ng dng phn mm SPSS 12.

0 trong x l thng k
I/ GII THIU CHUNG 1. S lc v phn mm SPSS
SPSS l tn vit tt ca cm t Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. y l mt phn mm c s dng rng di nht phn tch thng k trong nghin cu khoa hc t nhin v khoa hc x hi ni chung. Phin bn u tin c pht hnh nm 1968 do Cng ty lin hp SPSS- Chicago M sn xut. n thng 7 nm 2007 c phin bn th 16 (SPSS 16.0) Mi trng lm vic ca SPSS gm hai phn: phn son tho d liu u vo (SPSS Data Editor) v phn kt qu u ra (Output SPSS Viewer). SPSS Data Editor gm Data Viewer v V ariable Vierer cho php nhp s liu u vo trc tip hoc add file s liu dng Excel.xml, ng thi nh dng cc bin s theo dng s (number) hay dng tr (String). Output SPSS Viewer cha cc kt qu mong mun sau khi chy cc php ton tng ng. Tng t nh cc phn mm Genstar v Minitab, SPSS 12.0 cho php s l cc php phn tch thng k thng thng nh: Descriptive statistics: Cross tabulation (sp xp thnh bng, hng i xng nhau); Frequencies (tn s, tn sut.); Descriptive (m t, din t); Explore (kho st t m); Descriptive Ratio Statistics (thng k m t t l, t s.). Bivariate statistics (thng k hai bin s): Means (trung bnh); t-test (php th, kim tra, phn tch); ANOVA (phn tch phng sai); Correlation (tng quan) bao gm bivariate (hai bin), partial (tng quan tng phn, tng quan khng hon ton), distances (tng quan di dc, lng lo); Nonparametric tests (kim tra thng s gii hn). Prediction for numerical outcomes: Linear regression (d on v kt qu bng s dng hi qui tuyn tnh) Prediction for identifying groups: Factor analysis (phn tch nhn t); cluster analysis (phn tch cho m ng) bao gm two step (hai bc), K-means (s K), hierarchic (c th bc). SPSS cng cho php lu v chy li cc thut ton gip vic kim tra kt qu d dng. Nhng phn Output SPSS Viewer c thit k tin li hn cho ngi s dng. Mc ny bao gm cc bng kt qu (v d nh bng phn tch phng sai, bng thng k m t.) hay cc th c th c thay i nh dng trc tip cho ph hp vi form ca bi vit v c th copy trc tip vo bi vit

2. Ci t SPSS 12.0 cho my tnh

Setup.exe

- Double click vo biu tng

trong th mc SPSS 12.0 ci t.

- Nhn Next n khi ca s di y xut hin

- M fine Licence 12.0SPSS copy dng s 55345 26752 51345 33006 86803 93573 71895 65752 87 sau paste vo Licence code. - Click Update tip tc ci ct. - Nhn Next/Next/Install qu trnh ci t mt vi pht, nhn Finish hon tt ci t. Note: + Nu qu trnh ci t bo li th c th phi g b cc chng trnh Anti virut thng khng tng thch vi SPSS 12.0 (A VG, Noton.), sau khi ci t SPSS hon tt c th ci t li cc chng trnh Anti virut ny. + Vo Start/ Program a biu tng ca SPSS 12.0 cho vic s dng.
SPSS 12.0 for Windows.lnk

ra mn hnh, tin li

II/ MT S KIU THIT K TH NGHIM V NG DNG SPSS S L S LIU

2.1. Thit k th nghim theo kiu ngu nhin hon ton (CRD Completely Randomised Design)
Thit k th nghim theo kiu ngu nhin hon ton c ngha l cc nghim thc c phn vo cc n v th nghim mt cch hon ton ngu nhin, hay mi n v th nghim c mt c hi ging nhau c tip nhn mt nghim thc. Thit k th nghim theo kiu ny rt hiu qu trong trng hp cc n v th nghim ng u nhau v ngc li s khng hiu qu nu cc n v th nghim khng ng nht. Bao gm thit k th nghim ngu nhin hon ton mt nhn t v thit k th nghim ngu nhin hon ton a nhn t. Cc nhn t trong th nghim c th ch c nhn t nh tnh hoc nh lng hoc bao gm c hai. Trong cc nhn t th nghim li c th c nhiu mc nhn t. Th nghim mt nhn t cung cp thng tinh v nh hng chnh ch ca mt nhn t th nghim. Th nghim a nhn t C hai hoc nhiu hn nhn t c nghin cu ng thi. C hiu qu hn so vi tin hnh tng th nghim ring l v cung cp thng tin v nh hng chnh v nh hng ca tng tc gia cc nhn t.

* M hnh ANOVA mt nhn t

yij=+Ai+eij
yij: Gi tr ca bin ph thuc ca con vt j trong nghim thc i (i=1,a; j=1,n) i ch s mc ca nhn t, j ch s ln lp li : L trung bnh tng th Ai: L nh hng c nh hoc ngu nhin ca nhn t nghin cu vi mc i eij: L hiu d, IID N(0,2), independent identically distributed

Bng 1 . Bng tm tt AN OVA trong th nghim kiu CRD vi 1 nhn t Ngun bin ng df MS MST MSE F MST/MS E

Gia cc nhm/ nhn a-1 t th nghim Trong cc nhm Tng a(n-1) an-1

1. Tnh hung 1: Nghin cu nh hng ca 3 mc protein 14%; 17%; 18% trong khu phn n tng trng ca ln lai F1 (MC x M) trong giai on sinh trng. C 24 chung v 24 con ln. Cc con ln ny tng ng v cc yu t tui tc, trng lng a. Phn tch tnh hung - Nhn t th nghim: 1 nhn t, l mc protein. - Mc nhn t: 3 mc (14% pro, 17% pro, 18% pro) - Kiu thit k th nghim: ngu nhin hon ton. - n v th nghim: mi c th ln. - S ln lp li: 24/3 = 8 ln. b.Thit k th nghim (bng Excel) - B1: Lit k danh sch cc chung tng ng cho tng c th ln th nghim (ochuong) B2: Dng hm RAND() trong EXCEL gn cc con s ngu nhin cho cc chung (Rand1) sau copy v past special cc con s ny ti ng v tr y. B3: Dng hm SORT trong th DA TA, c th dng ascending hay descending, SORT theo s ngu nhin va mi to (Rand1), ch bao gm c s chung (ochuong) B4: Lit k cc mc protein theo th t 18%, 17%, 14%; 18%, 17%, 14%;..ho c ngc li. ng thi to s ngu nhin th 2 (Rand 2). B5: SORT ln th 2 theo ct vng cha 2 ct mc protein (muc protein) v s ngu nhin 2 (Rand 2). B6: SORT theo ct vng cha 2 ct ochuong v muc protein.

Hnh1: Thit k th nghim ngu nhin hon ton mt nhn t bng Excel Kt qu thit k: Cc mc protein c phn chia hon ton ngu nhin vo cc c th ln nh sau: Mc protein 14% c phn chia vo cc chung: 3; 7; 11; 19; 20; 22; 23; 24. Mc protein 17% c phn chia vo cc chung: 5; 6; 13; 15; 16; 17; 18; 21. Mc protein 18% c phn chia vo cc chung cn li: 1; 2; 4; 8; 9; 10; 12; 14. Ch : V cch thit k th nghim trn: Cch lm nh trn gi l Double randomization tuy nhin, theo ti liu Design of Experiments: Statistical Principles of Research Design and Analysis (Kuehl, 2000), th bc th 4 c th trc tip phn cc mc protein vo cc chung, 18, 1818; 17, 1717; 14, 1414. Cch lm nh vy cn gi l Single randomization c. Nhp kt qu v x l bng SPSS * Nhp s liu: Gi s kt qu tng trng (kg/thng) trong th nghim thu c nh sau:

Mc protein (%) C th 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

14% 11 3 6 10 7 8 9 2

17% 15 14 10 12 12 6 9 10

18% 13 14 6 10 12 12 16 13

Nh vy, s liu th nghim s c nhp theo ct tng ng vi tng mc protein trong Excel. Sau file ny c s dng chy bng SPSS.

* X l bng SPSS - Phn tch thng k Chn th Analyze/ Descriptive Statistics, sau ty theo tng th nghim v mc ch phn tch thng k chn cc th khc nhau. Frequencies cho phn tch theo tn s, tn sut; Descriptives cho phn tch m t; Exprore cho phn tch m t chi tit; Ratio cho phn tch theo t l, t s. Trong tnh hung ny, php phn tch m t chi tit cho bit thng tin y nht. Chn Analyze/ Descriptive Statistic/ Exprore hp thoi Exprore xut hin nh sau:

Chn tangtrong l bin ph thuc (a vo Dependent list), mucprotein l nhn t th nghim (a vo Factor list). Trong phn Display chn Statistics nu ch mong mun c kt qu thng k; Plots nu ch mong mun c s , th hay biu ; Both nu mong mun c c 2 kt qu trn. Vo tng hp thoi Statistics; Plots v Options chn cc thng s, khong tin cy cho gi tr trung bnh (Confidence Interval for mean) hay cc dng th, biu mong mun. Chn Discriptives/ Histogram cho dng biu , Boxplots /Factor level together cho trng hp biu biu din cc mc nhn t vi nhau, dng biu khi hp; Boxplots/ Dependent together cho trng hp biu gia cc bin ph thuc vi nhau, dng biu khi hp). Kt qu sau y xut hin trong hp Output -SPSS Viewer:

Explore mucprotein
Case Processing Summary Cases Valid tangtrong mucprotein 14 17 18 N 8 8 8 Percent 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% N 0 0 0 Missing Percent .0% .0% .0% N 8 8 8 T otal Percent 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Descriptives mucprotein 14 Statistic 7.00 4.32 9.68 7.06 7.50 10.286 3.207 2 11 9 6 -.520 -.894 11.00 8.59 13.41 11.06 11.00 8.286 2.878 6 15 9 4 -.335 .004 12.00 9.51 14.49 12.11 12.50 8.857 2.976 6 16 10 3 -1.084 2.032 Std. Error 1.134

tangtrong

Mean 95% Confidence Interval for Mean

Lower Bound Upper Bound

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5% Trimmed Mean Median Variance Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum Range Interquartile Range Skewness Kurtosis Mean 95% Confidence Lower Bound Interval for Mean Upper Bound 5% Trimmed Mean Median Variance Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum Range Interquartile Range Skewness Kurtosis Mean 95% Confidence Lower Bound Interval for Mean Upper Bound 5% Trimmed Mean Median Variance Std. Deviation Minimum Maximum Range Interquartile Range Skewness Kurtosis

.752 1.481 1.018

18

.752 1.481 1.052

.752 1.481

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14

12

tangtrong

10

19
6

14

17

18

mucprotein

Qua bng Descriptives c th rt ra mt s kt qu cn thit sau: Bng 1: Thng k m t nh hng ca cc mc protein khc nhau n tng trng ca ln

Nhm 14% 17% 18%

Tbnh 7 11 12

Phng sai 10,286 8,286 8,857

Qua biu trn, cho thy cc gi tr tng trng ca ln trong mi mc protein c phn b chun. Cc mc protein khc nhau c nh hng n tng trng ln khc nhau. Mc 18% protein cho tng trng cao nht trong cc mc. ng thi qua biu cng cho bit cc gi tr ngoi lai, khc thng. V d mc 18% c gi tr tng trng 19kg/thng l bt thng. Do vy c th kim tra li s liu trong trng hp cn thit, kim tra t Data viewer . Tuy nhin, cc kt qu thng k trn ch mi cho bit rt t cc thng s. Cha ch ra s sai khc v nh hng ca cc mc protein khc nhau n tng trng ln. Do cn tin hnh kim tra phng sai (ANOV A) v h ANOV A ( im tra post-hoc) bit nh hng khc nhau ca cc nhm nh u k th no. SPSS cho php kim tra tt c cc yu cu trn bng mt php ton. Trc khi phn tch ANOV A, c kim tra xem cc s liu c theo phn b chun hay khng. Php n ton Homogeneity tests cho php kim tra xem c s ng nht phng sai hay khng, cng c ngha l s liu c phn b chun hay khng. Homogeneity tests kim tra vi gi thit Ho: c s ng nht phng sai ca s liu; i thit H1: khng c s ng nht phng sai ca cc s liu. Php kim tra ng nht phng sai trong SPSS tin hnh nh sau:

Click vo th Homogeneity test mc Options trong hp thoi Univariate hoc Homogeneity of V ariance test mc Options trong hp thoi One- W ay ANOVA. Kt qu kim tra ng nht phng sai th hin dng bng sau:
Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variances(a) Dependent Variable: tangtrong Sig. .151 2 21 .861 T ests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups. a Design: Intercept+mucprotein
6

df1

df2

th kim tra mc tp trung, theo phn b chun ca s liu

Frequency

1 Mean = 10 Std. Dev . = 3.636 N = 24 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

tangtrong

Trong df1 l s bc t do ca mc nhn t; df2 l s bc t do ca mu. Sig = p l mc ngha, nu Sig > 0,05 th chp nhn gi thit Ho, c ngha c s ng nht v phng sai ca s liu, ngc li Sig < 0,05 th bc b Ho, chp nhn H1, khi cc php phn tch phng sai l khng c ngha. Khi Sig > 0,05 th tin hnh phn tch phng sai. Php phn tch phng sai trong SPSS tin hnh nh sau: Mean : cho php so snh cc gi tr trung bnh. Chn Analyze /Compare Means One-sample T Test: cho php kim tra mu n. Paired-samples T Test: cho php kim tra cp i. One way ANOVA: cho php kim tra 1 chiu (1 yu t). Univariate: cho trng hp c mt bin ph thuc (bao gm 1 hoc nhiu mc nhn t) Hoc chn Analyze /General linear model Multivariate: cho trng hp c t hai bin ph thuc tr ln (bao gm mt hoc nhiu mc nhn t)

Tuy nhin, trong SPSS kim tra phn b chun v phn tch ANOV A th ng khng tin hnh n l. C ngha l, trong cng mt hp thoi cho php la chn ng thi hai ni dung ny. Khi my tnh x l s t ng kim tra phn b chun trc, sau phn tch phng sai. Trong tnh hung ny, tin hnh x l trong SPSS nh sau:

Analyze /Compare Means / One Way ANOVA Chn tangtrong l bin ph thuc ( Dependent list); mucprotein l nhn t c nh ( Factor). Trong hp thoi One- Way ANOVA: mc contrasts chn polynomial (trong trng hp khong cch gia cc mc nhn t khng u 14% - 17% v 17% - 18%) ng thi chn linear (cho dng phng trnh bc nht); Quadratic (cho dng phng trnh bc hai); Cubic (cho dng phng trnh bc ba); 4th; 5th cho dng phng trnh bc 4, bc 5khng chn polynomial cho trng hp khong cch cc mc nhn t bng nhau. mc Post Hoc chn cc dng so snh Tukey (cho trng hp s mu trong cc nhm bng nhau); LSD (cho trng hp s mu trong cc nhm c th khng bng nhau), Duncan.chn mc 0,05 hoc 0,01Trong tnh hung ny chn so snh LSD v Tukey ( so snh nhy cm ca hai phng php ny), mc ngha p = 0,05. mc Option chn Discriptis v Homogeneity of V ariance test Kt qu sau y trong Output SPSS Viewer:

Oneway
Descriptives tangtrong N Mucprotein 14 17 18 T otal 8 8 8 24 7.00 11.00 12.00 10.00 3.207 2.878 2.976 3.636 1.134 1.018 1.052 .742 Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Lower Upper Bound Bound 4.32 9.68 8.59 9.51 8.46 13.41 14.49 11.54 Minimum Maximum

2 6 6 2

11 15 16 16

Test of Homogeneity of Variances tangtrong Levene Statistic .151 df1 2 df2 21 Sig. .861 ANOVA tangtrong Sum of Squares 112.000 Contrast Deviation Within Groups T otal 111.692 .308 192.000 304.000 df 2 1 1 21 23 Mean Square 56.000 111.692 .308 9.143 F 6.125 12.216 .034 Sig. .008 .002 .856

Between Groups

(Combined) Linear T erm

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Post Hoc Tests

Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: tangtrong (I) mucprotein Tukey HSD 14 (J) mucprotein Mean Difference (I-J) 95% Confidence Interval Std. Error 1.512 1.512 1.512 1.512 1.512 1.512 1.512 1.512 1.512 1.512 1.512 1.512 Sig. .039 .009 .039 .788 .009 .788 .015 .003 .015 .516 .003 .516 Lower Bound -7.81 -8.81 .19 -4.81 1.19 -2.81 -7.14 -8.14 .86 -4.14 1.86 -2.14 Upper Bound -.19 -1.19 7.81 2.81 8.81 4.81 -.86 -1.86 7.14 2.14 8.14 4.14

17 -4.000(*) 18 -5.000(*) 17 14 4.000(*) 18 -1.000 18 14 5.000(*) 17 1.000 LSD 14 17 -4.000(*) 18 -5.000(*) 17 14 4.000(*) 18 -1.000 18 14 5.000(*) 17 1.000 * The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

Homogeneous Subsets
tangtrong Subset for alpha = .05 Tukey HSD(a) mucprotein 14 17 18 Sig. N 8 8 8 1 7.00 11.00 12.00 .788 2

1.000 Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed. a Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 8.000.

* Lu cu lnh cho cc php ton trong SPSS: Click vo paste trong hp thoi Univariate, 1 hp thoi xut hin c tn Syntax SPSS Syntax Editor . Chn File /Save (Save as) trn thanh cng c lu cu lnh, ln sau c th m file cha cu lnh v chy Run. * To biu , th trong SPSS Chn Graphs, sau chn dng biu mong mun (thao tc v biu trong SPSS ging nh trong Minitab).

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Histogram
14
6

12
5

tangtrong

10

Frequency

19
6

4
1

2
0

14

17

18

10

12

14

Mean = 10 Std. Dev. = 3.636 N = 24 16

mucprotein

tangtrong

Biu dng Boxplots * M hnh ANOVA hai nhn t yijk=+Ai+Bj + ABij +eijk

th kim tra mc tp trung, theo phn b chun ca s liu

yijk: Gi tr ca bin ph thuc ca con vt k trong nghim thc A mc i v nhn t B mc j (i=1,a; j=1,b; k=1,n) : L trung bnh tng th Ai: L nh hng c nh hoc ngu nhin ca nhn t A vi mc i Bj: L nh hng c nh hoc ngu nhin ca B nghin cu vi mc j ABij: L nh hng c nh hoc ngu nhin ca tng tc gia i v j eijk: L hiu d, IID N(0,2) k ch s ln lp
Bng 2. Tm tt ANOVA hai nhn t df a-1 b-1 (a-1)(b-1) MS MSA MSB MSAB MSW F MSA/MSW MSB/MSW MSAB/MSW

Ngun bin ng Nhn t A Nhn t B AXB

Ngu nhin (trong NT-ab cc nhm) Tng NT-1

Tnh hung 2: Nghin cu hm lng canxi trong mu ca g thuc 2 gii tnh khc nhau do nh hng ca vic c hay khng c x l hormone 20 con g (10 trng, 10 mi) tng ng nhau v cc yu t tui tc, trng lng C s nghin cu c iu kin nui c th

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a. Phn tch tnh hung: Nhn t th nghim: 2 nhn t Gii tnh: Trng v Mi Hormone: C x l hormone, khng x l hormone.

Kiu thit k th nghim: Ngu nhin hon ton n v th nghim: Mi c th g S ln lp li: 5 b. Thit k th nghim ( s dng Excel 4.0)

c. Nhp s liu v phn tch thng k bng SPSS Nhp s liu trc tip trn SPSS hoc trn Excel ri m bng SPSS.

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Kim tra ng nht phng sai, phn tch phng sai, cc thng k m t, tt c c thc hin bng php ton Analyze/ General Linear Model/ Univariate (cho trng hp c 1 bin ph thuc, nh trong tnh hung 1)

Univariate Analysis of Variance

Between-Subjects Factors N gioitinh Hormon M T C K 10 10 10 10

Descriptive Statistics

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Dependent Variable: Canxi mau gioitinh M Hormon C K T otal C K T otal T otal C K T otal Mean 25.620 12.920 19.270 27.020 14.080 20.550 26.320 13.500 19.910 Std. Deviation 4.1288 1.3809 7.2957 2.0327 3.5647 7.3482 3.1555 2.6209 7.1569 N 5 5 10 5 5 10 10 10 20

Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variances(a) Dependent Variable: Canxi mau F df1 df2 Sig. 1.717 3 16 .204 T ests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups. a Design: Intercept+Hormon+gioitinh+gioitinh * Hormon Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: Canxi mau Source Corrected Model Intercept Hormon gioitinh gioitinh * Hormon Error T otal Corrected T otal Type III Sum of Squares 830.026(a) 7928.162 821.762 8.192 .072 143.172 df 3 1 1 1 1 16 Mean Square 276.675 7928.162 821.762 8.192 .072 8.948 F 30.919 886.001 91.835 .915 .008 Sig. .000 .000 .000 .353 .930

8901.360 20 973.198 19 a R Squared = .853 (Adjusted R Squared = .825)

Kt qu trn cho thy, trong bng Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variances(a),Sig = 0,204 >0,05 c ngha c s ng nht v phng sai (Gi thuyt Ho: C s ng nht phng sai; i thit H1: Khng c s ng nht phng sai). Cng c th kim tra s phn b chun ca s liu bng php ton Graphs/ Histogram ( Chn Display normal curve c ng cong phn b chun).

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Frequency

M e an = 19 .91 S td. De v . = 7 .15 69 N = 20 0 1 0.0 1 5.0 20.0 25.0 30 .0

Canxi mau

- S b sung Hormon c nh hng n hm lng canxi trong mu (p = 0.000< 0.05) s sai khc c ngha thng k. - Gii tnh khng c nh hng n hm lng canxi trong mu (p =0.353 > 0.05) s sai khc khng c ngha thng k). - Khng c nh hng tng tc gia hormone v gii tnh (p = 0.930 > 0.05). (Cc bng kt qu, th trong SPSS c th copy nguyn dng v page vo Word d dng). * Trnh by kt qu trong bo co Bng 1. nh hng ca hormone n hm lng canxi trong mu ca g (mg/100ml) Hormon C Khng c Trung bnh Trng 27,020a 14,080b 20,550 Mi 25,620a 12,920b 19,270 Trung bnh 26,320a 13,50b

a, b ch s sai khc c ngha mc p= 0.05

2.2. Thit k th nghim theo kiu ngu nhin hon ton theo khi (RCB - Randomized Completed Block Design). Th no l thit k theo khi ngu nhin hon ton? Thit k theo khi ngu nhin hon ton l thit k th nghim c cc c tnh sau: Theo khi: Cc nhm ca thit k ngu nhin hon ton Ngu nhin: p dng ngu nhin trong mi khi Hon ton:Tt c nghim thc c phn vo trong mi khi * u im ca thit k ngu nhin hon ton theo khi

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RCB hiu qu hn CRD Cc n v th nghim trong cc nhm l tng ng vi nhau hn Cc n v th nghim gia cc nhm l khc nhau hn Sai s th nghim l nh hn

* M hnh ca thit k th nghim theo khi ngu nhin hon ton M hnh tuyn tnh khng tng tc: yij = + Bi + Dj + ij yij : Trng lng ban u Bi : nh hng ca khi Dj: nh hng ca nhn t th nghim ij: hiu d : Trung bnh tng th.

M hnh tuyn tnh c tng tc: yijk = + Bi + Dj + BDij + ijk yijk = quan st trn c th k cho nhn t i, j. BDij: l nh hng ca tng tc gia 2 nhn t i, j. Tnh hung:
- nh hng ca cc khu phn n tng trng ca ln - 4 khu phn - 6 con/khu phn - Nui c th Cc n v th nghim c phn chia mt cch ngu nhin vo cc khu phn. a. Phn tch tnh hung: nh gi c nh hng ca cc khu phn n tng trng ln th cn phi loi b hoc tnh ton c cc nh hng khc khng phi t khu phn hiu chnh sai s do cc nh hng ny mang li. V vy cc ln th nghim cn c phn chia mt cch ngu nhin vo 4 khu phn, lm th no trng lng ban u l ging nhau cho mi khu phn (khi lng ln th nghim trong mi khu phn tng i ng nht). Thit k th nghim kiu khi ngu nhin hon ton. - Nhn t th nghim: khu phn n - Mc nhn t: 4 mc - n v th nghim: mi cc th ln - S ln lp li = s khi = 6. b. Cch thit k th nghim

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c. Nhp s liu v x l thng k * Nhp s liu (tin hnh trong Excel)

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* X l thng k trong SPSS X dng php phn tch Analyze/ General Linear Model/ Univariate Chn tangtrong cho Dependent V ariable khauphan cho Fixed Factor , khoi cho random factor . Trong hp thoi Model chn Custom, chn cc m hnh khauphan; khoi; khauphan*khoi xem nh hng cng gp ca khi v phu phn.

Nhn continue tip tc. Trong hp thoi Post hoc Mutiple Comparions chn khauphan cho Post Hoc test for . Chn so snh LSD hoc Tukey ty theo mc ch so snh v yu cu ca th nghim, sau nhn continue tip tc. Trong hp thoi Option chn khauphan cho Display means for , chn Descriptive Statistics cho cc m t thng k v Homogeneity tests cho php kim tra ng nht phng sai. Kt qu sau y xut hin trong hp thoi Output SPSS Viewer:

Univariate Analysis of Variance

Warnings Post hoc tests are not performed for Khauphan because error term has zero degrees of freedom. Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variances(a) Dependent Variable: tangtrong df1 df2 Sig. . 23 0 . T ests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups. a Design: Intercept+Khauphan+khoi+Khauphan * khoi F

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Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: tangtrong Source Intercept Khauphan khoi Khauphan * khoi Type III Sum of Squares 8580104.167 53420.833 114712.500 31862.500 53420.833 31862.500 31862.500 .000 df 1 5 3 15 5 15 15 0 Mean Square 8580104.167 10684.167(a) 38237.500 2124.167(b) 10684.167 2124.167(b) 2124.167 .(c) F 803.067 18.001 5.030 . Sig. .000 .000 .007 .

Hypothesis Error Hypothesis Error Hypothesis Error Hypothesis Error

a MS(khoi) b MS(Khauphan * khoi) c MS(Error) Expected Mean Squares(a,b) Variance Component Var(Khauph an * khoi) Var(Error) 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000

Source Intercept Khauphan khoi Khauphan * khoi Error

Var(khoi) 4.000 .000 4.000

Quadratic T erm Intercept, Khauphan Khauphan

.000 1.000 1.000 .000 .000 1.000 a For each source, the expected mean square equals the sum of the coefficients in the cells times the variance components, plus a quadratic term involving effects in the Quadratic T erm cell. b Expected Mean Squares are based on the Type III Sums of Squares. Khauphan Dependent Variable: tangtrong 95% Confidence Interval Khauphan A B C D Mean 606.667 496.667 596.667 691.667 Std. Error . . . . Lower Bound . . . . Upper Bound . . . .

Kim tra ng nht phng sai cho thy khng th tin hnh kim tra Post hoc cho khauphan v n v o t do df2 = 0. Tuy nhin, trong bng kim tra cc yu t nh hng Tests of Between-Subjects Effects vn cho thy nh hng ca khu phn v nh hng ca khi l c ngha vi mc ngha p tng ng l 0.000 v 0.007. Nu b khoi ra khi Random factor v tin hnh phn tch ch nh hng ca khauphan ti tng trng th kt qu sau y trong hp thoi Output SPSS Viewer:

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Univariate Analysis of Variance

Between-Subjects Factors N Khaupha n A B C D 6 6

6 6 Descriptive Statistics Dependent Variable: tangtrong Khauphan A B C D T otal Mean 606.67 496.67 596.67 691.67 597.92 Std. Deviation 28.048 69.474 64.704 85.186 93.250 N 6 6 6 6 24

Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variances(a) Dependent Variable: tangtrong df1 df2 Sig. .933 3 20 .443 T ests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups. a Design: Intercept+Khauphan Tests of Between-Subjects Effects Dependent Variable: tangtrong Type III Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 114712.500(a 3 38237.500 8.967 .001 ) Intercept 8580104.167 1 8580104.167 2012.141 .000 Khauphan 114712.500 3 38237.500 8.967 .001 Error 85283.333 20 4264.167 T otal 8780100.000 24 Corrected T otal 199995.833 23 a R Squared = .574 (Adjusted R Squared = .510) Pairwise Comparisons Dependent Variable: tangtrong Mean 95% Confidence Interval for Difference Difference(a) (I) Khauphan (J) Khauphan (I-J) Std. Error Sig.(a) Lower Bound Upper Bound A B 110.000(*) 37.701 .009 31.356 188.644 C 10.000 37.701 .794 -68.644 88.644 D -85.000(*) 37.701 .036 -163.644 -6.356 B A -110.000(*) 37.701 .009 -188.644 -31.356 C -100.000(*) 37.701 .015 -178.644 -21.356 D -195.000(*) 37.701 .000 -273.644 -116.356 C A -10.000 37.701 .794 -88.644 68.644 B 100.000(*) 37.701 .015 21.356 178.644 Source Corrected Model D D A B C -95.000(*) 85.000(*) 195.000(*) 95.000(*) 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 .020 .036 .000 .020 -173.644 6.356 116.356 16.356 -16.356 163.644 273.644 173.644 F

Based on estimated marginal means * The mean difference is significant at the .05 level. a Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Least Significant Difference (equivalent to no adjustments).

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Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: tangtrong Mean Difference (I-J) 110.00(*) 10.00 -85.00 -110.00(*) -100.00 -195.00(*) -10.00 100.00 -95.00 85.00 195.00(*) 95.00 110.00(*) 10.00 -85.00(*) -110.00(*) -100.00(*) -195.00(*) -10.00 100.00(*) -95.00(*) 85.00(*) 195.00(*) 95.00(*) 95% Confidence Interval Std. Error 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 37.701 Sig. .039 .993 .143 .039 .067 .000 .993 .067 .087 .143 .000 .087 .009 .794 .036 .009 .015 .000 .794 .015 .020 .036 .000 .020 Lower Bound 4.48 -95.52 -190.52 -215.52 -205.52 -300.52 -115.52 -5.52 -200.52 -20.52 89.48 -10.52 31.36 -68.64 -163.64 -188.64 -178.64 -273.64 -88.64 21.36 -173.64 6.36 116.36 16.36 Upper Bound 215.52 115.52 20.52 -4.48 5.52 -89.48 95.52 205.52 10.52 190.52 300.52 200.52 188.64 88.64 -6.36 -31.36 -21.36 -116.36 68.64 178.64 -16.36 163.64 273.64 173.64

Tukey HSD

(I) Khauphan A

LSD

(J) Khauphan B C D A C D A B D A B C B C D A C D A B D A B C

Based on observed means. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

Cc kt qu trn cho bit cc nh hng ca khu phn r rng hn, ng thi so snh c nh hng khc nhau ca cc khu phn. Trong trng hp ny, nh hng ca khoi c chuyn vo nh hng ca cc khu phn. 2.3. Thit k th nghim theo kiu vung Latinh (Latin Square Design- LSD) Th no l thit k th nghim theo kiu vung Latinh ? Thit k th nghim theo kiu vung Latinh l thit k cc ch la tinh c th c t chc nhm thnh mt ma trn vung, mi ch ch c xut hin mt v ch mt ln m thi ti mt vung trong mi hng v mi ct. Thit k th nghim kiu vung Latinh c cc c im sau: - Cc n v th nghim c phn t theo hai cch: cc hng v cc ct. - Mi hng v mi ct l mt thit k th nghim RCB. - Khng c s tng tc gia cc nhn t.

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a. u im Gim MSE bng cch xo b s khc nhau gia cc hng v cc ct. C hn mt bnh phng c th c s dng. Gim s lp li do vy gim chi ph. b. Nhc im S hng v s ct phi bng s nghim thc. Gi thuyt khng tng tc thng b thin lch. Khng nn s dng khi xc nh nh hng lu di, tch lu ca nhn t th nghim. Lm gim t do Vi LSD 2x2 th df error=0 Vi LSD 3x3 th df error =4 Vi LSD 4x4 th df error=6 c. Tnh hung: Nghin cu nh hng ca ch n ma ng n nng sut sa. 4 khu phn thc n (A, B, C, D), mi loi c cho n 3 tun/b. Tng lng sa trong tun th 3 ca mi giai on c xc nh. C s th nghim c th cung cp 4 con b. * Phn tch tnh hung: - Nhn t th nghim: khu phn thc n, vi 4 mc: A, B, C, D - n v th nghim: khng phi l B m l B v GIAI ON - S ln lp li =4 - C 2 ngun bin ng ngoi nhn t th nghim: Ging v Giai on (4 ging, 4 giai on) - Phng php phn tch: ging nh phn tch theo khi ngu nhin + 1 ngun bin ng. M hnh phn tch:

yijk = + Gi + Pj + Dk + ijk
Trong : - Dk: nh hng ca khu phn - Yijk: Tng lng sa ca c th b i, giai on j v c n khu phn k * Thit k th nghim v s l thng k: - Thit k th nghim: Tt c cc hnh vung la tinh vi mt kch thc xc nh u c th ly t cc hnh vung la tinh chun Hnh vung la tinh chun c cc k hiu ca nghim thc l A, B, C, D v cc k hiu ny c vit theo th t alphabet trong dng u tin v hng u tin Khi t=2 hoc 3 th c 1 hnh vung la tinh chun (HVLTC)

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 Khi t =4 th c 4 HVL TC Khi t = 5 th c 56 HVL TC Khi t = 6 th c 9408 HVL TC HVL TC vi bt k kch thc no u c th to bng cch Vit cc k t ca hng u tin theo th t alphabet A, B, C Hng th 2 c xc nh t hng th nht bng cch chuyn hng th nht mt k t v pha tri, chuyn k t A v pha cui ca hng v phi bn phi Hng th 3 c xc nh bng cch chuyn hng th 2 tng t nh trn

Lm th no thit k ngu nhin Nu chng ta c HVL TC vi kch thc t x t, th qu trnh ngu nhin c thc hin nh sau (HVL TC c th t to, c th ly t bt c sch thit k th nghim no). B1: Chn ngu nhin mt hnh vung la tinh chun (trong trng hp ny l hnh vung Latinh chun vi 4 nghim thc). A B C D B C D A C D A B D A B C

B2: Ngu nhin ha trt t tt c cc hng ngoi tr hng th nht + thc hin B2 cn c cc s ngu nhin cho 3 hng cui (dng hm RAN()) sp xp trt t 3 hng cui/hon v trt t (nu khng c hnh vung Latinh chun th tin hnh ngu nhin ha tt c cc hng). + Dng hm Data/Sort sort theo ct s ngu nhin (RAND) ch vi 3 hng cui.

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B3: Ngu nhin ha trt t tt c cc ct + To s ngu nhin theo hng v sort theo hng ( Data/Sort/Sort option/Sort left to right ) Sau khi sp xp hnh vung Latinh s c dng sau:

B4: Phn chia mt cch ngu nhin cc nghim thc vo cc k t + Cn c cc s ngu nhin phn cc nghim thc vo cc k t. + Nu HVL TC l c chn mt cch ngu nhin t cc HVLTC c kh nng, th bc ny khng cn thit. Gi s ta khng chn ngu nhin HVLTC Gi s cc nghim thc l x; y; z; t (cc khu phn).

Nh vy ta tin hnh b tr ngu nhin cc nghim thc (cc nhn t hoc mc nhn t th nghim, vd: khu phn) vo cc k t (cc c th th nghim, cc chung). Kiu thit k trn phn ngu nhin cc nghim thc vo cc i tng th nghim v ngu nhin trong tng giai on th nghim (hon ton ngu nhin mi hng v mi ct).

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- Nhp s liu: Gi s kt qu th nghim c ghi chp nh sau:

Nhp s liu trong Exel hoc trong SPSS s c dng sau:

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- X l s liu trong SPSS:

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