TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP.

H CH MINH KHOA CNG NGH HA HC

BI GING

HA HC V C

Ngi son : NG KIM TRIT

Tp. H Ch Minh, 9/2008

Chng 1: MT S KHI NIM C BN TRONG HA HC

1.1. MT S KHI NIM C BN TRONG HA HC 1.1.1. Cht Cht c hai c tnh quan trng l ng nht v c thnh phn xc nh. Mi cht u do nguyn t to nn, nguyn t cng loi to nn n cht. Nguyn t khc loi cu to nn hp cht. 1.1.2. Nguyn t : Nguyn t l ht nh nht ca nguyn t ha hc khng th chia nh hn c na v mt ha hc. Nguyn t c khi lng, kch thc v cng b v khc nhau. 1.1.3. Electron L mt phn ca nguyn t, lun quay chung quanh ht nhn, c khi lng rt b so vi khi lng ca nguyn t v bng 9,11 . 1023g. 1.1.4. Ht nhn nguyn t L do cc ht proton (p)v ntron (n) cu to nn s proton quyt nh in tch dng ca ht nhn. 1.1.5. Nguyn t ha hc Mi loi nguyn t c ht nhn mang cng in tch dng c gi l nguyn t ha hc. Nhiu nguyn t l hn hp ca cc ng v. 1.1.6. Phn t Phn t l ht nh nht m ca mt cht cn gi nguyn tnh cht ha hc ca n. Phn t c th do hai n hng ngn nguyn t lin kt vi nhau. 1.1.7. Khi lng nguyn t Khi lng nguyn t bng 1/12 khi lng ca nguyn t ng v ca C, n bng 1,6603 . 1023g. 1.1.8. Khi lng phn t

Khi lng phn t ca mt cht l khi lng ca mt phn t cht tnh bng n v khi lng nguyn t v bng tng khi lng nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong phn t. 1.1.9. Nguyn t gam L lng ca mt nguyn t ha hc c tn bng gam c gi tr v s bng khi lng nguyn t ca nguyn t . 1.1.11. Phn t gam L lng cht c tnh bng gam v c gi tr v s bng khi lng phn t ca cht . 1.2. NHNG THNG S C BN CA NGUYN T 1.2.1. Nng lng ion ha Nng lng ti thiu cn tch mt electron ra khi nguyn t kh. 1.2.2. i lc ion i lc electron ca mt nguyn t l nng lng ca qu trnh nguyn t ( trng thi kh) kt hp thm mt electron bin thnh ion m. 1.2.3. m in m in l kh nng ca nguyn t nguyn t trong phn t ht electron v pha n. 1.3. H THNG TUN HON V NHNG TNH CHT CHUNG CA CC NGUYN T HA HC 1.3.1. nh lut tun hon ca Mendeleep Nm 1869 Menlep mi sp xp cc nguyn t theo chiu tng ca khi lng nguyn t v tm ra c cch h thng ha cc nguyn t ha hc mt cch bin chng. Cho ti nay, qua hn 100 nm, bng h thng tun han c b sung ngy cng y . Cng nm 1869, Menlep cng b nh lut tun han: Tnh cht cc n cht, thnh phn v tnh cht cc hp cht ca cc nguyn t ha hc bin thin tun hon theo chiu tng ca trng lng nguyn t.

Sau ny da vo cu trc phn t ngi ta pht biu nh lut ny mt cch chnh xc hn: Tnh cht cc n cht, thnh phn v tnh cht cc hp cht ca cc nguyn t ha hc bin thin tun hon theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn nguyn t. 1.3.2. H thng tun hon cc nguyn t ca Mendeleep +: - Mi nguyn t chim mt trong bng h thng tun hon. - S th t ca chnh l s th t ca nguyn t v cng chnh l in tch ht nhn nguyn t ca nguyn t .
S hiu nguyn t IV B Phn loi theo nhm

22
Khi lng nguyn t Khi lng ring (g/cm ) Nhit nng chy Nhit si Trang thi oxy ha
2

Ti

K hiu Tn axit / baz Cu hnh electron m in Cu trc tinh th Th ion ha th nht

Titanium 47,88 A1/B1 4,5 16700 32890 3,4 [A1]3d 4s

1 2

1,54 hcp 6,82

axt/baz (A/B) cho bit tnh axt, baz lng tnh ca cc hydroxyt cao nht. Ch : A3(B3) mnh hn A1, A2 (hay B1, B2). Cu trc tinh th : fcc : lp phng din tm ; cht bcc : lp phng th tm Hnh 1 : Cu to 1 trong bng h thng tun hon + Nhm : - Nhm l cc ct ng trong bng h thng tun hon. - Mi nhm bao gm nhng nguyn t c cng ha tr dng cao nht i vi oxy v bng s th t ca nhm (tuy nhin c mt s trng hp ngoi l). - Trong cng mt nhm, cc nguyn t c th c tnh cht l tnh hoc ha tnh ging nhau nhiu hoc t. hcp : Lc gic xp

- Cc nguyn t trong mt nhm li chia hai phn nhm. Phn nhm chnh v phn nhm ph. + Phn nhm : Phn nhm bao gm nhng nguyn t c cng ha tr dng cao nht v c tnh cht ha hc ging nhau. Cc nguyn t trong mt phn nhm c sp xp thnh mt ct. Phn nhm chnh di hn, cc nguyn t trong phn nhm chnh c tnh cht ging nhau. Tt c c 8 phn nhm chnh. Phn nhm ph ngn hn, u nm trong chu k IV. Cc nguyn t trong phn nhm ph u l kim loi. C 10 phn nhm ph. Ring nhm VIII c 3 phn nhm ph. II 4 Be Berylium 12 Mg Magnesium 20 Ca Calcium Zn 30 Zinc 38 Sr Strontium Cd 48 Cadmium 56 Ba Barium Hg 80 Mercury 88 Ra Radium Hnh 2: Cu to phn nhm II trong bng h thng tun hon Phn nhm ph ca nhm III l phn nhm c bit. Sau hai nguyn t Lantan (chu k VI) v Actini (chu k VII) c hai dy nguyn t c tnh cht rt ging nhau c gi l dy Lantanit v Actinit; c mi nguyn t Lantanit v mt nguyn t Actinit to thnh mt phn nhm ph th cp. + Chu k :

- Chu k l dy cc nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cng s lp electron v c xp theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn. S th t ca chu k bng s lp electron. - Chu k I : c 2 nguyn t H v He gi l chu k c bit. C 1 lp electron. - Chu k II : gm 8 nguyn t t Li n Ne. C 2 lp electron trong nguyn t. in tch ht nhn tng dn t Li (+3) n Ne (+10). - Chu k II, III : Mi chu k gm 8 nguyn t, gi l chu k ngn. - Chu k IV, V : Mi chu k c 81 nguyn t gi l chu k di. - Chu k VI, VII : Mi chu k c 32 nguyn t ring chu k VII gi l chu k d dang v mi c ht 24 nguyn t. - Trong 1 chu k t tri sang phi tnh kim loi gim, tnh phi kim loi tng ln. - S bin i cng th hin ngay c hp cht ca n. 1.3.3. Cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t - Tnh cht tun hon ca cc nguyn t c c l so s in electron mt cch tun hon vo lp v electron ca chng c gi l orbitan nguyn t. Th c 4 phn lp orbitan s, p, d, f. Nng lng ca cc orbitan c sp xp theo th t 1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 5d < 4f < 6p. - Hai nguyn t u chu k bao gi cng c electron in vo phn lp ns l nhng nguyn t h s. - Su nguyn t cui chu k bao gi cng c electron in vo phn lp np l nhng nguyn t h p. - Cc nguyn t h s, p c th l phi kim loi hay kim loi. - Cc chu k IV, V, VI c thm 10 nguyn t v chu k VII c 5 nguyn t c electron in vo phn lp d. l nguyn t chuyn tip h d. Ton b chng u l kim loi. - Chu k VI v chu k VII, mi chu k c mt h 14 nguyn t c electron in vo phn lp f. l nhng nguyn t chuyn tip h f. - Cc nguyn t thuc h s, p u nm phn nhm chnh.

- Cc nguyn t h d nm phn nhm ph. + Nhn xt : Trong mt chu k i t u n cui chu k (t tri sang phi) tnh oxy ha tng, tnh kh gim v trong cng 1 chu k : in tch ht nhn tng, nhng bn knh nguyn t gim kh nng thu electron tng, kh nng nhng electron gim. Trong chu k ngn s bin i tnh cht xy ra nhanh hn chu k di v bn knh nguyn t tng nhanh hn. Trong mt phn nhm chnh i t trn xung di, in tch ht nhn tng. S lp electron tng, nhng electron lp v ngoi l nh nhau. in tch ht nhn tng lm tng lc ht i vi electron. Nhng s tng s lp electron lm tng mnh bn knh nguyn t, tng lc y ca cc lp electron lm thay i vi lp bn ngoi dn n lm gim lc ht ca ht nhn i vi electron. Kt qu kh nng nhng electron tng, nhn electron gim, lm cho tnh oxi ha gim, tnh kh tng. Trong phn nhm ph, cc nguyn t c tnh kh, nhng tnh kh ca nguyn t trn ln hn hai nguyn t di do bn knh ca chng bin i khng u n. T nguyn t th hai n nguyn t th 3 c bn knh gn nh khng tng hoc gim, nn kh nng nhng electron ca nguyn t trn ln hn hai nguyn t di v tnh kh ca nguyn t trn ln hn. Trong h Lantanit v Actinit, lp v ngoi cng ch c hai electron. Do chng c tnh kh mnh. 1.3.4. Phn loi cc nguyn t ha hc + Kh tr : Kh tr l l nhng nguyn t c cu to lp v l ns2np6. Cc lp orbitan c in y cc electron nn n bn vng, hot tnh ha hc km. + Nguyn t in hnh : L nhng nguyn t c lp v ngoi cng cha bo ha c cu hnh l ns1-2npp1-6. C 38 nguyn t in hnh bao gm phi kim v kim loi. y l nhng nguyn t c xu hng cho hoc nhn electron lp v bo ha nn hot tnh ha hc cao. l nhng kim loi in hnh (kim loi kim, kim th ...) v phi kim loi in hnh (oxi, lu hunh, nhm halogen ...) chng c tnh kh hoc oxi ha. + Nguyn t chuyn tip :

L nhng nguyn t h d, thuc chu k IV, V, VI, VII chng c cu trc (n-1)d1-10ns1-2. Nhng nguyn t chuyn tip trong cng mt dy c mt s tnh cht ging nhau. Tt c u l kim loi v c tnh kh. Nhng nguyn t ny thng c nhiu s oxi ha, hp cht ca chng thng c mu v d to phc cht. + Nguyn t h Lantant v Actinit : Ngi ta gi nguyn t nhm ny l nhng nguyn t chuyn tip h f, v chng nm trong phn nhm ph nhm III. Cc nguyn t ny c cu hnh : ns1-2 (n 1)d0-10 (n-2)f1-14 Cc nguyn t ny c tnh cht l ha hc ging nhau. Tt c c cng tnh kh. Chng c tnh cht ging nhau v chng c bn knh nguyn t gn bng nhau, tng tc ht nhn nguyn t v electron ngoi cng gn nh nhau.

Chng 2 :

HYDRO V NHNG NGUYN T NHM I

2.1. HYDRO V HP CHT CA N 2.1.1. c im ca nguyn t Hydro - Hydro l nguyn t c cu to n gin. - Cu hnh electron nguyn t ca n cng n gin : 1s1 - Nng lng ion ha nguyn t ca n cao : 13.6eV - Ion H+ c kch thc nh, c tc dng phn cc ln vi cc ion, hoc nguyn t khc. - Cc hp cht gia nguyn t hydro vi nguyn t khc l lin kt cng ha tr. - C th nhn 1 electron to thnh ion H. - Ion H+ khng c v c kh nng to lin kt ha hc c bit gi l lin kt Hydro. - C kh nng ha tan trong kim loi lin kt kim loi. Nhn xt : Hydro ging kim loi kim : l nguyn t h s, c kh nng nhng 1 electron H+ th hin tnh kh mnh. Hydro ging cc halozen : c kh nng nhn 1e H v to phc cht. Trong iu kin thng Hydro l cht kh v c xem l nguyn t phi kim loi. V th Hydro phi c kho st nh nguyn t c bit. 2.1.2. n cht * Tnh cht vt l : - Hydro l cht kh, khng mu, khng mi, khng v, c phn t gm 2 nguyn t (H2). - Kh Hydro nh, linh ng ln, phn cc b, lc lin kt phn cc nh dn n nhit nng chy v nhit si thp.

- Phn t thuc loi khng cc, khi lng nh nn t tan trong nc v dung mi. Nhng li tan trong kim loi Ni, Pd, Pt ... Mt s tnh cht ha l ca Hydro i lc electron (F, eV) : Nng lng ion ha (I, eV) : m in tng i (TA) : Bn knh nguyn t (RC, ) : di lin kt H-H (dHH, ) : Nng lng phn ly H2 (EPL, KJ/mol) Nhit nng chy (tnc, 0C) Nhit si (ts, 0C) : Hm lng trong v qu t ()H, %nguyn t) : + Tnh cht ha hc : - iu kin thng phn t Hydro rt bn. - iu kin nhit cao Hydro hot ng mnh. Tnh kh : H2 + X2 (Cl2, Br2, I2) 2H2 (K) + O2 (K) CuO + H2 Tnh oxi ha : 2Na + H2 = 2NaH 2HX 2H2O H2O + Cu 0,75 13,6 2,1 0,53 0,749 435 259,1 252,6 17

Khi t nng phn t H2 c phn ly thnh nguyn t H. H2

0 2H H 298 = 435 KJ/mol

Nguyn t H c hot tnh ln phn ng c vi S, N, P, Hg, nhiu oxyt kim loi v hp cht khc.

- Cc dng hp cht ca Hydro dng t nhin l H2O, t st, than, du ... c trong v qu t v trong c th ng thc vt. - Trong v tr chim 1 na khi lng mt tri v cc v sao.

h 0 700 C 0 t 0 t Pt

- Hydro c 3 ng v t nhin : proti 1H, teri 2H, triti 3H v 2 ng v nhn to 4H, 5H. 2.13. Hp cht ca hydro + Hp cht H(1) - Ging hp cht Halozen gi l Hydrua. - Phn ng thu nhit mnh (hot tnh oxi ha km). - Bn cht nguyn t kt hp vi Hydro c th l ion, cng ha tr hay kim loi. - Hydrua cng ha tr l cc Hydrua ca cc phi kim loi BH3, SiH3 hayc c kim loi phn nhm chnh nhm III, IV, V nh AlH3, ; AsH3 ... nhng Hydrua ny khng bn v b nc phn hy : SiH4 + 3H2O = H2SiO3 + 4H2 - Cc Hydrua cng c tnh axt, baz hoc lng tnh. Khi tc dng vi nhau to thnh phc cht. BH3 + LiH = Li[BH4] - Cc Hydrua cng ha tr c kh nng to ra nhng tinh th Polime rn c lin kt vi nhau bng cu Hydro. V d : B4H10 H H B H H H B B H H H B H H - Cc Hydrua kim loi chuyn tip c th c thnh phn xc nh (PaH2, UH3, ...) hay khng xc nh (TiH1,7 ; VH06 ...) thng l bn, c nh kim, dn in rt kh xc nh dng lin kt ny. - Cc Hydrua u l cht kh mnh v ion H khng th tn ti trong dung dch nc. + Hp cht H(+) - Hp cht tng i ph bin. V d : Cht kh (HCl) lng (H 2O) rn (H2SiO3). - Lin kt trong hp cht l lin kt cng ha tr. - Ngai ra cn c trng thi lin kt Hydro trong cc lin kt F-H, OH, N-H dn n cc hp cht HF, H2O, NH3 c nhit nng chy v nhit

 si cao bt thng so vi nhng hp cht cng loi ca cc nguyn t trong phn nhm. - Cc lin kt Hydro l nhng dung mi ion ha tt. 2.2. CC NGUYN T PHN NHM IA 2.2.1. c im cc nguyn t nhm IA - Gm cc nguyn t Liti (Li), Natri (Na), Kali (K), Rubidi (Rb), xedi (Cs), Franxi (Fr). - Cu hnh electron ns1 c tn chung l kim loi kim. - C tnh kh mnh. - Khi b chiu sng cng bt electron ra c. - L nhng kim loi in hnh, phn hy nc v ru. - Tc dng vi Hydro to thnh Hydrua dng mui rn. - Oxyt v Hydroxt l baz mnh in hnh tng t li n Fr. - Mui u khng mu v d tan trong nc (tr Li). - Tnh kim loi tng dn t u n cui phn nhm. 2.2.2. Cc n cht ca nguyn t nhm IA Mt s thng s ha l
Thng s ha l Bn knh nguyn t () Bn knh ion Rxt () Nng lng ion ha 1 (eV) Khi lng ring d(g/cm3) Nhit nng chy tnc (0C) Nhit si ts (0C) Hm lng trong v qu t (% ng.t) Li 1,55 0,68 5,39 0,53 180 1330 0,02 Na 1,89 0,98 5,14 0,97 98 900 2,4 K 2,36 1,33 4,34 0,85 63 766 1,4 Rb 2,48 1,49 7,18 4,5 39 700 7.103 Cs 2,68 1,65 3,89 1,9 29 685 9,5.109 Fr 2,8 1,75 3,98

+ Tnh cht vt l : - Khi Tng in tch ht nhn cc thng s ha l u tng.

- Bn knh nguyn t ln v tng nhanh t u n cui phn nhm nng lc ion ha nh v gim theo chiu trn. - L nhng kim loi rt nh v mm. - Cc kim loi kim u c dn in ln. - Khi t c mu c trgn Li : ta, Na : vng rc, K : tm hng, Rb : huyt, Cs : xanh da tri c ng dng phn tch nh tnh. + Tnh cht ha hc : - Kim loi hot ng mnh tc dng vi hu ht cc nguyn t tr kh tr. - un nng nh tc dng vi Hydro to thnh Hydrua. - Phn ng mnh vi Halogen, Oxy, Lu hynh, Nit, Cabon. - B oxy ha ngay nhit thng : Li nhanh, Na rt nhanh, K ngay lp tc, Rb, CS bc chy. Li cho oxt thng Li2O. - Cn cc kim loi khc to thnh Oepxyt X2Na2 hoc XO2 (K, RB, Cs). - Ch c Li tc dng tr tip dd vi C, N 2 to thnh Nitrua, Li3N, Li2C2. Cc nguyn t khc do nitrua v cacbua gin tip. - nhit thng, cc kim lai km tc dng mnh lit vi nc v axt gii phng Hydro. + Trng thi t nhin v iu ch : - Natri chim 2,4% trng lng v qu t, K : 1,4 cn cc cht khc rt t. - K, Na thng tn ti trong nc bin, mui m di dng kp. - iu ch Na bng cch in phn NaCl, NaOH nng chy. - iu ch K bng cch dng Fe kh KOH nhit cao. 2.2.2. Hp cht cc nguyn t khc nhau - To mui hay kiu mui tng ng vi trng thi hp cht X+1. - X+1 c in tch nh, bn knh ln nn phn cc b nn to pha km, mui t to hydrat tinh th. - Hp cht kim lai kim d tan, bn nhit. - Cc hp cht in hnh l oxyt, peoxyt v hydroxyt. Cc mui halozenua, mui cacbonat.

2.3. CC NGUYN T PHN NHM IB 2.3.1. c tnh ca cc nguyn t phn nhm IB - Phn nhm ph IB gm : ng (Cu), bc (Ag), vng (Au). - u c 1 electron lp v ngoi cng, c cu hnh electron : (n1)s (n-1)p6 (n-1)d10ns1.
2

- 18 electron lp th 2 t ngai vo cha hon ton bn nn d nhng cc electron. V th m phn nhm ph IB khng nhng c trng thi +1, cn c +2 v +3. c trng nht l Cu+2, Ag+1, Au+3. - Bn knh nguyn t nh nn electron kh mt nn l nhng kim loi km hot ng. Khng phn hy nc, Hydroxyt l cc baz yu. - Theo chiu Cu Au tnh kim loi gim, kh nng to phc tng. 2.3.2. Cc n cht Mt s thng s ha l
Thng s ha l Bn knh nguyn t RK () Nng lng ion ha 1 (eV) Khi lng ring d(g/cm3) Nhit nng chy tnc (0C) Nhit si ts (0C) Hm lng trong v qu t (% ng.t) Cu 1,28 7,72 8,96 1083 2543 3,6.103 Ag 1,44 7,57 10,50 964 2167 1,6.106 Au 1,44 9,22 19,3 1063 2880 5.108

- Trng thi t nhin Cu : , Ag : trng, Au : vng - Dn in v dn nhit tt. - D to hp kim vi nhau v hp kim vi kimloi khc nht l ng. - D to hp kim vi Hg (Au, Ag, Cu). - Km hot ng ha hc, gim dn t Cu Au. - Trong iu kin thng : Au, Ag bn Cu to thnh lp CuO. Trong khng kh m c CO2 to thnh Cu(OH)2.CuCO3 (mu xanh). - t nng vi Oxy Cu CO v Cu2O cn Ag, Au hp th Oxy. - Cu kt hp d dng vi Halogen, Ag chm cn Au ch phn ng khi nhit cao.

- Ag, Cu phn ng trc tip vi Lu hunh (S) c nhm khng tc dng vi H2, N2, C. - C 3 nguyn t ch tan trong axit HCl v H2SO4 long khi c mt cht oxi ha. - Ag, Cu d tan trong cc axt c tnh Oxy ha (HNO 3, H2SO4 c nng), Au tan trong HCl c bo ha Cl2 hoc nc cng tan (1HNO3 + 3HCl) dotc dng ca Clo nguyn t. - C 3 nguyn t u tan trong dung dch Hyanue baz khi c mt Oxy. - Tt c cc hp cht tan ca Cu, Ag, Au u c hi. 2.3.3. Cc hp cht + Cc hp cht X(+1) - c trng l Ag+1, i vi Cu+1, Au+ km bn. - Cc Oxyt X2O u l cht rn, Cu2O : , Ag2O : nu xm, Au2O : tm mu, t tan trong nc. - Cc Hydroxt XOy, khng bn, b phn hy ngay, do tc ng phn cc mnh ca ion X+. - X2O th hin tnh baz trung bnh. - Cc mui X+1 (Ag+, Cu+) khng tan trong nc, trng thi m chng khng bn nn phn hy. - Cc mui Cu+, Au+ d b oxi ha Cu+2, Au+3 - Cc mui Ag+ d b phn hy khi c nh sng tc dng. + Cc hp cht X(+2) - Hp cht X+2 ch c trng i vi Cu+2. - Thng gp l CuO, Cu(OH)2 v cc mui ca n. - CuO khng tan trong nc, d tan trong axit, nung nng n 8000C n phn hy thnh Cu2O v Oxy. - 2500C c mt Hydro CuO b kh n Cu. - Cu(OH)2 l hydroxyt lng tnh nhng c hai tnh u yu. Trong axt n to mui Cu+2. Trong kim mnh, c, d n cho mui cuprit mu xanh. - Cc mui Cu+2 rt d to phc.

+ Hp cht X(+3) : - Trng thi X(+3) c trng l Au+3. - Cc hp cht thng gp Au2O3, Au(OH)3, AuHal3. - Au2O3 iu ch bng cch un nng (1000C), Au(O)3. - Au(OH)3 iu ch bng cch cho kim tc dng ln dung dch A4Cl3 c. - Oxt v Hydroxyt Au+3 c tnh cht lng tnh, chc axit mnh hn (gi l axt Auric) to mui Aurat. - Tt c cc mui Au+3 d b nhit phn hy, cho ra Au kim loi.

: Chng 3

NHM II TRONG BNG H THNG TUN HON

3.1. CC NGUYN T PHN NHM IIA 3.1.1. c tnh ca cc nguyn t nhm IIA - Gm cc nguyn t : Berili (Be), Magie (Mg), Canxi (Ca), Stronti (Sr), Bari (Ba), Rai (Ra), n c trong t nhin. Ra l nguyn t him, phng x. - Nguyn t h s, cu hnh electron, lp ngai cng ns2. - C tnh kh v to ion X+2. - Bn knh nguyn t RK () tng t trn xung di. - T Ca c thm cc orbitan lp d hoc f c th tham gia to lin kt ha hc. - Tnh kim loi tng t Be Ra. - Hnh thnh 3 nhm : Be lng tnh ging Al, cn Mangan l kim loi hot ng mnh, nhng tnh cht khng ging kim loi k tip, cc kim loi Ca, Sa, Ba hot ng mnh c goi l kim loi kim th. - Ch c Be, Mg c kh nng to phc, cn li to ionX+2. - Cc hp cht XO, X(OH)2 u c tnh baz mnh tng t Be - Ra. 3.1.2. n cht : Mt s thng s ha l
Thng s ha l Bn knh nguyn t RK () Nng lng ion ha 1 (eV) Nhit nng chy tnc (0C) Nhit si ts (0C) Khi lng ring d(g/cm3) Hm lng trong v qu Be 1,13 9,32 1283 2970 1,85 1,2.10
3

Mg 1,6 7,65 650 1117 1,74 2,0

Ca 1,97 6,11 850 1490 1,54 2,0

Sr 2,15 5,69 770 1370 2,63 1.10

2

Ba 2,21 5,21 721 1370 3,76 5,7.10

3

Ra 2,35 5,28 960 1530 6,0 1.1010

t (% ng.t)

+ Berili : - Kim loi mu trng, nh, rt cng n0 dn. - Be gn ging Al, c i lc ln vi Oxi, nhng bn nh mng BeO. - Be phn ng vi nhm Halogen, Oxi, Lu hunh, Nit. Trong iu kin thng khng tc dng vi Hydro. - Tan trong axt v kim (kim loi lng tnh), th ng trong HNO3, H2SO4 c ngui. - Tc dng vi nhiu kim loi to thnh Berilua. - D to hp kim, 1 lng nh trong hp kim lm cho hp kim cng, bn. - Cho tia Rngen X i qua nn lm ca s cho ng Rogen. - Dng lm cht hm, cht phn x ntron trong cc l nguyn t. - L nguyn t him. Trong thin nhin di dng qung Beryl. - iu ch bng in phn BeCl2 nng chy hay nhit phn BeF2. + Magie : - Kim loi mu trng bc, nh, tnc v ts thp, dn nhit, dn in tt, mm v do hn Be. - ng dng quan trng nht l iu ch hp kim nh, nhng t bn ha, km chu nhit. - Nguyn t h s song c orbian nguyn t h d. - Magie d dng phn ng hdo, to c MgH2 (Hydnua Magie). - Magie d dng phn ng vi nhm Halogen, Oxi, Lu hunh, Nit, Na ... - t Magie chy to ngn la sng v pht nhit. - L cht kh mnh, kh c nhng hp cht bn : H2O, CO2, SiO2, P2O5, B2O3. - Magie tan nhanh trong axit, nhng khng tc dng vi baz.

- Magie tc dng vi hp cht hu c Alkyl Halogen v trong dung dch este to hp cht c Magie. - L nguyn t ph bin trong t nhin. - Tn ti dng hp cht. - iu ch bng in phn Cacnalit KCl.MgCl2.6H2O hoc MgCl2 nng chy hoc bng nhit kim loi hay kh C. + Canxi, Stronti, Bari : - u l kim loi trng, bc, mm, nh, dn nhit, in tt, d dt mng, d ko si. - Kh mm v hot ng mnh nn khng th dng trng thi n cht hoc hp kim nh nhng kim loi khc. - Khi t c mu c trng Ca : da cam, Sv : 3o rc, Ba : lc hi vng. - Kim loi rt hot ng, hot tnh tng, kt hp hu ht phi kim iu kin thng. Khi un nng tc dng c vi cc nguyn t khi hot ng nh cacbon, silic, hydro ... - Trong khng kh d dng to thnh MO. - Khi un nng chng tc dng vi Hydro to thnh Hydrua rn c dng lm cht kh mnh. - nhit cao to thnh cc peoxyt nhng km bn tnh bn tng t Ca Ba. - Trong iu kin thng ba nguyn t u tc dng vi H 2O to thnh Hydroxyt v thot H2. - Chng u tan trong axt to thnh mui v gii phng H2. - Trong thin nhin canxi l nguyn t ph bin, Be kh ph bin, cn Strenti kh him v thng gp dng hp cht. - iu ch bng in phn mui clorua khan nng chy.

3.2.3. Cc hp cht ca phn nhm IIA + Hp cht Be (+2) - Cc hp cht dng n gin (BeO, BeS ...) hay phc ([Be(H2O)4]+2, [Be(OH)4]2 ...) l tinh th mu trng, d tan trong nc.

- Hp cht Be+2 c tnh lng tnh. - BeO c cu trc c, kht, chu la, dn nhit, nung nng khng hot ng ha hc. - L hp cht lng tnh, BeO tan trong axit, kim. Khi t nng hay nu chy vi cc oxyt axit, oxyt baz. - Hydro beri Be(OH)2 l hp cht Polime, khng tan trong nc c tnh lng tnh. - Be+ c tc dng phn cc cao nn mui b thy phn. + Hp cht Mg(+2) : - Thng gp dng mui, phc cation. - Mui Mg+2 khan ht m c bit Mg(ClO4)2 dng lm cht sy kh. - Mui Mg2+ c c trng a dng l mui kp. - Oxt MgO mu trng, xp, kh nng chy (tnc = 2.8000C) c tnh baz d tan trong axit, nung nng mt hot tnh. - Mg(OH)2 c cu trc lp, t tan trong nc lnh, baz mnh trung bnh. - Khi un nng dung dch MgCl2 hay mui MgCl2.6H2O thy phn to thnh Oxoclorua v b polime ha. ClMgOMg . . . OMgCl Trn c s to ra xi mng Magie. - MgSO4 c dng lm thuc ty nh. + Hp cht Ca(+2), Sr(+2), Ba(+2) - Cc hp cht X(+2) u bn. - Kch thc nguyn t ln c s tham gia ca orbitan nguyn t nhm f. - Cc hp cht X(+2) tan trong nc. Cc mui cacbonat, sunfat kh tan. - Cc oxyt v hydroxyt c tnh baz mnh. - Cc oxyt l cht bt mu trng c tnc cao, phn ngmnh lit vi nc to X(OH)2 v ta nhit. - X(OH)2 b nhit phn li tr v XO v H2O. - Cc hydroxyt c tnh tn, tnh baz, tnh bn nhit tng t Ca Ba.

- Ca, Sr, Ba cn c kh nng to peoxyt XO2 mu trng v peoxyt bc cao XO4 mu vng. - Peoxyt tc dng axt cho H2O2, peoxyt bc cao cho H2O2 v O2 bn peoxyt tng t Ca Ba. - Deoxyt u kh tan trong n7c. - XO2 c iu ch bng cch trung ha baz bng axit. Ca(OH)2 + H2O2 = CaO2 + 2H2O - BaO2 l peroxyt ph bin nht, ngai cch iu ch nh trn cn cch nung nng BaO trong khng kh 5000C. - BaO2 dng ty trng la, si thc vt, ty mu thy tinh, iu ch H2O2, Pecabonat Bari, dng ty u. - Mui halogenua d tan trong nc (tr XF2) c bit CaCl2 c dng ht m, sy kh, ti lnh ... - Mui XCO3, XSO4 kh tan trong nc gim dn t Be Ba. - Cc mui XCO3 b nhit phn cho XO v CO2 kh nng nhit phn gim t Ca Ba. - Mui XSO4 khng b nhit phn. - Thng dng nht l CaCO3 v CaSO4. - CaCO3 nguyn liu iu ch Ca(OH)2 v CaO. - CaSO4 dng lm thch cao, tng, vch ngn. - X(OH)3 kt ta v nh hnh. Khng tan trong nc. - Cc mui X(+3) tan c trong nc l : Clorua, nitrat, Sufat, mui kh tan : Sunfua, Florua, Photphat, Cacbonat ... - n dng trong k thut chn khng v to hp kim, lm xc tc trong cc phn ng ha hc, ch to gm, thy tinh, vt liu k thut in, in t. + Cc hp cht X(+4), X(+2) - c trng l CeO2, CeF4, Ce(OH)4 ... - CeO2 mu vng sng, kh nng chy sau khi nung, tr v mt ha hc. - Mui Ce+4 khng bn, thy phn mnh. - Trong axit th hin cht oxi ha mnh. - Trng thi +2 c trng l : Eu(+2), Sn (+2), Yb (+2) di dng oxyt, hydroxt ging nhm Ca.

- Hp cht X(+2) c tnh kh. 3.2. CC NGUYN T PHN NHM IIB 3.2.1. c tnh nguyn t nhm IIB - Gm km (Zn), cadini (Cd), Thy ngn (Hg) - Cu hnh electron (n-1)s2 (n-1)p6(n-1)d10ns2. - C hai electron lp ngoi cng ns2 v s oxi ha +2. - Tnh kim loi km hn kim loi kim th. - Tnh to phc tng dn t Zn n Hg. 3.2.2. n cht ca phn nhm IIB Mt s thng s ha l
Thng s ha l Bn knh nguyn t RK () Nng lng ion ha 1 (eV) Khi lng ring d(g/cm3) Nhit nng chy tnc ( C) Nhit si ts (0C) Hm lng trong v qu t (%)
0

Zn 1,13 9,391 7,1 419 907 1,5.103

Cd 1,49 8,991 8,7 321 767 7,6.106

Hg 1,50 10,43 13,55 -39 357 7.107

- Zn : trng, hi xanh ; Cd, Hg : mu trng bc, d nng chy, d bay hi. - u c kh nng to hp kim. Hp kim ca Hg gi l hn hp. - Bn vi khng kh kh, tc dng vi CO2 trong khng kh m. - Zd, Cd phn ng vi S nng, Hg torng iu kin thng to HgS. - Zn d tan trong axt HCl, H2SO4 long, Hg th khng. - C ba u tan trong HNO3 long. - Zn c tnh lng tnh tan c trong axt v kim. - Trong thin nhin tn ti di dng qung, ring Hg tnt i dng m Hg nguyn cht. - iu ch qung XS : t sunfua thnh oxyt ri kh oxyt nhit cao. - Mun iu ch Hg : nung qung HgS nhit = 5000C.

3.2.3. Cc hp cht ca phn nhm IIB + Cc hp cht X(+2) - L cht rn ZnO : trng ; CdO : nu ; HgO : . - bn oxt XO gim theo chiu Zn - CD - Hg. - Khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong axit. - Cc cation X+2 khng mu. - Mui c mu HgI2 : ; CDs : vng ; HgS : , en - Cc Halogenua, Sunfat, Nitrat tan trong nc. - Khi tan cc hp cht X+2 to phc. + Cc hp cht Hg(+1) - Khng c ion H+ m ch c ion Hg +2 cu trc [HgHg]+2. 2 - Nhm Hg +2 khng phn ly. 2 - Hg(+1) khng mu, kh tan trong nc. - Ty theo iu kin m Hg +2 c tnh kh hoc oxy ha. 2 - Hp cht Hg +2 d phn cho Hg v hp cht Hg(+2). 2 - Mt s hp cht bn : Hg2Cl2, Hg2SO4.

:Chng 4 NHM III TRONG BNG H THNG TUN HON

4.1. NGUYN T PHN NHM IIIA 4.1.1. c tnh ca cc nguyn t nhm IIIA - Gm cc nguyn t : Bo (B), Nhm (Al), Gali (Ga), Indi (In), Tali (Tl), Bo v Nhm ph bin. - Cu hnh electrn ns2np1. - Th hin tnh kh chuyn sang trng thi X+3. - Ch c B l phi kim, t Al tr i l kim loi. - Ngai ra cn s oxy ha X+ bn tng t Ga Tl. 4.1.2. Cc n cht ca nguyn t phn nhm IIIA Mt s thng s ha l
Thng s ha l Bn knh nguyn t RK () Nng lng ion ha 1 (eV) Khi lng ring d(g/cm3) Nhit nng chy tnc (0C) Nhit si ts (0C) Hm lng trong v qu t H (%) Bo 0,9 8,298 2,34 2300 2550 6.104 Al 1,43 5,986 2,7 660 2270 6,6 Ga 1,39 5,998 5,97 29,8 2250 4.104 In 1,66 5,798 7,36 156 2040 1,5.106 Tl 1,71 6,106 11,85 304 1470 3.105

+ Nguyn t Bo - Nguyn t phi kim loi c vi dng th hnh, bn l dng t phng. - Bo l cht bn dn, c mu en, kh nng chy. - C cu hnh electron ha tr 2s22p1. - Hot tnh ha hc ging Silic (theo ng cho).

- iu kin thng ch tc dng vi flo 400 5000C, phn ng vi O2, S, Cl2. 12000C tc dng vi Nit. - nhit cao Bo c tnh kh. - Tc dng vi Axt mnh axt Boric, tan trong dung dch kim. - Tc dng vi Hydro to thnh Boran. - Kimlaitc dng vi Bo thnh Borua. - Bo t ph bin trong thin nhin. Tn ti di dng mui v axit. - iu ch bng phn hy cracking cc boran. - Bo dng ch to vt liu bn nhit, bn ha v km hm qu trnh phn ng ht nhn. + Nguyn t Nhm : - Nhm mu trng bc, dn nhit, dn in tt, bn, dai v nh. - Cu hnh electron 1s22s22p63s23p1. - L nguyn t lng tnh in hnh, to thnh c cation v anion. - Phn ng mnh lit vi Halogen, Oxy, Lu hunh ... l cht kh mnh. - Tan trong axt v dung dch kim. - Khng tc dng vi HNO3 v H2SO4 c v b th ng. - Bn trong khng kh v c lp Al2O3 bo v. - Al ph bin trong t nhin gp Al dng hp cht. - Phng php iu ch nhm l in phn Al2O3 khan sch. - Nhn c sdng lm gia dng v hp kim dng trong cng nghip. + Cc nguyn t Gali, Indi, Tali : - Ga c trng thi c trng l Ga+3, cnTali l Te+1. - C ba u l kim loi trng, d nng chy. - u bn trong khng kh v c lp mng oxyt bo v. - Tc dng vi Cl2, Br2 nhit thng. Khi t ng phn ng vi O2, S, I2.

- Ha tan trong axt long to mui Ga+3, In+3, Tl+1 (ring Tl b th ng trong HCl). - Ga tan trong kim ging nhm Al, In, Te ch tan khi c cht oxi ha mnh. - Trong thin nhin cc nguyn t ny phn tn, khng c qung c lp. - iu ch t qung chuyn thnh oxyt hay clorua ri bng ha hc hoc in phn tch kim loi. - Cc kim loi dng ch to hp kim c nng chy thp. 4.2.3. Hp cht ca cc nguyn t phn nhm IIIA + Hp cht Bo (+3) - in hnh l cc Oxyt, Halogenua, Sunfua, Nitrua, Hydrua v cc phc ion. - Cc Halogenua c th l kh (BF3), lng (BCl3), rn, (BI3). Theo chiu tng bn knh nguyn t bn gim hot tnh ha hc tng. - Cc mui halogenua iu ch trc tip t nguyn t kh t nng. - BN c hai dng : Gia pht l cht bn dn v Barazon c cu trc kim cng : cng, bn nhit, bn c, cch in. - Oxt B2O3 bn nhit nhng ht m, d tan trong nc thnh axit boric. - H3BO3 l axit bn, kt tin hdng vy, khng mu, tan t trong nc lnh, tan nhiu trong nc nng. - Axt Metaboric HBO2 l axit yu. - Mui ca axit boric la borat, ngm nc, khng mu, chy ra trong khng kh, t tan v b thy phn. - Borat nng chy c kh nng ha tan cc oxyt kim loi to thnh ngc Borat c mu c trng ca ion kim loi. - c dng trong ha phn tch so mu, hoc thy tinh chu nhit. + Hp cht ca nhm (+3)

- Hp cht Al (+3) a dng : oxyt, hydroxyt, halogenua ... v cc phc. - Trong iu kin thng cc hp cht Al(+3) thng l cht rn mu trng. - Cc Halogenua cc nhm l tinh th khng mu, d nng chy, ht m, tan trong nc v dung mi hu c (tr AlF3), hot ng ha hc mnh. - Al2O3 tinh th rn, nhit nng chy cao, chu la tt, rt cng khng tan trong nc. C nhi dng a hnh. Trong thin nhin di dng khong corumum : trong sut khng mu ln tp cht cho mu p gi l ngc. - Al2O3 khng tc dng vi nc v axt. Kim un nng lu b ph hy. - dng v nh hnh oxyt nhm hot ng th hin lng tnh. - Hydroxyt nhm Al(OH)3 l hp cht lng tnh in hnh dng h giy, lm torng nc, iu ch phn nhm, thuc da ... - Ngi ta tng hp c cc cht ca Bo v Al ging nh hydrocacbon tng ng. Cc hp cht ny bn du, bn nhit, c th lm nhin liu tn la. + Cc hp cht ca Ga, In, Tl : - Cc hp cht Ga (+3), In(+3), Te(+3) u ging Al(+3). - Oxyt X2O3 iu ch trc tip t nguyn t : Ga2O3 : trng nng chy khng phn hy 17400C ; In2O3 : vng 8500C chuyn In2O ; Tl2O3: nu 900C Tl2O3 v Tl2O. - X2O3 l tinh th, khng tan trong nc, bn gim, tnh baz tng t Ga Tl. - X(OH)3 khng tan trong nc, c tnh lng tnh. Tnh axt gim, baz tng t Ga Tl. - Ha tan X2O3 hay X(OH)3 trong axt c phc cation. - Ha tan X2O3 hay X(OH)3 trong kim c phc anion. - Cc hp cht +1 ch c trng vi Tl(+1), cc hp cht Ga(+1), In(+1) khng c trng khng bn l cht kh mnh.

4.2. CC NGUYN T PHN NHM IIIB 4.2.1. c tnh cc nguyn t nhm IIIB - Bao gm Scandi (Sc), Ytri (Y), Lantan (La), Actini (Ac). - L nhng nguyn t d u tin trong cc chu k ln. - Cu hnh ca chng : Sc Y 1 2 2d 4s 4d15s2 La 5d16s2 Ac 6d17s2

- Nhm kim loi mnh c trng thi oxy ha dng X(+3) tng t Sc n Ac. - Trong thin nhin n phn tn, kh tch trng thi nguyn cht. 4.2.2. Cc n ch ca nguyn t phn nhm IIIB Mt s thng s ha l
Thng s ha l Bn knh nguyn t RK () Khi lng ring d(g/cm ) Nhit nng chy tnc (0C) Nhit si ts (0C) Hm lng trong v qu t H (%)
3

Sc 1,64 3,0 1539 2700 3.104

Y 1,81 4,47 1525 3025 26.104

La 1,87 6,16 920 3470 2,5.104

Ac 2,03 10,1 1040 5.1015

- L nhng kim loi mu trng. - Hot ng ha hc thua kim loi kim v kim th. - D tc dng vi axt long. - Vi phi kim km hot ng khi nng chy to hp cht kim loi. - Cacbua ca nhm IIIB ging CaC2. - iu ch bng in phn clorua nng chy. 4.2.3. Cc hp cht ca nguyn t phn nhm IIIB + Hp cht X (+3) : - L tinh th trng c tnh baz tng t SC n AC. - Cc hydroxt c tnh baz tan trong nc tng ln t Sc Ac.

- Cc mui tinh th mu trng, mui florua kh nng chy, khng ho nc, khng tan trong nc, mui clorua, bromua, Iotdua, d nng chy, tan tt v d thy phn. - Cc n cht v hp cht phn nhm IIIB cha ng dng rng ri. 4.3. CC NGUYN T H LANTANIT : 4.3.1. c tnh ca cc nguyn t h Lantanit - Sau Lantan (La) c 14 nguyn t c tnh cht rt gn La l nguyn t 4f. - Cu hnh c biu din bng 4f2145s25p65d016s2 tnh cht ha hc gn ging nhau. Gi l h cc nguyn t t him. - Tnh cht kim loi gim dn t Ce n Lu. 4.3.2. Cc n cht ca nguyn t h Lantanit - L kim loi mu trng bc, kh nng chy, c cng nh, dn in tng t Hg. - hot ng ha hc ch thua kim loi kim v kim th. - iu kin bnh thng kh bn. Nung nng 200 4000C chng bc chy trong khng kh. dng bt Xeri t bc chy trong khng kh. - Tc dng mnh vi Halogen, t nng phn ng vi Nit, Lu hunh, Cacbon, Silic, Photpho ... - To hp kim vi hu ht kim loi. - Phn hy c nc, c bit l nc nng, phn ng c vi axt, khng tan trong kim. 4.3.3. Cc hp cht ca nguyn t h Lantanit + Hp cht X(+3) : - Oxt X2O3 cht bt trng, kh nng chy, khng tan trong nc, phn ng vi nc to thnh X(OH)3. - X2O3 tan tt trong axt HNO3, HCl nung ln mt hot tnh. Khng tc dng vi kim.

Chmg 5: NHM IV TRONG BNG H THNG TUN HON

5.1. CC NGUYN T PHN NHM IVA ( 1 tit ) 5.1.1. c tnh ca cc nguyn t nhm IVA - Gm cc nguyn t : Cacbon (C), Silic (Si), Gecmani (Ge), Thic (Sn), Ch (Pb). - u l nguyn t p c 4 electron lp ngoa, tng ng cu hnh ns np .
2 2

- Xu hng nhng 2, 4 electron mang tnh kh X2, X4. - Nhn 4 electron mang tnh oxy ha X4. - T C Pb kh nng nhng electron tng, tnh oxy ha gim. - S Oxi ha 4 th hin C, Si. S oxy ha + 4 gim dn t C B s oxy ha +2 tng dn t C Pb. 5.1.2. n cht ca cc nguyn t phn nhm IVA Mt s thng s ha l
Thng s ha l Bn knh nguyn t RK () Nng lng ion ha 1 (eV) Khi lng ring d(g/cm3) Nhit nng chy tnc (0C) Hm lng trong v qu t H (%) Ck/c 0,77 11,26 3,52 73500 0,15 Si 1,34 8,15 2,33 1410 20 Ge 1,39 7,88 5,32 2830 2.104 Sn 1,50 7,34 7,29 2690 7.104 Pb 1,75 7,42 11,34 1750 1,6.104

+ Cacbon : - Cu hnh electron 1s22s2sp2.

- Khuynh hng to mch ng th C-C rt bn. - C 3 th hnh : Kim cng, granfit (than ch), cacbon. - Kim cng l tinh th rn, rt cng, khng dn in, kh nng chy, kh bay hi, hot ng ha hc km. - Grafit tinh th mm, c mu xm, nh kim, dn in, hot ng ha hc mnh hn kim cng. - Cacbon bt mu en, cacbon l cht bn dn, bn phng din nhit ng. - nhit thng cacbon tr hon ton. nhit cao th hin tnh kh mnh, oxy ha eu. Khi t cho CO2 v ta nhit. - C phn ng vi S 8000C to thnh CS2 l cht lng khng mu. - nhit cao, cacbon phn ng yu vi Hydro to thnh Hydrocacbon. - nhit cao phn ng vi kim loi to cacbon kim loi kh nng chy, khng bay hi v khng tan. - Cacbua kim loi nng khng tc dng vi axt long. - Cc loi khc tc dng vi trc v axt long. - Cacbon khn hp cht nhit cao, dng luyn kim. - Cacbon ch phn ng vi axt mnh, c nng H2SO4, HNO3. - Ch c baz kim c nng mi tc dng vi cacbon. - Trong thin nhin tn ti di dng kim cng, grafat, than ... dng hp cht nh : du m, kh thin nhin ... - Kim cng s dng lm trang sc, mi khoan, bt mi ... -Graft s dng lm bt ch, du bi trn, in cc, ni chu nhit ... - Than cc dng lm nhin liu v cht kh, mc in ... + Silic : - Cu hnh 1s22s22p63s23p2. - C hai loi th hnh lp phng (bn) v lc phng (khng bn) - Dng bn c tinh th mu xm, nh kim v c tnh bn dn. - C trng thi oxy ha : 4, +2, +4.

- iu kin thng n tr. Nhit cao th hin tnh kh. 4000C b Clo oxy ha, 6000C b oxy oxy ha, 10000C phn ng vi Nit, 20000C phn ng vi cacbon. - Trong h quang in tc dng vi Hydro to ra Silan. - Ch tan trong hn hp axit HF v HNO3. - Phn ng d dng vi kim gii phng H2. - Hot tnh oxy ha vi mt s kim loi hot ng Zn, Mg ... to ra Silixua kim loi. - Ph bin th 2 trn tri t (sau oxy) thng gp trng thi hp cht. - c dng nhiu trong luyn kim kh oxy v oxt kim loi. - Silic tinh khit c dng lm chnh lu, t bo quang in, pin mt tri. + Gecmani, thic, ch : - Cu hnh eletron ging C, Si : ns2np2. - Tnh kim loi tng t Ge - Pb. - Ge mu trng bc, Sn c hai loi Sn v Sn, Pb l kim loi mu xm sm. - Ge l bn dn, Sn, Pb l kim loi. - iu kin thng : Ge, S3 bn vi khng kh v nc, Pb b oxy ha PbO. - nhit cao tc dng vi cc phi kim loi v to thnh Ge(+4), Sn(+4), Pb(+2). - Ge ch tc dng vi axt c tnh oxy ha mnh HNO3. - Trong HNO3 long, Sn phn ng nh kim loi Sn(+2). - Pb phn ng vi HNO3 bt c mt nng no. - Trong axit HCl c Sn, Pb cho phc v tc dng vi dung dch kim to mui kp. Ge khng tan trong kim. - Cc nguyn t ny khng thuc loi ph bin trong t nhin di dng qung. - iu ch bng cch kh oxyt thng thng. - Dng ch to hp kim.

5.1.3. Hp cht ca cc nguyn t IIIA + Hp cht c s oxy ha m (4) - c trng l C, Si : Cacbua, Silixua. - Ccbua cng ha tr l cacbua to thnh vi Hydro. - Cacbua ion l cacbua ca kim loi nhm I v II - Cacbua nguyn t d : dn in, dn nhit, cng, bn nhit. - Silic to thnh vi kim loi hp cht Silixua. - Silixua nguyn t nhm S, d nhm I, II l cht bn dn, khng bn, b axit v nc phn hy. - Silixua nguyn t nhm d, f cng, kh nng chy. Dng ch to hp kim bn nhit, bn axit, cht bn dn nhit cao. + Cc hp cht c s oxi ha dng : a- Cc hp cht c sa oxy ha dng (+2) * i vicacbon : - c trng l CO, CS, HCN, CN - CO l kh khng mu, khng mi, khng v, kh ha lng v rn, t tan trong nc v l kh c. - CO c tnh kh mnh v rt hot ng khi un nng. - D b Clo, S ... oxy ha khi chiu sng, t nng. - Vi kim loi nhm d phn ng to phc cacboxyl. - CO khng tc dng vi nc, kim iu kin thng, nu c p sut, nhit to axit HCOOH hay HCOONa. - Hydruaxyanua ha tan v hn trong nc to axit Cyanhydric. - CN c tnh cht ging CO, c tnh kh v to phc. - Khi un si xyanua vi S ta c rodanua. - Xyanua l hp cht rt c. * i vi Gecmani, thic, ch : - Hp cht (+2) c trng i vi Pb di dng oxt, hydroxyt v mui. - Hp cht (+2) cu trc phc tp, khng mu, kh tan trong nc. - Hp cht (+2) lng tnh axt gim dn, baz tng t Ge - Pb.

- C khuynh hng to phc. - C tnh kh mnh v gim theo chiu Ge - Pb. b. Cc hp cht c oxi ha dng (+4) * i vi cacbon : - Tn ti di 3 dng kh (CF4, CO2 ...), rn (CBr4, CI4 ...), lng (CCl4, CS2 ...). - Hp cht vi nhm Halogen hot tnh ha tng ln t CF4 CI4, chng u khng tan trong nc, tan trong dung mi hu c. - Anhydric cacbonic CO2 l cht kh, khng mu, v chua, bn nhit tr, kh th, tan trng nc t5o thnh axit yu. Cho hai loi mui :cacbonat v bicabonat. - Cacbonat kim loi kim u tan trong nc. Tr cacbonat kim loi km. Cacbonat kim loi khc u b nhit phn co oxyt v CO2. * i vi Silic : - c trng vi cc hp cht Halogen, Oxy, Lu hunh, Nit, Cacbon Hydro. - Cc hp cht Si (+4) c tnh axit. - SiO2 c nhiu dng a hnh, ch yu di dng thch anh khng mu, cng. - SiO2 d chuyn sang trng thi thy tinh. - SiO2 bn, khng tan trong nc, tng ng c axit Silixic v mui Silicat. - H3SiO3 khng tan nung nng mt nc (SiO2 mn) gi l Silicagen dng ht m. - Mui Silicat khng mu, khng tan (tr kim loi kim). Mui Natri Silicat ng dng lm keo dn. - Hn hp Na2SiO3, CaSiO3 vi SiO2 thnh thy tinh c cng thc Na2O.CaO.6SiO2. - Thy tinh : cht rn, khng mu, cng, dn, d v, khng dn in, du nhit km. To mu ta thm cc loi oxyt. * i vi Ge, Sn, Pb :

- c trng bi XO2, XS2, Xhal4, cc axt, hydroxit, mui. - bn gim Ge(+4) (Pb(+4) tnh oxy ha tng, c bit PbO2 tnh oxy ha mnh. - Ge(+2), Sn(+2) l cht kh mnh, Pb(+4) oxi ha mnh. - GeO2, SnO2 : trng, PbO2 : en, khng tan trong nc, hot tnh ha hc cht. - PbO2 dng sn xut sn chng r. - GeO2 dng sn xut thy tinh quang hc, SnO2 lm men gm s. - Cc hydroxyt X(OH)4 l cht lng tnh, tan trong kim v axit. - Cc mui tng ng c tn Gecmanat, Stanat, Plomat, khng mu, kt tinh ngm nc. 5.2. CC NGUYN T PHN NHM IVB 5.2.1. c tnh ca cc nguyn t phn nhm IVB - Phn nhm IVB gm Titan (Ti), Ziconi (Zr), Hafni (Hf). - Cu hnh electron c dng (n1)d2ns2 l kim loi chuyn tip. - Trng thi oxi ha c trng l X(+4) tng t Ti Hf. - Zr v Hf kh tch khi nhau. 5.2.2. n cht ca cc nguyn t phn nhm IVB Mt s thng s ha l
Thng s ha l Bn knh nguyn t RK () Khi lng ring d(g/cm3) Nhit nng chy tnc (0C) Nhit si ts ( C) Hm lng trong v qu t H (%)
0

Bo 1,46 4,51 1,668 3260 5.103

Al 1,60 6,51 1855 4330 4.105

Ga 1,59 13,31 2220 5400 5.107

- Kim loi mu trng bc, kh nng chy, kh si. - D to hp kim cng. - Bn trong khng kh v to lp EO2.

- nhit cao to EO2, EX4 (Halogen), ES2, EN, EC ... - Dng bt mn : chy nhit thng. - Bn vi tc nhn n mn v bn vi axit. - Trong thin nhin thuc loi ph bin. - iu ch bng phng php nhit - kim loi.

5.2.3. Hp cht ca cc nguyn t phn nhm IVB + ioxyt XO2 - L cht rn, trng, kh nng chy, bn nhit, tr v mt ha hc. - Dng cht n cao su, bt mu, dng c nung, lt l, thy tinh, s, men, gm chu nhit. + Hydroxyt ca X(+4) - Kt ta trng c thnh phn bin i EO2.nH2O. - Khng biu l r tnh axit v baz. - Tc dng vi dung dch c ca axit mnh to mui chung XO Hal 2 (nhm Halogen). + Oxyt hn hp X(+4) - Cc i oxyt trong kim nng mui (Titanat, Ziconat, Hafnat ...), khng tan torng nc, thng c 3 kiu cu trc in hnh. + Hp cht ca Titan vi s oxi ha thp : TiO mu vng tc dng vi axit gii phng H2 Ti(OH)2 mu en, khng tan trong nc, tc dng chm vi nc. TiHalg2 mu en, kh nng chy, bn nhit, tc dng vi nc v oxi iu kin thng. Ti2O3 mu tm, khng tan trong nc. Ti(OH)3 mu tm nu, khng tan trong nc, kim tan trong axt. TiHalg3 mu tm, bn nhit, khng kh, c tnh kh mnh.

Chng 6: NHM V TRONG BNG H THNG TUN HON

6.1. CC NGUYN T PHN NHM VA 6.1.1. c tnh ca cc nguyn t nhm VA - Gm cc nguyn t : Nit (N), Photpho (P), Asen (As), Axtionon (Sb), Bismut (Bi). - Cu hnh electron ns2np3 c kh nng thu electron to X(3). - C kh nng mt electron to s oxy ha dng (+1 +5). 6.1.2. n cht ca cc nguyn t phn nhm VA Mt s thng s ha l
Thng s ha l Bn knh nguyn t RK () Nng lng ion ha 1 (eV) Khi lng ring d(g/cm3) Nhit nng chy tnc ( C) Nhit si ts ( C) Hm lng trong v qu t H (%)
0 0

N 0,71 14,53 0,8 209,9 195,8 0,25

P (trng) 1,3 10,49 1,83 44,1 275 0,05

As (xm) 1,48 9,82 5,72 818 615 (t/h) 1,5 x 104

Sb (xm) 1,61 8,64 6,68 630,5 1634 5.106

Bi 1,82 7,29 9,80 271,3 1550 1,7.106

6.1.2.1. Nit : - Cht kh, khng mu, khng mi, khng v, nhit nng chy thp, c 2 dng th hnh. - t tan trong nc v dung mi hu c. - Nguyn t phi kim in hnh, hot tnh km O2 v F. - Cu hnh electron 1s22s22p3. - Ha tr cc i bng 4. - Phn t c 2 nguyn t. - iu kin thng ch phn ng vi Li. - 10000C tc dng vi H2. - 10000C c xc tc phn ng vi Oxy.

- Tc dng vi kim loi to thnh Nitrua. - Trong t nhin tn ti di dng nguyn cht trong kh quyn v lng nh hp cht. 6.1.2.2. Phtpho : - 3 dng th hnh trng, , en. - Phtpho trng d nng chy, d tan trong dung mi khng cc, hi c mi ti, khng bn v c hi. - Phtpho , nng chy 6000C, thng hoa nhng khi ngng t li thnh photphot trng, photphot khng c hi. - Photpho va c tnh oxy ha va tnh kh. 6.1.2.3. Asen, Antimon, Bitmut - S oxi ha c trng X(+3, +5), trng thi (+5) km bn. - Asen c 3 dng : xm, vng, en. - Antimen 3 dng : xm, trng, en. - u l nhng nguyn t lng tnh. - Hp cht ca chng l nhng cht c. - Trong thin nhin thng gp dng khong sunfua. - ng dng ch yu to hp kim. 6.1.3. Hp cht ca cc nguyn t phn nhm VA 6.1.3.1. Cc hp cht c s oxy ha m (3) + Hp cht Nit - Th hin trong hp cht Nitrua vi kim loi hoc phi kim. + Hp cht P, As, Sb, Bi - Photphua, Asenua, Antimonua, Bimutua. Cc hp cht dng mui, khng bn, hay bn dn km hot ng. + Hp cht vi hydro XH3 - Clorua NH3 cht kh, khng mu, mi khai, tan trong nc. - Phn ng c trng l phn ng cng. - Tham gia phn ng kt hp to amnoniacat. - iu ch bng tng hp cc nguyn t nhn p sut, nhit , xc tc.

- Hp cht amoni dng lm phn m, thuc n ... - Hp cht PH3 (photphua), AsH3 (asin), SbH3 (Stibrin), BiH3 (Bimutan) l nhng cht kh mnh t P Bi. Ngoi ra hp cht N(2) v N(1) i din l H4N2 (diamit) v NH2OH (Hydroxylamin). 6.1.3.2. Cc hp cht c s oxy ha dng (+3) - in hnh N2O3, HNO2, NO ... 2 - N2O3 (anhydrit nitr) l cht kh, tan trong nc, km to axt v mui tng ng. - HNO3 axit yu, khng bn, c c tnh oxi ha v kh. - Vi Photpho : P2O3, H3PO3, HPO
2 3

..

- Cc cht As, Sb, Bi(+3) l : X2O3, X2(OH)3, X2S3 ... - Oxt u l cht rn t As Bi tnh axit gim, tnh baz tng. - i t As Bi, tnh phi kim gim, bn tng, tnh kh gim. 6.1.3.3. Cc hp cht c s oxy ha (+5)
+ Hp cht (+5) ca Nit thng l N2O5, HNO3, NO 3

- N2O5 l tinh th, khng bn, cht oxy ha mnh. - N2O5 tan trong nc cho axt HNO3. N c th kh :
H N O3 N O 2 H N O 2 N O N 2 O N 2 N H 3
+5 +4 +3 +2 +1

+ Hp cht (+5) ca photpho ca Photpho : Phal5, P2O5, P2S5, PO 3 . 4

+ Hp cht (+5) ca As, Sb, Bi th hin X2O5, XO 3 , Xhal5, [X(OH)6] ... u c tnh oxy ha tng As Bi.

6.2. CC NGUYN T PHN NHM VB 6.2.1. c tnh ca cc nguyn t phn nhm VB - Vanadi (V), Nioli (Nb), Tantan (Ta) - Cu hnh electron (n1)d34ns12. - Kim loi chuyn tip. - S oxi ha (+2, +3), c trng (+5). - Nb v Ta rt ging nhau nn kh tch.

6.2.2. n cht ca cc nguynt phn nhm VB - Kim loi mu trng v xm, kh nng chy, kh si. - u to hp kim vi mt s kim loi. - Nhit thng tr v mt ha hc, to mng bo v. - Nhit cao tc dng vi Clo, S, N, C, Si, ... - Trong thin nhin tr V cn Nb v ta l nguy6n t him. 6.2.3. Hp cht ca cc nguynt phn nhm VB 6.2.3.1. Hp cht X(+2) c trng l VO t tan trong nc d tan trong axt to mui V(H 2O)
2+ 6

VCl2 cht kh mnh. Hp cht Nb(+2) v Ta(+2) c t v km bn. 6.2.3.2. Hp cht X(+3) - c trng l V2O3, khng tan trong nc, tan trong axit. - VX3 (trihalogenua) tan trong nc v dung mi hu c. - V+3 d to phc cht.

Chng 7: NHM VI TRONG BNG H THNG TUN HON

7.1. CC NGUYN T PHN NHM VIA 7.1.1. c tnh ca cc nguyn t nhm VIA - Phn nhm VI gm : Oxy (O), Lu hunh (S), Selen (Se), Telu (Te), Polini (P0) - gi l cancogen. - Quan trng oxy v lu hunh, Polini, cht nguyn t him phng x. - Cu hnh electron lp ngai l ns2np4. - C kh nng nhn 2 in t to nn X(2). - Tnh oxi ha gim theo chiu tng in tch ht nhn. - Oxy c trng c s 1oxy ha (2) cn c bit (1), (+1), (+2) - S, Se, Te ngai s oxy ha (2) cn c dng (+2), (+4), (+6). 7.1.2. n cht ca cc nguyn t phn nhm VIA Mt s thng s ha l
Thng s ha l Bn knh nguyn t RK () Nng lng ion ha 1 (eV) Nhit nng chy tnc (0C) Nhit si ts (0C) Khi lng ring d(g/cm3) Hm lng trong v qu t H (%) O 0,66 13,62 218,61 182,87 1,27 58,0 S 1,04 10,36 119,3 444,6 2,06 0,3 Se 1,14 9,75 217 634,8 4,80 1,5.105 Te 1,32 9,01 449,8 990,0 6,24 1,3.107 8,43 254 962 9,30 2.1015 Po

7.1.2.1. Oxy - Hai dng th hnh O2, O3 - Cht kh, khng mu, khng mi, v. Cu hnh electron [He] 2s22p4. - Nhit nng chy v si thp, km tan trong nc.

- Hot tnh cao c bit khi un nng v c xc tc. - Nguyn t ph bin nht trong thin nhin, 3 ng v O16, O17, O18. - O3 khng bn, hot tnh oxy ha cao hn O2. - O3 c to thnh khi phng in qua O2 hoc tc dng dng electron,ntron hay bc x sng ngn ln oxy. - O2, O3 c ng dng nhiu trong thc t cng nghip, ha cht c bn ... - Nng ln hn 105% ozon tr thnh c hi. 7.1.2.2. Lu hunh - Tn ti di dng th hnh khc nhau, thng thng t phng (S ) v n t (S ). - S c mu vng, bn nhit thng, un nng ln 95,50C, n chuyn sang n t (S ). - S dn, cch in, cch nhit, khng tan trong nc, d tan trong dung mi hu c. - Phi kim loi in hnh - hot ng mnh, phn ng vi nhiu n cht (tr I, N2, Au, Pt). - Kim loi c i lc vi S ln hn c th y kim loi. C i lc vi lu hunh yu hn ra khi Sanfua ca n. Mn > Cu > Ni > Co > Fe - S c i lc ln vi oxy, chy cho nhiu nhit. - C th phn ngvi mt s cht cho tnh kh. - Tham gia phn ng cng to thnh sunfua sunfat. - Nguyn tph bin trong thin nhin c dng lm axit, thuc, dim, t su, lu ha cao su ... 7.1.2.3. Selen, Telu, Polini - Selen c 2 dng th hnh : nu Se , dng xm : Se . - Selen c tnh bn dn. - Telu c hai dng : dng tinh th trng bc, dng v nh hnh mu nu. Telu cng l cht bn dn.

- Poloni l kim loi mm trng bc c l tnh ging ch l nguyn t him, phng x. 7.1.3. Hp cht cc nguyn t phn nhm VIA 7.1.3.1. Cc hp cht c s oxy ha m + Hp cht Oxy : - Cc hp cht ca oxy i a s s oxy ha (2), (1) (tr F2O4, F2O2, O3 c s oxy ha dng). - Cc oxyt u c tnh axt hoc baz hay lng tnh. - Nc l oxyt ca hydro, l cht hot ng. - Cc hp cht O 1 gi l peoxyt bc cao. 2 - Peoxyt kim loi gi l mui ca axt H2O2. - H2O2 va c tnh oxy ha va c tnh kh. + Hp cht ca lu hunh : - Trng thi oxy ha (2), (1) trong Sunfua v Polisunfua. - Ging Oxyt NaSH, Al(SH)3, H3PS4. - H2S l trng thi c trng oxi ha (2) l cht kh. + Hp cht ca Selen, Telu : - c trng l c s oxi ha m H2Se, H2Te, Na2Se, Na2Te, Na2Se2, Na2Te2 ... - Tnh kh tng dn do bn gim. - Phn ln cc hp cht ny l cht bn dn. 7.1.3.2. Cc hp cht c s oxi ha dng Cc nguyn t phn nhm IVA dbi t S tr i c s oxy ha (+1) (+6) c trng nht l (+4), (+6) in hnh l cc hp cht vi Halogen v Oxy.

7.2. CC NGUYN T PHN NHM VIB 7.2.1. c tnh ca cc nguyn t phn nhm VIB - c gi l phn nhm Crom gm : Crom(Cr), Molipden (Mo), Vonfram (W). - Cu hnh Cr : [Ar] 3d54s1 ; Mo : [Kr] 4d55s1 ; W : [Xe] 4f145d46s2. - Crom c sd oxy ha c trng l +3. Mo v Vonfram l +6. Ngai ra cn 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5. - To ra anion ca poliaxit. 7.2.2. Cc n cht ca cc nguyn t phn nhm VIB Mt s thng s ha l
Thng s ha l Bn knh nguyn t RK () Nng lng ion ha 1 (eV) Khi lng ring d(g/cm3) Nhit nng chy tnc ( C) Nhit si ts (0C) Hm lng trong v qu t H (%)
0

Cr 1,27 6,76 7,2 1890 3390 6.103

Mo 1,39 7,10 10,2 2620 4800 3.104

W 1,40 7,98 19,3 3380 5900 6.104

- L nhng kim loi mu trng bc, c nh kim. - Khi lng ring ln, dn in, dn nhit, kh nng chy, kh si. - C 3 khi ln tp cht tr nn cng v dn. - D to hp kim i vi Fe. - Mo nh hng n s pht trin ca thc vt v ng vt. - Nhit thng bn vi khng kh, hi m. - nhit cao, dng bt tc dng vi Oxy. - iu kin thng phn ng vi Clo. - Nhit cao tc dng vi phi kim N, C. - Nhit 600 + 8000C tc dng vi nc gii phng Hydro. - Ha tan t trong axt, mun ha tan nhanh ta dng hn hp HNO3 v HF. - Khng tan trong dung dch kim nhit thng nhng tan trong hn hp kim nng chy vi Nitrat hay Clorat.

- Trong thin nhin l kim loi tng i ph bin di dng khong vt qung. - Cr iu ch bng nhit nhm. Mo, W c iu ch bng phng php kh. 7.2.3. Cc hp cht ca cc nguyn t phn nhm VIB 7.2.3.1. Hp cht X(+2) - Cc hp cht bc (+2) ca Crm : CrO (en), CrS (en), CrHal2 (khng mu), Cr(OH)2 (vng) c tnh baz. - Cc hp cht Cr(+2) c tnh kh mnh. 7.2.3.2. Hp cht X(+3) - c trng ch vi Cr. - Cr2O3 lng tnh nhng tr v mt ha hc, khng tan trong nc v kim. - Cr2O3 c iu ch bng phn hay kh. - Cc Hydroxt crom cng km hot ng. C tnh lng tnh nhng yu. - Cc mui Cr+3 ph bin, chng bn, d tan trong nc v thy phn mnh. 7.2.3.3. Hp cht X(+6) - bn ca hp cht X(+6) tng t Cr W. - Cht rn c mu khc nhau : CrO3 : sm, MoO3 : trng, WO3 : vng ti. - Axt H2CrO4 khng bn cn H2MoO4, H2WO4 l cht rn bn, khng tan trong nc. - Hp cht (+6) c tnh axit gim t Cr W. - Hp cht (+6) to phc anion polime. - Hp cht (+6) c tnh oxy ha v tnh oxy ha gi Cr W.

Chng 8: NHM VII TRONG BNG H THNG TUN HON

8.1. CC NGUYN T PHN NHM VIIA 8.1.1. c tnh ca cc nguyn t nhm VIIA - c gi l nhm Halogen gm : Flo (F), Clo (Cl), Brm (Br), Iot (I), Atatin (At). - Cu hnh lp electron ngoi cng l ns2np5. - D thu thm in t tr thnh X(1) bn vng. - Tnh phi kim loi gim t F n At. - Tr F cn cc nguyn t khc c kh nng s oxi ha +1, +3, +5, +7. - Cc hp cht s oxi ha dng km bn. - Trong nhm Atatin l nguyn t him c tnh phng x. 8.1.2. n cht ca cc nguyn t phn nhm VIIA Mt s thng s ha l
Thng s ha l Bn knh nguyn t RK () Nng lng ion ha 1 (eV) Nhit nng chy tnc (0C) Nhit si ts (0C) Hm lng trong v qu t H (%) F 0,64 17,42 219,6 18,7 2,8.102 Cl 0,99 1,97 100,1 34,15 36.102 Br 1,14 11,84 7,2 58,75 8,5.105 I 1,33 10,45 113,5 184,5 4.106 At 9,2 299 4,1 Vt

- a s th kh (tr I v At). - Nhit nng chy v nhit si thp tng t F At. - Tan t trong nc. - L nhng phi kim loi in hnh, hot tnh ha hc cao c bit l F. - Clo cng l phi kim in hnh ch b kh khi tc dng vi F. - Clo ch tc dng vi kim loi trng thi m. Khi trng thi kh th bn. - Cc Halogen ph bin trong thin nhin nhng khng trng thi t do.

8.1.3. Hp cht ca nguyn t phn nhm VIIA 8.1.3.1. Hp cht Hal (1) - Hp cht Hal (1) l hp cht c trng gi l Halogenua. - Cc Halogenua baz thng l cht rn, Halogenua axt l kh, cng rn d nng chy. - Cc Halogenua axt v baz d to phc. - Cc Hydro Halogenua c nng chy, si thp tng t HF HI, tan nhiu trong nc v pht nhit mnh. - bn Hydro Halogenua gim t HF HI c tnh kh tng t HF HI. - HF n mn thy tinh, thch anh. - Tng hp Halogenua trc tip t cc nguyn t. 8.1.3.2. Hp cht Hal c s oxy ha dng - Tr F cn nhm Hal u c th c s oxi ha +1 +7. - c trng l hp cht vik oxy c dng +1, +3, +5, +7. Ngoi ra cn c +4, +6, cc hp cht ny u khng bn. + Hp cht gia cc Halogen : - Cng thc tng qut XYn trong X, Y l Hal khc nhau, n = 1, 3, 5, 7 v F lun ha tr (1). - Hal cng xa nhau to hp cht cng bn. - Cc hp cht ny c tnh axit, thy phn v tc dng vi kim. - Khng bn v d b phn hy. + Hp cht Halogen vi oxy : - Cc Halogen u to hp cht vi O2 ring F c ha tr (1). - Cc hp cht Hal (+1) c trng l Cl2O, HClO, HBrO ... - Cc hp cht Hal (+1) km bn, d b phn hy, c tnh axit km. - Hp cht Cl (+3) c trng l axit HClO2 v mui ca n khng bn. - Hp cht Hal (+5) c trng l HClO3, HBrO3, HIO3 v mui ca n, tnh bn tng dn t Cl n I, chng l nhng axt yu.

Cc mui ca chng rt d bn, khi t nng mi gii phng oxy. - Cc hp cht Hal (+7) c trng l Cl2O7, HClO4, ClO NaBrO4, 4 , 5 H5IO6, IO 6 . - Mt s hp cht c trng thi oxy ha dng khc : . c trng l ClO2 (Cl2O4), ClO3 (Cl2O6). . Cht oxy ha mnh v c xem l oxyt hn tp. 8.2. CC NGUYN T PHN NHM VIIB ( 1 tit ) 8.2.1. c tnh ca cc nguyn t phn nhm VIIB - Phn nhm VIIB gm : Mangan (Mn),Tecnexi (Te), Reni (Re) . - Cu hnh electron (n 1)d5ns2. - C kh nng cho i cc electron c trng thi oxy ha +2 n +7. - Khng c kh nng nhn electron. - Mn c trng bn l +2, +4, +7. Te v Re bn nht +7. - Theo chiu tng s oxy ha to phc anion tng, to phc cation gim. 8.2.2. Cc n cht ca cc nguyn t phn nhm VIIB Mt s thng s ha l
Thng s ha l Bn knh nguyn t RK () Khi lng ring d (g/cm3) Nng lng ion ha 1 (eV) Nhit nng chy tnc (0C) Nhit si ts ( C) Hm lng trong v qu t H (%)
0

Mn 1,30 7,44 7,44 1245 2080 3.10

2

Tc 1,36 11,49 7,28 2.200 4.600 Vt

Re 1,37 21,04 7,88 3.180 5.600 9.109

- Kim loi trng bc, bt : mu xm, Mn ging Fe. - Thuc dng kim loi hot ng, hot tnh gim t Mn Re. - Mn khi un nng tc dng vi O, S, N 2, P,C, Si ... c bit vi halogen. - Re, Te km hot ng nhit cao mi phn ng vi O2, S, Halogen, khng kt hp vi Nit.

- Axt long phn ng vi Mn to mui. - Te, Re khng tc dng vi axt (tr HNO3 HXO4). - Mn c dng lm hp kim, Rn lm dy t in, Te lm vt liu l nguyn t. - Trong thin nhin tn ti di dng qung. 8.2.3. Cc hp cht ca nguyn t phn nhm VIIIB 8.2.3.2. Hp cht Mn(+2) - Hp cht c bn MnO, MnS, MnCl2, MnF2, Mn(OH)2 ... - Cc mui Mn(+2) tan trong nc, d to phc Cation. - Hp cht Mn(+2) tnh baz tri hn. - Th hin tnh kh khi gp cht oxy ha. 8.2.3.2. Hp cht Mn(+4) - Hp cht Mn(+4) oxyt v hydroxt bn, mui, km bn. - Hp cht oxyt l hydroxt th hin lng tnh nhng u yu. - i vi Te (+4), Re(+4) cng tn ti dng XO2, Xhal4, M2XO3. 8.2.3.3. Hp cht X(+6)
2 - c trng v bn l XO (i vi Mn) v XCl6, XF6, XO3 (vi 4 Te, Re). 2 - Cc mui X(+6) khng bn. MnO c tnh oxy ha mnh d b 4 2 2 kh thnh MnO2 cn TeO , ReO c tnh kh mnh, d b oxy ha. 4 4

8.2.3.4. Hp cht X(+7) - c trng bi Mn2O7, MnO MnO3F, ReF7, Re2O7, ReO3F, Fe2O7, 4 , TeO 4 , TeO3F ... - Hp cht X(+7) bn tng t Mn Re. - Cc axt HXO4 cng c bn tng dn v l axt mnh. - Cc mui ca n c bn tng dn. - Hp cht X(+7) l nhng cht oxi ha mnh.

Chng 9: NHM VIII TRONG BNG H THNG TUN HON

9.1. CC NGUYN T PHN NHM VIIIA 9.1.1. c tnh ca cc nguyn t nhm VIIIA - Phn nhm VIIIA gm : Heli (He), Neon (Ne), Argon (Ar), Krepton (Kr), xenon (Xe), Radon (Ra). - Lp v ngoi cng nsnp in electron. - Nng lng ion ha cao v rt bn. 9.1.2. n cht ca cc nguyn t phn nhm VIIIA Mt s thng s ha l
Thng s ha l Bn knh nguyn t RK () Nng lng ion ha 1 (eV) Nhit nng chy tnc (0C) Nhit si ts (0C) Hm lng trong v qu t H (%) He 1,22 24,58 268,9 Ne 1,6 Ar 1,91 Kr 2,01 Xe 2,2 19,9 109,1 71 62 Ra

21,669 15,775 13,996 12,127 10,745 246 105,9 153,2

269,7 248,6 189,4 157,2

5.104 1,8.103 9,3.104 1,1.104 8,6.106 6.1020

- Phn t n nguyn t. - Khng mu, khng mi, kh ha lng, ha rn. - D tan trong nc v tng t He Ra. - Trong ng phng in to mu c trng : vng (Heli), (Neon), lam nht (Agon), tm (Kripton), Lam (Xenon). - Trong thin nhin tn ti di dng t do. 9.1.3. Hp cht ca cc nguyn t phn nhm VIIIA 9.1.3.1. Hp cht ca Xeon - Hp cht ca Xeon vi Flo v Oxy c s oxy ha +2, +4, +6, +8. XeF2, XeF4, XeF6, XeO3, XeO4, H4CeO6. 9.2. CC NGUYN T TRONG PHN NHM VIIIB : 9.2.1. c tnh ca cc nguyn t trong phn nhm VIIIB - Phn nhm VIIIB gm 9 nguyn t : St (Fe), Ruteni (Ru), Osmi (Os), coban (Co), Rodi (Rh), Iridi (Ir), Niken (Ni), Paladi (Pd), Platin (Pt). - Cc yu t u nm gia cc chu k ln.

- S oxi ha cc i l +8. - Th hin l nhng kim loi, ion ca n d toi phc bn. - C khuynh hng to hp kim. - Oxyt, Hydroxyt c tnh axit, baz yu hoc lng tnh. -Chia lm 2 h, st bao gm : Fe, Co, Ni ; Platin gm : Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir v Pt. 9.2.2. n cht ca cc nguyn t trong phn nhm VIIIB 9.2.2.1. Nguyn t h st : St, Coban, Niken Mt s thng s ha l
Thng s ha l Bn knh nguyn t RK () Nng lng ion ha 1 (eV) Khi lng ring d (g/cm3) Nhit nng chy tnc (0C) Nhit si ts (0C) Hm lng trong v qu t H (%) Fe 1,26 7,78 7,9 1536 2770 1,5 Co 1,25 7,86 8,9 1495 2255 0,001 Ni 1,24 7,64 8,9 1455 2140 0,003

- L kim loi trng xm hoc trng bc, c tnh st t. - Hot tnh trung bnh gim t Fe Ni, bt mn c th chy. - un nng b Hal, Oxi, Lu hunh oxi ha. - Ha tan trong axt long trong trng thi c ngui b th ng. - Khng phn ng vi kim. - Trong thin nhin di dng qung. 9.2.2.2. Hp cht ca St, Coban, Niken + Hp cht X(O) th hin di dng phc Fe(CO)5, Ni(CO2)4 ... cc phc d b phn hy. + Hp cht X(+2) - Hp cht XO, X(OH)2 c tnh baz khng tan trong nc v kim, tan trong axt. - Cc mui X+2 vi axt mnh d tan trong nc, yu kh tatn.

- Hp cht X+2 c tnh kh d b oxy ha trong khng kh. - To phc cation bn hn phc anion. + Hp cht X(+3) - Hp cht Fe(+3) tn ti dng hp cht v phc, cc oxyt v hydroxyt khng tan trong nc, lng tnh nhng tnh baz tri hn. Cc mui Fe(+3) u bn. - Hp cht Co(+3) tn ti di dng phc nhiu hn dng hp cht. Cc hp cht Co (+3) khng bn, c cc phc anion, cation, trung ha. + Hp cht Fe(+6)
2 - c trng l dng mui FeO (Ferat) 4

- Mui Fe(+6) khng bn d b phn hy. 9.2.3.3. Nguyn t h Platin - Gm cc nguyn t Ruteni (Ru), Rodi (Rh), Osmi (Os), Iridi (Ir), Platin (Pt). - Cu hnh electron (n 1)d610ns02 c nhiu s oxi ha khc nhau. - Trong cc hp cht ch yu l lin kt cng ha tr. - Cc hp cht khng c vai tr l thuyt v thc tin. - C kh nng to nhiu phc cht v trng thi ha tr +3, +4. - C hot tnh xc tc cao. 9.2.2.4. n cht ca h Platin Mt s thng s ha l
Thng s ha l Khi lng ring d (g/cm ) Nhit nng chy tnc (0C) Nhit si ts (0C)
3

Ru 12,4 2250 4200

Rh 12,4 1963 3700

Pd 12 1554 2940

Os 22,7 3027 5000

Ir 22,6 2450 4500

Pt 21,5 1769 3800

- Kim loi mu trng bc, kh nng chy, kh si. - C hc chng khc nhau r rt. - C kh nng to hp kim. - L kim loi km hot ng l kim loi qu. - Rt l kim loi bn vi oxy nhit cao.

- Tc dng vi kim nng chy khi c mt cht oxi ha. - Trong thin nhin chng l nhng nguyn t ng hng v qu him. 9.2.2.5. Hp cht h Platin * Hp cht X(O) Ch c Ru, Os to hp cht cacboxyl kim loi Ru(CO)5, Os(CO)5. * Hp cht X(+4) c trng l RuO2, OsO2 bn nhit khi un nng b H2 kh thnh kim loi. * Hp cht X(+6) Ph bin l OsF6, RuO3, OsO3, K2RuO4. * Hp cht X(+8) RuO4, RuCl4, OsO4.

TRNG A HC CNG NGHIP T/P H CH MINH KHOA CNG NGH HA HC ------ // -----

H S GING VIN
H v tn: ng Kim Trit

H s gm c; 1. K hoch ging da 2. cng chi tit 3. Ba ging chi tit 4. S tay ging vin 5. Kt qu kim tra, tiu lun v thi ht mn

T/p H Ch Minh 1/ 2008

1. Tn hc phn
2. Ma hc phn 3. S tn ch 4. Trinh

HA V C 2106041060 3 (3, 0, 6) Cho sinh vin nm th 1

5. -

Phn b thi gian Ln lp 45 tit Thc tp phng th nghim Thc hnh T hc 60 tit

6. iu kin tin quyt Hc sau hc phn 2106041045 (a). 7. Muc tiu cua hc phn Sau khi hon tt hc phn sinh vin c kh nng hiu v nm vng c cu to, tnh cht ca cc n cht v hp cht ca cc nguyn t trong bng h thng tun hon. 8. M ta vn tt ni dung hc phn Ni dung bao gm cc nh lut c bn ca ha v c, tnh cht cc n cht v hp cht ca cc nguyn t trong bng h thng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc 9. Nhim vu cua sinh vin Tham d hc v tho lun y . Thi v kim tra gia hc k theo qui ch 04/1999/Q-BGD&T. - D lp: trn 75% - Bi tp: trn lp v nh - Khc: theo yu cu ca ging vin 10. Tai liu hoc tp - Sch, gio trnh chnh [1]. Nguyn nh Soa, Ha hc v c, HQG, tp HCM - Sch tham kho [1]. Acmetop- Ha hc V c tp 1,2- NXB H v THCN 1978. [2]. F. Cotton- G. Wilkinson- Ha hc V c T1,2,3-NXB H v THCN 1984. [3]. Hong Nhm- Ha hc V c T1,2,3- NXBGD-1994. - Khc 11. Tiu chun anh gia sinh vin

- D lp: trn 75% - Tho lun theo nhm - Tiu lun: c - Kim tra thng xuyn - Thi gia hc phn - Thi kt thc hc phn - Khc: theo yu cu ca ging vin
12. Thang im thi: Theo qui ch tn ch

13. Ni dung chi tit hc phn Gi tn ch L thuyt 5 5 10 5 5 5 5 5 10 Thc hnh T hc 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

TT

Ni dung

S tit 5 5 10 5 5 5 5 5 10

Ghi ch

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Chng 1: Mt s kin thc m u Chng 2: Hiro v nhng nguyn t nhm I Chng 3: Nhm II trong bng h thng tun hon Chng 4: Nhm III trong bng h thng tun hon Chng 5: Nhm IV trong bng h thng tun hon Chng 6: Nhm V trong bng h thng tun hon Chng 7: Nhm VI trong bng h thng tun hon Chng 8: Nhm VII trong bng h thng tun hon Chng 9: Nhm VIII trong bng h thng tun hon

Tng

45

45

90

Chng 1: Mt s kin thc m u 1.1 nh lut tun han ca Menlep 1.2 H thng tun han ca Menlep 1.3 Cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t 1.4 Phn lai cc nguyn t ha hc 1.5 Cc nguyn t ha hc v n cht Chng 2: Hiro v nhng nguyn t nhm I 2.1 c tnh ca nguyn t hidro 2.1.1 n cht 2.1.2 Hp cht cht ca hidro 2.2. c im nguyn t cc nguyn t IA 2.2.1 n cht 2.2.2 Hp cht 2.3 c im nguyn t cc nguyn t IB 2.3.1n cht 2.3.2 Hp cht Chng 3: Nhm II trong bng h thng tun hon 3.1 c im nguyn t cc nguyn t IIA 3.1.1n cht 3.1.2 Hp cht 3.2 c im nguyn t cc nguyn t IIB 3.2.1n cht 3.2.2 Hp cht Chng 4: Nhm III trong bng h thng tun hon 4.1c im nguyn t cc nguyn t IIIA 4.1.1 n cht 4.1.2 Hp cht 4.2 c im nguyn t cc nguyn t IIIB 4.2.1 n cht 4.2.2 Hp cht Chng 5: Nhm IV trong bng h thng tun hon 5.1 c im nguyn t cc nguyn t IVA 5.1.2.n cht 5.1.3 Hp cht 5.2 c im nguyn t cc nguyn t IVB

5.2.1n cht 5.2.2 Hp cht Chng 6: Nhm V trong bng h thng tun hon 6.1 c im nguyn t cc nguyn t VA 6.1.1n cht 6.1.2 Hp cht 6.2 c im nguyn t cc nguyn t VB 6.2.1 n cht 6.2.2 Hp cht Chng 7: Nhm VI trong bng h thng tun hon 7.1 c im nguyn t cc nguyn t VA 7.1.1 n cht 7.1.2 Hp cht 7.2.c im nguyn t cc nguyn t VB 7.2.1 n cht 7.2.2 Hp cht Chng 8: Nhm VII trong bng h thng tun hon 8.1 c im nguyn t cc nguyn t VIIA 8.1.1 n cht 8.1.2 Hp cht 8.2c im nguyn t cc nguyn t VIIB 8.2.1 n cht 8.2.2 Hp cht Chng 9: Nhm VIII trong bng h thng tun hon 9.1 c im nguyn t cc nguyn t VIIIA 9.1.1 n cht 9.1.2 Hp cht 9.2 c im nguyn t cc nguyn t VIIIB 9.2.1 n cht 9.2.2 Hp cht 14. Ph duyt Trng n v o to (ghi r h tn) Tp. HCM, ngy 15 thng 01 nm 2008 T trng b mn (ghi r h tn)