Q1:Write down the various bleaching agents for process of wool and silk.

Can we bleach wool and silk at high temperature? The major bleaching agents used in textile preparation are sodium hypochloride , hydrogen peroxide and sodium chloride. Perborates, percarbonates, and peracetic acid are also bleaching agent, however they are of lesser importance to textile preparation but important in consumer laundry products All the bleaching agent are known as oxidative bleaches they degrade the cellulose and used to optimize the whitness. Reductive bleaching agents: 1. Sulphur dioxide 2. Sodium hydrosulphite 3. Sulphoxylates 4. Acidic sodium sulphite 5. Sodium bisulphites Bleaching of wool in alkaline hydrogen peroxide solution : In the alkaline condition, wool is treated at pH 8-10 with a 1.5-3 vol. solution of hydrogen peroxide containing 2-3 g/1 stabiliser, which may be sodium silicate Wool bleaching: Where an excellent stable bleach is required, especially if it is to be followed by the application of a fluorescent brighteners, then an alkaline peroxide bleach followed by stabilised hydrosulphite treatment is necessary. Bleaching is carried out for 3-5 h at 50~ with alkaline hydrogen peroxide followed by a second treatment with 2 g/1 of hydrosulphite solution to raise the whiteness further. Suplur dioxide bleaching: In this bleaching 3-6 % on the weight of the fabric of sulphur is taken at 22 degree centigrade for 6-8 hours. Bleaching is done in a close tank. It results in uneven bleaching after treatment it is rinse with H2O2 or H2SO4 at 35 degree centigrade at 7-8 pH for 1 hour. Sodium hydro sulphite bleaching: 5-6 grams per litre of sodium hydrosulphide is taken at 50 degree centigrade at pH 7 for 1-2 hour. A buffering agent sodium hydroxide is used for maintaining pH and to avoid decomposition of sodium thiosulphite. Thiourea : grams per litre of thio urea is taken at 80OC and treated for 30 minutes. Silk bleaching: Recepie for hydrogen peroxide bleaching Hydrogen peroxide (35% by wt.) 15-20 ml/1 20-30 ml/1 Stabiliser 2 g/1 4 g/1 Ml ratio 1 : 20 1 : 30 Temperature (~ 75-80 80-90 Time (h) 1-2 3-4 Sodium hydro sulphite bleaching: 5-6 grams per litre of sodium hydrosulphide is taken at 50 degree centigrade at pH 7 for 1-2 hour. A buffering agent sodium carbonate is used for maintaining pH and to avoid decomposition of sodium thiosulphite.

Thiourea : grams per litre of thio urea is taken at 80OC and treated for 30 minutes. It is most established method . mostly used for silk because it can bear high temperature. How does chlorine estimation is different from oxygen estimation in the bleaching bath. Estimation of chlorine: By dissolving 10 gram per liter bleaching powder make a solution and take 25 ml of it by dissolving 24.8 gram thiosulphate. Make another solution add potassium iodide in 25 ml solution and also with acetic acid . 25 ml +KI +CH3COOH. Titrate it against tiosulphate solution suppose the reading is 15*0.0035 /.25* 100 = available chlorine 1 ml thiosulphate = 0.0035g chlorine . After bleaching the fabric contain some amount of chlorine . fabric is treated with acetic acid or Na2P2O3 for 15-20 minutes at 60OC by taking 8-10% solution. Estimation of oxygen: Available oxygen will maintain . it is measured by titrating against 1 ml KMNO4 solution 1 ml KMNO4 = 0.0017 gram of oxygen 1ml KMNO4 = 0.114 volume Volume% Strength% 1 .3 10 3 100 27.5 131 50 Oxygen is mostly used 1-2 % volume or maximally 1-5 % volume. Write down the standard scouring conditions for cotton,polyester ,wool, and silk. Cotton scouring: Scouring of Cotton in Alkaline Agents The complex nature of natural impurities present in the cotton substrate and its effect by treatment with alkaline solution is already highlighted. The various types of alkalies and other additives used for scouring of cotton . The caustic soda boil Kier Boil: 10-20 gram per liter (3-6% O.W.F) caustic soda was taken and liquor ratio is 3:1 continious scouring: about 30 gram per liter of caustic soda pad batch pick up of about 100%. Batch Process: 4-6 % hydro oxide at 130OC for 8 hours.

Wool Scouring: Machine used for wool scouring: Rackes Padddels Harrow Containing 3 or 5 bowls due to swint and waxes wool scouring is done on fiber stage. About 36% waxws should remain the fiber. Prierton and school field scoured the wool by following process Prierton process: 1st bowl 2nd bowl 3rd bowl .75 % of detergent or soap .5% detergent .25--.35 % detergent .27% sodium carbonate Temp=30-40OC Temp=30-40OC Schol field process: 1st bowl 2nd bowl 3rd bowl .75 % detergent .5% detergent .25% detergent ,25 % sodium carbonate .1 % sodium carbonate .1 % sodium carbonate Scouring of Synthetic-polymer Fibres: Synthetic fibres generally do not contain naturally occuring impurities like natural fibres i.e. cotton and wool. However, spin finishes, processing and coning oils and antistatic agents are added to improve the physical and mechanical properties during spinning, weaving and knitting. Other impurities are dirt and sighting colours (to distinguish one kind of fibre from the other). The objective of scouring synthetic fibre fabrics is to remove the dirt, size, processing lubricants and sighting colours, achievement of relaxation in the case oftexturised and knitted fabrics and production of special effects. Scouring of polyester/cotton blends: Scouring is mainly designed to remove the natural oils and waxes from the cotton portion and the finish oils which manufacturer add to polyester fibres when extruded. Blends of polyester/cotton can be scoured with alkaline scouring agents Equipment Scouring agent and conditions Jigger Caustic soda (3%) at 70~ for 90 min or at 100~for 15 min. Jigger Soda-ash (5-10 g/l) and detergent (2-5 g/l) at boil, Winch NaOH (1-2 g/l) or NazCO 3 (2-5 g/l) at 75~ Pad-steam Soda-ash (5-10 g/l) and detergent (2-5 g/l), 100%pick-up, steaming at 100~ for 30-60 min

Polyester / cotton blends: Short staple polyester fibres are often blended with cotton or some other cellu- losic fibres. Normally heat-setting in stenter with hot air is carried out at 180~ for 30 secs. Higher temperatures may discolour the cellulosic portion of the material. For increased stability, setting may be carried out even at 200~ for 30 secs without serious risk of damaging the cellulose. The free weft-shrinkage of a typical polyester/cotton shirting fabric is about 4% at its normal setting temperature, but this is restricted to 2-3% (i.e. 12% residual shrinkage is allowed) in order to ensure the removal of creases and to get control over weft straightness. removal of creases and to get control over weft straightness. Polyester/wool blends : Polyester/wool blended fabrics are normally heat-set before dyeing. Similar effect is obtained on the wool component on the blend by crabbing. Polyester/ wool blended fabrics can be heat-set in a hot air stenter for 30 secs at 180 + 10~ For worsted-spun goods 3-5% relaxation shrinkage is allowed both warp and weft and for woollen-spun materials 1-2% is allowed. The wool should be allowed the normal moisture regain before heat-setting [30]. For blends containing more than 40% polyester content, heat-setting is done with adequate overfeed to avoid shrinkage during dyeing operations. polyester and nylon Polyester is not a fast crystallising polymer. The rate of crystallization is maximum for polyester at around 180~ The maximum crystallization rate for polyeter is about 0.016/sec, while it is 0.14/sec for nylon 6. The following changes take place as a function of increasing temperature in polyester when heat-set under free to relax conditions (i.e. free annealing) and when held taut at constant length . Q4(b) Why we do not singe the cellulosic materials? In the cotton system singeing is done on the grey cloth, but for blended fabrics containing synthetic fibres grey state singeing is not advisable because small globules of melted synthetic fibres absorb dye preferentially, giving cloth a speckled appearance. Q5. what are the major difference in oxidative desizing and acid desizing (ph, Temperature, time etc.),explain with the effects on fabric quality. Oxidative desizing: Oxidative desizing agents such as chlorinebromide chloride etc.. attacks the glucose ring or ether linkages forming carboxyl or aldehyde group result in depolymerization of starch into water soluble compounds . oxidative desizing methods should be carried out carefully as cellulose being similar in structure to starch also degraded partial bleaching of cellulose also occurred during desizing with oxidizing agent.

Oxidising agent Hydrogen peroxide Sodium bromite

Process Pad-steam Pad-batch

Persulphate

Pad-steam

Persulphate + H202

Cold-batch

Additives 1-2 vol. H202, 7-15 g/1 NaOH. 1-3 g/1 active Br 2, 20-30 g/1 Caustic soda, 5-10 g/1 Wetting agent. 3-6 g/1 Napersulphate 8-10 g/1 Caustic soda, 5-10 g/1 Wetting agent. 0 ml/1 H202 (25%) 10 g/1 Persulphate, 10 ml/1 Water glass, 10 ml/1 NaOH 5 g/1 Stabiliser

pH 8-9 7.5-8.5

Temp. 90 20-40

Time(min) 1-5 15

10-10.5

95-100

1-3

10-10.5

20-40

6-20

Acid desizing : Dilute H2SO4 is used to hydrolyse and liquefy starch . acid can alsobreak the long chain into shorter molecule In this method cotton fabric is treated with dilute sulphuric acid with a concentration of 5-10 g/1 at a temperature of about 40~ for 3-4 h. Dilute acid attacks the polymer chain of starch and due to chain cleavage of starch molecule short water soluble or dispersible chain segments are formed. With sulphuric acid higher than 10 g/1 and above 50. Q6: What is the difference in scouring cotton and wool. Scouring of Wool Yarn and Fabric The scouring of loose wool is a common practice, although further scouring of wool yarn or piece is often carried out to remove the added impurities i.e. combing and spinning oil. However, before scouring treatments of wool yarns and fabrics, particularly all worsteds and wool/cotton union are given other pre-treatment processes like crabbing and potting. scouring of wool yarn : Certain yarns such as those from cross-bred wools are wet set before scouring to prevent cockling occuring in the pieces. Setting of yarn is carried out by stretching the hanks in a suitable frame and the stretched hanks are immersed in boiling water for 30 min. The hanks are allowed to cool under tension before removing from the frame. Woollen yarns are normally spun with a saponifiable oil, such as oleine based lubricants (70% FFA/30% mineral oil). Scouring of Cotton in Alkaline Agents : The complex nature of natural impurities present in the cotton substrate and its effect by treatment with alkaline solution is already highlighted. The various types of alkalies and other additives used for scouring of cotton are given below. The lime-soda boil : In this process the fabric is boiled with milk of lime which convert the fatty acid into insoluble lime soaps. The lime soap is then converted into free acids on acidification and calcium is washed away as calcium chloride. The deposited free acid is then converted to soluble soaps on subsequent boiling with sodium carbonate. This method is tedius and not economical as two boils are required to remove the natural impurities. The caustic soda boil : In this process cotton fabric is boiled with a solution of 10 to 20 g/1 (3 to 6% o.w.f.) caustic soda in a kier with a liquor ratio of 3 : 1. In continuous scouring about 30 g/1 of caustic soda is added in the pad-bath with a liquor pick-up of about 100%. In batch process the piece goods are treated in 4-6% sodium hydroxide for 8 h at 130~ (30 lb/in2).

REFERENCES: 1) Class lectures 2) Textile chemicals by S. khomar 3) Chemical technology in the pre-treatment processes of textile by S.R. karmakar 4) Chemistry and technology of fabric preparation by Dr. Charles tomasino 5) www.wikipedia.org 6) www.answers .com 7) www.scribt.com