Giao thc Spanning-Tree 1.

Tng quan STP STP l mt giao thc qun l lin kt layer 2, cung cp mt ng d phng trong khi vn ngn cn c hin tng loop xy ra trong h thng. Khi cng ngh Ethernet hot ng Layer 2 trong m hnh OSI c cu hnh ng, th duy nht mt ng s c hot ng gia hai PC. Trong h thng tn ti nhiu ng cng hot ng gia 2 PC s l nguyn nhn ca hin tng loop xy ra. Nu mt loop tn ti trong h thng, th cc thit b u cui (PC) s phi nhn nhiu cc thng ip trng nhau (C ch ny gi l Multi-Frame copy). Switch s phi hc thng tin v a ch MAC ca cc PC trn nhiu port (C ch ny gi l MAC Table Instable). Nhng hu qu nh vy s lm cho h thng ca chng ta tr nn khng n nh. Spanning-Tree hot ng trn cc switch s c th gip h thng ca chng ta ngn c loop v vn cho php h thng xy dng c m hnh c d phng. STP s dng thut ton Spanning-Tree chn mt switch ng vai tr lm Root Bridge trong m hnh h thng c d phng. Thut ton Spanning-tree s tnh ton ng tt nht khng c loop thng qua h thng switch layer2 bng cch gn vai tr cho mi port hot ng trong m hnh h thng , v mi port s c mt vai tr trong s nhng vai tr di y:

Root: l mt port c kh truyn d liu trong m hnh spanning-Tree. Designated: mt port c kh nng truyn d liu c chn cho tt c cc switch trong segment LAN. Alternate: l mt port s b blocked v port s l port c dng trong trng hp d phng. Backup: l mt port blocked trong cu hnh loopback. Switch c tt c cc port ca n ng vai tr l designated hoc ng vai tr l backup th swtich l root swtich. Switch c t nht mt port ca n ng vai tr l designated th switch gi l designated switch.

Spanning tree s a ng dng cho vic d phng tr v trng thi standby (blocked). Nu mt h thng ang dng spanning-tree b li xy ra v ng d phng vn c, th thut ton spanning-tree s thc hin vic tnh ton li m hnh spanning-tree v a ng d phng nn hot ng. Cc switch s gi v nhn cc frame spanning-tree, nhng frame c gi l Bridge Protocol Data Units (BPDUs). C rt nhiu switch khng thc hin vic truyn nhng frame BPDUs nhng nhng switch vn s dng xy dng ng khng loop (loop-free). BPDUs cha nhng thng tin v swtich gi v cc port ca switch , bao gm MAC address, switch priority, port priority, v cost path. Thut ton Spanning-Tree s s dng nhng thng tin bu chn root swtich v root port cho h thng switch v cc root port v designated port cho mi mt phn on mng chuyn mch (Colision domain = segment). Khi hai port trn mt switch l thnh phn ca mt loop, gi tr u tin ca port spanning-tree v chi ph ng i s iu khin v a mt port tr v trng thi

forwarding (trng thi truyn d liu) v mt port tr v trng thi blocking. Gi tr u tin ca port s i din cho v tr ca port m hnh h thng v hn ht n xc nh v tr cho php lu lng i qua. Chi ph ng i l gi tr i din cho tc ng truyn. 2. M hnh Spanning-Tree v BPDUs Spanning-tree hot ng trong h thng switch s c iu khin bi nhng thnh phn sau:

Bridge ID (switch priority v MAC address) tng ng vi mi mt VLan trn mt switch. Spanning-Tree path cost n root switch. Port ID (port priority v MAC address) tng ng vi mi mt interface layer 2 ca switch.

Khi cc switch trong h thng c khi ng, th mi switch s hot ng vi chc nng nh mt root swtich. Mi switch s gi mt cu hnh BPDU thng qua tt c cc port ca switch n cc switch khc. BPDUs dng thng bo v tnh ton m hnh spanning-tree. Mi gi BPDU c cha nhng thng tin sau:

Bridge ID ca switch ng vai tr l root switch (trong trng hp ny chnh l switch ang gi gi BPDU) Chi ph ca ng ti root. Bridge ID ca switch ang gi gi BPDU. Thi gian tn ti ca gi BPDU. ID ca port gi BPDU ra ngoi qua port . Thi gian ca gi Hello, Forward delay, v max-age.

Khi mt switch nhn mt gi tin BPDU c cha nhng thng tin tt hn (nh: Bridge ID thp hn, Chi ph ng i thp hn), swtich s lu thng tin li trn port ca switch. Nu BPDU ny c nhn trn root port ca switch th switch s chuyn tip gi BPDU ny n tt c cc designated Switch. Nu mt switch nhn c mt gi BPDU c cha nhng thng tin khng tt bng nhng thng tin m switch ang c trn port th switch s hy gi BPDU i. Nu switch ng vai tr l designated switch cho mng LAN m nhn c mt gi BPDU c thng tin khng tin bng nhng thng tin m switch ang c trn port th switch s thay th nhng thng tin tt hn ca mnh vo gi BPDU v s gi i. Vi phng php hot ng nh vy, th nhng thng tin khng tt s b hy v nhng thng tin tt hn s c qung b ra ton b h thng. Kt qu cui cng ca vic trao i cc gi BPUD gia cc switch s l:

Mt switch trng h thng s c bu chn l root switch. Trong mi Vlan, switch c priority cao nht (gi tr s priority thp nht) s c bu chn vi vai

tr l root switch. Nu tt c cc switch trong h thng c cu hnh priority mc nh (32768), th switch no c a ch MAC thp nht trong VLAN s tr thnh root switch. Mt root port s c chn trn mi switch (tr trng hp l root switch). Port ny s cung cp chi ph thp nht khi m switch chuyn d liu n root switch. Khong cch ngn nht n root switch c tnh ton cho mi switch da trn chi ph ng i. Mt designated Switch cho mi LAN segment (Colision Domain) s c chn. Designated Switch s phi c ng c chi ph thp nht khi chuyn d liu t mng LAN n Root Switch. Port c dng truyn d liu thng qua n trn designated switch c gn vo mng LAN gi l designated port. Tt c cc ng i nu khng cn thit truyn d liu n root switch t mi ni trn cc switch trong mng th s c a v trng thi spanning-tree blocking.

3. Bridge ID, Switch Priority, v Extended System ID Chun IEEE 802.1D yu cu mi switch phi c duy nht mt bridge ID, c dng trong qu trnh bu chn root switch. Bi v mi VLAN c logical bridge khc nhau vi PVST+ v rapid PVST+, trn cng switch phi c cc bridge ID khc nhau cho mi cu hnh VLAN. Mi VLan trn mi switch c duy nht 8-byte bridge ID. Trong dng 2 byte xc nh switch priority, v 6 byte cn li dnh cho switch MAC Address. Catalyst switch 2960 h tr IEEE 802.1t spanning-tree m rng, v cc bit trc kia c dng cho switch priority th by gi c s dng lm VLAN ID. Cc bn c thy rng trong 2 byte trc kia c dng lm switch priority th trong c 4-bit c dng lm gi tr priority v 12-bit cn li c m rng lm System ID tng ng vi VLAN ID. Spanning tree s dng System ID m rng, switch priority v MAC address lm bridge ID duy nht trng mi mt VLAN. Da vo vic cc catalyst switch c h tr System ID, bn c th cu hnh chn root switch, secondary root switch, v switch priority cho mi VLAN. V d, khi bn thay i gi tr switch priority, vic thay i c th dn n switch s c bu chn lm root switch. 4. Trng thi ca cc interface Spanning-tree Mi mt interface layer 2 ca switch (port) s dng spanning tree s hot ng mt trong cc trng thi sau:

Blocking: interface trng thi ny khng c kh nng tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn frame. Listening: l trng thi u tin ca qu trnh chuyn i t trng thi blocking khi spanning tree quyt nh rng interface ny s c tham gia vo trong qu trnh chuyn frames.

Learning: Interface trng thi ny s chun b tham gia vo qu trnh chuyn frame. Forwarding: Interface trng thi ny s c kh nng chuyn frame. Disable: Interface trng thi ny khng c x l bi spanning tree v n ang trng thi shuttdown, hoc khng c lin kt, hoc spanning tree ang khng chy trn port ny.

Mt interface s chuyn i qua nhng trng thi nh sau:

T khi to n Blocking. T Blocking n Listening hoc Disable. T Listening to Learning hoc Disable. T Learning n Forwarding hoc Disable. T Forwarding n Disable.

Khi switch c khi ng, spanning tree c enable mc nh, v mi interface trn switch, VLAN, hoc h thng s phi tri qua trng thi blocking v bt u chuyn i sang trng thi Listening v learning. Spanning tree s tr nn n nh (mng hi t) th mi interface s mt trong hai trng thi l Forwarding hoc blocking. Khi thut ton spanning tree hot ng tnh ton a mt port ca switch v trng thi forwarding, th tin trnh x l s xy ra theo tun t sau:

Mt interface trng thi listening trong khi spanning tree s tr cho thng tin di chuyn interface sang trng thi blocking. Trong khi spanning tree ang tr thi gian forward-dely ht, n s di chuyn interface sang trng thi learning v khi ng li thi gian forward-delay. trng thi learning, interface s tip tc ngn nhng frame n n nhng n vn hc nhng thng tin v a ch MAC vo trong bng CAM. Khi thi gian forward-dely ht, spanning-tree chuyn i trng thi interface sang trng thi forwarding.

Trng thi Blocking Mt interface trng thi Blocking s khng c kh nng chuyn frame d liu. Sau khi khi to, mt BPDU s c gi n mi port ca switch. Mt switch s khi to vai tr root cho n khi switch trao i cc gi BPUD vi nhng switch khc. Sau khi trao i c thit lp th switch s c kh nng tr thnh root hoc root switch. Nu c duy nht mt switch trong h thng mng th s khng c s trao i cc gi BPDU, thi gian forward-delay ht, th interface s chuyn sang trng thi Listening. Mt interface ca switch s lun trng thi blocking khi switch bt u khi ng. Mt interface ca switch trng thi blocking s c nhng kh nng sau:

Hy tt c cc frame m switch nhn c thng qua port ny. Khng c kh nng hc a ch MAC.

C kh nng nhn cc gi BPDUs.

Trng thi Listening y l trng thi tip theo ca mt interface sau khi ht thi gian forward-delay ca trng thi blocking. Interface s c chuyn i sang trng thi ny khi spanning tree quyt nh l interface ny s c tham gia vo trong qu trnh chuyn frame d liu. Mt interface trng thi Listening s c nhng vai tr sau:

Hy nhng frame nhn c t interface ny. Hy nhng frame chuyn mch t interface khc. Khng hc a ch MAC. C kh nng nhn cc gi BPDUs.

Trng thi Learning Khi mt interface chuyn sang trng thi learning, th interface s c nhng kh nng di y:

Hy tt c nhng frame nhn c trn interface ny. Hy tt c nhng frame chuyn mch t interface khc. C kh nng hc a ch MAC xy dng bng MAC table. C kh nng nhn cc gi BPDU.

Trng thi Forwarding Khi mt port hot ng trng thi forwarding th port s c nhng kh nng sau:

Nhn v chuyn tt c cc frame m switch nhn c thng qua interface ny. Chuyn tt c nhng frame c chuyn n t interface khc. Hc a ch MAC. Nhn cc gi BPDU.

Trng thi Disable Mt interface trng thi ny s thc thi nhng chc nng sau:

Hy tt c cc frame nhn c thng qua interface ny. Hy tt c cc frame chuyn t port khc sang. Khng hc a ch MAC. Khng nhn cc gi BPDU.

5. Cch thc mt Switch hoc Port ca Switch tr thnh Root switch hoc Root Port

Nu tt c cc switch trong h thng mng ch mc nh spanning-tree c chy, th switch no c a ch MAC thp nht s tr thnh root switch. Trong hnh 1, Switch A c bu chn l root switch bi v u tin ca tt cc switch mc nh u bng nhau v bng 32768 v switch A c a ch MAC thp nht. Tuy nhin, bi v nhng l do nh: cc lu lng c bit, s interface truyn d liu, hoc cc loi lin kt, Switch A s khng phi l mt root switch c th hot ng tt c. Bng cch a gi tr u tin ca mt switch no thp hn cc switch cn li th switch s tr thnh root switch, bn s thy rng cc spanning-tree trn cc switch s thc hin vic tnh ton li m hnh mi vi mt root switch mi.

Hnh 1: Spanning tree protocol Khi m hnh ca spanning-tree c tnh ton da trn cc tham s mc nh, th ng i gia my ngun v my ch s c chuyn mch khng phi l mt ng tt. Cho v d, ang kt ni mt lin kt c tc cao hn vo mt interface c u tin cao hn root port c th s l nguyn nhn ca vic root-port thay i. Tt nht chng ta nn thay i sao cho kt ni no c tc nhanh nht th s l ng c kt ni vo root port. Cho v d: mt port trn switch B l Gigabit Ethernet v mt port khc trn Switch B (l port 10/100 Mbps) l mt root port. Cc lu lng truyn trn mng cn mt ng kt ni vo port Gigabit Ethernet truyn hiu qu. Bng cch thay i gi tr u tin ca port spanning-tree trn Gigabit Ethernet port c u tin thp hn root port, khi Gigabit Ethernet port s tr thnh root port. 6. Spanning Tree v kt ni d phng Bn c th to mt mng chuyn mch backbone d phng vi spanning tree bng cch kt ni hai interface ca switch vi mt hoc hai switch khc, v d trong hnh 2.2. Spanning tree s t ng disable mt interface nhng s li enable nu interface khc b li. Nu mt kt ni tc cao v mt kt ni khc c tc thp, th kt ni c tc thp s lun lun b disable. Nu hai kt ni c cng tc , th u tin ca port v port ID c dng quyt nh disable ng no, v spanning tree s disable ng kt ni c gi tr thp nht

Hnh 2: Spanning tree v kt ni d phng Cc bn cng c th to ng d phng kt ni gia cc switch bng cch s dng EtherChannel. 7. Qun l Spanning-Tree Address Chun IEEE 802.1D ch nh 17 a ch multicast c di: bt u t 0x00180C2000000 n 0x0180C2000010, s dng bi cc giao thc khc nhau. Nhng a ch multicast ny l nhng a ch tnh khng th thay i hoc b c. Khng quan tm n cc trng thi ca spanning-tree, mi switch s nhn cc thng tin nhng khng chuyn cc thng tin ny n ch vi nhng a ch nm trong di: t 0x0180C2000000 n 0x0180C200000F. Nu spanning tree c enable, th CPU trn switch s nhn cc gi tin vi a ch ch nm trong di: t 0x0180C2000000 n 0x0180C2000010. Nu spanning tree b disable, th switch s chuyn cc gi tin vi a ch multicast khng xc nh. 8. Cc phng thc hot ng ca spanning tree v cc giao thc Switch c kh nng h tr rt nhiu cc phng thc v cc giao thc khc nhau: PVST+: y l mt phng thc hot ng ca spanning tree da trn chun IEEE 802.1D v s m rng c quyn ca Cisco. Phng thc ny l phng thc hot ng mc nh trn tt c cc Ethernet Vlan port-base (cu hnh vlan trn switch theo phng php gn port vo cc vlan). PVST+ chy trn mi mt VLAN ca switch, v n m bo mt iu rng s c mt ng i khng c loop (lp) trn mt mng (network, hoc subnet).

PVST+ cung cp c ch cn bng ti layer 2 (Layer 2 load balancing) cho Vlan chy trn n. Bn c th to mt m hnh lun l (logical topologies) bng cch s dng nhiu Vlan trn mng ca bn m bo rng tt cc cc kt ni c s dng nhng s khng c mt kt ni no hot ng qu mc cho php. Mi trng hp ca PVST+ trn mt VLAN s c mt switch gi vai tr l root switch. Root switch s qung b thng tin spanning tree n tt c cc switch khc trong cng VLAN. Bi v mi switch s c cc thng tin v mng ging nhau, nn tin trnh x l s m bo rng h thng mng s c duy tr tt. Rapid PVST+: y l mt phng thc hot ng ca spanning tree cng ging nh i vi PVST+, nhng phng thc ny c u im l tc hi t s nhanh hn so vi phng thc PVST+ v s hot ng ca phng thc ny da trn chun 802.1W. cung cp c tc hi t nhanh, rapid PVST+ ngay lp tc xa ton b giai on t ng hc a ch MAC trn mi port ca switch khi nhn c thng tin thay i v m hnh. Vi PVST+ th phng thc ny s s dng mt khong thi gian ngn cho qu trnh t ng hc ton b a ch MAC. Rapid PVST+: s dng phng php cu hnh ging nh i vi PVST+, v switch ch cn duy nht rt t thng tin cu hnh. u im ca rapid PVST+ l bn c th chuyn t PVST+ sang vic ci t v cu hnh rapid PVST+ m khng cn thit phi nghin cu thm nhng tham s phc tp nh cu hnh MSTP (Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol). Vi rapid-PVST+ th mi mt VLAN cng cn mt instance ca rapid-PVST+ hot ng ring bit. MSTP(Multiple Spanning Tree Protocol): Phng thc ny hot ng da trn chun IEEE 802.1S. Bn c th nh x nhiu VLAN vo trong cng mt instance spanning-tree, hn ch s instance spanning tree cn thit c th hot ng cho nhiu VLAN. MSTP hot ng da trn RSTP, cung cp tc hi t nhanh bng cch gii hn thi gian tr trong qu trnh chuyn d liu v nhanh chng chuyn trng thi t root port v designated port sang trng thi forwarding. Bn khng th chy MSTP m khng c s hot ng ca RSTP. 9. S h tr ca Spanning-tree Instances Trong cc phng thc hot ng nh PVST+ hoc rapid-PVST+, th switch c kh nng h tr nn ti 128 spanning-tree instances. Trong phng thc hot ng MSTP, switch c kh nng h tr ti a nn ti 65 MST instances. S VLAN c php nh x vo mt MST instance l khng gii hn. 10. S tng thch ca cc phng thc hot ng ca spanning-tree

S tng thch ca PVST+, MSTP, and Rapid-PVST+ Trong h thng mng chy c MSTP v PVST+, th Common spanning-tree (CST) root s phi hot ng di h thng backbone, v mt PVST+ switch khng th kt ni n nhiu vng MST. Khi mt h thng mng c cha nhiu switch cng chy rapid PVST+ v nhiu switch cng chy PVST+, th chng ti khuyn co rng cc switch chy rapid-PVST+ v cc switch chy PVST+ phi cu hnh khc spanning tree instances. Trong rapid-PVST+ spanning tree instance, th root switch s phi l mt rapid-PVST+ switch. Trong PVST+ instances, th root switch s phi l PVST+ switch. 11. STP v IEEE 820.1Q Trunks Chun IEEE 802.1Q cho VLAN Trunks s bt buc mt vi gii hn cho vic thit k spanning tree cho h thng mng. Chun ny yu cu duy nht trn mt spanning tree instace cho tt c cc VLANs u cho php d liu ca cc VLANs ny c th truyn trn mt ng Trunk. Tuy nhin, trong h thng mng ca Cisco th cc switch ang kt ni trc tip vi nhau thng qua chun IEEE 802.1Q trunks, nhng switch ny phi duy tr mt spanning tree instance cho mi mt VLAN cho php trn mt ng trunk. Khi bn kt ni mt thit b switch ca Cisco n mt thit b khng phi ca Cisco thng qua ng Trunk th Cisco switch s dng PVST+ cung cp s tng thch vi spanning tree. Nu rapid PVST+ c hot ng, th switch s dng PVST+ thay th. Switch s tch hp c spanning tree instance ca chun IEEE 802.1Q VLAN ca trunk vi spanning tree instance ca thit b switch khng phi ca Cisco. Tuy nhin, tt c nhng thng tin v PVST+ hoc rapid-PVST+ c duy tr bi thit b switch ca Cisco l ring bit so vi nhng thit b switch ca cc hng khc. Cc thit b switch ca hng khc phi support IEEE 802.1Q v duy tr nhng thng tin khc so vi cc thit b switch ca cisco nhng chng vn s dng chung mt ng trunk gia hai switch ny. PVST+ s t ng c enable trn ng IEEE 802.1Q trunk, v khng cn thit phi cu hnh thm thng s no c. S m rng spanning tree trn cc port access ca switch v Inter-Switch Link (ISL) trunk port s khng nh hng n s hot ng ca PVST+.

Phng php Etherchannel

1.Gii thiu : EtherChannel s cung cp kh nng d phng, kt ni tc cao hn gia cc switch, vi switch hoc vi router. Mt EtherChannel c cha t 2 n 8 lin kt Fast Ethernet hoc Gigabit Ethernet vo trong mt lin kt logical. Nu mt lin kt nm trong EtherChannel m b li, th lu lng d liu s c thay i truyn trn nhng lin kt cn li thuc EtherChannel . Kt ni ny cung cp mt bng thng ln n 1600Mbps hoc 16 Gbps tnh c 2 chiu truyn v nhn tng ng 8 ng Fastethernet hoc GigabitEthernet 2.Giao thc s dng trong Etherchannel : C hai giao thc c dng hnh thnh nn EtherChannel PagP v LACP. - PagP (Port Aggregation protocol) L mt giao thc ca Cisco, cc gi tin Pagp c trao i gia cc switch trn cc cng EtherChannel. Cc thng s ca switch lng ging c xc nh (nh kh nng ca cng) v s c so snh vi switch cc b. Cc cng c cng neighbor ID v kh nng hnh thnh nhm s c nhm li vi nhau thnh cc kt ni FEC (Fast Etherchannel). PagP hnh thnh nn EtherChannel ch trn nhng cng c cu hnh cng static VLAN hoc l cng loi trunking. Pagp cng thay i cc thng s ng ca EtherChannel nu mt trong nhng cng ca bundle b thay i. V d nu thng s VLAN, speed, tc duplex ca mt cng trong mt EtherChannel b thay i, Pagp s thay i cc thng s trong tt c cc cng cn li. Pagp c th c cu hnh ch active (desirable) trong mt switch ch ng yu cu switch u xa hnh thnh nn EtherChannel. Khi switch hot ng trong ch passive ca PAGP, switch s ch bt tay nu switch u xa yu cu n. - LACP (Link Aggregation Control Protocol) LACP cng gi cc gi trn cc cng EtherChannel ca switch. Tuy nhin LACP cng gn vai tr cng n cc u cui ca EtherChannel. Cc switch c u tin thp nht s c php ra quuyt nh v cc cng no s c tham gia vo EtherChannel mt thi im. Cc cng c chn la v tr thnh active theo gi tr u tin priority ca n, trong gi tr u tin thp s c mc u tin cao. Mt tp hp 16 kt ni tim ng c th c ch ra cho mt EtherChannel. Thng qua LACP, mt switch s chn la ra 8 cng c u tin thp nht nh l cc member active ca EtherChannel. Cc cng cn li s nm trong trng thi standby v s c enable nu mt trong nhng kt ni active b down. Cng ging nh PaGP, LACP c th c cu hnh trong mode active, trong mt switch s ch ng hi switch ng xa bt tay hnh thnh EtherChannel. Ch passive th switch ch ch ng hnh thnh EtherChannel ch nu switch u xa khi to n. 3.Phn phi lu lng bn trong EtherChannel

Cc lu lng bn trong EtherChannel c th c phn phi trn cc kt ni ring l theo mt cch thc xc nh. Tuy nhin, ti khng nht thit phi c cn bng trn tt c cc kt ni. Thay vo , cc frame s c a vo trn mt kt ni c th nh l kt qu ca mt thut ton hash. Vic phn phi ti qua cc ng ca mt bundle (Etherchannel) c thc hin theo thut ton hashing: Thut ton ny c th s dng : a ch IP ngun, ch; Hoc a ch MAC ngun, dch, hoc c th s dng TCP/UDP cng. Nu ch s dng mt a ch hay mt cng th vic truyn ti qua cng ny hay cng khc c thc hin da vo cc bit cui cng, v ph thuc vo s cng ca etherchannel. Nu s dng c ch, v ngun th thut ton ny c thc hin nh php ton XOR cc bit cui ca a ch.Thut ton hash c th dng a ch IP ngun, a ch IP ch hoc l kt hp ca a chi ngun, ch, MAC ngun, MAC ch hoc TCP/UDP cng. Thut ton hash s tnh ton ra gi tr nh phn, gi tr ny s chn ra mt kt ni trong bundle chn ra kt ni thnh vin no s mang frame . Nu ch mt a ch hay mt cng c hash, switch s y frame bng cch dng mt hoc nhiu bit thp a vo kt ni. Nu hai a ch hay cng c hash, switch s thc hin thut ton XOR trn mt hoc nhiu bit thp ca a ch IP hoc cng TCP/UDP. V d, nu kt qu php hash bng 0, link 0 c dng, nu kt qu bng 1, link 1 c dng. Nu mt bundle dng 4 kt ni, thut ton hash s dng 2 bit cui. Tng t, mt bundle c 8 kt ni s dng mt thut ton hash trn 3 bit cui. Cu hnh mc nh l dng php XOR ca a ch IP ch hoc dng phng thc srcdst-ip. Mc nh cho switch 2970 v 3560 l dng src-mac. Nu L3 switch c dng trn kt ni EtherChannel, phng thc src-dst-ip lun lun c dng, mc d n khng cu hnh c. Bnh thung, trng thi mc nh l vic phn phi tnh cc frame. Tuy nhin, bn phi xc nh khi no th EtherChannel l khng cn bng tu theo mu lu lng. Ly v d, nu mt server nhn phn ln cc lu lng ca FEC, a ch ca server (a ch ch) s lun ging nhau trong nhiu phin lm vic. iu ny lm cho mt kt ni s c dng nhiu ln nu trong thut ton hash ta dng a ch ch IP. kim tra xem thut ton load-balancing no ang c thc hin, bn c th dng lnh show etherchannel port-channel. Mi kt ni trong channel c hin th cng vi gi tr load dng hex. Khi cc cngs c nhm li trong EtherChannel, s khng c broadcast v multicast no c gi ra nhng cng cn li trong channel. Cc broadcast v multicast frame s c load balance ging nh nhng loi lu lng khc: cc a ch multicast v broadcast tr thnh mt phn ca thut ton hash. 4. Yu cu khi cu hnh EtherChannel - Bn c th gp t 2 n 8 lin kt vt l li thnh mt EtherChannel. - Tt c cc port s phi ging nhau v nhng tham s sau: + Tc v duplex. + Khng c php nhm interface fast Ethernet v gigabit Ethernet vo mt nhm EtherChannel. + Khng th cng s dng PagP v LACP. + Cc port c nhm vo trong mt EtherChannel s phi cng hot ng

 trng thi trunk hoc khng phi trng thi trunk. - Tt c cc lin kt s phi cng hot ng layer 2 hoc layer 3 khi c nhm vo trong mt Channel Group. - to mt Channel hot ng vi ch PagP, th bn s phi cu hnh nhng tham s cn thit sau trn 2 side: + Aut - Desirable + Desirable Desirable - to mt channel hot ng vi ch LACP, th bn s phi cu hnh nhng tham s sau trn 2 side: + Active Active + Active Passive - to mt channel khng s dng PagP hoc LACP, th cc side s phi cu hnh ch On On. - Khng c php cu hnh mt GigaStack gigabit interface converter (GBIC) nh mt thnh phn ca EtherChannel. - Nu mt interface c cu hnh l mt Switched Port Analyzer (SPAN) destination port s khng c php ra nhp vo mt nhm EtherChannel cho n khi SPAN b disable. - Khng c php cu hnh mt secure port nh mt thnh vin ca EtherChannel. - Nhng interface khng thuc Native VLAN th khng th c nhm vo mt EtherChannel. - Khi s dng lin kt trunk, bn phi m bo rng cc lin kt ny cng s dng mt trong hai giao thc l: ISL hoc dot1q.