JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5

Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

CHAPTER 9: ELECTRONICS

9. 1: USES OF THE CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE (C.R.O)

9.1.1: Thermionic Emission

1. What is Thermionic Emission?

Thermionic Emission is the release of electrons from a heated metal cathode.
………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. (a) Label the figure of a vacuum tube:

Figure 9.1

towards
(b) The figure showselectrons
………… emitted are accelerated ………….. the anode by the high …
potential difference
………………… between the cathode and anode.
cathode ray
(c) A beam of electrons moving at high speed in a vacuum is known as a ………………..

3. Factors that influence the rate of thermionic emission

Factor Effect on the rate of thermionic emission
Temperature of the cathode When the temperature of the cathode increases,
increases, the
the rate
rate
of of thermionic
thermionic emission
emission increases.
increases.
Surface area of the cathode A larger surface area of the cathodeincreases
larger surface area of the cathode increasesthe
therate of
rate of thermionic
thermionic emission.
emission.
Potential difference The rate of thermionic emission is
The rate of thermionic emission is unchanged,
unchanged, when
when the
between the anode and the potential
potential difference
difference increases,
increases, but emitted
but the the emitted
electrons
cathode. electrons accelerate faster towards
accelerate faster towards the anode. the anode.

9.1.2 Properties of Cathode Rays

1. List the four characteristics of the cathode rays.
They are negatively charged particles.
(i) ……………………………………………………………………..
They travel in straight lines.
(ii) …………………………………………………………………….
They possess momentum and kinetic energy.
(iii) ……………………………………………………………………
They are deflected by magnetic and electric field.
(iv) ……………………………………………………………………

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

Energy Change in A Cathode Ray

Figure 9.2

v = velocity of electron
By using the principle of conservation of energy, V = Potential difference between Anode and
,
Maximum velocity of electron, Cathode
e = Charge on 1 electron = 1.6 x 10 -19 C
m = mass of 1 electron = 9 x 10 -31 kg

1. In a cathode ray tube, an electron with kinetic energy of 1.32 × 10-14 J is accelerated.
Calculate the potential difference, V between the cathode and the accelerating anode.
[ e = 1.6 x 10 -19 C]
Solution:
1
Kinetic energy = mv 2 = eV
2
1.32 × 10 = 1.6 × 10−19V
-14

V = 8.25 × 104 V

2. In a vacuum tube, a cathode ray is produced and accelerated through a potential

difference of 2.5kV. Calculate…
(a) The initial electric potential energy of the cathode ray.
(b) The maximum velocity of the electron.
[ e = 1.6 x 10 -19 C; m= 9 x 10 -31 kg]
Solution:
(a) Electric potential energy = eV = 1.6 × 10 −19 × 2.5 × 10 3 = 4 × 10 −16 J
1 2 4 × 10−16
(b) mv = eV = 4 × 10 −16 v2 = ×2 v = 8.89 × 1014 = 2.98 × 107 ms-1
2 9 × 10− 31

3. If the potential difference between the cathode and the anode in a CRO is 3.5 kV,
calculate the maximum speed of the electron which hit the screen of CRO.
[ e = 1.6 x 10 -19 C; m= 9 x 10 -31 kg]
Solution:
1 2
mv = eV = 1.6 × 10 −19 × 3.5 × 10 3 = 5.6 × 10 −16
2
5.6 × 10 −16
v2 = −31
× 2 = 1.24 × 1015 v = 1.24 × 1015 = 3.53 × 107 ms-1
9 × 10

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

9.1.3 Structure of the Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

1. Label all parts of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope below.

Focusing Anode
X-plat
Cathode Acceleration
Anode Fluorescent screen

Filament
Y-plat Figure 9.3

2. Fill in the blank all components and its functions.

Main part Component Function
Filament When a current passes through the filament, the
filament becomes hot and heats up the cathode.

Cathode Emits electrons when it is hot.

Electron gun Control Grid  Control the number of electrons hitting the
fluorescent screen.
 Control the brightness of the spot on the screen.
Focusing To focus the electrons onto the screen.
Anode
Deflecting system
Accelerating To accelerate the electrons to high speed.
Anode
Y-Plates To deflect the electron beam vertically.

X-Plates To deflect the electron beam horizontally.

Fluorescent
screen Glass surface To convert the kinetic energy of the electrons to
coated with a heat and light energy when the electrons hit the
fluorescent screen.
material.

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

9.1.4 : The working Principle of the Cathode-Ray Oscilloscope.

1. Fill in the blank the structure of CRO.

Brightness

Focus

Y-shift X-shift Figure 9.4

Y-Gains Time-base

Y-input Earth X-input

9.1.5 Uses of the CRO.

1. The uses of cathode-ray oscilloscope are:
To measure a D.C or A.C voltage
(a) ………………………………………..
To measure a short time intervals
(b) ……………………………………….
To display the waveform
(c) ……………………………………….

To measure a D.C voltage:

The unknown voltage, V = (Y-gain) × h
To measure a A.C voltage:
Peak-to-peak voltage, Vpp = (Y-gains) × h
1
Peak voltage, Vp = (Y-gains) × (h)
2
1
Effective voltage or root-mean-square voltage, Vr.m.s = Vp
2
Short time intervals, t = no. of divisions between two pulses × time-base value.

2. If the CRO in figure uses Y-gains of 1.5 Vcm-1, calculate the value of Vpp.
Solution:
V = 1.5 × 2.0 = 3.0 V

Figure 9.5

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

3. The figure shows a trace on a CRO set at 5 Volt per division on the vertical axis.
(a) What is the maximum voltage (peak voltage)
indicated?
Solution:
1
Peak voltage, Vp = (Y-gains) × (h)
2
1
V P = 5 V/div × × 4 divs
2 Figure 9.6
V P = 10 V

4. Figure shows a trace on an oscilloscope for an a.c source.

If the Y-gain is set to 1.5 Vcm-1 and the time-base is 2 ms
cm-1.
(a) Calculate the peak voltage,Vp of the a.c source.
Solution:
1
V P = 1.5 Vcm -1 × × 4 cm
2 Figure 9.7
V P = 3.0 V

(b) Calculate the frequency, f of the a.c source.

Solution:
T = 4cm × 2 ms cm-1
1
T = 8 ms ∴f = = 125 Hz
T

(c) Sketch the trace displayed on the screen if the settings are changed to 1 Vcm-1 and 1
ms cm-1.

5. The diagram shows the trace on the screen of a CRO when an

a.c voltage is connected to the Y-input. The Y-gain control is
set at 2 V/div and the time base is off.
Calculate the value of :
(a) Peak-to-peak voltage, Vpp
(b)Peak voltage, Vp.
(c)Root-mean-square voltage, Vr.m.s

Solution:
Figure 9.8

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 JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

(a) Peak-to-peak voltage, Vpp = (Y-gains) × h

= 2V/div × 6 divs
= 12 V
(b) Peak voltage, Vp = 6 V
1 1
(c) Vr.m.s = Vp = × 6 = 4.24 V
2 2

6. When two claps are made close to a microphone which is 5 divs connected to
the Y-input and earth terminals, both pulses will be
displayed on the screen at a short interval apart as shown in Figure 9.9
figure below. Measure the time lapse between the two
claps.
Solution:
Length between two pulses = 5 divs
Time taken, t = 5 divs × 10 ms/div
= 50 ms
∴Time interval = 0.05 s
10ms/div

7. Figure shows the trace displayed on the screen of a

CRO with the time-base is set to 10 ms/div. What is the
frequency, f of the wave?
Solution:
Distance for two complete wave = 2 divs
∴ Time taken = 2 divs ×10ms/div
= 20 ms
1 1
∴frequency, f = = = 50 Hz
T 20 ms Figure 9.10

8. An ultrasound signal is transmitted vertically down to the sea bed. Transmitted and
reflected signals are input into an oscilloscope with a time base setting of 150 ms cm-1.
The diagram shows the trace of the two signals on the screen of the oscilloscope. The
speed of sound in water is 1200 ms-1. What is the depth of the sea?
Solution:
Time taken for ultrasonic waves to travel through a distance of
2 d = time between P and Q
= 5 cm × 50 ms sm -1 = 250 ms = 0.25 s
2d
Speed of ultrasonic waves, V =
t
1200 × 0.25
Hance, d = = 150 m Figure 9.11
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9.2 SEMICONDUCTOR DIODES

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

9.2.1 Properties of Semiconductors

1. Semiconductor is …………………………………………………………………………
a…..
group of materials that can conduct better than insulators but not as
good as metal conductors.
…………………………….
2. Give the examples of pure semiconductor:
Silicon
(a) ……………………………
Germanium
(b) …………………………...
Selenium
(c) ……………………………
9. What is the “doping” process?
Doping is a process of adding a certain amount of other substances called dopants such
……………………………………………………………………………………………
as Antimony and Boron to a semiconductor, to increase its conductivity.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……
10. Base on the figure, complete the statement below.
(a) n-type semiconductors

Figure 9.12
pentavalent
Semiconductor like Silicon doped with ………………atoms such as …………… or
phosphorusincreases
…………. the number of free electron. The phosphorus atoms have …
five four being used in the formation of covalent bonds. The
….. valence electrons, with ……
fifth electron is free to move through the silicon. The silicon has ….………………
negative electrons
….. as majority charge-carriers and it thus known as an n-type semiconductor.

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antimony
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

(b) p-type semiconductors

Figure 9.13

trivalent Boron
Semiconductor like Silicon doped with ……………….. atoms such as …………
three
or indium has more positive holes. The Boron atoms have only ………….
one
valence electrons; hence ………. of the covalent bonds has a missing electron.
This missing electron is called a ‘positive hole’. The majority charge-carriers in
positive holes
this semiconductor are the ………………. and this semiconductor is thus known
as a p-type semiconductor.

9.2.2 The p-n junction (Semiconductor diode)

1. What is the function of semiconductor diode?
The function of semiconductor diode is to allow current to flow through it in one direction
……………………………………………………………………………………………
only.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……
2. Label the p-n junction below and draw a symbol of the diode.

p-type n-type

Positive hole Negative electron Symbol

p-n junction
Figure 9.13

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

3. (a) Forward-biased positive terminal

(i) In forward-bias, the p-type of the diode is connected to …………………. and the n-
negative terminal
type is connected to the …………………… of the battery.
(ii) Complete the diagram below to show the diode is in forward-bias.

+ -

The bulb is light up

The bulb does not light up

Figure 9.14

(iii) Draw arrows to show the current, electrons and holes flow in the diagram.

(b) Reverse-biased
(i) In reverse-bias, the p-type of the diode is connected to negative
…………………. terminal , and the n-
positive terminal
type is connected to the …………………… of the battery.
(ii) Complete the diagram below to show the diode is in reverse-bias.

- +

The bulb is light up

The bulb does not light up 

Figure 9.15

4. Draw arrows to show the current, electrons and holes flow in the diagram.

5. What the meaning of rectification?

Rectification is a process to convert an alternating current into a direct current by using a diode.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

6. The figure shows a half-wave rectifier circuit that is connected to CRO.

(i) Sketch waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when the time-
base is on.

Figure 9.16
(ii) Sketch waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when a
capacitor is connected in parallel across a resistor, R.

Figure 9.17
7. The figure shows a full-wave rectifier circuit that is connected to CRO.
(i) Draw arrows to show the current flow in the first half cycle and
to show the current flow in second half cycle in the diagram.
(ii) Sketch the waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when the
time-base is on.

a
To CRO

Figure 9.18

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

(iii) Sketch waveform of the voltages observed on the CRO screen when a
capacitor is connected in parallel across a resistor, R.

a
To CRO

Figure 9.19

8. What is the function of the capacitor?

Acts as a current regulator or smoother.
……………………………………………………………………………………………....

9.3 TRANSISTOR
9. 3.1 Terminals of a Transistor.
1. What is a transistor?
A………………………………………………………………………………………………
transistor is a silicon chip which has three terminals labeled as base, collector and emitter.

2. Draw and label the symbol of n-p-n transistor and p-n-p transistor.
Collector, C Collector, C

Base, B Base, B

Emitter, E Emitter, E
n-p-n transistor p-n-p transistor
3. State the function for each terminal in a transistor.
(a) The emitter, E : ……………………………………………………………………
Acts as a source of charge carriers/ providing electrons to the collector.
………….
(b) The base, B :
Controls the movement of charge carriers (electrons) from the emitter (E) to the collector (C).
………………… ……………………………………………………………
(c) The collector, C:
Receives the charge carriers from the emitter (E)
………………………………………………………………………………...

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

9.3.2 Transistor circuit

1. (a) Transistor circuit with 2 batteries.

BE :Base circuit
………………………………….
CE :Collector circuit
………………………………….
Ib :Base current
………………………………….
Collector current
Ic : ………………………………….
Limit the base current
Ie R1 : …………………………………...
Limit the collector current
Figure 9.20 R2 : …………………………………...
Supply energy to the base circuit
E1 :Supply
…………………………………...
energy to collector circuit.
(b) Transistor circuit with 1 battery. E2 :Potential divider
…………………………………...

Rx :Potential divider
…………………………………...
Ry : …………………………………...

Remember:
Ie = Ib + I c

Ie > Ic > Ib
Ie ∆Ic >>>>∆Ib
Figure 9.21 No Ib, No Ic

2. The working circuit of a transistor used as a potential divider can be connected as shown
in figure. The voltage across Rx and Ry can be calculated as follows.
 Rx   Ry 
Vx =  V VY =  V
R +R  R +R 
 x y   x y 

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

(a) Figure shows a transistor circuit. The bulb can be lighted up when potential difference, V
across resistor P is 2V and resistance P is 10 kΩ. Calculate the maximum resistance, S so
that the bulb is lighted up.
Solution:
 Rp 
Vp =  V
R +R 
Bulb  s p 

 10 × 10 3 
2 V =  6 V
R
 s + 10( × 10)3 

RS + 10 × 10 = 30000
3

RS = 20000 Ω = 20 kΩ

Figure 9.22

9.2.3 Transistor as an Automatic Switch.

1. Complete the statement below.

RX
IC
Battery voltage IB

Base voltage RY
IE
Figure 9.23

The switching action is produced by using a potential divider. In a working circuit

variable resistor
shown in figure, a resistor, RX and a …………………………. are being used to form a
zero
potential divider. If the variable resistor is set to zero, the base voltage is ………. and
off
the transistor switches ………. However, if the resistance of the variable resistor is
increases
increased, the base voltage will……………. When the base voltage reached a certain
minimum value, the base current, IB switches on the transistor. A large collector current,
IC flows to light up the bulb.

2. What type of transistor is used in an automatic switch circuit?

Transistor n-p-n
………………………………………………………………………………………………

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

3. (a) Light Controlled Switch

(i) Complete the statement below.

10 kΩ R
IC

1kΩ
6V
IE
LDR

Figure 9.24
Figure shows a transistor-based circuit that functions as a light controlled switch.
light-dependent resistor dark
The ……………………….. (LDR) has a very high resistance in the …….… and a low
bright light resistor
resistor in ………………... R is a fixed ……………. The LDR and R form a potential
divider in the circuit.
low
In bright light, the LDR has a very ………. resistance compared to R. Therefore, the base
low to switch on the transistor.
voltage of the transistor is too ……..
In darkness, the resistance of the LDR is very large
……… and the voltage across the LDR is
high
……… enough to switch on the transistor and thus lights up the bulb. This circuit can be
on
used to automatically switch …… the bulb at night.

(ii) Complete the table below.

Condition RLDR VLDR R VR Transistor (ON or OFF)
Daylight low low high OFF
high
Darkness high high low low ON
Remember ∆Ic >>>>∆Ib

(iii) How can the circuit in figure be modified to switch on the light at daytime?
The circuit can be modified by interchanging the positions of the LDR and resistor R.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..

(b) A Heat-Controlled Switch

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

(i) Complete the statement below.

Thermistor Diode Relay

RB

Alarm
R

Figure 9.25
Figure shows a transistor-based circuit that function as a heat controlled switch.
thermistor high
A ……………..is a special type of resistor. Its resistance becomes very ……… when it is
drops
cold. When the thermistor is heated, its resistance ………… rapidly. At room
high
temperature, the thermistor has a ………. resistance compared to R. Therefore, the base
voltage of the transistor is too low to switch on the transistor.
resistance
When the thermistor is heated, its ……………. drops considerablely compared to R.
base voltage on
Therefore, the ……………., VB is high enough to switch ……. the transistor. When the
on
transistor is switch on, the relay switch is activated and the relay is switched ………. The
circuit can also be used in a fire alarm system.

(ii) What is the function of a diode is used in the heat-controlled circuit?

To protect the transistor from being damaged by the large induced e.m.f in the relay coil
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
when the collector current, IC drops to zero.
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iii) Complete the table below.
Temperature RThermistor VThermistor R VR Transistor (ON or OFF)
High low low high ON
high
Low high high low low OFF
Remember ∆Ic >>>>∆Ib

mA

9.2.4 Transistor as a Current Amplifier R2 IC

1. Complete the statement below.
R1
µA
15
R IB
IE
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

Figure 9.26

A transistor functions as a current amplifier by allowing a small current to control a larger

collector current
current. The magnitude of the …………………., IC is primarily determined by the ……
base current small big
…………….., IB. A ……….. change in the base current, IB will cause a …….. change in
the collector current, IC. The current amplification can be calculated as follows:

∆I C
Current Amplification =
∆I B

2. Name the type of the transistor used.

n-p-n transistor
………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. What will happened to the readings of the miliammeter, mA and microammeter, µA when
the resistance of R is reduced?
The readings on miliammeter and microammeter increase.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. A transistor is said to have two states, the ‘ON’ state and ‘OFF’ state.
(a) Explain the meaning of the ‘ON’ state of a transistor.
When a transistor is in the ‘ON’ state, currents flow in the base and in the collector circuit.
………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Explain the meaning of the ‘OFF’ state of a transistor.
When a transistor is in the ‘OFF’ state, there is no current in the base and in the collector
…………………………………………………………………………………………
circuit.
……………………………………………………………………………………
(c) What is the function of the rheostat, R?
To change the base current.
………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) What is the function of the resistor, S?
To control and limit the base current.
………………………………………………………………………………………
9.4 Logic Gates
9.4.1 Analysing Logic gates

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

1. What is a logic gate?

A switching circuit that is applied in computer and other electronic devices.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. Complete the table below.
Gates Symbol Truth table

Input Output
A B Y
0 0 0
A 0 1 0
AND gate Y 1 0 0
B 1 1 1

Input Output
A B Y
0 0 0
0 1 1
OR gate 1 0 1
1 1 1

A
Y
Input Output
B
A Y
0 1
A 1 0
Y
NOT gate

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

Input Output
A B Y
0 0 1
NAND A 0 1 1
gate Y 1 0 1
1 1 0
B

Input Output
A B Y
0 0 1
A 0 1 0
NOR gate
Y 1 0 0
B 1 1 0

9.4.2 Combinations of logic Gates

1. Find the output Y for each combination of logic gates.

0011
A P 1100

Y
0100
B
0101 Figure 9.27

The truth table:

Input Output
A B P Y
0 0 1 0
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0
1 1 0 0

2.
0011 P
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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

A 1100

Y
1000

B
Q 1010
0101
Figure 9.28
The truth table:

Input Output
A B P Q Y
0 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 0

3.

0011
A X 0001
B
0101 Figure 9.29 Y
The truth table: 0100

B
1010

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

Input Output
A B P Q Y
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 0
4.

0011
A P
1110
Y
0110
0111
Figure 9.30
The truth table:
B Q
0101

Input Output
A B B X Y
0 0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 1
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 0 1 0

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

5.

P R
S
Q
Q
The truth table: Figure 9.31

6. Figure shows a logic gate system which switches on an air-conditioner automatically.

Input J
Light
detector
Input Output L
Air-conditioner
P Q R Q S
1 0 1 1 1
0 1 1 0 0
1 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1

Heat
detector Input K
Figure 9.32
Keys:
The light detector (Input J): In the day, logic “1”.

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

At night, logic “0”.

The heat detector (Input K): Hot, logic “1”.
Cool logic “0”.

(a) Complete the truth table below:

(b) Based on the truth table in (a), state the conditions in which the air-conditioner conditions
in which the air-conditioner will operate and function normally.
- On a hot day or daytime – On a hot night
…………
Input Output
J K L …………
0 0 0 …………
0 1 1
1 0 0 …………
1 1 1 …………
…………………………………………

Reinforcement Chapter 9
Part A: Objective questions B. It travels in a straight line.
C. It can be deflected by magnetic field.
1. Which of the following is not a property
D. It can be deflected by electric field.
of cathode rays?
A. It is positively charged.

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JPN Pahang
Teacher’s Guide
2. Cathode rays consists of
A. Fluorescent particles
B. Light rays from a screen
C. Beams of fast moving particles
D. Light rays from hot filament
3. A beam of electrons is being deflected
due to a potential difference between
plates P and Q.
P B. It can only conduct electricity when
Figure 9.33
Q C. It is formed by joining an n-type and
Which of the following statements is not
true?
A. The potential at plate P is positive.
B. The deflection would be greater if
the potential difference is greater.
C. The deflection would be greater if
the electrons are moving faster.
D. The electron beam will return to
straight line if a suitable magnetic
field is applied between the plates.
4. The figure 9.34 shows the trace
displayed on a CRO with the Y-gain
control is turned to 3.75 V/div.
What is the maximum value of the
potential difference being measured?
Figure 9.34
A. 2.5 V
B. 5.5 V
C. 7.5 V
D. 12.5 V
E. 15.0 V
5. In p-type semiconductor
A. The number of holes are equal to the
number of electrons.
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Physics Module Form 5
Chapter 9: Electronics
B. The number of the holes are more
than the number of electrons.
C. The number of the holes are less than
the number of electrons.
6. Which of the following is not true about
diode?
A. It can be used to rectify alternating
current.
it is connected in forward in forward
bias in a circuit.
a p-type semiconductor.
D. The majority charge carriers in the
diode are electrons.
7. The figure 9. 35 shows the arrangement
of silicon atoms after an atom P is doped
to form an extrinsic semiconductor.
Figure 9.35
Which of the following is not true?
A. The conductivity of the
semiconductor increases.
B. The semiconductor becomes an n-
type.
C. The majority charge carrier is
electron.
D. Atom P is a trivalent atom.
8. The figure 9.36 shows a rectifier circuit.
Which of the following statements is
true?
P
Q
Figure 9.36
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

A. A rectifier changes d.c to a.c. IB, emitter current, IE and collector

B. Device P allows current to flow in current, IC?
any directions.
C. Device Q acts as a rectifier.
D. The rectifier circuit would still work
if device P is reversed.

9. The figure 9.37 shows a circuit

consisting of two diodes and a bulb.
When the switch is on, the bulb does not
light up.
What needs to be done to light up the
bulb?

Figure 9.37

A. Replace the diode with a new one.

B. Reverse the connection of the diode.
C. Increase the number of bulbs.
D. Connect a resistor in series with the
bulb.

10.

Figure 9.38

Figure 9.38 shows four identical bulbs,

P, Q, R and S, and four electronic
components connected in a circuit.
12. Which of the following statements about
Which of the following bulbs will light
a transistor is not true?
up continuously when the switch is on?
A. A transistor can act as an amplifier
A. P and Q only
B. A transistor can act as a relay switch.
B. P, Q and R only
C. The function of a transistor is the
C. R and S only
same as that of two diodes.
D. P, Q and S only
D. A transistor is a combination of two
types of semiconductors.
11. Which of the following circuits shows
the connect directions of the base current

24
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

C. 5 kΩ
D. 6 kΩ
Figure 9.39 E. 7 kΩ

16. The figure 9. 42 shows a transistor

circuit being used to amplify sound.
13. What is the function of the transistor
circuit shown in figure 9.39? M-microphone
A. As an amplifier C- Capacitor
B. As a rectifier S- speaker
C. As a switch device
D. As a modulator

14. The figure 9.40 shows a transistor being

used as a current amplifier. Figure 9.42
IC Which of the following is not correct
IB about the circuit?
A. T is an npn transistor
B. The capasitor prevents d.c current
but allows a.c current to pass through
Figure 9.40 it.
C. Speaker amplifies the sound.
Which of the following is correct? D. R1 and R2 act as potential divider.
A. IB > IC
B. IB = IC 17. The figure 9.43 shows a logic gate
C. IB < IC circuit with input signals, X and Y.

15. Figure 9.41 shows a circuit consisting of

a transistor which acts as an automatic Figure 9.43
switch. When the potential difference
across the thermistor is 3 V and the
Which of the following is the output
resistance of the thermistor is 1000 Ω,
signal?
the resistance value of resistor, R is ..

18. The figure 9.44 shows a logic gate

circuit.

Figure 9.41
Figure 9.43
A. 3 kΩ
B. 4 kΩ

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

Which of the following is the output

signal Z? 20. The figure 9. 45 shows a combination of
A. 0110 three logic gates in a logic circuit. When
B. 1010 inputs P and Q are both 1 output Y is 1.
C. 1110
D. 0101 P
Q J
Y
19. The figure 9.44 shows the combination K
of three logic gates.

Figure 9.45
Figure 9.44
Which of the following logic gates can
be used to represent J and K?
The truth table for the combination of
tree logic gates is as follows. J K
What is gate X? A. AND NOR
A. AND B. NAND NOR
B. NOR C. OR AND
C. OR D. NOR AND
D. NAND

Part B: Structured Questions.

1. Figure 9.46 shows a trace obtained on an oscilloscope screen when an a.c voltage is
connected to the Y-plates of an oscilloscope.

Scale: 1 division = 1 cm Figure 9.46

The Y-gain is set at 3 V/cm
The time base is set at 5 ms/cm

(a) Explain what is meant by thermionic emission.

Emission of electrons from the surface of a metal by heat.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Determine the peak voltage of a.c voltage.
2 x 3 = 6V
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Determine the time for one complete oscillation on the screen.
2 x 5 = 10 ms
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) What is the frequency of the a.c voltage?
f =1/T=50 Hz
………………………………………………………………………………………………

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

(e) With the same a.c voltage applied to the oscilloscope, the time-base setting is altered to
2.5 ms/cm and the Y-gain setting is altered to 2 V/cm. On the space below, sketch the new
trace would appear on the oscilloscope.

2. Figure 9. 47 shows a full wave bridge rectifier. The a.c supply has a frequency of 50 Hz.

Figure 9.47

(a) When the polarity of the a.c supply voltage is positive at A, state the two diodes which
are forward biased.
D1 and D3
…………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) When the polarity of the a.c supply voltage is negative at A, state the two diodes which
are forward biased.
D2 and D4
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Using the axes in figure 9.48, sketch the voltage-time graph across the resistor, R.

Voltage/V

Figure 9.48 Time/ms

(d) On the figure 9.49, sketch the voltage-time graph across the resistor if a capacitor is
connected across the resistor if a capacitor is connected across the resistor R parallel with
the resistor.

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

Voltage/V

Figure 9.49
Time/ms

(e) Explain how the capacitor causes the voltage across the resistor to vary with time in the
way that you have drawn.
The charging of the capacitor by the power supply and the discharging of the capacitor
………………………………………………………………………………………………
through the resistor will smooth the output.
………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. A student wants to build a simple lift motor control system which operates using two buttons,
A and B for a two-storey building.
A: Up button
B: Down button
The lift motor only activates when someone presses any one of the buttons. Figure 9.50
shows the circuit that can be used to activate the motor.

12 V
Logic gate
A

X 240 V
B

Relay switch Motor

0V
Figure 9.50
Keys:
Buttons A and B : When pressed, logic “1”
Not pressed, logic ”0”
X Output : Motor is activated, logic “1”

(a) The truth table below shows the operations of the logic gates in a lift motor control
system.

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

Input Output (i) Us

A B X
ing
0 0 0
0 1 1 the
1 0 1
1 1 0
keys given, complete the truth table.
(ii) Name the logic gate in the circuit in the figure 9.50.
AND Gate
…………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) In the space below, draw the logic gate symbol in 3(a)(ii).

(b) Why is a relay switch needed in the circuit?

Activates large current in the main secondary circuit supply// small current at
……………………………………………………………………………………………
the output cannot activate the motor.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
……
(c) The door of the lift is fitted with a light transmitter and a detector which is a light
dependent resistor, LDR. If the light dependent resistor detects light, the relay switch is
activated and the lift door will close. Figure 9.51 shows an electronic circuit for the
control system of the lift door.
Figure 9.51

240 V

Motor
R

(i) State the relationship between the resistance and the intensity of light received
by the light dependent resistor, LDR.
The higher the light intensity, the lower the resistance of the resistor.

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Complete the circuit in figure 9.51 by drawing the resistor and the light
dependent resistor using the symbols given below.

Resistor Light dependent resistor

(iii) Explain how the circuit functions.

– High light intensity produces lower resistance and high base voltage
…………………………………………………………………………………
- A bigger base current flows and activates the transistor
…………………………………………………………………………………
- A big collector current flows through the relay switch and activates the
…………………………………………………………………………………
circuit of the door motor.
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………

Part C: Essay Questions

1.

30
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

(a) The diode, bulb and battery in circuit X and circuit Y of figures 9.52 and 9.53 are
identical.

Figure 9.52 Figure 9.53

(i) What is meant by a direct current and an alternating current? [2 marks]

(ii) Using Figures 9.52 and figure 9.53, compare the connection of the diodes and the
conditions of the bulbs. Relating the connection of the diodes and the conditions
of the bulbs, deduce the function of a diode. [5 marks]
(iii) State the use of a diode. [1 mark]

(b) A semiconductor diode is made by joining a p-type semiconductor with a n-type

semiconductor. Describe and explain the production and the characteristics of a p-type
semiconductor and a n-type semiconductor. [4 marks]

2. Figure 9.55 shows four circuits W, X, Y and Z, each has an ideal transformer and the circuit
are used for the purpose of rectification.

Circuit W
Circuit Y

Circuit X Circuit Z

(i) What is meant by rectification? [1mark]

(ii) Explain the working principle of a transformer. [3 marks]

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JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

(iii) You are asked to make a 12 V battery charger. Study the circuits W, X, Y and Z in
figures 9.55 and consider the following aspects:
• Type of transformer
• The number of turns in the primary coil and in the secondary coil.
• Type of rectification
• Characteristics of output current
Explain the suitability of the above aspects and hence, determine the most suitable
circuit to make the battery charge. [6 marks]

3. A student carries out an experiment to determine the relationship between the collector
current IC to the base current IB of a transistor.

R1 = 1kΩ

A2

IC
R2 = 2kΩ
R2 = 56kΩ IB 6V
A1 T

Figure 9.56
Transistor T is connected to fixed resistor R1 =1kΩ and R2 = 56 kΩ and a rheostat R3 as
2
shown in figure 9.56. The battery supplies 3 of 6 V to the transistor circuit.
a voltage
Rheostat R3 is adjusted until
1 the current IB detected by microammeter
4 A1 is 10 µA. The
collector current, IC recorded by miliammeter A2 is shown in figure 9.57(a).

0 5

mA

(a) IB = 10µA
Rheostat R3 is then adjusted to lower value so that microammeter A1 gives IB = 20 µA, 30 µ
A, 40 µA, 50 µA and 60 µA. The corresponding readings of IC on miliammeter, A2 are shown
in figure 9.57(b), 9.57(c), 9.57(d), 9.57(e) and 9.57(f).
31
32
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

2 3 2 3
1 4 1 4
mA mA
0 0 5 5

(b) IB = 20µA
(b) IB = 30µA

2 3 2 3
1 4 1 4
mA mA
0 0 5 5

(c) IB = 40µA (d) IB = 50µA

2 3
1 4

0 5
mA

(e) IB = 60µA

(a) For the experiment described identify…

The base current, IB
(i) the manipulated variable :32..………………………………
The collector current, IC
(ii) the responding variable : ………………………………..
The supply voltage

33
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

(iii) the fixed variable : ………………………………..

(b) From the figure in 9.57, record the collector current, IC when IB = 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60µ
A. Tabulate your results for IB and IC in the space given below.
IB/µA IC/mA
10 0.8
20 1.6
30 2.4
40 3.1
50 3.9
60 4.8

(c) On a graph paper, draw a graph of IC against IB.

(d) Based on your graph, determine the relationship between IC and IB.
Ic is directly proportional to IB
………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Figure 9.58 shows a microphone connected to a power amplifier. When the microphone has
detected a sound, an amplified sound is given out through the loudspeaker. The sound
becomes louder if the volume of the amplifier is turned on to increase the power.
Power amplifier
loudspeaker

Volume control

Microphone

Figure 9.58

Using the information based on the observation of the brightness of the bulbs,
(a) Make one suitable inference.
(b) State one appropriate hypothesis that could be investigated.
(c) Design an experiment to investigate the hypothesis stated in (b). Choose suitable
apparatus such as a diode, rheostat and others.
In your description, state clearly the following:

34
 JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

(i) Aim of the experiment,

(ii) Variables in the experiment,
(iii) List of apparatus and materials,
(iv) Arrangement of the apparatus,
Scheme Part (v)
: No. 4 The procedure of the experiment, which includes the method of controlling
(a) Inference : Thethestrength of thevariable
manipulated output signal
and theofmethod
the amplifier dependsthe
of measuring onresponding
the input current of the
amplifier. variable,
(b) Hypothesis:
(vi) TheThelarger thewould
way you input current
tabulateinthe
andata,
amplifier circuit, the larger the output current.
(c) (i) Aim: To determine
(vii) That waythe
yourelationship between
would analyse base current and collector current of a transistor
the data.
amplifier circuit.
(ii) Manipulated variable: Base current, IB
Responding variable : Collector current, IC
Fixed variable : Supply voltage
(iii) Apparatus and materials: npn transistor, 2 batteries, microammeter, miliammeter, rheostat,
connecting wires.
(iv) Functional arrangement of apparatus.

mA

µA Battery

Battery

(v)- The rheostat is adjusted until the readings of microammeter for base current, IB = 25 µA.
- The readings of the miliammeter for collector current, IC is recorded.
- The steps are repeated for the values of microammeter, IB = 50, 75,100,125µA.

(vi) Tabulation of data:

IB/µA IC/mA
25.0
50.0
75.0
100.0
125.0

(vii) Plot a graph of IB against IC

IB/µA

35
IC/mA
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

Scheme Part C : No. 1

(a) (i) – In a direct current, the current flows in one direction only.
- In a alternating current, the current changes reverses it direction periodically.
(ii) - Circuit X : the diode is forward biased, the bulb is lighted.
- Circuit Y : the diode is reversed biased, the bulb is not lighted.
- Function of a diode: Diode only allows current to flow in one direction only.

(b) – A p-type semiconductor is produced by adding trivalent impurity material such as

boron or gallium to silicon.
- In a p-type semiconductor, majority of the charge carriers are the positive holes.
- A n-type semiconductor is produced by adding pentavalent impurity material such
as phosphorus or arsenic to silicon.
- In a n-type semiconductor, majority of the charge carriers are the free electrons.

Scheme Part C : No. 2

(i) Rectification is a process of converting alternating current to direct current.
(ii) -When an alternating current flows in the primary coil, a changing magnetic field is
produced.
- The changing magnetic field is linked to the secondary coil through the laminated
iron core.
- As a result, a secondary coil is in a changing magnetic field, this procedures an
induced e.m.f at the two ends of secondary coil.
(iii) -It must be a step-down transformer to step down the voltage from 240 V to 12 V.
-The ratio:
The number of turns in the secondary coil 12 1
= =
The number of turns in the primary coil 240 20

- A full-wave rectification is better than a half-wave rectification, because a half-wave

rectification loses half the input power as heat.
- A smoothing capacitor is required to change the pulsating d.c to a constant d.c.
- The most suitable circuit to be used is circuit Z.
36
JPN Pahang Physics Module Form 5
Teacher’s Guide Chapter 9: Electronics

37