undermine means to weaken, impair, or ruin. Vendor a person that sells various products.

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Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the following sources: http://www.softwaretop100.org/global-software-top-100-edition-2009 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_industry http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_the_largest_global_software_companies http://www.wikipedia.org http://www.scalloway.org.uk/trad4.htm http://www.piesoftwareinc.co.uk/textonly/microsoft.html http://www.webhostingreport.com/learn/ibm.html http://www.webhostingreport.com/learn/oracle.html http://www.sap-knowledge.com/sap-history http://www.buzzle.com/articles/history-of-nintendo.html http://www.softwaretop100.org/hp http://www.webhostingreport.com/learn/symantec.html http://spong.com/company/4246/Activision-Blizzard http://www.ea.com/ca/1/ea-history http://www.softwaretop100.org/ca http://www.softwaretop100.org/microsoft http://www.softwaretop100.org/ibm http://www.softwaretop100.org/oracle http://www.softwaretop100.org/sap http://www.softwaretop100.org/nintendo
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http://www.softwaretop100.org/symantec http://www.softwaretop100.org/activision-blizzard http://www.sap.com/about/investor/faq/facts/index.epx http://www.sap.com/about/investor/financialnews/adhoc/plattnerboard.epx http://www.prlog.org/10298973-20082009-annual-report-on-the-development-of-globalsoftware-industry-general-report.html http://businessinnovationfactory.com/weblog/archives/2007/03/changing_busine.html http://www.slideshare.net/karl_popp/business-models-in-the-software-industry-icsob2010-keynote http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenue_management http://www.scribd.com/doc/45934673/Software-Industry-Research-Paper-Final http://www.cio.com/article/32031/2010_The_Future_of_Software_ http://www.theenterprisearchitect.eu/archive/2010/07/27/the-future-of-softwaredevelopment

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