MC LC

Tm tt ..................................................................................................................................1 .................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. ..........................................................................................................................................trang ................................................................................................................................................1 Chng I - Gii thiu nhim v nghin cu.......................................................................3 1. Hon cnh nghin cu................................................................................................3 2. Phm vi nghin cu.....................................................................................................3 3. Mc ch nghin cu...................................................................................................4 4. Phng php nghin cu............................................................................................4 5. Tiu ch nh gi.........................................................................................................4 Chng II - Tng quan v qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc..........................................5 1. Qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc..............................................................................5 2. Cc nghin cu v qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc..............................................11 3. Vit Nam tim cn vi qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc.........................................12 4. Tng quan v ti nguyn nc Vit Nam...............................................................14 Chng III - nh gi cc ch trng, chnh sch v php lut....................................23 1. Cc ch trng, chnh sch v nh hng chung....................................................23 2. Cc vn bn php lut ..............................................................................................30 Chng IV - nh gi th ch v t chc hot ng.......................................................43 .................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................43 1. C cu t chc..........................................................................................................43 2. Th ch ti chnh.......................................................................................................50 3. C ch phi hp lin ngnh......................................................................................51 4. Th ch thanh tra......................................................................................................51 5. Xy dng thng tin, d liu v ti nguyn nc........................................................52 Chng V - xut kin ngh v gii php......................................................................53 1. i vi h thng chnh sch......................................................................................53 2. Th ch v t chc hot ng...................................................................................53

3. xut l trnh thc hin..........................................................................................57 Kt lun................................................................................................................................59 Ti liu tham kho...............................................................................................................60 Danh sch cc chuyn gia cung cp thng tin.................................................................62 Danh sch cc chuyn gia gi bn cu hi v nhn c tr li........................65 Ph lc.................................................................................................................................69

TM TT
nh gi lin ngnh cc chnh sch qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc l mt trong cc ni dung c bn ca d n quc gia bo tn v s dng hu ch cc vng t ngp nc (NN). Cho n nay, h thng lut, ngh nh hng dn ca Chnh ph, cc quyt nh ca Chnh ph, quyt nh ca cc B chuyn ngnh, thng t lin B lin quan n ti nguyn nc l tng i nhiu, tuy nhin cha c s lin kt mt cch tng hp. Nhim v v phm vi nghin cu l ly kin ca cc chuyn gia thuc lnh vc qun l, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc trong cc ngnh kinh t - x hi v ch gii hn ngun ti nguyn nc lc a (bao gm c nc mt, nc di t) v nc bin ven b. Tiu ch ca nh gi lin ngnh cc chnh sch, th ch, c cu t chc l tnh h thng, tnh thc tin (hay tnh kh thi) v tnh hiu qu. Chng 2 trnh by cc khi nim c bn v qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc (8 khi nim), gii thiu mt s nghin cu v qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc trn th gii v s tim cn ca Vit Nam, tm lc hin trng ti nguyn nc ngt v nc bin ven b trn ton quc. Mt c im ni bt ca ngun ti nguyn nc Vit Nam l kh phong ph nhng phn b khng u theo khng gian (gia cc vng) v thi gian (gia cc ma), hai phn ba tng lu lng nc cc sng c bt ngun t ngoi lnh th. Chng 3 nh gi cc ch trng, chnh sch v php lut thng qua cc chin lc, ng li ca ng v Nh nc ta v s pht trin kinh t x hi bn vng. Cc ch trng chnh sch c tm lc trong 6 vn chnh v c c th ha bng cc vn bn php lut m trong Lut Ti nguyn nc l c s php l cho cc vn bn khc. Tc ng tch cc ca cc vn bn ny l: c tnh h thng cao, h thng vn bn kh hon chnh mang tnh k tha v nng cao, cc vn bn c u nhm to ra mt hnh lang php l cho mi hot ng lin quan n ti nguyn nc; tnh thc tin: to ra mt s phi hp lin ngnh, thng nht v i vo hot ng thc t; hiu qu ca cc vn bn ny c th hin trong xy dng c cu t chc, v cc kt qu pht trin kinh t. Cc tn ti ca h thng chnh sch thng qua cc vn bn php lut c tm tt trong 5 vn : s chng cho, s song hnh, cha y , s lin quan gia qun l ti nguyn nc v NN, s thiu cp nht. Chng 4 trnh by nh gi th ch, t chc hot ng qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc hin nay Vit Nam. Ngoi c quan qun l nh nc v Ti nguyn nc l Cc Ti nguyn nc (cp trung ng), Phng Ti nguyn nc (cp tnh), c cu t chc qun l nc theo lu vc c thnh lp th im cho ba lu vc chnh i vo hot ng t ba nm nay. Cc u vit ca c cu t chc ny em li nhiu gi tr tch cc nh: qun l cp nc, cht lng nc, kim sot l lt, kim sot bi lng, giao thng thy, pht trin thy in thy liLu vc sng ng Nai Si Gn, Nhu - y c a ra phn tch. Tn ti chnh trong c cu t chc l s thiu nht qun trong chuyn giao trch nhim gia B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn (NN&PTNT) v B Ti nguyn Mi trng (TN&MT)

trong qun l nc v lu vc sng; th ch ti chnh cho ngnh nc cha c xem xt nghim tc. Bo co cng xut mt s kin ngh v gii php tho g cc tn ti ny theo mt l trnh nht nh.

CHNG I GII THIU NHIM V NGHIN CU

1. Hon cnh nghin cu Ti nguyn nc ng mt vai tr c bit quan trng, l thnh phn thit yu ca s sng v mi trng, quyt nh s tn ti v pht trin bn vng. Trn tri t ca chng ta c ba phn t l nc, song lng nc sch phc v nhu cu thit yu ca con ngi l rt hn ch. Vy m, tnh trng s dng nc trn th gii l rt lng ph v nhiu hnh ng gy tn hi cho ngun nc. Mt nguyn nhn l vic qun l ngun ti nguyn ti to yu ny cn phn tn, cha c qun l trong mt quan h tng th v cha c coi l mt loi hng ha c bit. Tuy rng c nh gi l quc gia tng i giu ti nguyn nc, Vit Nam l mt trong nhiu quc gia trn th gii ang phi i mt trong cuc chin v s pht trin kinh t v x hi ngy cng c nhiu lin quan n ngun nc. l: s phn phi khng u trong nm (lng nc trong ma kh ch chim 20%); khng u theo v tr a l (vng Tuyn Quang, Mng Ci ti 80 l/s trong khi vng Hm Tn ch 10 l/s); cht lng nc cc vng l rt khc nhau (ng bng sng Cu Long nc chua, phn, mn). Thiu nc, suy thoi cht lng nc v s tc ng n lng thc l nhng vn cn c s quan tm v hnh ng c th. Mc tiu ca vic Qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc (QLTHTNN) l mt qu trnh h tr cc quc gia ang n lc gii quyt cc vn v nc vi phng php c hiu qu ng vn v vng bn. c bit, Vit Nam l mt quc gia c nhng vng NN ng k bao gm vng NN thuc h thng sng M Kng, sng Hng, m ly, h, vng NN ven bin, bi triu. Cc vng NN ny cung cp mt gi tr hng ha to ln v thc phm cho cuc sng. Mt khc, Vit Nam tham gia vo hi ngh Ramsar nm 1989 v ph bin mt s ti liu hp php v duy tr v bo v cc vng NN. Lut Ti nguyn nc c thng qua nm 1998 v sau l cc ngh nh hng dn vic thc hin lut ny a ra mt bc ch yu hng ti qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc. Tuy nhin, cc chnh sch v NN v vic qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc cn kh yu, chng chp, thiu s sp xp v chc nng r rng. Do chng ta cn phi c s xem xt a ngnh v cc chnh sch qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc Vit Nam lm c s cho vic s dng v qun l mt cch c hiu qu cc vng NN. Cc nghin cu ny cng s gp phn hon thin cc chnh sch, php lut v th ch qun l NN v qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc Vit Nam. 2. Phm vi nghin cu Vn v chnh sch, th ch QLTHTNN rt rng v khng gian, xuyn sut v thi gian v l mt vn phc tp lin quan n hu ht cc ngnh kinh t - x hi. Cc kt qu nh gi trong bo co ny nhm mc ch xy dng v hon thin th ch, chnh sch v qun l v s dng ti nguyn NN, v vy ni dung nh gi c trnh by trong bo co ny ch gii hn xem xt cc vn lin quan n nc lc a (nc mt, nc ngm) v
3

cc vng nc bin ven b, tc l cc vng ti nguyn nc c t nhiu lin quan n cc vng NN. 3. Mc ch nghin cu

Phn tch, nh gi cc mt mnh v yu ca h thng chnh sch, lut Vit Nam v NN v QLTHTNN. Bo co s xem xt cc u im v nhc im ca h thng th ch Vit Nam v s tc ng ca h thng chnh sch, lut l hin hnh. nh gi hiu qu ca vic thc hin cc chnh sch, quy tc, lut l hin hnh v QLTHTNN.

T s tng hp ny, bo co s xut cc gii php nhm hon thin h thng chnh sch, lut php v th ch v qun l NN v QLTHTNN. Cc kt qu ny s h tr cho vic s dng v to ngun thng tin cho cc ngnh, lin ngnh, cc a phng mt cch hiu qu. 4. Phng php nghin cu Thnh lp nhm chuyn gia nghin cu: bao gm cc nh nghin cu chuyn ngnh nc, cc nh qun l ang lm vic trong cc B/ngnh. Nghin cu, sng lc, tng hp, nh gi cc d liu: cc b lut, ngh nh, quyt nh, thng t ca Chnh ph, B, ngnh lin quan n qun l ti nguyn nc. Hi tho, ly kin cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc chuyn mn

5. Tiu ch nh gi c th nh gi c thc trng ca h thng qun l ti nguyn nc, cn phi ra cc tiu ch nh gi thy c nhng mt hoc cha lm c, kh thi hay km kh thi, hiu lc ca h thng lut php, quy nh, th ch chnh sch c ban hnh trong nhng nm qua nc ta. Mt tiu ch chung nht cho s nh gi lin ngnh l s pht trin kinh t - x hi n nh v bn vng, tc l khai thc hiu qu ti nguyn nc m khng hoc t lm tn hi n cht lng, tim nng ti nguyn nc cng nh cc ngun ti nguyn khc c lin quan. Cc tiu ch c th c ngh nh sau: Tnh h thng ca cc chnh sch: y l im quan trng trong h thng qun l ca mt quc gia Tnh thc tin ca h thng chnh sch: biu th cho kh nng p dng vo thc t cuc sng ca tng thnh vin trong x hi, ca tng a phng. Tnh hiu qu ca cc chnh sch qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc: kt qu ca h thng chnh sch, lut l ban hnh. Trong tiu ch ny, s thnh cng hay nhng ni dung cn bt cp trong cc lut l ban hnh s c bn lun.

Chng II TNG QUAN V QUN L TNG HP TI NGUYN NC

1. QUN L TNG HP TI NGUYN NC (QLTHTNN) 4 nguyn tc ca Dublin l: Nc ngt l ngun ti nguyn c hn v d b tn thng v cn thit cho s sng, pht trin v mi trng. Pht trin v qun l nc phi da trn c s tip cn vi s tham gia ca cc bn c lin quan, t ngi s dng n ngi lp k hoch, ngi lp chnh sch, mi cp . Ph n ng vai tr trung tm trong vic cung cp, qun l v m bo an ton v nc. Nc c gi tri kinh t nhu cu cnh tranh s dng v phi c xem nh hng ha c gi tr kinh t.

nh ngha v QLTHTNN Thc tin QLTHTNN ty thuc vo tng tnh hung. mc vn hnh th thch thc l chuyn nguyn tc c tha thun thnh hnh ng c th. p ng yu cu ny thng phi da vo QLTHTNN vi Qun l bao hm c pht trin v qun l. Tuy nhin khi nim ca nh ngha QLTHTNN c ngha rng hn, r rng hn. Khi cc t chc vng hay quc gia phi trin khai thc tin QLTHTNN v s dng khun kh hp tc ton cu v vng. Qun l s dng hiu qu ngun nc l hot ng nm trong chin lc QLTHTNN. Khi nim ny c hiu theo nhiu cch khc nhau, nhng thng nht chung, khi nim ny da theo nh ngha ca t chc Cng tc v nc ton cu (GWP) nh sau: QLTHTNN l mt qu trnh y mnh phi hp pht trin v qun l ti nguyn nc, t ai v cc ti nguyn khc c lin quan, sao cho ti a ha cc li ch kinh t v phc li x hi mt cch cng bng m khng phng hi n tnh bn vng ca cc h sinh thi thit yu. Tng hp l cn thit nhng cha . Theo t in ca Webster, s cn thit phi tng hp ni ln khi c lin quan ti tnh hnh quan h tng h thng xuyn ca cc nhm ph thuc ln nhau ca cc hng mc hnh thnh nn mt tng th thng nht. Tng hp khi l ngh thut v khoa hc ca s hi ha t l cc thnh phn trong mt th thng nht. Tuy nhin nhng vn ny trong qun l ti nguyn nc c bit l tng hp, t n khng th m bo pht trin chin lc ti u, k hoch v s qun l ti u.

1.1. Quan h tng h gia h thng t nhin v nhn to Khi nim QLTHTNN tng phn vi truyn thng, qun l ti nguyn nc theo ngnh (fragmented) mc nn tng nht c lin quan ti qun l yu cu vi cp nc (qun l cung-cu v nc). Nh vy tng hp c th c xem di 2 h c bn: H thng t nhin vi tm quan trng cc k ca n l c ti nguyn nc v cht lng ca n, H thng nhn to (Human System) v c xc nh mt cch c bn l s dng ti nguyn, to ra cht thi v gy nhim ti nguyn v h thng cng phi to dng nhng u tin pht trin.

Tng hp phi din ra c hai h v gia hai h v c tnh ti s bin ng v thi gian v khng gian. V mt lch s, nhng ngi qun l nc hng ti t xem xt mnh trong vai tr trung lp qun l h thng t nhin m bo cung cp tha mn nhng nhu cu xc nh ca chnh h. R rng rng, ngi tiu th ch c th yu cu sn phm c cung cp, nhng nc c th c cung cp vi cc tnh cht rt khc nhau, chng hn v cht lng v lu lng li nh nhng giai on yu cu cao im. Gi v xc nh n gi s nh hng n tiu th nc cng nh s u t h tng chuyn ti tim nng thnh tiu th hiu qu. 1.2. Tng hp gia qun l ngun nc ngt vi qun l vng bin ven b Qun l ngun nc ngt vi qun l vng bin ven b s phi c nht th ha, phn nh tnh lin lc gia nc ngt v nc bin ven b. H nc ngt l vt th rt quan trng xc nh nhng iu kin ca vng bin ven b v do ngi qun l h nc ngt s phi xem xt nhng yu cu ca vng bin ven b khi qun l ti nguyn nc. y l trng hp c bit ca vn quan h gia thng lu v h lu, m vn ny cng ngy cng c ch i vi tt c cc nc. iu ny c xut x t cc tuyn b ca Lin Hp Quc trn c s cc ngun nhim t lc a, i hi phi xy dng cc chng trnh hnh ng ton cu (GPA) v nh gi nc quc t ton cu (GIWA). 1.3. Tng hp gia qun l t v qun l nc Cch tip cn tng hp gia qun l t v nc l mt s khi u ca chu trnh thy vn, tun hon vn chuyn nc gia cc quyn hay thnh phn: khng kh, t, cy trng v ngun nc mt, nc di t. Kt qu pht trin s dng t v lp ph trng trt (bao gm c la chn cy trng) s nh hng ti s phn b vt l cng nh cht lng nc v iu ny phi c xem xt cn thn trong quy hoch tng th v qun l cc ngun ti nguyn nc. Mt vn khc, nc l yu t mu cht xc nh c im v sc khe ca tt c cc h sinh thi (trn cn cng nh di nc) v do nhng yu cu v s lng, cht lng nc ca cc h sinh thi cn c xem xt ton b trn cc kha cnh v tim nng ti nguyn nc. Vic tng cng qun l lu vc ni chung v lu vc sng cn c quan tm v phi l cc vn quy hoch khung logic QLTHTNN theo cc h thng t nhin. Lu vc v qun l cp lu vc khng ch quan trng ngha tng hp cc vn s dng t v nc, m cn rt bc thit trong qun l cc mi quan h gia lng v cht, gia cc quyn li thng lu v h lu.
6

1.4. Tng hp v qun l nc mt v nc di t Chu trnh thy vn cng ku gi tng hp gia qun l nc mt vi nc di t. S suy gim nc c gi li trn b mt mt lu vc c th xut hin nghch o (xoay chiu) gia nc mt v nc di t theo cch t h lu n ton lu vc. Phn t l ln ca dn s th gii ph thuc vo nc di t c cung cp nc. Vic s dng rng ri ha cht trong nng nghip v s nhim t cc ngun khng im (theo din) to ra mt s e da ln i vi cht lng nc di t v ngi qun l phi xem xt cc mi quan h gia nc mt v nc di t. nhim nc di t rt khng ng u trn ton lu vc v phi tnh ti cc chi ph gim thiu nhim nc di t. 1.5. Tng hp gia qun l s lng v cht lng ti nguyn nc Qun l ti nguyn nc bao hm s pht trin s lng nc ph hp vi cht lng an ton. Nh vy qun l cht lng nc l hp phn cn thit ca QLTHTNN. S xung cp, suy thoi cht lng nc lm gam tnh s dng ti nguyn i vi cc bn lin quan vng h lu. R rng rng, cc t chc, th ch c kh nng tng hp, nht th ha cc kha cnh v s lng v cht lng phi c y mnh. H thng nhn to vn hnh s sn sinh ra nhim, gy nhiu tc ng i vi mi trng-ti nguyn nc. Do phi phn u gim thiu cc sn phm ph thi. 1.6. Tng hp gia cc quyn li lin quan n thng lu v h lu Vic tip cn tng hp qun l ti nguyn nc hm nhn dng cc xung t v quyn li gia cc bn c lin quan vng thng lu v h lu. Nhng tn tht v tiu th (nhu cu) thng lu s lm gim lu lng nc sng. Cc thi lng nhim x ra thng lu s lm suy thoi cht lng nc sng.Vic s dng t lm thay i vng thng lu cng s lm thay i vic b cp nc di t v lu lng theo ma ca nc sng. Cc gii php kim sot l vng thng lu c th e da v l i vi cc bn lin quan vng h lu. Nhng xung t v quyn li cn c xem xt trong QLTHTNN vi ton b s hiu bit v hng lot mi quan h vt l-t nhin v x hi, nhng quan h tn ti trong mt h thng t hp. S am hiu v tnh tn thng gy ra bi nhng hot ng vng thng lu i vi nhng bn c lin quan vng h lu l rt cn thit. Nhn mnh li mt ln na, qun l s tham gia vo c hai h thng t nhin v nhn to. 1.7. Tng hp trong h thng nhn to 1.7.1. Xc nh dng chnh ca ti nguyn nc Khi phi phn tch cc hot ng ca con ngi hay h thng dch v, r rng l tt c cc vn -kha cnh ca tng hp s phi c tham gia cng vi s hiu bit v h sinh thi t nhin, nng lc, tnh d b tn thng v nhng gii hn ca n. S tng hp d l nhim v tng hp, s tng hp hon ton l cha r rng v cha hin thc. iu bao gm:

- m bo chc chn rng cc chnh sch ca chnh quyn, tnh u tin ti chnh v
quy hoch (vt cht, kinh t, x hi) s phi tnh ti nhng trong cc ni dung ca pht trin ti nguyn nc, nc c lin quan ti ri ro v s dng nc. nh hng ca cc ngnh, cc lnh vc: Khi quyt nh la chn cng ngh sn xut v tiu th sn phm phi da trn c s cc gi tr thc ca nc v nhu cu gi cho ti nguyn thin nhin tn ti mi mi theo thi gian.

- Cung cp, to dng nn- phng, c ch, m bo rng, tt c cc bn c lin quan u c th tham gia vo cc quyt nh v lnh vc ti nguyn nc, gii quyt cc xung t v la chn gii php cui cng. Cc gii php tng hp l cn thit mi cp t h gia nh n quc gia, ri n th trng quc t. 1.7.2.Tng hp lin ngnh trong pht trin chnh sch quc gia Tip cn QLTHTNN m ch rng, nhng pht trin lin quan n nc, vi tt c cc ngnh kinh t, x hi, s phi c tnh n trong qun l tng th ti nguyn nc. Nh vy chnh sch ti nguyn nc s phi tng hp/ nht th ha vi chnh sch kinh t quc gia cng nh cc chnh sch ca cc B, ngnh. Ngc li, cc chnh sch kinh t x hi (ca cc B/ ngnh) cn phi tnh ti cc nhim v ca ti nguyn nc, chng hn, cc chnh sch nng lng quc gia, chnh sch thc phm quc gia cng c th tc ng su sc ti ti nguyn nc v ngc li. Khi cc pht trin phi c nh gi i vi cc tc ng c th c i vi ti nguyn nc v cc nh gi phi c xem xt khi thit k v xc nh cc d n pht trin u tin. S pht trin v qun l ti nguyn nc c tc ng i vi kinh t-x hi thng qua nhiu con ng khc nhau, nh di dn, gia tng nh c hay nhng thay i trong thnh phn c cu cng nghip. Hu qu l, h thng qun l ti nguyn nc phi bao gm s trao i thng tin lin ngnh v quy trnh hp tc cng nh k thut nh gi cc d n ring bit vi mong i l bao hm ni dung i vi ti nguyn nc trong nhng trng hp c bit ni ring v trong x hi ni chung. 1.7.3. Cc tc ng kinh t v m ca s pht trin nc nhng tnh hung khi m mt lng ln vn c dn cho vic u t ngnh nc th cc tc ng kinh t v m thng rt ln v rt tai hi i vi ton b s pht trin kinh t. Yu cu ngy cng gia tng i vi hng ha v dch v cc ngnh khng cn nc l do dng vn u vo lm tng gi hng ha v dch v s dn n s lm pht. Nh vy thng ko theo nhng tc ng kinh t v m di hn v l nhng iu khng mong mun. 1.7.4. Nhng nguyn tc c bn xy dng chnh sch tng hp Vic xy dng chnh sch lin ngnh v tng hp l rt nng n v kh khn c th t c trong thc t. Tuy nhin c nhng nguyn tc chung l: - Nhng nh lp k hoch kinh t phi rt thn trng nh gi lm pht, s cn bng chi tr v tc ng kinh t v m trc khi bt u mt chng trnh u t vn trn quy m ln trong ngnh nc.

- Ngi lp chnh sch s dng t phi c cung cp cc thng tin v nhng hu

qu v nc vng h lu v chi ph ngoi bin nhng li ch i vi h thng nc t nhin (ngha l vic ph rng hay th ha c th lm thay i ch v dng chy nc v gy nguy c l lt). iu ny khng c ngha l nhng chi ph ngoi bin b thit hi, m nhng iu s gip ngi lp chnh sch phi cn nhc gia nhng chi ph vi nhng li ch thu c t nhng chnh sch v k hoch do h lp ra. - Nhng chnh sch gy tc ng lm tng nhu cu tiu th nc bao gm c vic loi b cc sn phm lng ph s c pht trin vi s hiu bit v chi ph gia tng tng th. - Nhng chnh sch phn phi nc hiu qu gia cc nhu cu s dng khc nhau phi tnh ti cc gi tr tng i trong s dng v c o lng bng cc iu khon kinh t x hi.

- Nhng ngi hoch nh chnh sch cn bit cn bng gia nhng li ch ngn hn/
trc mt v chi ph lu di ti cc tnh hung p dng nhng nguyn tc phng nga c th gim chi ph trong sut thi gian di. - Nhng ngi hoch nh chnh sch phi bit rng bao cp trong qun l ti nguyn nc l tt yu, sao cho nhng nhim v khc nhau c thc hin mc ph hp v thp nht. 1.7.5. nh hng cc quyt nh ca cc ngnh kinh t Nhng quyt nh ca nhng nh pht trin kinh t (t quy m xuyn quc gia hay cc cng ty s hu nh nc n nhng trang tri hay h ring bit) trong a s cc nc s c tc ng ln i vi nhu cu v nc, nhng nguy c lin quan n nc v kh nng c ngun nc vi cht lng nc m bo. Nhng quyt nh ny s khng gy tn thng i vi ti nguyn nc nu c thng tin r rng, minh bch v tng chi ph ca cc hnh ng, khuyn khch ln i vi cc chi ph bn ngoi ca cc quyt nh cn bit. 1.7.6. Tng hp tt c cc bn c lin quan trong qu trnh lp k hoch v ra quyt nh Vic tham gia ca cc bn c lin quan trong vic qun l v lp k hoch v ti nguyn nc c bit l a nng, tng hp nh mt yu t ct li t ti s s dng nc mt cch cn bng v bn vng. Tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp cc bn c lin quan thng c quyn li xung t v mc tiu ca h lin quan n qun l ti nguyn nc c th tc th tch ring. gii quyt vn ny, QLTHTNN phi pht trin cc cng c vn hnh qun l xung t v gii quyt, dung ha nhng xung t v dnh lu gia nhng mc tiu, k hoch v hnh ng. Vn quan trng y l cn nhn dng v thit k cc chc nng qun l ti nguyn nc theo mc thc hin ph hp cp thp nht; tng cp thc hin, nhng bn c lin quan cn c nhn dng v ng vin.

1.7.7. Tng hp gia qun l nc v nc thi Nc l ti nguyn ti to v c th ti s dng. nhng ni m khng c nhu cu v nc c quay vng sau khi s dng, cn phi c c ch m bo rng dng nc thi c x vo ngun nc phc v cp nc th s rt c li. Nu khng qun l iu phi, th dng thi s lm gim hiu qu cung cp nc do s suy gim cht lng nc v tng chi ph v cp nc sau . Nhng khuyn khch ti s dng c th c to dng i vi nhng ngi s dng ring bit, nhng c c hi s dng hiu qu, phi thit k lng ghp cc h thng chnh tr, kinh t, x hi v hnh chnh. Tng hp lin ngnh gia cc tiu ngnh s dng nc v vai tr ca QLTHTNN trong lin kt gia cc tiu ngnh c th hin nh sau:

Tng hp lin ngnh

To mi trng Vai tr th ch Cng c qun l

Nc cho sinh hot dn c

Nc cho thc phm

Nc cho thin nhin

Nc cho cng nghip v nhng nhu cu khc

Nhng tiu ch quan trng nht tip tc QLTHTNN, cn phi bit mt s tiu ch quan trng nht cn phi tnh ti trong cc iu kin x hi, kinh t v t nhin:

Hiu sut kinh t trong s dng nc: V s khan him nc ngy cng trm trng v thiu ngun ti chnh, bn cht xc nh v d b tn thng ca nc, nh mt ti nguyn v nhu cu v nc ngy cng tng. V vy nc cn c s dng c hiu qu cao nht. Bnh ng: Quyn li c bn i vi mi ngi l c nc d v s lng v an ton v cht lng duy tr s sng ca loi ngi. iu cn c ghi nh. Tnh bn vng v mi trng v sinh thi: Vic s dng ti nguyn hin ti phi c qun l theo cch khng lm suy yu h thng h tr duy tr s sng, bng cch dung ha s dng chnh ngun ti nguyn cho hm nay v cho c th h mai sau.

Cc yu t quan trng Khung QLTHTNN v tip cn hiu bit rng cc yu t b sung cho h thng qun l hiu qu ti nguyn nc cn c trin khai v tng cng cnh tranh:

- To dng mi trng: Khung tng qut ca cc chnh sch quc gia, lut l, quy
nh, cc thng tin i vi cc bn c lin quan v qun l ti nguyn nc;
10

- Vai tr th ch v cc chc nng ca cc cp hnh chnh khc nhau v nhng bn

c lin quan khc nhau;

- Nhng cng c qun l, bao gm cng c vn hnh i vi cc quy nh c hiu qu,

quan trc v tng cng, to kh nng cho nhng ngi ra quyt nh c thng tin la chn phng n hp l gia nhng phng n hnh ng Nhng la chn ny cn phi da trn c s cc chnh sch ng thun, cc ngun ti nguyn c th c, cc tc ng mi trng v nhng hu qu kinh t, x hi.

Hnh 1. Tnh bn vng sinh thi

2. CC NGHIN CU V QUN L TNG HP TI NGUYN NC T chc cng tc v nc ton cu (GWP) c thnh lp t nm 1996, l mt mng li m cho mi t chc c lin quan n qun l ti nguyn nc nh: cc c quan ca chnh ph cc nc pht trin v ang pht trin, cc c quan thuc Lin hp quc, cc ngn hng pht trin song phng v a phng, cc hi ngh nghip, vin nghin cu, t chc phi chnh ph v t chc c nhn. T chc ny nhm thc y qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc vi mc tiu m bo lin kt pht trin v qun l nc, t v nhng ti nguyn lin quan bng cch tng ti a li ch kinh t v phc li x hi m khng lm nh hng xu n tnh bn vng ca nhng h thng thit yu. y ban t vn k thut ca GWP a ra nhng tin cho QLTHTNN nh sau: Ti nguyn nc ngt th gii ang chu mt sc p ngy cng tng, tng trng dn s, tng cc hot ng kinh t, mc sng ci thin d ti s cnh tranh v mu thun v ngun nc ngt. Vic thiu nhng bin php chng nhim cng lm cho ti nguyn nc suy thoi trm trng hn. Dn s di sc p v nc: trong th k 20, dn s th gii tng khong ba ln trong khi lng nc khai thc s dng tng khong by ln. Theo tnh ton hin nay c khong mt phn ba dn s th gii ang chu sc p mc trung bnh v mc cao v nc. Theo c tnh t l ny cn c th tng n hai phn ba vo nm 2025.

11

Tc ng ca nhim nc c lin quan cht ch n cc hot ng ca con ngi. Ngoi cc chc nng phc v nhng nhu cu c bn ca i sng v cc quy trnh cng nghip, nc cn c vai tr nh mt tc nhn truyn ti cht thi sinh hat, nng nghip v cng nghip gy nhim. Ngun nc suy thoi do nhim nh hng n kh nng s dng ngun nc h lu e da sc khe con ngi v chc nng ca h sinh thi nc. S khng hong trong qun l Nh nc v ti nguyn nc: cch tip cn qun l ti nguyn nc theo ngnh v ang c vi tr ln t. iu ny dn n vic phn mng v thiu phi hp trong pht trin v qun l ngun ti nguyn nc. Thm vo , vic thc hin cng tc qun l thng c thc hin theo hng t cc c quan cp trn xung, m tnh hiu qu ca phng php ny vn cn l vn cn phi xem xt. m bo nc cho nhu cu sinh hot v sn xut lng thc: nhng tc ng ny trc ht nh hng n nhng thnh phn ngho i nht ca dn s cc nc ang pht trin v nhu cu nc sch v v sinh. Theo s liu pht trin dn s. Trong khong thi gian 25 nm, cn c lng thc cp thm cho 2-3 t ngi. Nc c xem l mt tr ngi chnh i vi sn xut lng thc (nng nghip s dng 70% lng nc khai thc) Trn c s nhng vn c nu trn, khi nim QLTHTNN khc vi khi nim Qun l ti nguyn nc trc kia im phi xem xt Ti nguyn nc trong mi quan h tng quan gia con ngi v ngun ti nguyn tc l phi xem xt hai cp : h t nhin c coi l tm quan trng sng cn i vi kh nng v cht lng ti nguyn; h con ngi/ nhn to/ l c bn xc nh vic s dng ti nguyn, pht thi v lm nhim ti nguyn, ng thi l ngun ng lc cho nhng u tin pht trin. Trc kia, cc nh qun l nc c xu hng coi mnh c vai tr trung lp p ng cc nhu cu t pha bn ngoi tc l thiu s tng quan qua li. S pht trin mi ca khi nim i hi phi c nhng nghin cu nghim tc v vn QLTHTNN nhm mt c ch pht trin kinh t - x hi bn vng khng ch nc ta m cn l nhim v ca cc t chc c lin quan n lnh vc ny trn ton cu.

3. VIT NAM TIM CN VI QUN L TNG HP TI NGUYN NC Vit Nam tham gia l thnh vin ca Mng li Cng tc v Nc ton cu v mng li cng tc v nc khu vc ng Nam (SEATAC nay l SEARWP) t nhng nm 1997-1998. Mng li nc Cng tc v Nc ca Vit Nam (VNWP) c thnh lp t nm 2000 v t n nay c nhiu hi tho quc gia v quc t c t chc (Hi tho Qun l iu hnh hiu qu ngnh nc-6/2002, hi tho QLTHTNN vi dch v nc12/2003, hi ngh thnh vin ln th II mng li cng tc v nc ca Vit Nam-4/2004) Cc tham lun ti hi tho to c s khoa hc v thc tin cho vic xy dng cc chnh sch ca tng ngnh hoc lin ngnh cho vic QLTHTNN. S tng trng bn vng ca

12

cc ngnh kinh t c s ng gp quan trng ca vic cn bng gia nhu cu khai thc, s dng v kh nng chu ti, s phn b hp l ca ngun ti nguyn nc di do nhng khng phi l v tn. Cc nghin cu nhm hon thin h thng chnh sch quc gia v QLTHTNN khng ch cn cho mt quc gia n l m cn mang ngha ton cu, ph hp vi nhng thng l quc t. Ngy 20 thng 5 nm 1998 Quc Hi nc CHXHCN Vit Nam thng qua lut Ti Nguyn Nc quy nh vic qun l, bo v, khai thc s dng TNN, phng chng v khc phc hu qu tai hi do nc gy ra. Khon 2 iu 63 quy nh" Hi ng Quc gia v ti nguyn nc gm Ch tch Hi ng l mt Ph Th tng, u vin thng trc l B trng B NN&PTNT" Ngy 15 thng 6 nm 2000 Th tng Chng Ph quyt nh thnh lp Hi ng Quc gia ti nguyn nc v ngy 28 thng 6 nm 2001 Th tng Chnh Ph ban hnh quy ch hot ng ca Hi ng Quc gia v TNN v c vn phng ti B NNv PTNT. Hi ng Quc Gia v TNN hp c 3 ln bn cc vn ln v TNN theo chc nng ca hi ng. Nm 2003 Hi ng cng hp bn v vic xy dng k hoch pht trin v qun l TNN. Khc vi t ai, khong sn, nhng ti nguyn c nh v trong mt a bn nht nh, ti nguyn nc c c tnh l vn ng theo lu vc mang tnh h thng. Vic qun l ti nguyn nc v cng trnh thy li l mt khi thng nht, rt kh c th chia s trong vic qun l. Tnh h thng v s vn ng ca nc theo lu vc th hin cc im sau: Mi quan h mt thit qua li gia thng ngun v h ngun tc l mi bin ng thng ngun nh ly nc, thi nc, ngn gi nc, ci to dng chy, bin ng cht lng nc u lin quan n s thay i tch cc hoc tiu cc h lu. Mi quan h gia b mt lu vc v ngun nc: mi tc ng b mt lu vc nh vic cht ph rng, vic m rng canh tc trn sn dc, vic th ha, vic s dng ha cht trong nng nghip u lm thay i ch dng chy v cht lng nc trong phm vi lu vc. Mi quan h gia nc mt v nc di t: nc mt v nc di t trong phm vi lu vc quan h mt thit vi nhau, b sung cho nhau. Ma l nc mt cung cp thm tr lng cho nc di t, cn ma kh nc di t b sung li cho ngun nc ma nc kit. V vy, cc bin php trng rng, lm h cha l bin php tch cc iu ha lng nc cho c hai cu thnh.

Tnh h thng ca nc i hi phi c nhng chnh sch, qui nh, th ch mang tnh lin ngnh trong QLTHTNN.

13

4. TNG QUAN V TI NGUYN NC VIT NAM 4.1. Ti nguyn nc mt Trn lnh th Vit Nam c 2360 sng di trn 10 km c dng chy thng xuyn. 9 h thng sng c din tch lu vc trn 1000 km2 l: M Kng, Hng, c , M, ng Nai, Ba, Bng Giang, K Cng v V Gia-Thu Bn. Sng ngi Vit Nam c th chia lm 3 nhm.
Bng 1. Tr lng nc mt cc sng

Nhm sng

Din tch lu vc (km2) Ton b Trong nc Ngoi nc 1.980

Tng lng nc (km3/nm) Ton b Trong nc 38,75 37,17 Ngoi nc 1,68

Nhm 1. Thng ngun nm trong lnh th Nhm 2. Trung v h lu nm trong lnh th Nhm 3. Cc sng nm trong lnh th Tng cng C nc

45.705

43.725

1.060.400

199.230

861.170

761,90

189,62

524,28

55.602

55.602

66,50

66,50

298.557 330.000

822,15 853,80

293,29 317,90

535,96 535,96

S lc cc ngun ti nguyn nc cc vng 8 vng kinh t nc ta phn ln u nm trong cc lu vc sng chnh. Tuy nhin, tr lng v cht lng ti nguyn nc, tnh a dng sinh hc v kh nng c nc v tnh d b tn thng ca mi vng c khc nhau. Cc vng ng bng sng Hng, ng bng sng Cu Long, ng Nam B c h thng sng ngi dy c v ngun ti nguyn nc mt di do. cc vng ny, gia tng dn s, th ho v cng nghip ho mt cch nhanh chng, thm canh nng nghip v vn ti ng thu lm cho cht lng nc xu i v gim mc nc di t. Trong khi cc vng ven bin vi mt dn s ngy cng tng, cng d b tn thng trc do s bin i kh hu ton cu v nn ph rng din ra cc vng thng lu, th cc vng ni cao (Ty Bc v Ty Nguyn) hn hn v l qut li xy ra ngy cng nghim trng. Tnh a dng sinh hc trn t lin v thu sn nc ngt gim hu ht cc vng. Cc ngun ti nguyn bin v ven bin tng mang li cc li ch cho cc vng ven bin v nn kinh t nc nh, nhng khai thc qu mc l mt nguy c r nht. 4.2. Ti nguyn nc di t Tng hp tr lng nc di t c nh gi v xt duyt trn ton lnh th n cui nm 1998 v cc nm 2002, 2004 c th hin trong bng 2.

14

Bng 2. Tr lng nc trn ton lnh th Vit Nam (m3/ngy)

TT 1 2

Ngun nc Nc mt Nc di t

1998 2,27 t 14.457.446

2002 2,27 t

2004

130.017.000

130.017.000

Ngun: Bo co Hin trng mi trng B NN&PTNT

Ngun nc ngm c phn b theo lnh th nh sau: * H ni Hi phng Qung Ninh: * Hu - Nng: * TP H Ch Minh ng Nai Vng tu * Cc vng khc 5.058.915 m3/ngy 944.834 m3/ngy 1.591.182 m3/ngy 6.979.515 m3/ngy

4.3. Ti nguyn nc ven b Vit Nam c b bin di khong 3260 km v hn 3500 o ln v nh. Vng b bin v vng nc ven b bin Vit Nam c th chia thnh 9 vng vi cc c trng a mo sau: Vng b t Mng Ci n Sn: y l vng b ng lc sng v thy triu chim u th. Hnh thi ng b khc khuu v phn cch mnh c nhiu vng, vnh v o ven b cng vi rng ngp mn. Vng b t Nam Sn n Nga Sn (Thanh ha): y l vng b bin pht trin trn nn lc a k tha vng trng sng Hng bao gm cc ca sng chnh ca h thng sng Hng. c trng hnh thi ng b l li ra bin, trc cc ca sng u c cc cn ct. Vng b t Nga Sn (Thanh Ha) n o Ngang (Qung Bnh): vng ny c cu to t theo nn ca i to ni Vit Lo. Vng b t o Ngang (Qung Bnh) n o Hi Vn ( Nng): thuc vng Bc Trng Sn bao gm phc np lm sng C v li Trng sn. c im b bin l ng bng hp tch t mi mn ven bin c nhiu cn, n ct nm dc pha ngoi, pha trong l m ph. Vng b t bn o Sn Tr ( Nng) n Sa Hunh (Qung Ngi): vng pht trin trn nn un np Vit Lo, di ng bng ven bin v vng b bin hin i u tng i rng. Trong vng ny c C Lao Chm. Vng ven b t C N n Vng Tu: vng ny thuc i cu trc Lt. a hnh b bin tng i bng phng, vng y st b c nhiu bn ct v ngm.

15

Vng b t Vng Tu n Rch Gi: thuc chu th sng Cu Long c nhiu ca sng ln, b bin thoai thoi, h thng knh rch dy c. Cc ca sng thng rt rng vi cc bi triu ngm v cn ct.

Vit Nam c 28/64 tnh thnh ph c bin. Nhn chung, dn s thnh th ca cc tnh ven bin u tng trong 3 nm gn y (2,5% nm 2002 v 3,2% nm 2003). Nm 2003, cc tnh ven bin c 308 qun, huyn vi dn s khong 41,7 triu ngi trong c 126 qun, huyn vi trn 17,7 triu ngi sinh sng. Hn hai thp nin qua, mt s lng ln tu, thuyn mi ng tham gia khai thc. S tu thuyn ny ch yu hot ng vng bin c u su trn di 50 m, gy p lc ln cho vic khai thc hi sn vng nc ven b. So snh vi kt qu nghin cu nhng nm 90, tr lng c bin n nay (2004) gim st kh r rt (3,1/4,1 triu tn). 4.4. c im kh hu thy vn H thng dng chy vi mt mng li tiu nc ra bin kh dy. Tng s cc con sng ln nh Vit Nam ln ti 2.500, trong c 2360 con sng di t 10km tr ln. Vit Nam c chn h thng sng ln nht l Cu Long, Hng, Thi Bnh, K Cng - Bng, M, C, Thu Bn, Ba v ng Nai. Theo s liu tnh ton cho thy h thng sng Cu Long c ngun nc chy vo Vit Nam l ln nht, chim 61,4% tng lng dng chy sng ngi ca c nc. Cc dng sng chy ra bin to thnh h thng ca sng l mt trong nhng loi hnh NN quan trng ca Vit Nam. Hin nay, c nc c trn 3.500 h cha nc nh v 650 h cha nc va v ln, cc h cha nc ln nh h Thc B c din tch mt nc 23.400 ha, h Ha Bnh 218 km2, h Du Ting 35.000 ha, h Tr An 27.000 ha (Nguyn Vit Ph, V Vn Tun, Trn Thanh Xun, 2003). Kh hu nc ta thuc vng kh hu nhit i gi ma, nhit trung bnh hng nm kh cao (hn 200C/nm), m tng i ln (hn 80%/nm), lng ma di do (1500mm/nm). S khc nhau v ch kh hu gia cc vng, c bit l ch nhit m c nh hng n ch thy vn ca tng vng nh thi gian ngp nc, su ngp nc, ch nhit ca nc, dn n s khc nhau gia cc loi hnh NN. 4.5. Tnh hnh khai thc v s dng nc Vit Nam Dn s tng nhanh v lng nc s dng nhiu ln s lm cho lng nc bnh qun u ngi ngy cng gim. Theo s liu thng k hng nm Vit Nam, tng lng nc c to ra trung bnh hng nm l khong 835 t m3, lng nc sn sinh trn lnh th khong 325 t m3. Lng nc bnh qun u ngi hng nm t 4.000 m3/nm cho vng thiu nc n 10.720 m3/nm cho cc vng c tr lng ln. S dng nc c tiu hao

S dng nc cho nng nghip: kt qu tnh n nm 1998 c 75 h thng thy li va v ln vi nhiu h thng thy li nh gm 3.500 h cha va v ln (dung tch trn 1 triu m3 chiu cao p trn 10 m); 1017 p dng v hng ngn h cha nh, hn 5.000 cng ti/tiu ln; trn 10.000 trm bm in ln v va vi tng cng sut 24,8 triu m3/h v hng vn cng trnh thy li va v nh. Cc h thng thy li c tng nng lc ti trc tip 3,45 triu ha, to ngun cp nc

16

cho 1,13 triu ha, tiu 1,4 triu ha, ngn mn 0,87 triu ha v ci to chua phn 1,6 triu ha t canh tc nng nghip. Khong trn 8000 km b bao ngn l v h thu ng bng sng Cu Long vi hng vn km knh mng v cng trnh trn knh. Tng ti sn c nh phn nh nc u t khong trn 60.000 t ng (gi nm 1998) cha k ti sn c nh cho iu, cng trnh thy in Lng nc cung cp hng nm cho nng nghip rt ln v tng ln hng nm: 1985 s dng 40,65 t m3 chim 89,8% tng lng nc tiu th, 1990 l 51 t m3 chim 91% tng lng nc tiu th, nm 2000 l 76,6 t m 3, chim 84% tng nhu cu v nc. T nm 1998, din tch c ti tng trung bnh mi nm khong 3,4%, nhng cc h thng ti ch c th p ng cho 7,4 triu ha (hay 80% tng din tch t trng trt). Chnh ph mong mun n nm 2010 th nhu cu ti s tng n 88,8 t m3 (ng vi din tch c ti l 12 triu ha).

S dng nc cho cng nghip: 1980 l 1,50 t m3 (chim 4,0%); 1985 l 1,86 t m3 (chim 6,3%); nm 1990 l 5,33 (chim 9,8%); nm 2002 l 14 t (chim 18,5%). S dng cho sinh hot: tng lng nc cp cho cc th 2,6 triu m3/ngy (nm 1998); 2,7 triu m3/ngy (nm 2002), khong 3 triu m3/ngy (vo thng 122005) v d kin 3,3 triu m3/ngy nm 2010. Hin nay ch khong 70% dn s Vit Nam c cung cp nc sch dng cho sinh hot. Theo chin lc ca Chnh ph, n nm 2010 s tng t l ny 95% dn c th. Ng nghip, nui trng thu sn, cng nghip v cc ngnh dch v cng lm tng nhu cu s dng cc ngun ti nguyn nc ca t nc.

Ngoi mc ch ti tiu cho nng nghip, h thng thu li cn phc v cp nc cho sinh hot v tiu nc cho cc vng dn c. Mt s h thng cn c kt hp khai thc s dng nc cho giao thng, du lch, thy sn S dng nc cho thy in: Cc h cha thy in l ngun d tr nc quan trng iu ha, phn phi, cp nc cho cc mc ch khc. Tng dung tch tr nc ca 11 h cha nc thy in ln v ang xy dng (dung tch mi h trn 1 t m3) v hn 35 h cha dung tch trn 100 triu m3/h l trn 25 t m3. Theo k hoch n 2010 s a vo hot ng 21 h cha thy in va v ln. n ht nm 2020 s xy dng thm nhiu h cha vi tng cng sut in l 11.137 MW.

nh gi chung

a.

V cht lng: Cht lng nc thng lu cc con sng cn kh tt, nhng vng h lu nc phn ln cc con sng b nhim, c ni mc nghim trng. Nguyn nhn do nc thi ca cc c s sn xut kinh doanh, nc thi sinh hot khng c x l hoc x l cha t tiu chun mi trng cho php thi trc tip vo cc dng sng. Cht lng nc suy gim mnh, nhiu ch tiu nh BOD, COD, NH4, tng N, tng P v vi sinh c hm lng cao hn tiu chun cho php nhiu ln, gy nh hng ti sc kho v i sng nhn dn, nht l nhng ni ngi dn s dng nc sng lm ngun nc phc v sinh

17

hot. Nc vng ven bin cng c du hiu b nhim. Hm lng cc cht hu c, kim loi nng, ho cht bo v thc vt mt s ni vt qu tiu chun cho php. Hm lng du trong nc bin c xu hng tng nhanh do xy ra nhiu s c trn du. Hng nm c tnh nc ta c khong trn 1 t m3 nc thi m hu ht cha c x l hoc x l cha t yu cu ra mi trng v ang gy nhim nghim trng mt s ngun nc. T l s ngi c s dng nc hp v sinh cn thp (khong 85% thnh ph v khong 45% vng nng thn).

b.

Kh nng bo m v nc: S gp kh khn, c bit l trong ma kh. Theo bo co ca Vin Quy hoch thu li, tr lng nc ngm nc ta c khong 50 - 60 t m 3, trong tr lng khai thc khong 10 - 12 t m3/nm. Hng nm chng ta khai thc khong 20% tr lng nc ngm phc v cho cc hot ng pht trin kinh t - x hi. Nc ngm mt s vng, c bit l cc khu cng nghip, th c nguy c cn kit vo ma kh v c du hiu nhim mt s ni. Nguyn nhn do khai thc ba bi v khng ng quy trnh k thut.

c.

Quan trc mi trng nc: Nhm phc v cng tc nh gi din bin cht lng mi trng, nh k xy dng Bo co hin trng mi trng, h thng quan trc v phn tch mi trng quc gia c xy dng, tng bc b sung v hon thin. Tnh n nay, trn phm vi c nc c 20 trm quan trc v phn tch mi trng thc hin quan trc thng xuyn cc thnh phn mi trng nc, khng kh, t, ma axt, phng x v mi trng lao ng vi hn 250 im quan trc, phn b trn a bn ca 45 tnh, thnh ph vi tn sut quan trc l 4 ln trong nm. Bn cnh , h thng quan trc v phn tch mi trng quc gia cng phi hp cht ch vi h thng quan trc mi trng khng kh ca Trung tm Kh tng thu vn quc gia v h thng quan trc nc lc a ca Cc qun l ti nguyn nc.

d.

p ng cc vn v ti nguyn nc ca Vit Nam: Chnh ph Vit Nam cng t c nhng kt qu rt n tng trong vic gii quyt nhng vn v qun l ti nguyn nc ca t nc. Nhng kt qu ny l do tng u t ca Nh nc cho ngnh nc t 5.682 t ng trong nm 1996 ln n 8.621 t ng trong nm 2001, mi c th t c. Cng vi vic tng u t v tng cng nng lc, Chnh ph Vit Nam cng xy dng v thc thi nhiu chnh sch, chng trnh c bit ch trng vo gii quyt cc vn lin quan n qun l ti nguyn nc, bao gm tng t l c s dng nc sch v v sinh, hn ch nhim, bo tn tnh a dng sinh hc v bo v cc h sinh thi, nng cao tnh bn vng ca ngnh thu sn, gii quyt tnh d b tn thng trc cc thin tai c lin quan n nc v tng cng qun l cc lu vc sng.

e.

Cc vn v mi trng nc: Vn nhim ngun nc: nhim ngun nc l mt trong cc thch thc thc t phi i mt trong giai on pht trin kinh t - x hi hin nay. i lc s tng trng kinh t phin din dn n

18

nhng hu qu mi trng khng kim sot c. Cc nghin cu v cc lu vc sng cho nhng kt qu ng bo ng. S nhim do nc thi t cc khu th v cc khu cng nghip trn hu ht cc lu vc t bc n nam u c biu hin r rt. a dng sinh hc: a dng sinh hc bin v nc ngt ca Vit Nam tng i cao, nhng ang b e do bi tnh trng nhim nc cng nghip v sinh hot, cc hot ng xy dng ng s v p, no vt, nh bt qu mc v cc k thut nh bt c tnh hu dit cng nh nui trng thu sn i tr. Cc vng nc ngt ca Vit Nam giu tnh a dng sinh hc v thc vt v ng vt, bao gm 544 loi c, 52 loi tm, cua, 782 loi ng vt khng xng sng (c, vm, ng vt lng c, cn trng) v cc loi thc vt (20 loi rong v 1402 loi to). Cc vng bin Vit Nam l ni c tr ca hn 2000 loi c, trong c 130 loi c gi tr kinh t cao. Ngoi ra, cn c hn 1.600 loi gip xc v 2.500 loi thn mm. Trong s ny, c 101 loi nc ngt v 131 loi bin c xem l qu him v ang b e do v c a vo sch nm 2002. Cc h sinh thi ca Vit Nam cng rt phong ph nh cc vng NN, rng ngp mn, rn san h v cc bi c bin. Cht lng nc: Tnh trng nhim nc mt, ngm v cc vng nc ven b Vit Nam ngy cng tr nn r rt hn. Mc d cht lng nc cc vng thng lu cn kh tt, nhng cc on sng h lu ca cc con sng chnh th cht lng nc li km v hu ht cc h, ao, knh mng trong cc khu th ang nhanh chng tr thnh cc b cha nc thi. Nc di t cng c hin tng nhim v nhim mn mt s ni. th ho v cng nghip ho din ra nhanh chng cc vng ven bin, cc hot ng xy dng cng v pht trin hng hi, pht trin du lch ven bin v s gia tng cc s c trn du gp phn lm suy gim cht lng nc ven bin. Tnh d b tn thng: Vit Nam rt d b tn thng trc thin tai do cc iu kin v a l v a hnh ca t nc. Cc vng b nhim nng nh H ni thuc ng bng sng Hng, thnh ph H Ch Minh thuc ng bng sng Cu Long, cc vng ven bin min Trung l nhng vng rt d b thin tai. Hng nm, thin tai nh bo nhit i, ma dng, l lt hay hn hn gy nh hng rt ln n ngi dn, sinh k, t nng nghip, chn nui v c s h tng ca h. Tn km v kinh t: Trong cc nm qua, Vit Nam c khong 6 triu trng hp b nhim 6 loi bnh ly lan theo ng nc v phi chi t nht l 400 t ng trc tip cha chy cc bnh t, thng hn, l v st rt. Ngoi chi ph v y t, cc khon chi c lin quan n x l cc ngun ti nguyn nc v cc hot ng lm sch sau cc s c du trn cng rt ln. Tng thit hi v mt ti chnh do mt v du trn ln gy ra trong nm 2001 c tnh khong 250 t ng (17 triu la M) trong khi th chi ph cho vic lm sch nc v

19

cc vng bi bin b nhim ln ti 60 t ng (4 triu la M). Chi ph thit hi do thin tai nh l lt trong giai on t nm 1995 n nm 2002 gy ra c tnh 18.700 t ng (hay 1,25 t la M).

nhim mi trng lu vc do nc thi sinh hot t cc khu th Mc nhim t sinh hot cng khng km t hot ng sn xut cng nghip, trn LVS Si Gn- ng Nai hin nay c n 116 khu th mi ngy thi vo sng khong gn 1 triu m 3 nc c cha 375 tn TSS, 244 tn BOD5, 456 tn COD, 46 tn du m ng thc vt. cng nhiu vi khun v vi trng gy bnh. Ngoi ra, lu vc sng Si Gn- ng Nai c n 75 khu bi rc thi, hng ngn khu chn nui. Hu ht rc thi cc tnh cha c h thng x l v ch yu chn lp l chnh, s chn lp khng bo m k thut lm cho cc cht c hi ngm vo nc ngm, hay ha ln cng nc ma chy ra sng sui ha cng cc cht ha hc t thuc tr su, phn bn t sn xut nng nghip m cy trng hp thu cha ht ra sng chy v xui...
(Ngun: Bo co tng kt nhim v "iu tra, thng k v lp danh sch cc ngun thi gy nhim i vi lu vc h thng sng Si Gn - ng Nai", Vin Mi trng v Ti nguyn)

nhim mi trng lu vc do nc thi t hot ng sn xut cng nghip Nc thi t 44 KCN, KCX ca cc tnh Bnh Dng, ng Nai, TP.HCM v B Ra- Vng Tu thi ra h thng sng Si Gn- ng Nai mi ngy ln n 111.605m 3 nc thi, trong c khong 15 tn TSS, 76,93 tn COD, 19,68 tn BOD5, 1,6 tn Nit v 542 kg P tng lm cho ngun nc vt TCCP nhiu ln. Tuy nhin, tnh n u nm 2005, mi ch c 16 KCN l c nh my x l nc thi tp trung.
(Ngun: Bo co tng kt nhim v "iu tra, thng k v lp danh sch cc ngun thi gy nhim i vi lu vc h thng sng Si Gn - ng Nai", Vin Mi trng v ti nguyn)

20

 nhim nc mt ti on sng Cu qua thnh ph Thi Nguyn on sng Cu qua Tp Thi Nguyn co COD trung binh t 20 200mg/l vt TCCP t 2 10 ln i vi ngun loi A (<10mg/l) vt n gn 6 ln i vi ngun loi B (<35mg/l). Ti khu vc ny, ti nhiu v tri ham lng COD t n mc nhim rt cao t 550 1.576mg/l vt TCCP i vi ngun loi B ti 16 45 ln. Ham lng BOD5 trung binh t 6 200mg/l, vt TCCP t 1,5 50 ln i vi ngun loi A (<4mg/l) v n 8 ln khi so sanh mc B (25mg/l). Tai khu vc nay, nhim hu c co th t n mc cao vi BOD5 t 310 490mg/l, vt TCCP i vi ngun loai B ti 12 20 ln. Ti cc im thi ca nh my giy Hong Vn Th; khu gang thp Thi Nguyn c mc nhim cao. Cc hp cht hu c: COD, BOD5, hm lng qu cao vt qu tiu chun A trung bnh t 2-5 ln (Cam Gi, cng thi Hong Vn Th, Cu Long, Hng Canh..). Hm lng NO2 b nhim vi din kh rng v nng cao, trung bnh vt qu tiu chun A t 20 - 40 ln, vt qu tiu chun B t 10 - 20 ln, rt nhiu ni vt qu tiu chun A t 200 - 250 ln, thm ch ti 300 ln v vt qu tiu chun B ti 50 ln. Du cng l mt trong nhng yu t nhim cao, hu nh khng t tiu chun A, rt nhiu ni khng t tiu chun B, thm ch mt s ni vt qua tiu chun B ti vi chc ln.

V d v s nhim trn lu vc sng Nhu - y Hin nay, v ma kh sau khi tip nhn nc sng T Lch, lu lng nc sng Nhu tng ln, nng cc cht nhim nc sng tng vt, sau gim dn do kh nng t lm sch ca sng nhng khng ng k. Nng cc cht nhim khong cch 20 km v pha h lu vn cao hn gi tr ban u trong sng Nhu (trc im nhp lu p Thanh Lit) n 1,2-1,5 ln theo BOD5, 2-2,5 ln theo NH3, NO3 v NO2. Fecal Coliform cao hn ban u 1,2-1,5 ln. nhim c, DO, COD v BOD5 ti cc im o h lu cao hn thng lu. c thng ngun sng y nhn chung t tiu chun cho php i vi nc mt loi A, ch c mt vi im o c gi tr vt qu tiu chun A t 1,2-1,5 ln. on t Ph L n h lu sng y c c kh cao. Ti im o Mi, c t 178,91 mg/l, vt qu tiu chun A ti 9 ln, vt qu tiu chun B ti 2,5 ln. Hm lng DO on u t Lin Mc n Cu Din l trn 6,5 mg/l, t Cu Din v h lu hm lng DO gim dn, v n T th lng DO li cng gim mnh, ch khong 4,5 mg/l. c bit ti khu vc gn ca x sng T Lch DO c gi tr nh hn 1 mg/l. on u ca sng Nhu, hm lng BOD5 v COD u nm trong tiu chun cho php loi A (ln hn v bng 4 mg/l). Nhng on t Cu Din tr v h lu, cc ch tiu ny u vt qu tiu chun ngun nc loi A. c bit l ti Cu T sau im x nc thi t sng T Lch, nng d BOD5 v COD vt qu t 5 n 7 ln so vi tiu chun ngun nc loi A v cao hn tiu chun ngun nc loi B.

21

Hm lng cn l lng kh cao, c s bin ng mnh gia cc vng v cc tng. Ti cc im ly mu trn sng Nhu, hm lng cn l lng u t t 40-60 mg/l, vt qu tiu chun A t 2-3 ln mc d ti thi im kho st, cng Lin Mc lin tc m nn nng cc yu t trn sng Nhu c pha long. Ti cc v tr o trn sng y, hm lng cn trung bnh t t 30-40 mg/l, vt qu tiu chun A t 1,5-2 ln. Hm lng cn l lng ln nht ti cc im o cu, bn , ca sng t t 44-70 mg/l, vt qu tiu chun A t 2-3,5 ln, c ni nh Mi - Trc Ninh cao gp 9 ln tiu chun cho php. cc sng ni thnh H Ni, cn l lng rt cao, trung bnh t 50-100 mg/l, vt qu tiu chun A nhiu ln v vt qu tiu chun B t 2,5 - 5 ln. nhim amoni (NH4+) din ra trn din kh rng trong lu vc. Ti cc v tr ly mu trn sng Nhu, hm lng NH4+ trung bnh t t 1,2-1,7 mg/l, vt tiu chun A t 25-33 ln v vt qu tiu chun B t 1,2-1,7 ln. Trn sng y, hm lng NH4+ ti cc v tr o t t 0,06-1,5 mg/l, vt qu tiu chun A t 1,2-30 ln, mt s ni vt qu tiu chun B 1,5 ln. Mc nhim NO2 n mc ng bo ng Hu ht cc im o trong lu vc c gi tr vt tiu chun A gp 4-5 ln thm ch c ni n hng chc, hng trm ln. Ti cc v tr trn sng Nhu, hm lng NO 2- t t 0,05-1,5 mg/l, cao hn tiu chun cho php nhiu ln. Ti cc v tr trn sng y, hm lng NO 2- tuy c thp hn so vi sng Nhu song vn khng t tiu chun A v rt nhiu ni khng t tiu chun B. 4.6. Nhng tn ti v thch thc Vn nh gi ti nguyn nc S xem xt mi quan h t nc h sinh thi Chnh sch v chin lc nc Php ch v tiu chun nc Khung th ch S tham gia vo k hoch qun l Phn phi nc v gii quyt tranh chp

22

Chng III NH GI CC CH TRNG, CHNH SCH V PHP LUT

1. CC CH TRNG, CHNH SCH V NH HNG CHUNG 1.1. Chnh sch pht trin kinh t - x hi bn vng Ch th s 36-CT/TW ngy 25/06/1998 ca B Chnh tr v tng cng cng tc vo v mi trng trong thi k cng nghip ha v hin i ha t nc t vic Bo v mi trng l s nghip ca ton ng ton dn v ton qun ln v tr hng u, Ngh quyt s 41-NQ/TW (ngy 15/11/2004) v bo v mi trng trong thi k y mnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho t nc. Ngh quyt nh gi tnh hnh mi trng, nu ln cc nguyn nhn ca thnh cng v yu km, ra 5 quan im ch o, 3 mc tiu, 5 nhim v chung, 2 nhim v c th v 7 gii php bo v mi trng. Mt trong cc nhim v c cp n trong ngh quyt ny l iu tra nm chc cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v c k hoch bo v, khai thc hp l, bo v a dng sinh hc. Cc quan im v phng hng chin lc nu trong ngh quyt ny nhm mc ch iu chnh cc hot ng ca x hi trong giai on qu tin ti mt nn sn xut cng nghip v xa hn na l kinh t tri thc. y l giai on tim n nhiu nguy c mt cn bng gia pht trin kinh t v duy tr bo v ngun ti nguyn ni chung, ti nguyn nc ni ring. Cho nn, xt mt cch ton din th y l mt dng vn bn nh hng, chin lc, khng phi l mt vn bn hng dn nn khng a ra cc hot ng c th cn thc hin t c cc mc tiu ra. Mc II/phn 4 ca Chng trnh ngh s 21 ca Vit Nam ra 4 hot ng u tin i vi ti nguyn nc Vit Nam: hon thin chnh sch v php lut; hot ng v kinh t; hot ng k thut; nng cao nhn thc. Theo tiu ch thc tin, bt c mt chnh sch no cng phi da trn s i hi khch quan trong qu trnh pht trin ca x hi, nh hng pht trin bn vng khng nm ngoi quy lut . S pht trin v qun l ti nguyn nc c gn lin vi mi mc tiu v chin lc quc gia trong tng thi k. Thnh cng ca ch trng pht trin bn vng s ng gp quan trng vo vic nng cao i sng nhn dn v mi ngnh kinh t - x hi. iu ny c khng nh bng cc kt qu c ghi nhn qua vic cung cp nc, tch cc trong hot ng thy li, phng chng l, lt to thun li :

t c nhng thnh qu chin lc trong tng trng lng thc mt cch n nh. Khng nh cc sn phm lng thc khng ch bo m d tr quc gia m cn tng nhanh gi tr xut khu (5,2 triu tn go/nm 2005). Sn lng go qua cc nm c trnh by trn bng 3.

23

Bng 3. Sn lng la c nm

Sn lng (nghn tn) Nm Tng s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 19225.1 19621.9 21590.4 22836.5 23528.2 24963.7 26396.7 27523.9 29145.5 31393.8 32529.5 32108.4 34447.2 34568.8 35867.8 La ng xun 7865.6 6788.3 9156.3 9035.6 10508.5 10736.6 12209.5 13310.3 13559.5 14103.0 15571.2 15474.4 16719.6 16822.7 17078.0 Chia ra La h thu 4090.5 4715.8 4907.2 5633.1 5679.4 6500.8 6878.5 6637.8 7522.6 8758.3 8625.0 8328.4 9188.7 9400.8 10299.9

La ma 7269.0 8117.8 7526.9 8167.8 7340.3 7726.3 7308.7 7575.8 8063.4 8532.5 8333.3 8305.6 8538.9 8345.3 8489.9

Ngun: Bo co thng k nm 2004 B NN v PTNT

Tng v, pht trin gieo trng khng chnh v, cy n qu, cy cng nghip v tng nng sut cy trng trn mi hecta p ng yu cu ca qu trnh chuyn giao loi hnh canh tc t cc vng. c bit p ng ngy cng nhiu v nhu cu nc cho s pht trin th v cc vng cng nghip, dch v du lch v thy sn, ci thin giao thng ni a. Khai thc hiu qu thy in: mt s cc cng trnh thy in va v nh trn cc sng nhnh cng nh cc cng trnh thy in ln trn cc sng chnh nh sng , sng Chy, sng S san, sng Ba c xy dng v cung cp hn 12 t kWh in mi nm.

1.2. Chin lc ngn nga v gim thiu thm ha t nhin Mc tiu pht trin kt hp vi bo v mi trng (trong c ti nguyn nc) theo phng chm ly phng nga v hn ch tc ng xu n mi trng l chnh c th hin r trong ch trng ca ng c ra trong ngh quyt 41-NQ/TW. Nhim v ny va phc tp, cp bch v mang tnh a ngnh, lin vng rt cao. Vit Nam nm vng nhit i gi ma c lng ma ln v c nhiu bin c bt thng ca thi tit. Vic xy ra l, lt, trt l t l khng th trnh khi. gim thiu ti a tc hi ca cc thm ha ny, cn phi nm vng nhng quy lut, din bin, cc tc ng ca thi tit, iu kin t nhin ca tng vng. Nhng hiu bit v thm ha thin
24

nhin cn c nng cao, c bit i vi cc nh hoch nh chnh sch cp trung ng v a phng. Cc phng n phng nga, khc phc hiu qu bo, lt, l qut c cp n trong cc b lut hin hnh nh lut bo v mi trng, lut ti nguyn nc Hin nay, k hoch phng chng l, lt ti ng bng sng Hng, ng bng sng M Kng, trung b v cao nguyn Ty nguyn tng bc c son tho v hon chnh. Mng li chng lt ln c xy dng v tng cng hng nm nh: h thng sng Hng Thi Bnh, sng M, sng C; h thng bin, cng ngn mn pha Bc v bc Trung b; h thng bao, knh tiu lt ng bng sng M Kng; cc h cha ln nh h Ha Bnh, thc B, Tr An, Du Ting, Ph Ninh, Thc M, Vnh Sn, h Bnh in T Trch (ang xy dng) ct lt bo v i sng nhn dn, h tng c s, v sn xut ti nhng ng bng quan trng ca quc gia sut trong ma ma, lt. Hiu qu ca chin lc phng chng v gim thiu tc hi do nc gy ra c th hin bng: khng ch, iu ha c lng nc trong lu vc sng Hng Thi Bnh trong ma ma, trnh c lt cho vng ng bng bc b; bo m cuc sng, duy tr mc tng trng nng nghip vng ng bng sng Cu Long theo phng chm chung sng vi l, bng bin php ch ng kim sot l hn ch ti a thit hi do l gy ra, ng thi khai thc cc mt li ca l, vng ngp l ng gp 75% GDP nng lm thy sn v 80% sn lng go xut khu ca quc gia; cnh bo cc vng c nguy c b st l, l qut c k hoch di dn khi cc vng nguy him bo m tnh mng cho nhn dn. 1.3. Chnh sch x hi ha trong qun l ti nguyn nc X hi ha cng tc qun l ti nguyn nc theo phng chm: nh nc v nhn dn cng lm ch trng pht huy ni lc v sc mnh ca ton x hi ng thi khuyn khch cc nh u t trong v ngoi nc cng tham gia vo qu trnh u t xy dng v khai thc c hiu qu ti nguyn nc. Tin ti dn ch ho v thc hin cng bng x hi trong hng li t cng trnh thu li. Trong bi cnh vic tng cng cng tc tuyn truyn gio dc cho tt c cc tng lp nhn dn trn mi phng din h nhn thc c vic xy dng cc cng trnh khai thc ti nguyn nc phc v cho cc mc ch pht trin phi i i vi vic qun l sao cho tng xng vi ngun vn u t to ln ca nh nc, ca nhn dn v gi tr ca ngun ti nguyn qu gi ny l vic lm cn thit, ng thi phi khng nh r: vic qun l ti nguyn nc l trch nhim, ngha v v quyn li ca mi ngi dn. Nguyn tc Dublin th 3 l ph n ng vai tr trung tm trong vic cung cp, qun l v bo m an ton v nc phn no ni ln tnh cht x hi ha ca vic s dng v qun l ngun nc, nht l nc phc v cho sinh hot v nng nghip. Cc c quan chc nng khng th kim sot c hon ton lng nc s dng v cht lng nc ca tng vng do sn xut tiu th cng nghip nc ta tp trung theo kiu lng ngh, nui trng thy sn theo kiu t pht, nng nghip l kinh t h gia nh. Theo nh gi ca ngnh thy sn, ngh khai thc c bin v nui trng thy sn Vit Nam c gi l ngh c nhn dn. S pht trin ca ngh c mang tnh cht t pht v trong sut mt thi gian di chng ta khng kim sot c s pht trin ny. Theo s liu ca B Thy sn, nm 1981 c nc mi ch c 29.584 tu gn my th n cui nm 2004 chng ta c 85.430 chic tu gn my (Hnh 2).

25

Hnh 2. S tng trng v s lng thuyn gn my thi k 1981 2003.

Hng nm, s lng tu thuyn tng ln lin tc vi tc bnh qun 2.929 chic/nm. S pht trin ny hon ton khng da trn mt cn c khoa hc v kh nng chu ti ca ng trng nh bt. V nui trng thy sn, hin nay c nc c 904.9 nghn ha mt nc c dng nui trng thy sn, trong c: nui nc ngt l 268,6 nghn ha (chim 30%) v nui nc l, nc mn l 636,3 nghn ha (chim 70%). Vi nh mc s dng khong 10.000 m3/ha/nm th lng nc nui trng thy sn hng nm c tnh 9 t m3 (bao gm c nc ngt dng pha long trong nui trng thy sn nc mn, nc l) ch ng sau nhu cu s dng nc trong nng nghip. Vic nui tm nc l, nui tm trn ct ven bin ang pht trin rt mnh, tp trung ch yu ng bng sng Cu Long v cc tnh ven bin min Trung. Nc di t b khai thc nui trng thy sn v cc dch v i km thng dn n nhim ngun nc, gia tng xm nhp mn, suy gim ngun nc vng xung quanh gy gim ngun nc cp cho sinh hot v mt s nhu cu khc. Trong khi , thc v tnh hu hn, tnh d b tn thng ca ti nguyn nc ca tng ngi s dng hu nh cha c trang b. Cng vic bo v, s dng tit kim ti nguyn nc l mt nhu cu cn thit trong pht trin bn vng kinh t - x hi nc ta. 1.4. S dng hiu qu nng lc v tim nng nc mt v nc ngm Nhn thc c nguyn tc Dublin th nht nc ngt l ngun ti nguyn c hn v d b tn thng, trong ngh quyt 41-NQ/TW a ra ch trng khuyn khch s dng tit kim ti nguyn v khai thc v s dng cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin phi bo m hiu qu, bn vng v phi gn vi bo v mi trng trc mt v lu di. Chng trnh pht trin bn vng (Ngh s 21 ca Vit Nam) ra vic bo v mi trng nc v s dng tit kim ti nguyn nc, khai thc v bo v mi trng bin, ven bin, hi o l nhim v u tin trong lnh vc ti nguyn v mi trng. Nh phn tch trong mc 2.3, ti nguyn nc Vit Nam tuy l tng i phong ph nhng khng phi l v hn. Mt khc lng nc phn phi khng u theo khng gian v thi gian trong nm. Trong ma ma, lng nc chim 70 80% tng lng nc hng nm. Lu lng hng nm ch tp trung vo 3-4 thng ma ma, trong khi 4 thng gia ma kh ch chim 5 8%. Bn cnh , lu lng ti nguyn nc ngm c tim
26

nng khong 1.500 m3/giy. Tuy nhin, s phn b ti nguyn nc ny khng ng u. Ch trng s dng hiu qu, tit kim nc theo c cu kt hp a ngnh, lin tnh l cn thit. Lu vc sng Si Gn - ng Nai l mt th d cho s s dng a chc nng:

Ngun tip nhn v pha long nc thi: Tnh n cui nm 2004, trn ton lu vc c 116 khu th vi cc quy m khc nhau. Trung bnh mi ngy cc th trn lu vc thi vo ngun nc sng Si Gn - ng Nai v vng ph cn ven bin khong 992.356 m3 nc thi sinh hot, trong sng Si Gn tip nhn 756.240 m3 nc thi sinh hot. Vn ti: Hin ti trn h thng sng Si Gn - ng Nai khai thc v a vo s dng nhiu cm cng nc su, ng thi cn quy hoch pht trin mt s cm cng trng im phc v cho vic vn chuyn hng ha ngy cng tng trong khu vc, c bit l vng KTT pha Nam. Cng trnh thy in: Vic xy dng cc cng trnh thy in - thy li nh cng trnh h thy li Du Ting, h thy in Tr An, Thc M, a Mi v hng chc h cha nc nh c nhiu mt tch cc i vi pht trin kinh t - x hi song cng pht sinh nhiu vn mi trng v sinh thi cn c bit quan tm. Nng nghip: cung cp nc ti cho sn xut nng nghip bng lng nc mt v khai thc nc ngm. S iu tit lu lng nc trong cc ma to iu kin pht trin nng nghip n nh (75% lng nc mt s dng cho nng nghip). S lin kt gia cc ngnh nh in lc nng nghip giao thng thy du lch hn ch tn tht do l lt trong ma nc, tit kim nc trong ma kh.

Lu vc sng Nhu - y Lu vc sng Nh - sng y thuc cc tnh v thnh ph: Ho Bnh, H Ni, H Ty, H Nam, Nam nh, Ninh Bnh, c din tch khong 8.000 km2, dn s trn 9 triu ngi, trong c khong 3,5 triu sng ven sng. y l vng lnh th c iu kin t nhin, mi trng phong ph a dng, c v tr a l c bit quan trng trong chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi ca vng ng bng sng Hng trong c Th H Ni. Ngun nhn lc: Ngun nhn lc lao ng ca ton lu vc tng nhanh, c bit l thnh th. Giai on 1998 - 2002 tc tng ca lc lng lao ng t 2,5%/nm, thnh th tc tng ca lc lng lao ng l 5,2%, trong khi vng nng thn ch t 1,75%. H Ni l ni c tc tng ca lc lng lao ng cao nht (tng 7,1%, khu vc thnh th l 8,4 %, nng thn l 5,4%). Cng nghip: Nm 2002 ton b khu vc c 128.581 c s cng nghip (trong H Ni c 16.395 c s, H Ty c 54.509 c s, H Nam c 12.813 c s, Nam nh c 27.212 c s, Ninh Bnh c 16.837 c s v 3 huyn ca tnh Ho Bnh c 797 c s). Gi tr sn xut cng nghip l 20.893.900 triu ng

27

Tiu th cng nghip: 286 lng ngh bao gm cc ngnh c kh, dt may, ch bin nng sn, th cng m ngh... Chc nng tiu thot nc thi: lu vc Nhu - y l ni tip nhn nc thi ca cc tnh H Ty, H Ni, H Nam c pha long bng nc sng Hng qua cng Lin Mc Chc nng thy li: cung cp nc ti cho h thng thy nng an Hoi cung cp nc cho canh tc nng nghip thuc H Ni, H Ty, H Nam, Nam nh Cung cp nc sch: ngun cung cp nc sch sinh hot dn c cho tnh H Nam. Chc nng giao thng vn ti: mng li sng trong lu vc Nhu - y phc v cho giao thng vn ti chuyn ch vt liu xy dng, nguyn liu cho cng nghip, nhin liu.

1.5. u t v ti chnh Ti chnh l c s cho mi hot ng ca nn kinh t quc dn. Chnh sch u t cho QLTHTNN c khng nh trong chin lc pht trin bn vng (Chng trnh ngh s 21) ra s dng cng c ti chnh cho phc v cho pht trin bn vng, huy ng tt c cc ngun ti chnh c th bo v v pht trin mi trng theo hng cn bng vi s pht trin kinh t - x hi ca t nc. u t v ti chnh l mt khu trng yu trong ton b s pht trin ca quc gia. Vic u t cho qun l v s dng hp l Ti nguyn nc c ng v Nh nc ta quan tm n t nhng thp k 60 ca th k trc bng vic u t xy dng cc cng trnh thy nng (i thy nng Bc Hng Hi) bng ngun vn trong nc. S u t cc cng trnh h tng tr thy nh iu, knh mng, cc h a chc nng vn c xem xt v m rng bng mi ngun vn di nhiu hnh thc. Theo bo co ca B Ti chnh t trng u t cho ngnh nc c tng ln trong nhng nm gn y (hnh 3, bng 4).

Ngun: B Ti chnh Hnh 3. Tng chi tiu cho ngnh nc Bng 4. Chi tiu cho ngnh nc so vi tng chi ngn sch (t ng)

28

1996 A. u t t ngn sch nh nc A1. u t t nh nc cho ngnh nc A2. % so vi tng u t t ngn sch B. Chi thng xuyn t ngn sch B1. Chi thng xuyn cho ngnh nc B2. % so vi tng chi ph thng xuyn C. Tng chi t ngn sch C1. Tng chi cho ngnh nc (A1+B1) C2. % so vi tng chi t ngn sch 16.989 5.637 33.2 42.414 44.9 0.10 70.539 5681,9 8,0

1997 19.482 6.433 33.0 49.270 46.2 0.09 78.057 6479,2 8,3

1998 20.514 6.829 33.3 50.885 45.1 0.08 81.995 6874,1 8,4

1999 29.697 6.939 23.4 52.077 50.5 0.09 84.817 6989,5 8,2

2000 29.624 7.305 24.7 61.823 58.0 0.09 104.715 7363,0 7,0

2001 40.236 8.559 21.3 71.562 62.2 0.09 126.741 8621,2 6,8

Ngun: B TC, Tng cc thng k 2002; v B KH&T

u t thc t ca nh nc chim mt t trng ng k trong ngn sch nh nc. Nhng t nm 1999 t trng ny gim xung do u t cho ngnh nc ch yu tp trung vo thy li v cp thot nc. Trong giai on 1996 2001, c tnh khong 64% tng u t cho ngnh nc l t ngun vn ODA, cn 36% l u t trc tip trong nc. Tng s vn u t cho ngnh thy li trong 10 nm t 1991-2000 c tnh khong 2,5 t US$ trong ng gp ca nhn dn chim khong 1/3, ngn sch Nh nc (c trung ng v a phng) khong 1,7 t US$ trong thi k 1996-2000 tng gp 2,4 ln thi k 1991-1995. Ngoi ra, cc ban qun l cc lu vc sng cn c h tr bng cc ngun vn ca Ngn hang Chu (ADB), AusAID trong vic lp quy hoch v xc nh cc vn u tin cho tng lu vc. 1.6. Ch trng quy hoch ti nguyn nc theo lu vc Vit Nam nm trong khu vc chu nhit i gi ma, nn thng xuyn xy ra l lt v hn hn, vic qun l ti nguyn nc theo lu vc l mt bin php cn thit gii quyt vn mt cn bng v nc theo khng gian v thi gian. t lu, nc ta hnh thnh cc nguyn tc v quy lut v s dng nc ti, iu ny cng tr thnh vn ha vng trong nhiu trng hp nh Ty Nguyn, vng ni pha Bc T khi Lut Ti nguyn nc ban hnh, nhiu chng trnh phc v cho cng tc qun l ti nguyn nc c thc hin cho cc lu vc vi cch tip cn quy hoch s dng ti nguyn nc. Nhiu t chc qun l ti nguyn nc c thnh lp: Hi ng

29

ti nguyn nc quc gia v t chc qun l quy hoch 3 sng ln sng Hng Thi Bnh, sng ng Nai v sng Cu Long. Theo kt qu nh gi ca Cc Thy li B NN&PTNT, Ch trng qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc theo lu vc c thc tin chng minh l ng n vi cc kt qu sau: Cc d n quy hoch thy li trc kia c thc hin theo lu vc v ni dung theo hng s dng tng hp ti nguyn nc v bo v sinh thi cc dng sng. Cc cng trnh xut trong cc d n mang tnh phc v tng hp a ngnh, a mc tiu. Ba t chc lu vc sng: t chc sng Hng Thi Bnh, sng ng Nai v sng Cu Long c thnh lp theo quyt nh s 37, 38, 39 ca B trng B NN&PTNT n nay c hn 3 nm nhng ba t chc ny mi i vo hot ng. Cc ban qun l xc nh c cc vn u tin cho tng lu vc. Ngoi ra i din cc tnh thuc lu vc sng Cu, sng Nhu- y cng c nhm hp mt s ln trong nhng nm 2003- 2004 tin ti thnh lp t chc qun l theo lu vc sng nhng cha t kt qu cui cng.

2. CC VN BN PHP LUT Cc vn bn php lut c trng lin quan n QLTHTNN, trong c nhng chi tit cp n vic qun l cc vng NN, c trnh by trong bng 5.
Bng 5. Cc vn bn

TT

Tn vn bn

NN c cp C Khng

1 2

Lut Ti nguyn nc (TNN) (s 08/1998/QH10) Ngh nh ca Chnh ph (s 179/1998/N-CP) quy nh chi tit thi hnh lut Ti nguyn nc

Ngh nh ca Chnh ph (s 149/2004/N-CP) hng dn thi hnh lut TNN v vic cp php khai thc, s dng nc v x nc thi vo ngun

Ngh nh ca Chnh ph (s 34/2005/N-CP) quy nh v vic x pht hnh chnh trong lnh vc ti nguyn nc

Quyt nh ca Th tng Chnh ph (s 67/TTg) thnh lp Hi ng Quc gia v ti nguyn nc

Ngh nh ca Chnh ph (s 91/2002/N-CP) quy nh chc nng,

30

TT

Tn vn bn

NN c cp C Khng

nhim v, quyn hn v c cu t chc ca B TN v MT 7 Quyt nh ca Th tng Chnh ph (s 63/2002/Q-TTg) v cng tc phng chng lt bo v gim nh thin tai 8 Ngh nh ca Chnh ph (s 27/2005/N-CP) quy nh chi tit hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Thy sn 9 Quyt nh ca B trng B NNv PTNT (s 55/2004/Q-BNN) v vic ban hnh quy nh vic cp php cho cc hot ng trong phm vi bo v cng trnh thy li 10 Quyt nh s 19/2002/Q-BTS quy nh quy ch qun l mi trng ch bin thy sn 11 Thng t lin tch B Ti chnh B TN-MT (s 125/2003/TTLT-BTCBTNMT) hng dn thc hin ngh nh s 67/2003/N-CP v ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi 12 D tho ngh nh sng /2005/N-CP ca Chnh ph v qun l lu vc

2.1. Cc lut v vn bn di lut c lin quan trc tip n qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc 2.1.1. Lut Ti nguyn nc Lut gm 9 chng 71 iu bao gm cc ni dung: - Nhng qui nh chung: quy nh hnh thc s hu, i tng s dng, c quan qun l v cc mi quan h v ti nguyn nc ng thi quy nh cc hnh vi b nghim cm - Bo v ti nguyn nc: quy nh trch nhim bo v ti nguyn nc ca cc c quan nh nc, cc t chc, chnh quyn. Tt c cc vn lin quan n bo v cht lng nc trong khai thc s dng, sn xut, sinh hot bao gm c vn x nc thi vo ngun c cp n trong chng ny. - Khai thc s dng ti nguyn nc: quy nh quyn ca chnh ph trong vic iu ha, phn phi ti nguyn nc; quyn li v ngha v ca cc t chc, c nhn khai thc v s dng ti nguyn nc cho cc mc ch khc nhau.

- Phng chng, khc phc hu qu l lt v tc hi khc do nc gy ra (chng IV):

bao gm 11 iu (iu 36 46) lin quan n cc vng NN do l lt, lu vc sng, ao, h. Chng ny quy nh trch nhim qun l nh nc ca cc c

31

quan thuc chnh ph, y ban nhn dn cc cp trong vic t chc, lp phng n, quy hoch dn c, phn l, huy ng lc lng. Phn ny cng xc nh trch nhim, ngha v ca cc t chc, c quan nh nc v ton dn trong cng tc phng, chng, khc phc hu qu l lt v cc tc hi khc do nc gy nn. Khai thc v bo v cc cng trnh thy li: xc nh trch nhim ca t chc, c nhn qun l khai thc, bo v. Ni dung ny quy nh r cc t chc, c nhn c giao qun l phi xy dng phng n bo v, phm vi bo v cc cng trnh thy li, iu; cc iu nghim cm trong qun l, khai thc v bo v cng trnh thy li cng c nu ra. - Quan h quc t v ti nguyn nc: quy nh nguyn tc ng x, trch nhim bo v quyn li t nc, hp tc quc t trong qun l v pht trin ti nguyn, v gii quyt tranh chp v ngun nc quc t. - Qun l nh nc v ti nguyn nc: quy nh ni dung qun l nh nc v ti nguyn nc (xy dng chin lc, quy hoch, ban hnh vn bn php lut, cp v thu hi giy php); thm quyn qun l, ph duyt quy hoch v chc nng ca hi ng quc gia v ti nguyn nc. - Quy nh v th ch thanh tra chuyn ngnh nc Ti nay mi ch thc thi c mt phn nhng ci cch m lut ny em li. H thng cc vn bn di lut hng dn chi tit vic thc thi lut cn ang trong qu trnh xy dng (cp php khai thc ti nguyn nc di t, cc gii hn thi, v.v.) im c bit ca lut ti nguyn nc l cch tip cn qun l ti nguyn nc mang tnh lin ngnh v phi hp. Cch tip cn ny c trin khai thng qua vic thnh lp Hi ng Quc gia v Ti nguyn nc cp quc gia v cc Ban qun l v quy hoch lu vc cp a phng. Cc c quan ny l cc n v trc thuc Chnh ph v c nhim v t vn, iu phi v quy hoch gip Chnh ph. V c bn Lut Ti nguyn nc c xy dng lm khung php l linh hot v s c b sung mt s Ngh nh tip theo. Cc Ngh nh ny s quy nh trch nhim v nhim v ca cc t chc, c quan thc hin Lut Ti nguyn nc. 2.1.2. Ngh nh ca Chnh ph s 179/1999/N-CP Ngh nh quy nh chi tit thi hnh Lut ti nguyn nc c Quc hi nc Cng ha x hi ch ngha Vit Nam thng qua ngy 20/5/1998 v Ch tch nc ra lnh cng b s 05 L/CTN ngy 1/6/1998. Ngh nh ny bao gm 5 chng 63 iu. Ni dung ca ngh nh nhm gii thch r cc yu cu khi thc hin Lut ti nguyn nc, quy nh vic qun l, bo v, khai thc v s dng ti nguyn nc; x nc thi vo ngun nc; cp giy php v ti nguyn nc v phng, chng, khc phc hu qu tc hi do nc gy ra. Ngh nh ny cng c quy nh i vi cc hot ng gy nhim nc bin; quy nh quy hoch xy dng cng trnh trn bin nh cc cng trnh giao thng, thy li, thy sn v cc cng trnh khc; cc hot ng lin quan n quai ln bin, thot l; phng, chng xm nhp mn, nc bin dng, trn, lm mui, nui trng thy, hi sn v cc hot ng khc c lin quan.
32

Vic x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc ti nguyn nc, h thng t chc, chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn c th ca c quan qun l nh nc v ti nguyn nc Chnh ph c quy nh ring. Cc vn c t ra v quy nh trong ngh nh ny c tm tt nh sau:

- Bo v ti nguyn nc, qun l cp php x nc thi: B NN&PTNT l c quan

ch tr phi hp vi cc B ngnh khc c lin quan, y ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng thc hin cng vic ny. - Khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc: chng ny gm 6 iu (t iu 7 n iu 12) quy nh vic iu ha, phn phi ti nguyn nc; quyn li v ngha v ca cc t chc, c nhn khi c php s dng ti nguyn nc; trch nhim ca cc c quan cp v thu hi giy php s dng ti nguyn nc.

- Chng IV bao gm 7 iu quy nh c th trch nhim qun l ti nguyn nc cho

B NN&PTNT, y ban nhn dn tnh, Thnh ph trc thuc trung ng v h thng thanh tra chuyn ngnh v ti nguyn nc. Trong iu 16 v iu 17 hng dn nhim v ca Hi ng quc gia v ti nguyn nc l t vn cho Chnh ph v xt duyt quy hoch lu vc sng ln; Cc d n v bo v, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc do Chnh ph quyt nh; phng, chng v khc phc hu qu l, lt v cc tc hi khc do nc gy ra. Khng c iu khon ring no quy nh cho vic bo v ti nguyn nc lin quan n cc vng NN. Tuy nhin ni dung ny c cp gin tip trong iu 17. 2.1.3. Ngh nh ca chnh ph s 149/2004/N-CP Ni dung ca ngh nh quy nh vic cp php thm d, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc v x nc thi vo ngun nc bao gm 4 chng 25 iu. Ngh nh ny quy nh vic cp, gia hn, thay i, nh ch, thu hi giy php thm d, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc, x nc thi vo ngun nc. i tng thc hin l mi t chc, c nhn trong nc v t chc, c nhn nc ngoi c cc hot ng lin quan n vic thm d, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc, x nc thi vo ngun nc. Ngh nh cng xc nh r trong trng hp pht sinh mu thun trong cc iu khon quc t c Vit Nam k kt vi ni dung ca Ngh nh s c thc hin theo quy nh ca iu c quc t .

- Chng II quy nh vic cp, gia hn, thay i giy php khi s dng ti nguyn
nc v x nc thi vo ngun nc. iu 6 ca ngh nh xc nh cc trng hp khng phi thc hin cc th tc xin php ny nh i vi cc vng NN (nui trng thy sn, sn xut mui) ca cc quy m sn xut nh phc v sinh hot trong phm vi gia nh; khai thc s dng nc ma, nc mt trong phm vi t c giao. - Trnh t xin cp php, gia hn giy php s dng ti nguyn nc v x nc thi vo ngun nc c quy nh trong chng III v chng IV. Ni dung ny lin quan n cc th tc hnh chnh trong qun l nh nc v ngun nc m

33

bo tnh php l v sc chu ng ca ngun nc ti ni khai thc hoc tip nhn nc thi. - Ngh nh cng bi b mt s iu cha tha ng trong ngh nh 179/1999/N-CP nh iu 5, 9, 10 v 12. 2.1.3. Ngh inh ca Chnh ph s 34/2005/N-CP Ngh nh quy nh v x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc ti nguyn nc. Ngh nh gm 5 chng 28 iu quy nh c th v cc trng hp v cc mc b x pht. y l mt cng c php ch nhm x l cc hnh vi xm hi n cht lng v d tr ti nguyn nc. Chng II ca Ngh nh quy nh cc hnh thc x pht c th cho tng trng hp gy tn hi cho ti nguyn nc nh pht tin vi cc mc khc nhau, khi phc li trng thi ban u, tc giy php hnh ngh khai thc nc mt, nc di t Lin quan n cc vng NN, iu 16 quy nh x pht i vi cc hnh vi thu hp vng NN nh ao, h, m ly bi cc ph thi, t, . 2.1.4. Ngh nh ca Chnh ph s 91/2002/N-CP Ngh nh quy nh chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn v c cu t chc ca B TN&MT:

- iu 1 quy nh v tr v chc nng ca B TN&MT: B l c quan cua Chinh phu

thc hin chc nng quan ly nha nc v tai nguyn t, tai nguyn nc, tai nguyn khoang san, mi trng, khi tng thuy vn, o ac va ban trong pham vi ca nc; quan ly nha nc cac dich vu cng va thc hin ai din chu s hu phn vn cua nha nc tai doanh nghip co vn nha nc trong linh vc tai nguyn t, tai nguyn nc, tai nguyn khoang san, mi trng, khi tng thuy vn, o ac va ban theo quy inh cua phap lut.

- iu 2 xc nh nhim v quyn hn ca B TN&MT trong cc nhim v lin quan

n QLTHTNN nh: o o Trnh Chnh ph cc d n Lut, php lnh v cc vn bn quy phm php lut khc v ti nguyn t, ti nguyn nc, mi trng Trnh Chnh ph chin lc, quy hoch pht trin, k hoch di hn, nm nm v hng nm v cc lnh vc ti nguyn t, ti nguyn nc, ti nguyn khong sn, mi trng Ban hnh cc vn bn cc quy phm php lut v cc tiu chun quy trnh, quy phm, cc nh mc kinh t - k thut trong lnh vc ti nguyn t, tai nguyn nc, tai nguyn khoang san, mi trng T chc, chi ao thc hin cac vn ban quy pham phap lut va chin lc, quy hoach, k hoach sau khi c ph duyt va cac tiu chun, quy trinh, quy pham, cac inh mc kinh t - ky thut cua nganh; tuyn truyn, ph bin, giao duc phap lut va thng tin v tai nguyn t, tai nguyn nc, tai nguyn khoang san, mi trng

34

Trinh Chinh phu quy inh vic phn cng, phn cp iu tra c ban va thm quyn cp, thu hi giy phep v tai nguyn nc; chi ao va kim tra vic thc hin sau khi c ph duyt; Tng hp s liu, quan ly kt qua iu tra c ban, kim k, anh gia tai nguyn nc va xy dng c s d liu v tai nguyn nc; Quy inh va chi ao kim tra vic thc hin cac bin phap bao v tai nguyn nc; Thng trc Hi ng quc gia v tai nguyn nc. Thc hin hp tac quc t trong linh vc tai nguyn t, tai nguyn nc, tai nguyn khoang san, mi trng, khi tng thuy vn, o ac va ban theo quy inh cua phap lut Quyt inh cac chu trng, bin phap cu th va chi ao vic thc hin c ch hoat ng cua cac t chc dich vu cng trong linh vc tai nguyn t, tai nguyn nc, tai nguyn khoang san, mi trng Thc hin nhim vu, quyn han cu th thuc quyn ai din chu s hu phn vn cua nha nc tai doanh nghip co vn nha nc trong linh vc tai nguyn t, tai nguyn nc, tai nguyn khoang san, mi trng Quan ly nha nc i vi cac hoat ng cua hi va t chc phi Chinh phu trong linh vc tai nguyn t, tai nguyn nc, tai nguyn khoang san, mi trng Thanh tra, kim tra, giai quyt khiu nai, t cao, chng tham nhung, tiu cc va x ly cac vi pham phap lut v tai nguyn t, tai nguyn nc, tai nguyn khoang san, mi trng Quan ly v t chc b may, bin ch; chi ao thc hin ch tin lng va cac ch , chinh sach ai ng, khen thng, ky lut i vi can b, cng chc, vin chc nha nc thuc pham vi quan ly cua B; ao tao, bi dng v chuyn mn, nghip vu i vi can b, cng chc, vin chc trong lnh vc ti nguyn ti nguyn t, ti nguyn nc, ti nguyn khong sn, mi trng

o o o o

2.1.5. Quyt nh ca Th tng chnh ph s 67/TTg ngy 15/6/2000 v vic thnh lp Hi ng Quc gia v ti nguyn nc. Theo iu 2 ca Quyt nh, Hi ng quc gia c nhim v t vn cho Chnh ph trong cc lnh vc nh: chin lc, chnh sch ti nguyn nc Quc gia; quy hoch lu vc cc sng ln (bao gm c cc vng NN ven sng); cc d n v bo v, khai thc v s dng cc ngun nc; phng chng v khc phc hu qu l lt v cc tc hi khc do nc gy ra; Qun l, bo v, khai thc, s dng cc ngun nc quc t v gii quyt cc tranh chp pht sinh; Gii quyt tranh chp v ti nguyn nc gia cc B, ngnh vi nhau

35

v gia cc B, ngnh vi y ban nhn dn tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng v gia cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng. 2.1.6. Quyt nh s 63/2002/Q-TTg ngy 20/5/2001 v cng tc phng, chng lt, bo, v gim nh thin tai. Quyt nh a ra cc gii php, trch nhim ca cc B, c quan ngang B, cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng nhm ch ng phng, chng lt, bo, gim nh thin tai hng nm n mc thp nht thit hi do thin tai gy ra. iu 2 ca Quyt nh xc nh trch nhim ca y ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng phi bo m tnh mng con ngi, cng trnh thy li (nh h cha nc, iu) bo m an ton cho dn c h lu sng. iu 3 xc nh trch nhim ca cc B ngnh nh Ban ch huy phng, chng lt, bo Trung ng, y ban quc gia tm kim cu nn, Tng cc Kh tng thy vn, B Quc phng, B Cng An, Tng cc Bu in (ny l B Bu chnh v Vin thng), B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn, B Thy sn, B Cng nghip, B Giao thng vn ti, B Thng mi, B Vn ha v Thng tin c xc nh c th trong cng tc phng, chng lt, bo v khc phc hu qu do lt, bo thin tai. B Ti chnh, B Lao ng-Thng binh v X hi theo di cht ch cng tc phng, chng lt, bo v gim nh thin tai ca cc a phng, cc B, ngnh; xut vi Th tng Chnh ph cc bin php h tr kp thi v ti chnh v vt cht cho cc a phng v cc ngnh khc phc hu qu l, bo, thin tai. 2.1.7. Quyt nh s 55/2004/Q-BNN ca B trng B NN v PTNT v vic ban hnh quy nh vic cp php cho cc hot ng trong phm vi bo v cng trnh thy li. iu 1 ca quy nh ny xc nh phm vi i tng phi c giy php hot ng nh: khoan, iu tra, thi cng cc cng trnh khai thc nc di t; xy dng cc cng trnh ngm (ng ng cp thot nc); nui trng thy sn iu 5 quy nh cc trng hp nh ch hiu lc s dng ca giy php: cc hot ng gy h hi cho cng trnh thy li 2.2. Cc lut v ngh nh khc c lin quan 2.2.1. Lut Thy sn Lut thy sn c quc hi nc Cng Ha X Hi Ch Ngha Vit Nam thng qua ngy 26/11/2003 v c hiu lc thi hnh t ngy 01/7/2004. B lut gm 10 chng 62 iu quy nh khung php l cho cc hot ng thy sn trong lnh th v lnh hi nc ta. Cc hot ng thy sn khng tch ri vi mi trng nc, cht lng cng nh din tch mt nc ca ngun ti nguyn nc. Do , hu ht cc ni dung trong cc chng (t chng II n chng VIII) u c cc iu khon lin quan n vic bo v, pht trin mi trng nc ngt v nc bin, x l v thanh tra cc hnh ng gy nguy hi cho mi sinh i vi cc loi thy sinh. 2.2.2. Ngh nh s 27/2005/N-CP

36

Ngh nh quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca lut thy sn. Ngh nh gm 17 iu c ni dung lin quan n vic vic khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc cho sn xut, nui trng thy hi sn. - Ngh nh ny quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca lut Thy sn v bo tn bin, s dng v cho thu mt nc bin nui trng thy sn.

- iu 5 ca Ngh nh quy nh khu bo tn vng nc ni a: Khu bo tn vng

nc ni a l ni c khoanh vng thuc cc vng NN bo v nghim ngt cc h sinh thi c th, c tm quan trng quc gia, quc t, c gi tr a dng sinh hc cao nhm cn bng sinh thi, bo v cc ging, loi ang sinh sng, c tr; Khu bo tn vng nc ni a c qun l theo quy nh ca Ngh nh s 109/2003/N-CP ngy 23 thng 9 nm 2003 ca Chnh ph v bo tn v khai thc bn vng cc vng NN. - iu 10, 11, 12 hng dn chi tit vic cho thu, giao, thi hn cho thu, giao s dng v trch nhim ca ngi, t chc c thu, giao s dng mt nc bin nui trng thy sn, kinh doanh khai thc ngun li thy sn. 2.2.3. Ngh nh 128/2005/N-CP ban hnh ngy 11/10/2005 Ngh nh quy nh v vic x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc thy sn. Trong iu 1 khon 3 xc nh vic vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc thy sn bao gm c vic vi phm cc quy nh v bo v ngun li thy sn v nui trng thy sn. Hnh thc pht tin s c thc hin i vi cc hnh vi lm nh hng n mi trng sng ca cc loi thy sn nh: cc hnh vi x nc thi, du m vo mi trng sinh sn, sinh trng t nhin ca cc loi thy sn; ph d hoc xy dng cc cng trnh ni, ngm cc vng nc lm thay i ni c tr, sinh trng, sinh sn ca cc loi thy sn; thi thc n chn nui, nc ra, xc cc loi thy sn nhim bnh vo cc vng nc t nhin, vng nc nui thy sn khc. 2.2.4. Lut bo v mi trng Quc hi nc Cng Ha XHCN Vit Nam thng qua ngy 25/11/2005 Lut gm 15 chng 135 iu. Lut dnh chng VII cp n bo v ngun nc bao gm mi trng nc bin, nc sng v cc ngun nc khc. bo v mi trng nc bin (quy nh t iu 55 n iu 58), lut a ra cc nguyn tc bo v, cc hnh vi nhm bo tn v s dng hp l ti nguyn nc bin, kim sot v x l nhim mi trng bin, cc hot ng t chc v ng ph vi s c mi trng bin. i vi mi trng nc sng, ngoi cc quy nh tng t nh i vi mi trng Bin, lut cn quy nh trch nhim ca y ban nhn dn cp tnh i vi bo v ngun nc trong cc lu vc sng (iu 61). i vi cc ngun nc khc nh phc v cho thy in, sinh hot th, nc di t, nc trong cc knh, rch, h, ao c quy nh trong mc 3 chng VII. Vi mc ch ngn nga s nhim ngun nc t cc ngun cht thi rn, cht thi lng, vic qun l cht thi c quy nh trong chng VIII ca Lut ny. 2.2.5. Lut Du lch do Quc hi nc Cng Ha XHCN Vit Nam thng qua ngy 14/6/2005.
37

Lut quy nh v ti nguyn du lch v hot ng du lch trn lnh th Vit Nam. Chng II ca Lut xc nh ti nguyn du lch bao gm ti nguyn du lch t nhin nh cc yu t a cht, a mo, a hnh tc l hm cha nhng yu t lin quan n ti nguyn nc mt, nc ngm v cc vng nc ven bin. Cc c quan qun l nh nc a phng, cc t chc hot ng du lch c trch nhim iu tra ti nguyn du lch, tn to v pht trin ti nguyn du lch. 2.2.6. Lut Bo v v pht trin rng c Quc hi nc cng ha XHCN Vit Nam thng qua ngy 03/12/2004 Lut xc nh quyn li, ngha v v trch nhim ca cc t chc, c nhn c giao quyn s dng t rng v quy nh phn loi rng theo chc nng s dng bao gm rng phng h u ngun; rng c dng; rng sn xut. Trong cc quy nh v rng phng h u ngun c xc nh l mt nhn t quan trng bo v ngun nc, bo v t v chng xi mn, chng sa mc ha, iu ha kh hu, hn ch thin tai, bo v mi trng. Lut c cc quy nh v bo v v pht trin rng (chng II) nhm bo v mi trng sinh thi t nhin v hn ch cc tc ng xu n mi trng ti nguyn nc. 2.3. Phn tch, nh gi h thng lut php v qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc Vit Nam 2.3.1. Tc ng tch cc a) Xy dng h thng vn bn kh hon chnh

Thi gian qua, h thng lut php v qun l ti nguyn nc dn c b sung, hon thin theo hng lng ghp hu c vi qun l nh nc v ti nguyn thin nhin v hi ho vi tin trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi, gp phn khng nh vo cng tc qun l v bo v ngun ti nguyn v mi trng nc. Lut Ti nguyn nc l cng c php l c bn th hin r chnh sch, ch trng ca Nh nc trong qun l ti nguyn nc. Cc i tng, phm vi quan h n ti nguyn nc c nu trong Lut nh mt nh ch php l c bn. th hin r tin trnh, bin php tip cn, v phng php thc hin, cc ngh nh ca Chnh ph hng dn c th tng vn cn c lm r: - Chng suy thoi v cn kit ngun nc trong phi t chc iu tra, nh gi nng lc cung cp ti nguyn nc, lp k hoch khi phc, nng cp cc cng trnh thy li. - Bo v cht lng nc mt, nc ngm, nc ven bin bng cc bin php kim tra, gim st x nc thi vo ngun nc, phng chng nhim nc. - iu ha vic s dng nc thng qua c quan qun l nh nc. - Quy nh trch nhim ca cc B, ngnh, y ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng.

- Hng dn vic cp, gia hn, thay i, nh ch, thu hi giy php thm d, khai thc,
s dng ti nguyn nc v x nc thi vo ngun nc (c th ha iu 5, iu 9, iu 12 16 trong Lut Ti nguyn nc).

38

Cc hng dn trong ngh nh ca Chnh ph c p dng vo cc iu kin c th ca tng a phng bng cc quyt nh ca y ban nhn dn cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng nh quyt nh s 190/2004/Q-UB ca y ban nhn dn thnh ph H Ch Minh v vic thc hin thu ph nc thi, quyt nh s 48/2004/Q-UB ca y ban nhn dn thnh ph H Ni v vic thu ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi sinh hot. b) S k tha

T nhng nm 60 ca th k trc, ng v Nh nc c cc chnh sch bo m nc cho an ninh lng thc quc gia trong giai on va sn xut va chin u nh cc chnh sch v pht trin thy li (xy dng cc cng trnh thy nng nh Bc - Hng Hi, cng c iu thuc vng ng bng Bc B) Chin lc Pht trin Kinh t - X hi giai on 2001-2010 trnh by khi qut nht vic xy dng chin lc v chnh sch quc gia. C rt nhiu mc tiu, chin lc lin quan n nc c nu trong chin lc ny. Cc k hoch hnh ng v chin lc cho cc phn ngnh lin quan nh:

- K hoch pht trin ti nguyn nc n nm 2000 v D kin k hoch pht trin

ti nguyn nc n nm 2010 (B NN&PTNT, 6/1998).

- Phng hng v nhim v pht trin ti nguyn nc n nm 2010 (B

NN&PTNT, 9/1999).

- Ch th 36/CT-TW nm 1998 ca Trung ng ng v Tng cng cng tc bo v

mi trng trong thi k cng nghip ho v hin i ho t nc.

- Chin lc pht trin nng nghip nng thn trong thi k cng nghip ho, hin i
ho n nm 2010 (B NN&PTNT, 7/2000).

- K hoch pht trin nng nghip v nng thn giai on 2001-2005 (B NN&PTNT,
8/2000).

- Chin lc quc gia v nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn.

Chin lc quc gia v K hoch hnh ng v qun l v gim nh thin tai Vit Nam giai on 2001-2020 (B NN&PTNT v U ban phng chng lt bo Trung ng, 12/2001). c) S thng nht gia cc cp

Thc thi nhng chnh sch c th ch ha trong cc vn bn ngh nh ca Chnh ph, cc c quan qun l nc ca cc B, ngnh, y ban nhn dn cp tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng ban hnh cc quyt nh, thng t lin B hng dn, ra bin php thc hin. V d nh quyt nh s 14/2004/Q-BNN ban hnh quy ch t chc v hot ng ca cc ban qun l quy hoch cc lu vc sng. Ni dung ca quyt nh c th ha nhng im c cp ti trong iu 64 ca lut Ti nguyn nc v iu 17 ca Ngh nh 179/2005/N-CP. Cc quyt nh 190/2004/Q-UB ca UBND Thnh ph H Ch Minh v 48/2004/Q-UB ca UBND Thnh ph H Ni xy dng mt cng c php

39

l, hnh chnh trong vic qun l cht lng nc. Cc quyt nh ny nhm th ch ha iu 15 ca Ngh nh 179/1999/N-CP v iu 17 ca Lut Ti nguyn nc. d) S phi hp lin ngnh

Quan h gia B NN&PTNT vi cc B, Ngnh c lin quan l quan h phi hp, c quy nh ti iu 13 Ngh nh 179/1999/N-CP nh sau: - Cc Kh tng-Thy vn phi hp vi B, Ngnh lin quan xy dng k hoch hng nm v di hn, t chc vic iu tra c bn ti nguyn nc mt.

- B TN&MT phi hp vi cc B, Ngnh c lin quan xy dng tiu chun cht lng
nc, kim sot v hn ch ma axt. - B Cng nghip phi hp vi cc B, Ngnh c lin quan lp k hoch hng nm v di hn, t chc thc hin vic iu tra c bn ti nguyn nc di t, xy dng quy trnh vn hnh h cha thy in, xy dng phng n bo m an ton cng trnh thy cng ca cng trnh thy in, khai thc tng hp ngun nc v an ton cng trnh trnh Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt.

- B Giao thng vn ti phi hp vi B NN&PTNT xy dng, t chc thc hin quy

hoch mng li giao thng thy v vic xy dng cc cng trnh giao thng thy.

- B Xy dng phi hp vi B NN&PTNT xy dng, t chc thc hin quy hoch

cp, thot nc th, khu cng nghip, khu dn c tp trung.

- B Thy sn phi hp vi B NN&PTNT xy dng, t chc thc hin quy hoch bo

v, khai thc s dng ngun nc cho vic pht trin ngh c ni a - B K hoch v u t phi hp vi cc B, Ngnh lin quan tng hp k hoch u t kinh ph cho cc d n v qun l, bo v, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc, phng, chng v khc phc hu qu tc hi do nc gy ra trnh Chnh ph ph duyt.

- B Ti chnh phi hp vi B NN&PTNT xy dng cc chnh sch v thu ti nguyn

nc, ph, l ph qun l ti nguyn nc. e) Thnh lp hi ng quc gia ngnh nc v cc ban qun l lu vc sng

cp trung ng, hi ng quc gia v ti nguyn nc t vn gip chnh ph thc hin qun l v bo v ti nguyn nc thng nht trn phm vi c nc c thnh lp theo quyt nh s 67/TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph. Thc cht hi ng Quc gia l mt c quan t vn cho Chnh ph trong lnh vc iu tit, cn i trong khai thc v s dng ti nguyn nc, bo v v pht trin Ti nguyn nc bao gm c cc quan h quc t. cp lu vc hin nay cc t chc qun l quy hoch lu vc sng c thnh lp ti 3 lu vc sng ln: sng Hng - Thi Bnh, sng ng Nai, sng M Kng thuc lnh th vit nam qun l thng nht quy hoch s dng v bo v ngun nc ca lu vc. Chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn ca cc ban qun l quy hoch lu vc sng c quy nh ti quyt nh s 14/2004/Q-BNN. Quy hoch thu li va l c s k thut phn
40

phi cn bng nc p ng cc nhu cu dng nc khc nhau, ng thi quy hoch lu vc sng cn l c s php l qun l lu vc. Trong gn 50 nm qua, cc quy hoch lu vc sng Hng, H thng sng min Trung, lu vc ca h thng sng ng Nai Si Gn cng nh quy hoch chi tit nhiu sng nhnh v vng ng bng chu th sng Hng, sng M Kng. Mt s quy hoch c cp nht nng cao khi nh nc lp cc d n u t cng trnh u mi nh cc cng trnh a chc nng: thy in, iu ha ngun nc, du lch, thy sn (Ha Bnh, Sn la). Nhn chung, phng hng quy hoch c thc t chng minh l hp l. 2.3.2. Cc tn ti trong h thng chnh sch

a) S chng cho trong h thng vn bn php lut:

iu 6 ca ngh nh 179/1999/N-CP quy nh vic np l ph cp php, ph x nc thi vo ngun nc do B NN&PTNT ch tr trnh Th tng, iu 8 ca ngh nh 34/2005/N-CP quy nh mc pht khi x nc thi vo ngun nc, ngh nh s 67/2003/N-CP cng a ra ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi quy nh cc loi nc thi phi np l ph bo v mi trng. Cc vn bn ny rt kh phn bit gia cc loi nc thi (nguyn nhn gy nn nhim, suy thoi cht lng nc) l i tng ca quyt nh no. b) S song hnh ca cc vn bn thuc cc B: Lut Ti nguyn nc quy nh B NN&PTNT thay mt chnh ph qun l ti nguyn nc trn phm vi ton quc tr nc khong v nc nng thin nhin. Song, Ngh nh 91 ca Chnh ph giao cho B TN&MT thc hin chc nng ny. Cho n nm 2004, cc vn bn hng dn c ch chuyn giao chc nng qun l Ti nguyn nc gia B NN&PTNT v B TN&MT vn cha c ban hnh. Do , B NN&PTNT vn ban hnh cc quyt nh v qun l quy hoch lu vc sng (quyt nh 14/2004/Q-BNN). Cc vn bn v qun l lu vc sng ng ra phi thuc v chc trch ca cc Qun l ti nguyn nc thuc B TN&MT. c) S cha y cc vn bn: Mt s cc vn bn cn thit a Lut vo cuc sng cn phi tip tc hon thin, b xung: ngh nh hng dn v c ch, t chc, quyn hn ca thanh tra chuyn ngnh nc cn thiu cho nn thc t, hot ng ca b my thanh tra chuyn ngnh nc ang cn b hn ch; hin nay, mi ch c mt s tnh, thnh ph (nh H Ni, TP. H Ch Minh, Lng Sn) ban hnh cc quyt nh v mc thu ph nc thi v cp php x nc thi vo ngun nc. Cn kh nhiu tnh cha c cc quyt nh v vic ny.

d) S lin quan ca cc vn bn trong QLTHTNN lin quan n NN

Cc vng NN c lin quan cht ch vi ngun nc c duy tr trn cc vng din tch c th nh cc lu vc sng, cc h, ao, m ly, bi triu Lut Ti nguyn nc v cc vn bn php quy trong lnh vc ti nguyn nc ch yu nhm vo i tng iu chnh l ngun nc. Do , khng th quy nh c th cho cng tc qun l NN. Tuy nhin, cng nh Lut ti nguyn nc, cc vn bn ny cng c nhng quy nh gp phn cho cng tc qun l NN.

41

e) S thiu cp nht ca cc vn bn php quy Quyt nh s 67/TTg ca Th tng chnh ph v vic thnh lp hi ng quc gia v ti nguyn nc l cn thit nhm iu chnh cc quan h v ti nguyn nc cp quc gia. Danh sch cc thnh vin ca hi ng c ban hnh km theo quyt nh c ch nh r. iu ny c l khng c ph hp bi v phn ln cc thnh vin u l kim nhim v cc chc v m nhn theo nhim k. Khi kt thc nhim k, cc chc trch cng chc s c chuyn giao cho ngi khc. Do , ngh nh s khng cn hiu lc. iu 3 ca Ngh nh 179/1999/N-CP ch nh B NN&PTNT ch tr phi hp vi cc B ngnh lin quan, UBND cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc trung ng t chc iu tra nh gi tnh trng ti nguyn nc, quy hoch, pht trin lu vc sng. iu ny khng ph hp khi chc nng qun l ti nguyn nc c chuyn giao cho B TN&MT. y l mt trong cc nguyn nhn gy nn s khng tng thch trong ban hnh vn bn chnh sch v qun l lu vc sng.

Chng IV NH GI TH CH V T CHC HOT NG

42

1. C CU T CHC 1.1. B my qun l Nh nc trc v sau khi thnh lp B TN&MT Trc y, trong c cu t chc ca B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng, Cc Mi trng cng vi cc n v chc nng ca cc b, ngnh Trung ng v cc S Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng hnh thnh nn h thng t chc qun l nh nc v mi trng t Trung ng n a phng. Trong thi gian gn 10 nm thc hin chc nng qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng, h thng t chc trn ng vai tr quyt nh a cc quy nh ca Lut Bo v mi trng i vo cuc sng, trin khai cc ch trng v mi trng ca ng v Nh nc gp phn hn ch mc gia tng nhim, ci thin mt bc cht lng mi trng. Lut Ti nguyn nc quy nh B NN&PTNT thay mt Chnh ph, chu trch nhim qun l ti nguyn nc. Trch nhim qun l ny c chuyn giao cho B TN&MT, nhng cc chc nng lin quan n dch v nh thy li, cung cp nc sch cho nng thn vn do B NN&PTNT tip tc thc hin. y ban Nhn dn cc tnh trc tip chu s qun l ca Chnh ph, s chu trch nhim thc thi cc chc nng qun l ny cp tnh v huyn trong phm vi quyn hn ca mnh. Cc chc nng c th hn lin quan n s dng v qun l ti nguyn nc c phn theo B/ Ngnh lin quan.
Bng 6. Chc nng qun l c lin quan n ti nguyn nc ca mt s B chnh

C quan B Ti nguyn v Mi trng B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn

Trch nhim Qun l chung v ti nguyn nc Qun l cc h thng phng chng lt bo, cc cng trnh thu li, cc vng NN, cng tc cung cp nc sch v v sinh mi trng nng thn

B Cng nghip B Xy dng B Giao thng B Thu sn B Y t B K hoch v u t B Ti chnh

Xy dng, vn hnh v qun l cc c s thu in Quy hoch khng gian v xy dng cc cng trnh cp thot nc v v sinh Quy hoch, xy dng v qun l cc h thng giao thng thu Bo v b khai thc cc ngun li thu sn Qun l cht lng nc dng cho n ung Xy dng k hoch v u t cho ngnh nc Xy dng cc chnh sch v thu v ph ti nguyn nc

Lut Ti nguyn nc l mt bc chuyn bin quan trng nhm tin ti qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc, nhng mi ch thc thi c mt phn nhng ci cch c a ra trong lut. Nhng vn bn php quy di lut cn thit thc thi nhiu mc tiu ca lut

43

vn cha c xy dng. Cc vn bn ny phi nn c nhng iu khon quy nh vic x thi nc thi b nhim vo cc h thng nc i t v nc mt, cc quy nh v khai thc ti nguyn nc di t, cc quy nh v s dng ti nguyn nc mt.
Thay i chin lc vn hnh v duy tu cc h thng ti v tiu C cu th ch vn hnh cho cng tc vn hnh v duy tu cc h thng ti tiu khng to nn c mt khung th ch yd c th nng cao cht lng hot ng ca ton b h thng. Hin nay ngi s dng nc t c vai tr trong h thng qun l chung v c rt t cc c ch khuyn khch cc cng ty qun l c th ci thin vic cung cp cc dch v. Chnh ph thay i v chin lc v ang thc y vic giao quyn t ch cho cc cng ty thy nng v tng cng cc nhm s dng nc. Mt s tnh bt u chuyn giao chc nng vn hnh v duy tu cc h thng thy li nh cho cc nhm s dng nc v cc c quan chc nng a phng. Tuy nhin cc tin b t c trong qu trnh thc thi cc chnh sch mi ny vn cn hn ch

Ti k hp th nht, Quc hi kho XI thng qua Ngh quyt s 02/2002/QH11 ngy 5 thng 8 nm 2002 quy nh danh sch cc b v c quan ngang b ca Chnh ph. Theo Ngh quyt ny, trong c cu t chc ca Chnh ph c B TN&MT c thnh lp trn c s Tng cc a chnh, Tng cc Kh tng thu vn, Cc Mi trng (B Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng), Cc qun l ti nguyn nc (B NN&PTNT) v Cc a cht khong sn Vit Nam (B Cng Nghip). Nm 2002, B TN&MT c thnh lp theo Ngh nh 91/2002/N-CP ca Chnh ph. Sau , chc nng qun l Nh nc v ti nguyn nccng c giao cho Cc Qun l ti nguyn nc trc thuc B TN&MT. S chuyn i ny c vai tr quan trng i vi vic phn nh chc nng qun l v cc chc nng v s dng ti nguyn nc. Trc y, chc nng v qun l v s dng ti nguyn nc u do Cc Qun l Ti nguyn nc v Cng trnh thy li trc thuc B NN&PTNT m nhim. Cc b khc chu trch nhim qun l cc vn c th c lin quan n ti nguyn nc Tuy nhin, khung php l cn ang c hon thin. Cc thng t hng dn v th tc cp php khai thc v s dng ti nguyn nc mt, cp php v x thi nc thi vo h thng nc t nhin ang trong qu trnh son tho. Theo Ngh nh 91/2002/N-CP, trong c cu t chc ca B TN&MT c cc n v chc nng qun l nh nc v mi trng l: V Mi trng, V Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng v Cc Bo v mi trng. V Mi trng: Xy dng cc chin lc, k hoch v tiu chun v mi trng, v xy dng bo co hin trng mi trng hng nm. Cc Bo v Mi trng: thc hin chc nng qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng. 3 chi cc vng hin ang trong qu trnh chun b thnh lp. V Thm nh v nh gi tc ng mi trng chu trch nhim xy dng v ban hnh cc chnh sch, khung php l cho hot ng nh gi tc ng mi trng v SEA, bao gm nh gi sau thm nh TM v nh gi v mt mi trng cc k hoch pht trin lu vc sng.

44

Cc Qun l Ti nguyn Nc: Qun l nh nc v ti nguyn nc, bao gm c Hi ng quc gia v ti nguyn nc, tin hnh kim k, xy dng v qun l c s d liu v ti nguyn nc Cc a cht v Khong sn: Qun l nh nc v tin hnh kho st v a cht, ti nguyn khong sn, bao gm c nc khong. V Kh tng Thu vn: Qun l nh nc v cc hot ng kh tng thu vn, bao gm xy dng cc chnh sch, tiu chun v quy trnh, tin hnh kho st cc thng s nn v qun l d liu Trung tm Kh tng Thu vn Quc gia: Phn tch d liu v cung cp thng tin v kh tng thu vn , thc hin d bo thi tit Vin Nghin cu a cht v Ti nguyn khong sn Vin Kh tng Thu vn

Cng vi vic sp xp li chc nng, nhim v v c cu t chc ca cc B, ngnh, b phn qun l nh nc v mi trng theo ngnh, lnh vc cc b, ngnh cng c iu chnh, b sung theo hng ph hp vi tnh hnh v t chc mi. a phng, theo Quyt nh s 45/2003/Q-TTg ngy 2 thng 4 nm 2003 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic thnh lp S Ti nguyn v Mi trng, i tn S Khoa hc, Cng ngh v Mi trng thnh S Khoa hc v Cng ngh thuc UBND tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng. Thng t s 01/2003/TTLT-BTNMT-BNV ngy 15 thng 7 nm 2003 ca lin B TN&MT v B Ni v hng dn chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn v t chc ca c quan chuyn mn gip UBND qun l nh nc v ti nguyn v Mi trng a phng. S TN&MT cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng, Phng qun l TN&MT cc qun, huyn v tng ng v cn b a chnh kim thc hin trch nhim qun l mi trng cc x, phng v cp tng ng ang c hnh thnh v n nh hot ng. Trong c cu t chc ca cc n v qun l TN&MT a phng c b phn chu trch nhim qun l nh nc v mi trng trn a bn. Cc cn b qun l mi trng trong cc s ti a phng c chc trch qun l cc thnh phn mi trng chung: t, nc, khng kh tc l khng chuyn nhim v ti nguyn nc.

Tnh h thng: v tng th h thng t chc qun l nh nc v mi trng ni chung v ti nguyn nc ni ring t Trung ng n a phng dn tng bc c tng cng theo hng gn kt hu c vi qun l nh nc v ti nguyn thin nhin. iu ny cng c ngha l nhng khong trng trong qun l Ti nguyn nc a phng, c bit l t cp tnh tr xung trc y s khng cn khi c S TN&MT cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng v n v qun l ti nguyn v mi trng cp qun huyn v cn b a chnh cp phng, x. Thi gian ti, nu thc hin tt theo hng ny, nng lc ca h thng c quan thc hin chc nng qun l nh nc v mi trng chc chn s c tng cng. Tnh thc tin: Nh phn tch chng 3, vic khai thc v s dng nc c mt phm vi rng ln vi yu t a ngnh, a mc ch. C cu t chc qun l ti nguyn nc s c tng hp t cp c s, st vi nhu cu s dng nc nht v s c iu hnh t cc cp theo hng iu ha li ch chung thng
45

qua c quan trung tm l s TN&MT (hoc S TNMT v Nh t) ca cc tnh trong mt lu vc sng.

Tnh kh thi: c cu t chc chung cho QLTHTNN hin nay v ang hot ng. Tuy nhin, s phn cng trch nhim trong qun l ti nguyn nc cp s, huyn thng l kim nhim v nng lc cn hn ch. Mt khc, trong ngnh nc (cng nh cc thnh phn mi trng khc) rt cn nhng thit b theo di, kim sot cht lng nc, s lng c th iu chnh, phn phi hp l ti nguyn nc, nhng iu ny khng phi l c th i vi cc s do kinh ph hn hp hoc cha c ch trng u t.

1.2. Qun l theo lu vc Thng 4/2001, B NN&PTNT quyt nh thnh lp ba Ban qun l quy hoch lu vc sng: lu vc sng Cu Long; lu vc sng ng Nai; lu vc sng Hng Thi Bnh. Hin nay c ban qun l lu vc sng mi bt u i vo hot ng. Hai sng khc l sng C v Srepok cng c ti tr ca DANIDA tin hnh thnh lp t chc qun l lu vc. Trc , do yu cu khn thit v vic qun l nhim nc trn sng Cu, ban qun l lu vc sng Cu c su tnh ven sng nht tr thnh lp, i vo hot ng. Hin nay, Cc Qun l ti nguyn nc - B TN&MT D tho ngh nh Chnh ph v qun l tng hp lu vc sng (LVS). Hy vng rng sau khi lut Bo v Mi trng sa i c hiu lc t 1/7/2006 th vn bn ny s c chnh thc ban hnh. Theo nhn nh ca Cc Qun l ti nguyn nc, li ch ca qun l lu vc sng do cc chng trnh qun l tng hp LVS c th tc ng ton din n cc mt kinh t, x hi v em li nhiu li ch cho lu vc nh: Cp nc: p ng nhu cu sinh hot ca con ngi v phc v pht trin kinh t - x hi, c ba ngun nc (nc ma, nc mt v nc ngm) LVS u c khai thc s dng. Cht lng nc: Cc yu t t nhin nh hng n cht lng nc bao gm a cht, t, a hnh, thm thc vt, qun th ng thc vt hoang d v kh hu. Nhng yu t quan trng hn gy ra cc vn v cht lng nc chnh l cc hot ng ca con ngi v vn s dng t trong lu vc. Qun l LVS s phi kim sot cht ch cc yu t ny. Kim sot l: Vic cp nc ng thi m bo chng l c th l l do quan trng nht ca cc n lc qun l LVS. Cch tip cn qun l tng hp LVS quan tm n cc vng u ngun v bo v cc vng NN. Kim sot bi lng: S bi lng c th nh hng n cht lng nc, sinh cnh, giao thng thu, kim sot l v cc dch v du lch, gii tr. N cn nh hng n cc loi c do bn lng trn lng sng - ni cn thit cho chng trng, v che ph cc sinh vt y quan trng trong chui thc n. Giao thng thu: Cc hot ng giao thng thu v dch v cng thng gy nhim mi trng nc do vic x du cn v cc cht thi c ngun gc du m

46

khong cng nh cht thi sinh hot. Ngoi ra, vn quan trng nht v mt mi trng vi cc hot ng giao thng thu l s c trn du.

Pht trin kinh t vi cc cng trnh thu in-thu li: C th thc hin cc mc tiu pht trin kinh t bng vic qun l LVS. Vit Nam ngay t nhng nm 80, Nh nc u t kinh ph xy dng cc h cha tch nc trong ma ma l v x nc trong ma kit kt hp vi pht in, iu tit lu lng dng chy h lu v y li ranh gii nhim mn, m bo nhu cu cp nc, nui c, ci to mi trng. a dng sinh hc: LVS, c bit l nhng ni c tr ven sng l ni c tr cn thit v a dng cho nhiu qu trnh v nhiu loi sinh vt, y cn l ni cung cp mi lin kt gia h sinh thi thu sinh vi h sinh thi vng cao. Chng hn nh, thm thc vt ven sng s kim sot nhiu c ch mi trng ca h sinh thi sng, v ng vai tr quan trng trong vic quyt nh lu lng, iu chnh dng chy cng nh nhit sng. Cc vng NN cng ng vai tr quan trng tng t trong vic duy tr a dng sinh hc v cc qu trnh trong LVS. Qun l LVS c th l cng c c s dng lm tng s lng ng thc vt hoang d, mt nhn t ca s a dng sinh thi. Mc d khng phi l thch hp vi mi trng hp nhng vic lp k hoch qun l LVS c th bao gm nhng n lc trnh s suy thoi ni c tr ca cc loi ng thc vt hoang d nguy cp. Bo tn sinh cnh: cc LVS khi c bo v tt s phc v cho nhiu mc ch nh gii tr, bo v sinh cnh hoang d, lc nc v lu gi nc Gii tr-du lch: Nc cp cho cc hot ng gii tr-du lch c th c tng cng bng vic qun l LVS. Chng hn nh, cc hot ng qun l LVS pha h lu s gip m bo cp nc y v bo v cht lng nc, ngoi ra cn c th em li li ch cho cc h cha, lm tng gi tr ca chng i vi cc hot ng gii tr nh bi thuyn v cu c.

Lu vc sng ng Nai Si Gn c im: Lu vc sng ng Nai - Si Gn v vng ph cn ven bin nm trong vng kh hu nhit i gi ma, c lu vc tch thy t vng cao nguyn Ty Nguyn n ht ng bng min ng Nam B vi tng din tch t nhin l 48.268 km2 (khng k phn din tch thuc lnh th Campuchia) nm ri ra trn ton b a gii hnh chnh ca cc tnh Lm ng, Bnh Phc, Bnh Dng, ty Ninh, ng Nai, TP H Ch Minh, B Ra - Vng Tu v mt phn a gii hnh chnh tnh k Lk, Ninh Thun, Bnh Thun v Long An. Tng cng c tt c 11 tnh nm trong lu vc. Rng: H thng rng u ngun ng vai tr rt quan trng i vi ngun nc lu vc sng ng Nai - Si Gn. Tng din tch rng u ngun lu vc sng ng Nai Si Gn hin cn khong 947.799ha, chim 18,66% tng din tch t t nhin ca 9 tnh Min ng

47

Nam B. Trong 947.799ha rng u ngun c 278.438ha rng c dngc ngha ln trong vic duy tr ngun nc h thng sng ng Nai - Si Gn vo ma kh v chng l qut vo ma ma, ng thi c ngha ln trong vic bo v ngun gen qu v l ni bo tn, pht trin a dng sinh hc ca cc h sinh thi nhit i. Cc vn kinh t - x hi:

- Vng ng Nam b c tng din tch 34.733 km2 dn s 12,4 triu ngi. Trong
c 6,5 triu dn sng cc vng th.

- Lu vc v vng ph cn bao gm a bn ca 11 tnh l Dak Nng, Lm ng, Ninh

Thun, Bnh Thun, Bnh Phc, Bnh Dng, Ty Ninh, ng Nai, Long An, B Ra-Vng Tu v thnh ph H Ch Minh. Chim 15% sn lng nng nghip, 51% sn lng cng nghip v 39% ngun thu dch v. Tng lng nc chy trung bnh hng nm l 34 t m3 nc. - Cc cng trnh thu in trn cc dng chnh v ang xy dng gm a Nhim, tr An, i Ninh (Dng chnh ng Nai), Hm Thun-a Mi (Sng La Ng), Thc M, Cn n, Srok Phumieng (sng B). Cc cng trnh ti nc chnh xy dng gm :Du Ting (sng Si Gn). Cc cng trnh thu in d kin gm: ng Nai 3, ng Nai 4, ng Nai 8, ng Nai 6 (sng ng Nai), Phc Ho (sng B).

- Cung cp nc phc v cho sn xut nng nghip vi 1.842.576 ha t canh tc trn

ton lu vc, trong ti trc tip cho 205.000 ha din tch t cy trng vi lng nc ti hng nm ln n 2.878 triu m3. D bo n nm 2025 , din tch cy trng oc ti bng ngun nc sng ng Nai ln n 324.000 ha vi lng nc ti hng nm ln n 4.823 triu m3.

- Nc cung cp cho nhu cu sinh hot cc th, khu cng nghip tp trung ca
mt s tnh/TP trn lu vc v vng KTTPN trong hin ti v d bo n nm 2020 c th hin trong bng 7.
Bng 7. Lng cp nc cho nhu cu sinh hot cc khu th, khu cng nghip tp trung ca mt s tnh/ thnh ph trn lu vc STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Tnh/TP TP.H Ch Minh ng Nai Bnh Dng B Ra Vng Tu Ty Ninh Long An 2005 (m3/ng) 1.000.000 300.000 200.000 70.000 25.000 70.000 2020 (m3/ng) 320.000 1.000.000 1.000.000 800.000 50.000 200.000 Th x Ty Ninh Ghi ch Lng nc ngm khai thc ti a l 500.000 m3/ng

48

STT 7 (*)

Tnh/TP

2005 (m3/ng)

2020 (m3/ng)

Ghi ch

(*): S tnh cn li cha kp cp nht s liu

- Khai thc mt nc cho giao thng vn ti thy, c bit l trn tuyn lung hng hi
Si Gn-Vng Tu vi tng lng hng ha kh thng qua cm cng Si Gn ln ti 20,5-21,5 triu tn/nm (nm 2000) v d bo s tng ln 30,5 triu tn/nm n nm 2010. Nu xt trn ton b vng ng Nam B, khi lng vn ti hng ha bng ng thy d bo s t mc 90 triu tn/nm vo nm 2010.Cc con s ny cho thy rng, ngun nc vng h lu sng ng Nai c tim nng kinh t rt ln - Tim nng kinh t ca ngun nc lu vc sng ng Nai cn c th hin qua vic khai thc s dng mt nc nui trng v nh bt thy sn. Tng din tch nui c nc ngt ca 4 tnh vng h lu h thng sng ng Nai (TP HCM, ng Nai, B Ra-Vng Tu v Bnh Dng) l 27.394 ha vi sn lng c nc ngt nui t 12.997 tn/nm; din tch nui tm l 2.828 ha vi sn lng nui tm t 1.079 tn/nm. Trong ni bt nht l vic s dng mt nc nui c b (hin nay h Tr An c 867 b, h Du Ting 20 b, h Thc M - 50 b, trn knh Ty c 150 b, khu Bn G- Bin Ha c 50 b). Nhn xt: Lu vc sng ng Nai Si Gn l mt trong ba lu vc sng thnh lp ban qun l theo quyt nh ca Chnh Ph, chc nng v nhim v ca ban qun l quy hoch lu vc sng c xc lp bng quyt nh 14/2004/Q-BNN ca B NN&PTNT. C cu t chc qun l quy hoch lu vc iu tit nhm to s cn bng gia khai thc v s dng nc cho pht trin kinh t - x hi ng thi bo m ngun nc trong lu vc. Tuy nhin, trong nhng nm gn y, tc th ha din ra nhanh chng km theo nhu cu tng trng kinh t gy nn nhng vn bc xc cn gii quyt ca lu vc: - nhim ngun nc: phn h lu, gn cc th, khu cng nghip - Thiu nc trong ma kh - L lt trong ma ma - Khai thc qu kh nng lu lng nc ngm

2. TH CH TI CHNH 2.1. Ngun chi ti chnh

49

Chi tiu lin quan n qun l ti nguyn nc t ngn sch Nh nc khng c phn b thnh mt mc chi ring, nhng nm trong ngn sch ca mt s b khc nhau l B TN&MT v B NN&PTNT. Do s phn nh chc nng chc nng qun l v chc nng dch v trong ngnh nc cha thc s r rng, cc nghin cu v chi tiu cho ngnh nc da trn cc chi ph cho qun l ti nguyn v qun l cc dch v ca ngnh nc. Bn cnh cc khon chi thng xuyn nh lng cn b, hot ng nghin cu cn c cc khon u t ln cho ngnh nc dnh cho cc cng trnh thy li, ti tiu, bo v cht lng ti nguyn nc. Kinh ph qun l tng hp lu vc sng c quy nh trong iu 16 trong d tho ngh nh ca Chnh Ph v qun l tng hp lu vc sng. Kinh ph lp v thc hin quy hoch lu vc sng do B TN&MT b tr trong d ton hng nm. Kinh ph thc hin quy hoch lu vc sng c b tr trong d ton ngn sch hng nm ca tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng, B. Kinh ph hot ng ca Hi ng lu vc sng v Ban qun l lu vc sng (iu 17) ngoi kinh ph do B TN&MT phn b hng nm, cn c ng gp ca cc tnh, thnh ph, ngun ng gp t nguyn ca cc n v qun l cng trnh khai thc, s dng, pht trin ti nguyn nc, x nc thi vo ngun nc. Ngoi ra cn ngun ti tr ca cc t chc quc t. 2.2. nh gi nc hp l Theo nguyn tc Dublin (1992) v nh gi ti nguyn nc, phc hi chi ph, gi c dch v nc l i tng iu chnh ca vn bn di lut v c tnh cht chuyn ngnh. Gi c dch v nc hp l c ngha rt ln i vi cc t chc dch v nc cng ch bao gm c nc th, nc nng thn v thy nng. Cc dch v nc cng ch hin cn c ngn sch nh nc bao cp nhng mc khc nhau v do chnh quyn cc thnh ph, tnh quy nh. thc hin thnh cng nh hng pht trin cp nc th n 2020, dch v nc th s tng bc xa b bao cp, gi nc s c tnh ng, tnh tin ti trang tri chi ph u t. Cc t chc cp nc th s tin ti phi t ch v ti chnh, thc hin ngha v cng ch v chnh sch x hi, trang tri chi ph thot nc thi sinh hot. Theo ngh nh 34/2005/N-CP, nc c quan nim l hng ha kinh t x hi. i vi thy nng, Nh nc ch cp kinh ph cho 5 trng hp trong c bm chng ng (vng NN ngoi mun), chng hn vt nh mc, tht thu thy li ph do thin tai. y ban nhn dn Thnh ph H Ch Minh ra quyt nh s 190/2004/Q-UB v vic thu ph bo v mi trng i vi nc thi trn a bn thnh ph H Ch Minh. Trong quyt nh ny quy nh cc i tng phi chu thu ph l cc h dn khng phn bit ngun nc s dng, cc c s cng nghip, cc c s dch v. Cc mc ph cng c qui nh c th (250/m3 cho nc sinh hot v 400/m3 cho cc loi khc) y ban Nhn dn Thnh ph H Ni ra quyt nh s 48/2004/Q-UB v vic thu ph nc thi i vi nc thi sinh hot trn a bn Thnh ph H Ni. Khc vi quyt nh ca Thnh ph H Ch Minh, H ni khng thu ph nc thi i vi cc h gia nh cha c h thng cp nc sch, tc l ch thu ph nc thi i vi ngun nc t khai thc cha phi thc hin quyt nh ny. i vi cc c s cng nghip ph ny s c tnh

50

trong ph bo v mi trng cho cc c s sn xut. Gi ph nc thi c th khng c nu trong quyt nh ny.

3. C CH PHI HP LIN NGNH Hi ng quc gia ti nguyn nc sau khi ra i vo thng 6/2000 c ba ln hi ngh. Hi ng l hin thn ca yu cu v kh nng phi hp lin ngnh. Vn phng hi ng c ti tr bi d n tng cng nng lc ca ADB. Phi hp quy hoch thy in vi quy hoch tng hp lu vc sng. y l hai vic khng th tch ri nhau, trong h cha nc a nng l mt yu t quan trng. Theo nh gi ca ngnh giao thng ng thy, k t sau khi Lut Ti nguyn nc v sau l ngh nh 179/1999/N-CP c ban hnh th phm vi, chc nng v quyn hn qun l ca ngnh ng thy ni a trn sng c xc nh r rng hn. Ngnh giao thng ng thy ni a va l va l t chc tham gia bo v ngun ti nguyn nc phc v cho giao thng ng thy, nhng chnh trong cc hot ng ca mnh li c tc ng n ngun ti nguyn nc nh khi tin hnh no vt, thng lung, lch, xy dng cc k chnh tr lm thay i dng chyVi tnh cht v c im s dng nc cho giao thng thy, ngnh giao thng ng thy ni a tham gia vo vic qun l ti nguyn nc theo ba khia cnh: (i) di hnh thc bo v lung lch; (ii) tham gia gin tip bo v cht lng nc; (iii) t iu chnh trong cc hot ng u t ci to lung lch, giao thng ca chnh minh. Mng li cng tc v ti nguyn nc: mng li cng tc v nc quc gia (Country Water Partnership - CWP) l mt mng li ca cc bn lin quan c cc chuyn gia quc t sng kin ra nhm a ni dung qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc vo thc tin. Mng li ny trc ht tp hp cc t chc chuyn nghip, chnh ph v phi chnh ph, hot ng ch yu v cc vn chnh sch chin lc lin ngnh v chuyn ngnh khng trng lp vi cc d n chuyn ngnh. Mng li ny l knh thch hp khuyn khch cc t chc v nc ca Vit Nam mau chng hi nhp hn vi khu vc v th gii.

4. TH CH THANH TRA TI NGUYN NC Th ch, nhim v v thm quyn ca thanh tra chuyn ngnh v ti nguyn nc c quy nh trong chng 8 ca Lut Ti nguyn nc. Thanh tra chuyn ngnh nc l nm trong h thng thanh tra ca cc B, ngnh c chc nng nhim v bo v s n nh, v s dng hp l ti nguyn nc hu hn nc ta. T chc ny c nhim v xem xt vic lp v thc hin cc k hoch, quy hoch, thc hin quy trnh, tiu chun k thut trong vic bo v, khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc. Thanh tra ngnh nc c nhim v phi hp vi thanh tra nh nc v thanh tra chuyn ngnh cc B, ngnh theo c ch hp tc.

51

Tnh kh thi ca th ch thanh tra: hin nay, vic thanh tra qu trnh thc thi cc quy nh ca Lut Ti nguyn nc cha c thc s c hiu lc v i vo cuc sng thc t nh mong mun [26].

5. XY DNG THNG TIN, D LIU V TI NGUYN NC iu tra c bn, nh gi ti nguyn nc l nhim v k thut u tin ca qun l ti nguyn nc. Theo lut Ti nguyn nc, trn c s kt qu iu tra c bn nc mt ca Tng cc Kh tng Thy vn v kt qu iu tra c bn nc di t ca Cc a cht, B NN&PTNT s tng hp v qun l kt qu iu tra c bn, nh gi ti nguyn nc v xy dng c s d liu ti nguyn nc. Thc t, ngun thng tin t liu ti nguyn nc l kh phong ph tuy rng cha tht s y .

Chng V XUT, KIN NGH V GII PHP

52

1. I VI H THNG CHNH SCH 1.1. Hon thin cc vn bn php lut cho chuyn ngnh nc Xy dng vn bn hng dn chc nng, nhim v, c cu t chc, quyn hn ca thanh tra ngnh nc di dng quyt nh ca B ch qun. Sa i quyt nh s 67/TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph theo hng xc nh cc thnh vin l cn b thuc mt c quan no, chc v do mt ph Th tng ph trch. V d nh: Ch Tch hi ng ph th tng ph trch kinh t; B trng B TN&MT y vin thng trc; Th trng B NN&PTNT y vin... m khng nn nu r tn. Sa i Lut Ti nguyn nc v ngh nh 179/1999/N-CP cho ph hp vi c cu qun l ti nguyn nc theo ngh nh 91/2002/N-CP v phn quyn qun l ti nguyn nc, y vin thng trc Hi ng nc quc gia cho B TN&MT. 1.2. B xung v tng cng cc chnh sch v ti nguyn nc

Nng cao nhn thc v tng cng nng lc: tng cng nng lc l gii php xuyn ngnh m d n no cng cp. Trong tng cng nng lc v lnh vc nc, do c yu cu trc tip, cng tc o to c thc hin nhiu hn cng tc gio dc. Cng tc pht trin con ngi lu ny nhm vo cc t chc nc, gii chuyn nghip v qun l. Trong nhng nm va qua, vic nng cao nhn thc hng ng b vo cc i tng thuc cc cp v cc gii bao gm qun l, quyt nh chnh sch, chuyn nghip v cng ng. Truyn thng cng ng: huy ng s tham gia ca cng ng hay ni cch khc l cng tc x hi ho bo v mi trng v qun l ti nguyn nc. Chnh sch ti chnh: Xy dng th ch ti chnh nhm huy ng mi ngun vn k c trong nc v quc t cho iu tra ti nguyn nc mt, nc di t, nc ven b, xy dng cc cng trnh thy li a mc tiu di dng pht hnh tri phiu Chnh ph hoc hnh thc huy ng khc. Cng nh cc ngnh khc, trong ngn sch nh nc nn phn nh mt t l chi thch hp cho ngnh nc bao gm c qun l lu vc v thy li.

2. TH CH V T CHC HOT NG 2.1. T chc b my 2.1.1. Qun l nh nc: Hon tt th tc chuyn quyn qun l ti nguyn nc t B NN&PTNT sang B TN&MT v thay i h thng c cu t chc: th ch qun l ti nguyn nc t trc n nay c phn nh theo chiu dc, tnh manh mn ca cc tiu ngnh, khng tp hp c s hp tc v phn cng, phn nhim gia cc B, ngnh v c quan a phng.

53

Chc nng qun l ti nguyn nc, trc tin, c giao cho B NN&PTNT nhng vic t chc thc hin vn cn chm, vic phn cng, phn cp qun l cha r rng gia trung ng v a phng ang tng bc phi kin ton, th nay chc nng trn phi chuyn sang B TN&MT v vy li cng ko di tnh trng khng n nh nn cha pht huy ht vai tr ca a phng trong cng tc qun l ti nguyn nc. Vi s hp tc theo chiu ngang gia cc bn trong qun l ti nguyn nc cp quc gia v gia cc tnh trong lu vc sng l yu t quan trng trong qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc Vit Nam. Vic thuyn chuyn cn b qun l ti nguyn nc t B NN&PTNT sang B TN&MT c thc hin trong thng 6-2003. Cc Qun l Ti nguyn nc cng m nhim trch nhim nghin cu sa i Lut Ti nguyn nc. Cn xc nh r hn mt s sp xp v t chc di y:

Hi ng Quc gia v ti nguyn nc v cc Ban Quy hoch v Qun l lu vc cc sng Hng- Thi Bnh, ng Nai v Cu Long, c thnh lp. Tuy nhin cc c quan ny ang hot ng di s bo tr ca B NN&PTNT. Kin ton cc Ban Qun l v Quy hoch ca cc lu vc sng c, ng thi thnh lp cc Ban Qun l v Quy hoch ca cc lu vc sng cn li: Hin nay c ba Ban qun l Quy hoch lu vc sng c thnh lp tp trung hai vng nng nghip ln ca nc ta l ng bng sng Hng v ng bng sng Cu Long. T nhng kinh nghim c rt ra qua 3 nm thc hin, cn kin ton v thnh lp cc ban qun l quy hoch lu vc sng trn cc vng cn li nh: lu vc sng C - sng M, lu vc sng Hng, lu vc sng Vu Gia Thu Bn... C s khoa hc thnh lp cc ban qun l lu vc sng nn theo cc tiu ch v ln (din tch b nh hng, dn s trong lu vc, s lng cc chi lu), v tnh phc tp theo thi gian, tnh a dng ca vic s dng v bo tn ti nguyn nc. Nhng ci cch v hnh chnh lin quan n qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc thc hin cp trung ng, nhng cha c trin khai cp tnh. cp tnh cha c ng thi no c trin khai tin ti qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc. Ngoi ra cn thiu s ch o v yu v nng lc

Tng cng qun l tng hp v c hiu qu ngun ti nguyn nc. y, qun l ti nguyn nc phi c thc hin theo Lut Ti nguyn Nc, tc l thc hin theo nguyn tc qun l tng hp theo lu vc sng. vic qun l c hiu qu, c th nghin cu thc hin theo 4 ni dung ca khung hnh ng c kin ngh ti Din n Nc Th gii ln th hai v Hi ngh B trng thng 3-2000 ti Hugue (H Lan). S u tin v nc phi c phn nh trong k hoch pht trin bn vng Quc gia thng qua vic thc hin chin lc v k hoch ca cc ngnh, m bo cho ngi dn u c tip cn nc sch v cc iu kin v sinh mi trng.

2.1.2. S phi hp trong vic qun l ti nguyn nc gia cc tnh:

54

Mc du cng tc qun l ti nguyn nc trn ton quc ni chung, c th l lu vc sng Hng u c xuyn sut t trung ng n a phng. Nhng tnh thuc cc lu vc sng u c quan h vi nhau trong qun l s dng ti nguyn nc. Nhiu h thng cng trnh thu li lin tnh nh h thng sng Nhu, h thng An - Kim - Hi, h thng Bc Nam - H, h thng Bc - Hng - Hi c hi ng iu hnh h thng dnh ring trong c i din ca cc tnh lin quan gii quyt cc vn lin quan n iu hnh trnh c nhng i u trong vic iu hnh v s dng nc. C nhng cng trnh nh h Ni Cc nm trn t tnh Thi Nguyn nhng li phc v ti cho tnh Bc Giang v vy hng nm S NN&PTNT Bc Giang phi k kt hp ng mua nc ca S NN&PTNT Thi NguynNhng vic iu hnh v gii quyt mi quan h gia cc tnh li do UBND cc tnh gii quyt l chnh, do cn nhng bt ng ln m phi do B hoc c khi cp cao hn ng ra can thip. Tuy vy trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t, mi tnh li v li ch ring ca mnh dn n cn c nhng bt cp gy nh hng ln nhau nh: cc tnh nm thng v trung lu nh Ph Th, Thi Nguyn trong qu trnh s dng nc cho cng nghip thi cc cht c hi v nc thi khng qua x l lm nh hng ti cht lng nc ca cc tnh nm di h lu. Cc tnh min ni khng kim sot c vic khai thc rng, khai thc khong sn ba bi gy nhim cn kit ngun nc v bi lng sng, h h lu. Cc tnh ng bng cc sng sui, knh mng lin quan n nhiu tnh cng c s qu ti khi tip nhn ngun nc thi ca cc th ln v khu cng nghip khng qua x l gy nhim ngun nc ca cc a phng ln cn. in hnh nh h thng sng nhu, ngun nc thi ca thnh ph H Ni dn v gy nhim trm trng ngun nc nh hng n cht lng nc ti trong ma kh v kh nng tiu nc trong ma ma l phc v sn xut ca cc tnh H Ty, H Namnhng vn ny cha c gii quyt trit v chng ta cn thiu nhiu ch ti x pht hnh chnh, cp php s dng nc v x nc thi iu chnh c tnh cht v m gii quyt mu thun trong vic qun l nc theo ranh gii hnh chnh v ranh gii thu vn ca h thng ngun nc. Vic xy dng m hnh phi hp qun l ti nguyn nc v qun l mi trng cn tun th 3 nguyn tc c bn l: Phi hp a dng cc cp qun l Ph hp vi cc i tng iu chnh ca h thng qun l. Cc cng c qun l tng hp p ng c yu cu qun l v iu kin pht trin kinh t x hi.

2.2. Hot ng trin khai tip theo 2.2.1. iu tra, nh gi hin trng ti nguyn nc c th lp quy hoch, k hoch khai thc s dng ngun ti nguyn nc hp l, hiu qu, cn thit phi t chc nh gi hin trng ti nguyn nc v cht lng nc ca nc mt, nc di t, nc ven b. Kt qu nh gi ny l mt c s cho vic xy dng chin lc pht trin ti nguyn nc v hon thin mng li iu tra c bn v ti nguyn nc. V d nh i vi nc ven b: nc ta c ng b bin di trn 3000 km. Rt nhiu vng nc c s a dng sinh hc cao, c tim nng khai thc, nui trng thy

55

hi sn. Cho n nay, cha c mt kt qu iu tra, nh gi tng th hin trng ngun ti nguyn nc ven b v tim nng kinh t ca n. 2.2.2. Phng chng suy thoi ngun nc Bo v rng, khi phc rng t nhin, trng rng mi v pht trin nng lm kt hp ti cc vng i ni, vng rng ngp mn, pht trin mnh trng cy phn tn vng ng bng v nng nghip, quy hoch vng cy xanh bt buc phi c ti tt c cc th v khu cng nghip. Kt hp mt cch hi ho cc bin php cng trnh v phi cng trnh trong vic khai thc, s dng hp l v bo v ti nguyn nc, phng trnh v gim nh thit hi do thin tai v nc gy ra. Cc bin php ny phi c ra trong chin lc cng nh quy hoch pht trin ti nguyn nc quc gia, cc a phng v cc lu vc sng. Xem kim sot, x l, phng nga nhim mi trng th v khu cng nghip l mt trng tm cng tc trong thi k cng nghip ho, hin i ho. Phng nga cc him ho nhim do khai thc du kh v cng nghip ho du. Chun b y cc phng n v khoa hc, cng ngh, php ch trong x l cc s c.

2.2.3. Th ch ti chnh Thc cht, ngn sch cho dnh cho cng tc QLTHTNN cha c phn b ring trong chng mc chi ph quc gia. Bn cnh cc khon chi thng xuyn nh lng cn b, hot ng nghin cucn c cc khon u t ln cho ngnh nc dnh cho cc cng trnh thy li, ti tiu, bo v cht lng ti nguyn nc. ti nguyn nc c qun l mt cch hiu qu v vi mc u t hiu qu cao nht, ngn sch Nh nc nn tp trung vo pht trin h tng c s thy li, knh mng; cc d n iu tra, nh gi tr lng, cht lng ti nguyn nc cn huy ng cc ngun ti tr - tc l phi hp c hiu qu gia cc c quan ti tr nc ngoi, trong nc trong s pht trin, thc hin cc d n v cc tr gip khc; cc cng trnh thy li a mc ch nh h cha nc ca cc d n thy in (tt nhin mc ch chnh l kinh doanh in) cn huy ng ngun vn tn dng hoc vay vn u i hoc pht hnh tri phiu c k hn. Cc phng thc s dng ti chnh hp l l c s pht trin kinh t - x hi bn vng kt hp bo v mi trng ni chung, mi trng nc ni ring. 2.2.4. Quan h quc t Ba t chc LVS hin nay c thnh lp theo quyt nh s 37, 38, 39 ca B NN&PTNT v bt u i vo hot ng. Vi s tr gip ca ngn hng pht trin Chu (ADB), AusAID, cc ban qun l LVS xc nh c nhng vn u tin v thnh lp cc nhm cng tc v t chc cc bui hi tho khoa hc nhm nng cao nhn thc v k nng v qun l lu vc cho cc thnh vin. Trong thi gian ti, c quan qun l nh nc v ti nguyn nc phi nh gi c hiu qu ca cc chng trnh ny ng thi vn ng s hp tc gia cc quc gia vi t cch l mt thnh vin trong t chc nc ton cu v t chc cc quc gia Chu v nc. y l mt nhim v quan trng trong khi ngun nhn lc c kinh nghim chuyn su ca ta cn rt mng.
56

2.2.5. Thnh lp ngn hng d liu v ti nguyn nc Cho n nay, ngun thng tin, t liu v ti nguyn nc kh phong ph nhng cha c y v phn mng. Hu ht cc c quan c tham gia cc d n lin quan n ti nguyn nc u c mt kho d liu ring cho mt i tng no v d nh: ngnh Nng nghip ch yu tp trung vo cc d liu v nc mt, ngnh thy sn tp trung vo s lng v cht lng nc cho nui trng thy sn, ngnh giao thng l lung lch, ngnh mi trng l cht lng ca mi trng nc... Mc d nhim v qun l ti nguyn nc c giao cho B TN&MT (c th l Cc Ti nguyn nc) v c mt s d n v thng tin mi trng c thc hin, nhng cc s liu ch yu tp trung vo kha cnh mi trng. V vy cn phi c mt ngn hng d liu chung v ti nguyn nc, tnh trng khai thc v s dng, quy hoch lu vc, cht lng nc... do B TN&MT qun l, chun ha v chia s khi c yu cu.

3. XUT L TRNH THC HIN 3.1. L trnh thc hin sa i v chnh sch a. Hon thin cc vn bn php lut cho chuyn ngnh nc cn thc hin trong 2 nm. Nm th nht, lp d tho sa i Lut Ti nguyn nc quy nh c quan qun l ti nguyn nc cho B TN&MT chnh ph trnh Quc hi thng qua. Nm th hai, Chnh ph ban hnh cc Ngh nh, quyt nh hng dn thi hnh cc iu khon ca Lut Ti nguyn nc. a cc kin thc v s hu hn ca ti nguyn nc, thc s dng tit kim nc vo cc gi ngoi kha trong trng hc. Hng nm m cc bui hi tho chuyn v nc trong cc c quan qun l, doanh nghip s dng lng nc ln nng cao nhn thc v ti nguyn nc, quy hoch nc hp l. y l mt vic lm thng xuyn v c th thc hin c ngay. Chnh sch ti chnh: B Ti chnh v B TN&MT, B NN&PTNT t chc hp bn v a ra mt d ton chi c th cho ngnh nc, trnh quc hi xem xt c th thc hin c vo nm tip theo.

b.

c.

3.2. L trnh thc hin thay i v t chc b my 3.2.1. C quan qun l ti nguyn nc: Vic chuyn quyn qun l ti nguyn nc, qun l lu vc sng t B NN&PTNT sang B TN&MT c th thc hin c ngay trong nm xut. Cc n v s nghip thy li ca B NN&PTNT hoc B Thy sn s tr thnh n v khai thc s dng ti nguyn. Chc nng qun l nh nc v ti nguyn nc c giao cho Cc Qun l Ti nguyn Nc trc thuc B TN&MT. Thay i quan trng ny cho thy c s phn tch gia cc chc nng v qun l v cc chc nng v dch v lin quan n ti nguyn nc. 3.2.2. Phng chng suy thoi ngun nc:

57

Tip tc thc hin cc chng trnh ph xanh t trng, i ni trc, trng cy phn tn vng ng bng. Cc d n c tc ng n ti nguyn nc, khi xt duyt phi c nh gi tc ng n ngun nc.

3.3.3. Th ch ti chnh: Thc hin theo thi gian cp ngn sch hng nm v c th thc hin c ngay bi v nhng cng trnh ln (nh h cha nc cho thy in) u thc hin theo phng thc gi vn t cc ngun. 3.3.4. Thnh lp ngn hng d liu: Nn phn k thnh hai giai on:

Giai on 1: Thu thp, phn tch, nh gi s liu hin c; xc nh cc thng s cn thit lu tr trong kho d liu; xy dng phn mm qun l d liu thun tin tham chiu v cp nht nh k. Giai on 2: Cp nht, tng hp, khai thc s dng d liu

KT LUN

58

Ti nguyn nc ca Vit Nam l hu hn v phn ln bt ngun t cc nc xung quanh. Do s bin i ca t nhin v tc ng tiu cc ca cc hot ng kinh t thiu qun l, xu hng suy gim ti nguyn nc c v cht lng v s lng xut hin. Nhu cu s dng nc cho cc ngnh kinh t ngy mt tng nhanh. pht trin cc ngnh kinh t x hi mt cch hiu qu trong thi gian ti, cn phi thc hin s pht trin ti nguyn nc v chin lc qun l nc thng qua qun l lu vc sng. iu ny c th bo m s pht trin bn vng khng ch i vi ngnh nc m cn cho cc ngnh kinh t - x hi khc na. Tuy nhin, trong mt vi thp k ti, dn s nc ta s tng ln, nn kinh t bc sang giai on mi theo hng a dng ha sn xut, y mnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha, nhu cu nc cho cc ngnh kinh t s cao hn nhiu. Vic qun l tng hp ti nguyn nc s phi c hon thin hn c v ch trng chnh sch cng nh th ch, t chc. Nht l trong bi cnh hin nay, cc chnh sch v qun l ti nguyn nc dng nh c lp vi hot ng qun l cc vng NN. Cc nghin cu nh gi trong bo co s ng gp mt phn vo vic nng cao hiu lc ca h thng chnh sch v c cu t chc QLTHTNN ph hp vi giai on y mnh cng nghip ha v hin i ha t nc.

59

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Nguyn Thng Hng, Quan im bn vng trong s nghip khai thc v s dng
ti nguyn nc, Tp ch a cht thy vn, 241 (1997)

2. Phm Xun S. Tng cng php l trong qun l ti nguyn nc. Hi tho qun l
iu hnh hiu qu ngnh nc

3. Nguyn Vit Ph, V Vn Tun, Trn Thanh Xun. Ti nguyn nc Vit Nam. NXB
Nng Nghip, 2003. 4. Lut Ti nguyn nc (1998)

5. Lut Bo v mi trng (2004) 6. Lut Bo v v pht trin rng (2004)

7. Ngh nh 179/1999/N-CP 8. Ngh nh s 149/2004/N-CP 9. Ngh nh s 34/2005/N-CP 10. Quyt nh s 67/TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph 11. Ngh nh ca s 91/2002/N-CP 12. Quyt nh s 63/2002/Q-TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph 13. Ngh nh s 27/2005/N-CP 14. Quyt nh s 55/2004/Q-BNN ca B trng B NNv PTNT 15. Ngh quyt s 41-NQ/T. ca B Chnh tr

16. Thng t lin tch B Ti chnh B TN&MT s 125/2003/TTLT-BTC-BTNMT

17. Ngh nh 162/2003/N-CP ca Chnh ph ban hnh qui ch thu thp khai thc s dng d liu thng tin v ti nguyn nc

18. Thng t 02/2005/TT-BTNMT ngy 24/6/2005 ca B TN&MT hng dn thc hin

Ngh nh 149/2004/N-CP

19. Thng t 05/2005/TT-BTNMT ngy 22/7/2005 ca B TN&MT hng dn thc hin

ngh nh 34/2005/N-CP 20. Quyt nh 05/2003/Q-BTNMT v vic cp php thm d khoan nc di t

21. Trn Thanh Xun, Tho lun v nhng gii php QLTHTNN nc ta, Ti nguyn
v mi trng s 2, 12/2003.

22. L Trnh, L Quc Hng. Mi trng lu vc sng ng Nai-Si Gn. NXB Khoa hc
v K thut, 2004.

60

23. Nguyn Xun Nguyn, Trn c H. Cht lng nc sng h v bo v mi

trng nc. NXB Khoa hc v K thut, 2004. 24. Bo co din bin mi trng Vit Nam 2003, Mi trng nc.

25. Bo co hin trang mi trng quc gia - Phn tng quan nm 2005.
26. L c Nm. Bo co cp nht cc chnh sch lu vc sng 2004 27. D tho cc vn bn quy phm php lut v thi hnh Lut Bo v mi trng (sa i)

28. Vietnam Water Resources Sector Review. Report No 15041. WB, ADB, FAO, UNDP,
NGO, Water Resources Group in Vietnam and the Government of Vietnam. May 13, 1996. 29. TAC Background Papers No4. Integrated Water Resources Management. Global Water Partnership. Technical Advisory Committee (TAC).

61

DANH SCH CC CHUYN GIA TRC TIP TRAO I CUNG CP THNG TIN

TT

H v tn

Hc hm/ Hc v GS.TS

Lnh vc chuyn mn/ Chc v /C quan

Trn Hiu Nhu

K thut nc - cng ngh mi trng/ Ph G Trung tm k thut mi trng th v khu cng nghip, H Xy dng H Ni, 55 Gii Phng, H Ni; T: 0913378098/ 04-8691604/04-7844968 Email: tranhieunhue@yahoo.com

Trn c H

PGS.TS

K thut nc - Cng ngh Mi trng/ Trung tm K thut Mi trng th v Khu cng nghip, HXD H ni, 55 Gii phng, H Ni; Tel: 0903235078/ 8693405 Email: tranducha@hn.vnn.vn K thut nc - Cng ngh Mi trng/ Trung tm K thut Mi trng th v Khu cng nghip, HXD H Ni, 55 Gii Phng, H Ni; T: 0913209689/ 048698317 Email: vietanhctn@hotmail.com K thut nc - Cng ngh Mi trng/ Trung tm K thut Mi trng th v Khu cng nghip, HXD H ni, 55 Gii Phng, H Ni; Tel: 04-8693405 K thut nc - Cng ngh Mi trng/ Trung tm K thut Mi trng th v Khu cng nghip, HXD H Ni, 55 Gii Phng, H Ni; Tel: 04-8693405 K thut nc - Cng ngh Mi trng/ Trung tm K thut Mi trng th v Khu cng nghip, HXD H Ni, 55 Gii Phng, H Ni; Tel: 0989347250 Email:quoconguem@gmail.com/ congnq@yahoo.com

Nguyn Vit Anh

PGS.TS

Lu Th Bch

TS

Nguyn c Ton

ThS

Nguyn Quc Cng

ThS.

Trn Hin Hoa

ThS. Nghin cu sinh TS

K thut nc - Cng ngh Mi trng/ Trung tm K thut Mi trng th v Khu cng nghip, HXD H Ni, 55 Gii Phng, H Ni; Tel: 04-8693405 K thut nc - Mi trng/ Trung tm K thut Mi trng th v Khu cng nghip, HXD H Ni, 55 Gii Phng, H Ni; Tel: 04-8693405 Sinh hc - Ha hc Mi trng/ Trung tm K thut Mi trng th v Khu cng nghip, HXD H ni, 55 Gii phng, H Ni; Tel: 04-8693405

Phm Tun Hng

TS

L Hin Tho

TS

62

TT

H v tn

Hc hm/ Hc v GS. TSKH

Lnh vc chuyn mn/ Chc v /C quan

10

Phm Vn Ninh

Mi trng bin/ G Trung tm, Trung tm nghin cu v kho st mi trng bin; 264 i Cn, H Ni; Tel (VP): 8326136 Tel (NR): 8325276 Email: pvninh@im01.ac.vn

11

ng Huy Hunh

GS. TSKH

a dng sinh hc ti ngyn sinh vt/ Vin sinh thi ti nguyn sinh vt 18 Hong Quc Vit- Ngha - Cu Giy; Tel :8360169; Fax :8361196

12

H Thanh Hi

Tin s

a dng sinh hc/ Vin sinh thi ti nguyn sinh vt 18 Hong Quc Vit- Ngha - Cu Giy; Tel :8360169; Fax :8361196

13

L Thc Cn

GS Tin s

Vin trng Vin mi trng v pht trin bn vng Tel: 2511282; Fax: 2511283; Email: VESDI@fpt.vn; thaccan@hn.vnn.vn P311 Nh 18 T2 Khu th mi Trung Ho - Nhn Chnh, ng Lng H mi, Thanh Xun H Ni

14

Nguyn Chu Hi

PGS. Tin s

Sinh vt bin - Hi dng hc/ Vin trng Vin Kinh t v Quy hoch thu sn; Tel: 7716578/ 7716056/ 0903436841 Fax: 7716054 Email: chuhoi.ifep@mofi.gov.vn or nchoi52@yahoo.com; /c:10 Nguyn Cng Hoan, H Ni

15

Trnh Th Thanh

PGS. Tin s

Cng ngh Mi trng sinh hc/Khoa Mi trng, H Khoa hc t nhin/HQGHN /c: 334 Nguyn Tri, Thanh Xun, H Ni Tel: 5583306/0913361070 Email: thanh-vnu@hn.vnn.vn

16

Phm Xun S

TS.

Cc trng Cc qun l nc v cng trnh thy li, B NN&PTNT Cc Trng cc Bo v Mi trng B TN&MT Vin Khoa hc thy li Ph Trng phng/ Hp tc quc t- Cc Bo v Mi trng

17 18 19

Trn Hng H H Lng Thun Hunh L Khoa

TS PGS.TS

20

Phm Trung Lng

PGS.TS

Vin nghin cu pht trin du lch Tng cc du lch

63

TT

H v tn

Hc hm/ Hc v TS

Lnh vc chuyn mn/ Chc v /C quan

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

T Trung Ngha Phm Vn Mnh Ha Chin Thng Phng Vn Vui Hunh Th Phin Hunh Th Php Nguyn Xun L Phm Bnh Quyn Mai Trng Nhun L Minh c Nguyn Ch Thnh

Vin Quy hoch thy li B NN&PTNT Phng Lu vc sng v i b - Cc Bo v Mi trng

Cc Ph G

Cc Mi trng (VEPA) Vn Quc gia Trm chim ng Thp S Ti nguyn v Mi trng tnh Long An

PGS.TS PGS.TS GS

V Khoa hc cng ngh - B Thy sn Trung tm nghin cu TN&MT i hc quc gia H Ni i hc Quc gia H Ni B K hoch v u t Phn vin trng phn vin iu tra quy hoch rng Nam B

32 33 34 35

Phm Khi Nguyn Chu Mnh Hng Nguyn Ha Bnh Nguyn Vn Ti

TS

Th trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng B Giao thng Vn ti

Th.S TS

Chnh vn phng Cc Bo v mi trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng

DANH SCH CHUYN GIA GI BN CU HI V NHN C TR LI

64

TT

H v tn

Lnh vc chuyn mn/ C quan Qun l mi trng/ Hi Bo v TN&MT VN Sinh hc nng nghip Kh hu kh tng thu vn Mi trng t Mi trng khng kh Mi trng bin Cht thi rn Mi trng t Rng v ti nguyn rng a dng sinh hc ti nguyn sinh vt a dng sinh hc

Cn b khoa hc

Cn b qun l

C tr li

Ghi ch

Nguyn Hong Yn

2 3

Phm Bnh Quyn Trn c Hi

4 5 6 7 8 9

ng Trn Duy Phm Ngc ng Phm Vn Ninh Nguyn Th Kim Thi L Thi Bt V Tr Trung

10

ng Huy Hunh

11 12 13 14

H Thanh Hi Nguyn Th Hng T L Bch Thng Nguyn Qunh Hng Phng Ch S

K s nhim SXSH mi trng khng kh Ho v cng ngh mi trng Mi trng a l i b v thm nh

Qun l Nh nc Qun l Nh nc Qun l Nh nc

15

16 17

ng Trung Thun Ha Chin Thng

18

Nguyn Khc Kinh

V trng V thm nh

19

Dng Vn Khanh

G s TN v MT tnh Thi Nguyn

65

TT

H v tn

Lnh vc chuyn mn/ C quan Trng phng Qun l mi trng tnh Thi Nguyn G S TN&MT tnh H Nam

Cn b khoa hc

Cn b qun l

C tr li

Ghi ch

21

Hong Th Lin

Qun l Nh nc Qun l Nh nc Qun l Nh nc

22

Quang C

23

Trn Xun on

TP qun l mi trng tnh H Nam

24

G s TN v MT TP Nng TP qun l mi trng TP Nng Trn Vn Quang Nguyn Ngc Dng HBK Nng Ph G S TN&MT tnh Qung Nam G S TN&MT tnh Qung Nam Ph G S TNMT v Nh t H Ni TP Qun l Mi trng H Ni Sinh vt bin - hi dng hc Ti nguyn rng V trng V mi trng Ph Ch tch Hi ng KH hi BVMT&TN VN Ho mi trng Cng ngh mi trng sinh hc V trng V Khoa hc cng ngh - B Xy dng

25

26 27

28

Dng Ch Cng

29

Nguyn Quc Tun

30

ng Dng Bnh

31

Nguyn Chu Hi

32 33

H Chu Ch Trng Mnh Tin

34

Nguyn Vn Trng

35 36

ng Kim Chi Trnh Th Thanh

37

Nguyn Hu Dng

Qun l Nh nc

66

TT

H v tn

Lnh vc chuyn mn/ C quan V ph V Khoa hc cng ngh - B Cng nghip V KHCN - B Cng nghip

Cn b khoa hc

Cn b qun l

C tr li

Ghi ch

38

Nguyn Gia

Qun l Nh nc Qun l Nh nc Qun l Nh nc Qun l Nh nc Qun l Nh nc Qun l Nh nc Qun l Nh nc Qun l Nh nc Qun l Nh nc Qun l Nh nc

39

Trn Anh Tn

40

L Minh c

Vin Chin lc - B Cng nghip

41

Nguyn Bnh Thn

V ph V Khoa hc cng ngh - B NN&PTNT B NN&PTNT

42

L Vn Tn

43

Nguyn Vn Gin

V Khoa hc cng ngh - B Giao thng vn ti

44

Trn Th Minh Hng

G TT quan trc MT v BVMT Thi Nguyn

45

ng Khnh

V Khoa hc cng ngh - B Thy sn

46

Ban Cng ngh v An ton mi trng Tng cng ty du kh VN Trung tm Mi trng B Quc phng

47

48

V Tr Chung

Vin Mi trng v PT bn vng (VESDI) Gio s

49 50 51 52

Lm Minh Trit Phan Th Hin Hong Minh Khin L Thc Cn

Tin s Gio s

67

68

PH LC
10 h thng sng c din tch lu vc trn 10.000 km2

69

1. Sng Bng Giang- K Cng, 2. Sng Hng - Thi Bnh, 3. Sng M, 4. Sng C, 5. Sng V Gia - Thu Bn, 6. Sng Ba, 7. Sng Srepok, 8. Sng S San, 9. Sng ng Nai, 10. Sng Cu Long. 5 h thng sng c din tch lu vc t 2.500 km2 n 10.000 km2 1. Sng Gianh, 2. 3. 4. 5. Sng Thch Hn, Sng Hng, Sng Tr Khc Sng Cn.

70