TT LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NGY MI

18A/88 INH VN T - TP. HI DNG

CHUYN V LIN KT HIRO

I.T VN .
chng trnh ha ph thng, nhiu hc sinh hiu v lin kt hiro v vn dng lin kt hiro xt tnh tan
v nhit si cn b hn ch.
Bi vit ny cung cp cho hc sinh mt ci nhn tng quan v lin kt hiro.
II.GII QUYT VN
1.nh ngha: Lin kt hiro l tng tc tnh in yu gia phn t hiro mang in tch dng vi phn t mang
in tch m (thng l cp electron t do ca nguyn t c m in ln nh (F, O, N, Cl , S..)
2.iu kin c lin kt hiro.
iu kin cn: Trong hp cht phi cha H
iu kin : H phi lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t c m in ln v trn nguyn t c m in ln phi
c cp e t do.
V d Cho cc hp cht H2O, NH3 , CH4 , HCHO, CH3COONH4. S hp cht c lin kt hiro l:
A.1
B.2
C.3
D.4
Hng dn: CH4 & HCHO khng c lin kt hiro v H khng lin kt vi cc nguyn t c m in ln, cn
CH3COONH4 tuy c H lin kt vi N nhng trn N khng cn cp electron t do na,ch c H2O, NH3 c lin kt
hiro Chn B
Kt lun:
-Cc axit, ru, phenol, Aminoaxit, amin bc mt, amin bc hai, H2O u c lin kt hiro.
- Cc Hirocac bon, andehit, dn xut halogel, ete, este, khng to c lin kt hiro.
3. K hiu: Ngi ta thng k hiu lin kt hiro bng du 3 chm()
4.Biu din lin kt hiro: Lin kt hiro c hnh thnh gia cc phn t cng loi.
V d 1: Gia cc phn t H2O, HF, ru, axit
... H O ... H O ...
H

Lin kt hiro c hnh thnh gia cc phn t khc loi.

V d2: Gia cc phn t ru v H2O,
... H O ... H O ...
R

5.Phn loi lin kt hiro

Ngi ta chia lin kt hiro thnh hai loi sau y: Ni phn t v ngoi phn t
A.Ni phn t .
L lin kt hiro ngay trong phn t
iu kin c ni phn t l:
iu kin cn: Hp cht phi cha hai nhm chc tr ln
iu kin : Khi to thnh kin kt hiro phi to c vng 5 hoc 6 cnh.
H. .

...O

CH2

O H

...

CH2

V d 2: Cht no sau y c lin kt ni phn t

C O O H
C H

C O O H

C O O H

C O O H
O H

O H

O H
4

Hng dn: Ch c hp cht (2) l tha mn iu kin

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Biu din:
O
C

H
...
O

B.Ngoi phn t: L lin kt hiro gia phn t ny v phn t kia

V d:
... H O ... H O ...
H

6.nh gi mnh ca lin kt hiro

V lin kt hiro l tng tc tnh in gia phn t hiro mang in tch dng v phn t mang in tch
m.
Do vy mun xt mnh yu ca lin kt hiro ta phi xt lc tng tc tnh in gia hai phn t mang
in tri du . Nu lc ht cng mnh th lin kt hiro cng bn v ngc li.Lin kt hiro cng bn khi hiro
cng linh ng v phn t mang in tch m cng c cp e linh ng.
V d 1: Khi cho ru etylic v nc th hnh thnh bn kiu lin kt hiro sau y:

... H O ... H O ...

H (A) R

... H O ... H O ...

R (B) H

... H O ... H O ...

H (C) H

... H O ... H O ...

R (D) R

Loi no bn nht trong cc loi trn?

Hng dn. Loi (B) l lin kt hiro gia nc v ru. y l loi bn nht- do tng tc tnh in ln nht (
Hiro trong nc linh ng nht, O trong ru mng in tch m ln nht do ru etylic c nhm -C2H5 y
electron)
V d 2. Ru 900 th loi lin kt hiro no chim u th nht?

... H O ... H O ...

H (A) R

... H O ... H O ...

R (B) H

... H O ... H O ...

H (C) H

... H O ... H O ...

R (D) R

Hng dn. Loi (D) chim u th nht v ru 90 ch yu l ru v ru

V d 3: Gia ru etylic, phenol, nc c 9 loi lin kt hiro. Loi no bn nht?
A.Phenol v ru
B.Phenol v nc
C.ru v phenol
D.nc v ru
Hng dn: Lin kt hiro gia phenol v ru l bn nht. V hiro trong phenol l linh ng nht v O trong ru
l m nht. Chn A.
Cn nh: Lin kt hiro trong axit > trong phenol > trong ru.
7.nh hng ca lin kt hiro n nhit si
Hp cht c lin kt hiro th c nhit si cao hn hp cht khng c lin kt hiro tng ng.
Gii thch. V cn tiu tn mt nng lng thng lin kt hiro.
V d: Hai cht hu c A v B u c cng thc phn t l C2H6O. A c nhit si l 78,30C. B c nhit si l 26,30C. Xc nh A v B
A l: C2H5OH v B l CH3OCH3
Do A c lin kt hiro cn B khng c lin kt hiro.
8.nh hng ca lin kt hiro n tnh tan trong nc.
Hp cht to c lin kt hiro th d tan c trong nc.
V d: C2H5OH tan v hn trong nc v to c lin kt hiro vi nc
Nhn xt: Tnh tan trong nc ngoi lin kt hiro cn ph thuc vo gc hirocac bon. Nu gc cng cng knh
cng, cng ln cng kh tan. Ni chung gc hi ro cc bon m c mch cng di, cng phn nhnh kh nng k nc
ln cng kh tan
V d : Cc ru t C1- C3 tan v hn trong nc, cc ru t C4 tr i th t tan trong nc hn.
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18A/88 INH VN T - TP. HI DNG

III. NGUYN TC SO SNH NHIT SI.

Nguyn tc 1 Hai hp cht c cng khi lng hoc khi lng xp x nhau th hp cht no c lin kt hiro bn
hn s c nhit si cao hn.
V d 1: So snh nhit si ca CH3COOH v C3H7OH.
- C hai u c khi lng phn t bng 60. Nhng CH3COOH c lin kt hiro bn hn lin kt hiro trong
C3H7OH. Nn nhit si ca CH3COOH cao hn nhit si ca C3H7OH.
V d 2 : So snh nhit si ca CH3OH v CH3CHO.
- CH3OH c M=32. CH3CHO c M=44.
CH3OH c lin kt hiro, CH3CHO khng c lin kt hiro, nn CH3OH c nhit si cao hn CH3CHO.
Nguyn tc 2 Hai hp cht cng kiu lin kt hiro, hp cht no c khi lng ln hn s c nhit si cao hn.
V d 1: So snh nhit si ca CH3OH v C2H5OH.
- C hai u c cng kiu lin kt hidro, nhng khi lng ca C2H5OH=46> khi lng ca CH3OH=32. nn
C2H5OH c nhit si cao hn CH3OH.
V d 2: So snh nhit si ca C2H6 v C3H8.
- C hai u khng c lin kt hiro, khi lng ca C3H8 ln hn khi lng ca C2H6 nn C3H8 c nhit si ln
hn.
Nguyn tc 3 Hai hp cht l ng phn ca nhau th ng phn cis c nhit si cao hn ng phn trans.(gii
thch: l do m men lng cc.ng phn cis m men lng cc khc 0, ng phn trans c m men lng cc
bng 0 hoc b thua m men lng cc ca ng phn cis.
V d: So snh nhit si ca cis but-2-en v trans but-2-en.
Nguyn tc 4 Hai hp cht l ng phn ca nhau th hp cht no c din tch tip xc phn t ln hn s c nhit
cao hn hn.
V d: So snh hit si ca cc hp cht sau:
CH3
CH3

CH3

CH3 (A)

CH3

CH

CH2

CH3

(B)

CH3

- C hai u c khi lng bng nhau, u khng c lin kt hiro. B c din tch tip xc ln hn nn c nhit si
cao hn A.
Nguyn tc 5 Hai hp cht c khi lng bng nhau hoc xp x nhau, hp cht no c lin kt ion s c nhit si
cao hn.
V d : So snh nhit si ca CH3COONa v CH3COOH.
-CH3COONa khng c lin kt hiro nhng c lin kt ion gia Na-O; CH3COOH c lin kt hiro. Nhng nhit
si ca CH3COONa cao hn.
Nguyn tc 6: Hai hp cht hu c u khng c lin kt hiro, c khi lng xp x nhau th hp cht no c tnh
phn cc hn s c nhit si cao hn.
V d: So snh nhit si ca HCHO v C2H6.
- Hai hp cht trn u khng c lin kt hiddro v khi lng bng nhau, nhng HCHO c tnh phn cc hn nn c
nhit si cao hn.
IV.BI TP P DNG:
1: Cho cc cht sau: C2H5OH; HCOOH; CH3COOH. Th t nhit si sp xp tng ng vi cc cht trn l
A. 118,20C - 78,30C - 100,50C.
B. 118,20C - 100,50C - 78,30C.
C. 100,50C - 78,30C - 118,20C.
D. 78,30C - 100,50C - 118,20C.
2: Cho cc cht: C2H5OH(1); n-C3H7OH (2); C2H5Cl(3); (CH3)2O (4); CH3COOH (5).Sp xp cc cht trn theo chiu
nhit si gim dn l
A. (5)>(2)>(1)>(3)>(4)
B. (2)>(5)>(1)>(4)>(3)
C. (5)>(1)>(2)>(4)>(3)
D. (5)>(1)>(2)>(3)>(4)
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3: Cho bit nhit si ca cc dn xut clometan thay i nh th no?

A. CCl4> CHCl3> CH2Cl2> CH3Cl.
B. CCl4> CHCl3> CH2Cl> CH3Cl2.
C. CHCl3> CCl4> CH2Cl2> CH3Cl.
D. CHCl3> CH2Cl2 > CCl4> CH3Cl.
4: Nhit si ca cc cht tng dn theo dy sau: (CH3)4C < (CH3)2CHCH(CH3)2 < CH3(CH2)4CH3
iu gii thch no sau y ng?
A. Do s tng dn phn cc ca cc phn t.
B. Do bn lin kt hiro gia cc phn t trong dy trn tng dn.
C. Do s tng dn ca din tch tip xc b mt.
D. Do khi lng cc cht trn tng dn.
5:Cho Cc cht sau: CH3COOH(1), HCOOCH3(2), CH3CH2COOH(3),CH3COOCH3(4), C3H7OH(5), c sp theo
chiu tng dn nhit si l:
A. 2<5<4<1<3
B. 2<5<4<3<1
C. 2<4<5<1<3
D.
4<2<1<5<3
6: Nhit si ca cht no sau y thp nht?
A. Octan
B. Pentan
C. Hexan
D. Heptan.
7: Cht no sau y c nhit si thp nht?
A. n-Pentan
B. isopentan
C. xiclopentan.
D. neopentan
8: Cho cc cht sau: n-pentan(1); isopentan(2); neopentan(3). Th t nhit si tng dn l
A. (3)<(2)<(1)
B. (1)<(2)<(3)
C. (1)<(3)<(2)
D. (2)<(1)<(3)
9: Cho cc cht sau:
(CH3)4C (1); CH3(CH2)4CH3(2); (CH3)2CHCH(CH3)2 (3) CH3(CH2)3CH2OH (4); (CH3)2CH(OH)CH2CH3 (5).
Sp xp th t tng dn nhit si l
A. (1)<(2)<(3)<(4)<(5)
B. (1)<(3)<(2)<(5)<(4)
C. (2)<(3)<(1)<(5)<(4)
D .(2)<(1)<(3)<(4)<(5)
10: Xem ba cht: (I): CH3(CH2)3CH3; (II): CH3CH2CH(CH3)2 ; (III): C(CH3)4. Th t nhit si tng dn ca ba
cht:
A. (III) < (I) < (II)
B. (II) < (III) < (I)
C. (I) < (II) < (III)
D. (III) < (II) < (I)
11: Cho cc cht sau: CH3COONa (1); CH3COOH(2); C2H5OH(3); CH3CHO(4). Th t sp xp theo chiu tng dn
nhit si l
A. (1)<(4)<(3)<(2)
B. (4)<(1)<3)<(2)
C. (4)<(3)<(2)<(1)
D. (4)<(3)<(1)<(2)
12: Sp xp cc cht sau theo th t gim dn nhit si?
A. n-C4H9NH2 >C4H9OH > C2H5N(CH3)2
B. C2H5N(CH3)2 >n-C4H9NH2 >C4H9OH
C. C4H9OH > n-C4H9NH2 > C2H5N(CH3)2
D. C2H5N(CH3)2> n-C4H9NH2 >C4H9OH
13: Cht no sau y c nhit si ln nht?
A. CH3COONa
B. CH3COOH
C. CH3COOC2H5
D. C3H7OH
14: Trong cc cht thm sau: Anilin; Phenol; Benzen; Benzylclorua. Cht no c nhit si thp nht?
A. Anilin
B. Benzylclorua
C. Phenol
D. Benzen
15: theo th t phn cc tng dn ca lin kt O H trong phn t ca cc cht sau: C2H5OH (1); CH3COOH (2);
CH2=CHCOOH (3); C6H5OH (4); CH3C6H4OH (5); C6H5CH2OH (6) l
A. (6) < (1) < (5) < (4) < (2) < (3)
B. (1) < (6) < (5) < (4) < (2) < (3)
C. (1) < (2) < (3) < (4) < (5) < (6)
D. (1) < (3) < (2) < (4) < (5) < (6)
16: Cho cc cht sau: C2H5OH (1), CH3COOH (2), HCOOH (3), C6H5OH (4)
Chiu tng dn linh ng ca nguyn t hiro trong cc nhm chc ca 4 cht trn l
A. 4 < 1 < 2 < 3
B. 1 < 4 < 2 < 3
C. 1 < 4 < 3 < 2
D. 4 < 1 < 3 < 2
17: Cho cc gi tr nhit si: 21C; 65C; 78C; 100,5C; 118C l nhit si ca mt trong cc cht: axit fomic,
axit axetic, anehit axetic, ru etylic, ru metylic. Nhit si tng dn theo th t trn l:
A. CH3OH < CH3CH2OH < CH3CHO < HCOOH < CH3COOH
B. CH3CHO < CH3OH < CH3CH2OH < HCOOH < CH3COOH
C. CH3COOH < HCOOH < CH3CHO < CH3CH2OH < CH3OH
D. CH3OH < CH3CHO < CH3CH2OH < HCOOH < CH3COOH
18: Cho cc ru sau:n-Butylic(1); sec- Butylic(2); iso -Butylic(3); tert -Butylic(4); Th t gim gin nhit si l
A. (4)>(3)>(2)>(1)
B. (1)>(3)>(2)>(4)
C. (4)>(2)>(3)>(1) D. (1)>(2)>(3)>(4)
19: Chiu gim dn nhit si ca cc cht: CH3CHO, C2H5OH, H2O l
A. C2H5OH , H2O,CH3CHO
B. H2O, CH3CHO, C2H5OH
C. CH3CHO, C2H5OH, H2O
D. H2O, C2H5OH, CH3CHO
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20: Xem cc cht: (I): HCHO; (II): CH3CHO; (III): CH3CH2OH; (IV): CH3OCH3; (V): HCOOCH3; (VI):
CH3COOH; (VII): NH3; (VIII): PH3 Nhit si ln hn trong mi cp cht nh sau:
A. (II) > (I); (III) > (IV); (V) > (VI); (VII) > (VIII)
B. (II) > (I); (III) > (IV); (VI) > (V); (VIII) > (VII)
C. (I) > (II); (IV) > (III); (VI) > (V); (VIII) > (VII)
D. (II) > (I); (III) > (IV); (VI) > (V); (VII) > (VIII)
21: Cho cc cht sau: CHO-CH2OH(1); CHO-CHO(2); HOOC-CH2OH(3); HOOC-COOH (4); CHO-COOH(5).
Th t gim dn nhit si ca cc cht trn l
A. (1)>(2)>(3)>(4)>(5)
B. (5)>(4)>(3)>(2)>(1)
C. (4)>(5)>(3)>(1)>(2)
D. (4)>(3)>(5)>(1)>(2)
22: Cho cc cht sau: Butan(1); bu-1-en(2); cis-bu-2-en(3); trans bu-2-en(4). Th t tng dn nhit si l
A. (2)<(1)<(3)<(4)
B. (1)<(2)<(3)<(4)
C. (1)<(2)<(4)<(3)
D. (1)<(2)<(3)=(4)
23: Trong cc cht sau, cht no c nhit si cao nht?
A. Etanol
B. imetylete
C. Metanol
D. Phenol
24: Trong cc cht sau y, linh ng ca nguyn t H l mnh nht trong phn t:
A. CH3CH2OH
B. H2O
C. CH4
D. CH3OCH3
25: Cht no c nhit si thp nht?
A. 1-Aminobutan
B. Metyl n-propyl ete
C. Ru tert-butylic
D. Butanol-1
26: Nhit si cc cht tng dn nh sau:
A. CH3CH2Cl < CH3COOCH3 < CH3COOH
B. CH3OH < CH3CH2COOH < NH3 < HCl
C. HCOOH < CH3OH < CH3COOH < C2H5F
D. CH3CH2Cl < CH3COOH < CH3CH2OH
27: cc cht sau : H2O; CH4; CH3Cl, C2H5OH. Cht no c nhit si cao nht?
A. C2H5OH.
B. CH4
C. H2O
D. CH3Cl
28: HF c nhit si cao nht so vi cc HX(X l Cl, Br, I) v l do no sau y?
A. HF c lin kt hiro nh nht.
B. HF c lin kt hiro bn nht.
C. HF c phn t khi nh nht.
D. HF c lin kt cng ha tr rt bn.
29: cht sau c cng khi lng phn t: C2H5OH, HCOOH, CH3OCH3. Nhit si ca chng tng dn theo th t
A. HCOOH, CH3OCH3, C2H5OH
B. CH3OCH3, HCOOH, C2H5OH
C. CH3OCH3, C2H5OH, HCOOH
D. C2H5OH, HCOOH, CH3OCH3
30: Trong s cc cht sau cht no c nhit si cao nht?
A. C2H5OH
B. CH3COOH
C. C2H6.
D. CH3CHO
31: Cht no sau y c nhit si cao nht?
A. CH3CH2OH
B. CH3CHO
C. CH3CH2NH2
D. CH3COOH
32:Cho cc cht sau: CH3COOH(A), C2H5COOH(B), CH3COOCH3(C), CH3CH2OH(D). Chiu tng dn nhit si
(t tri qua phi) ca cc cht trn l
A. D, A, C, B
B. D, A, C, B
C. B, A, D, C
D. C, D, A, B
33: Cho cc cht sau (I): CH3COOH; (II): CH3CH2OH; (III): C6H5OH (phenol); (IV): HO-C2H4-OH; (V): H2O. S
linh ng ca nguyn t H trong nhm OH trong phn t cc cht tng dn theo th t sau
A. (II) < (V) < (IV) < (III) < (I)
B. (V) < (II) < (IV) < (III) < (I)
C. (II) < (IV) < (V) < (III) < (I)
D. (III) < (V) < (IV) < (II) < (I)
34:Cht no sau y c nhit si cao nht?
CH3
C H 3 C H 2 C H 2 C H ( C H 3) 2
( B)

C H 3( C H 2) 4 C H 3
(A)

C H 3C H2C H C H 2C H 3
CH3

(C)

C H3C H C H C H3
C H3

(D)

35:Cht no sau y c nhit si thp nht?

OH

OH
OH

C H3

(B)

(A)
OH

(C)

OH

(D)
OH

OH

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TI LIU LUYN THI & BI DNG KIN THC NM 2011

BNG P N BI TP SO SNH NHIT SI

Cu

Cu

Cu

Cu

Cu

15

22

29

16

23

30

10

17

24

31

11

18

25

32

12

19

26

33

13

20

27

34

14

21

28

35

Bin Son: Nguyn i Nhn

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