Phn I: Nhng vn c bn v cm th th gic.

Trong 5 gic quan ca con ngi th gic, khu gic, xc gic, thnh gic, v gic, c th ni cm th th gic chim ti 80% t trng ca s cm th khng gian th. Chnh v vy vic hiu r nhng kha cnh ca cm th th gic l c s rt quan trng nh gi v thit lp cc khng gian. I. Nhng yu t vt l th gic Kh nng nhn thc ca mt trong khng gian th. Mt ngi ch c th nhn thy mt phm vi nht nh theo mt hng. Ranh gii ca n khng hon ton l ranh gii cng, v vy ta c th gi phm vi nhn thy ca mt l trng nhn -Trng nhn: L phm vi nhn thy ca mt theo mt hng nht nh. Trng nhn theo phng ngang: Mt ngi nhn sang hai bn c mt gc l 130o (mi bn 65o), khng k vic quay u. Trng nhn theo phng ng: So vi ng nm ngang, mt ngi nhn ln c mt gc l 30o, nhn xung mt gc l 45o. Trng nhn tp trung: L phm vi nhn trong mt hnh nn c gc nh l 30o, thng vi hng nhn. V trng nhn khng c ranh gii cng nn c th c nhiu kin v phm vi chnh xc ny. Nhng x dch mt vi vn c th c chp nhn. -Ngng nhn xa, kh nng phn bit ca mt: Mt ngi c kh nng nhn bit, phn bit cc vt th cc khong cch khc nhau ty thuc kch thc, chi tit ca cc vt th. Lm kim han hay thu ren ng nhin khang cch nhn l phi rt gn, nhng i vi cc vt th trong th nh cng trnh v cc chi tit kin trc, nhng khong cch sau c coi l nhng ngng nhn thy theo cc cp : + Khong cch 3 m: Nhn bit c nhng chi tit nh ca cng trnh (hoa st, ph iu) + Khong cch 25 m: Nhn bit c nhng chi tit ln cu cng trnh (ca s, lan can)

+ Khong cch 140m: Phn bit nhng mng khi ca cng trnh. + Khong cch 140-1200m: Bng dng, hnh khi c bn ca cng trnh. + Ngoi 1200 m, cng trnh tr thnh phng, nn cho cc vt th ng trc. Vi s nh hng ca kh hu, nh sng, mt ngi ch nhn thy c nhng bng dng m ca cc cng trnh ln, bng dng ni i . V vy c th coi l gii hn nhn, Mt ngi c kh nng phn bit c 3500 ln kch thc ca vt th. Chng ta nhn bit c hot ng ca mt ngi khong cch ti a l 130m, nhn ra mt khun mt khong cch ti a 24 m v nhng c ng ca nt mt ti a khong cch 12m (1). y l nhng gii hn sinh hc rt c bn ca con ngi, qua 2 yu t ny chng ta cn lu : + Nhng vt th t trn cao khng nn thit k nh hoc nhiu chi tit bi gc quan st phi t rt xa v nh vy khng th cm th c tc phm c kch thc nh. + S cm th ca phn ln con ngi trong th l cm nhn v thc tc khng c ch nh nhn ngm mt vt th no. V th cng trnh ch o phi c t trong trng nhn chnh, l nhng hng nhn thng theo cc trc giao thng, tuyn i li chnh trong th. Nhng cng trnh nm ngoi trng nhn chnh do b che lp bi vt th khc thng b thit thi bi kh nhn bit v cm th. Thi gian cm th Cm th khng gian trong s chuyn ng Mt ngi cn c mt khong thi gian nht nh c th quan st v cm th c vt th. Thi gian cm th vt th ph thuc vo mc n gin hay phc tp ca vt th, khi lng thng tin m vt th mun biu t. Cng nhng cng trnh quan trng trong khng gian cng cn nhu thi gian c th quan st, nhn r v cm th chng. Tuy nhin con ngi cm th khng gian th hu ht l trong qu trnh chuyn ng: i b, xe p, xe my, tNh vy thi gian cm th vt th trong th nhn chung l c gii hn. Thi gian c tnh bng T cm th = Qung ng nhn r vt th (trong trng nhn )
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Tc chuyn ng

Cn ch c tnh ny khi thit k cc cng trnh cnh cc tuyn ng giao thng c tc khc nhau. Cc vt th cnh ng cao tc nn s dng hnh khi n gin, kch thc ln. Cn vi cc tuyn i b do thi gian ngm nhn c lu hn li rt cn quan tm n chi tit ca cc cng trnh, nn ng. Tng i hoc cc cng trnh quan trng nht thit phi c t v tr c thi gian cm th ln, tc l qung ng quan st di hoc c tc chuyn ng ca ngi quan st chm. Tnh lin kt th gic- lc th gic Nhng vt th t gn nhau to nn mt lc lin kt chng v mt th gic. c tnh ny to nn kh nng dn hng ca cc vt th vi hot ng ca con ngi. V d nhng dy ct xp theo ng cong s lm mt ta hng theo ng cong . Vt th cng t gn nhau lc th gic cng mnh v ngc li. Khi nim gn hay xa ny khng ph thuc vo khong cch tht m tu theo v tr ta quan st cc vt th. Mt hng cy bn ng nu chng ta ng v tr vung gc vi ng s khng cho chng ta cm gic v mt di cy xanh mnh bng nu ta nhn chng gc phi cnh, nhng ci cy t gn nhau, thm ch che lp nhau mt phn s to nn mt tuyn cy xanh vi s dn hng r rt. Tnh lin kt th gic hay lc th gic l c tnh quan trng chng ta vn dng trong vic t hp cc khng gian dn dt, khng gian lin kt, khng gian ng m . Nhng yu t tc ng n s cm th th gic Cc vt th to hng nhn : Do c tnh lin kt ca lc th gic m trong khng gian mt ngi b dn hng bi cc vt th. Nhng vt th ny c th to s tp trung tia nhn hoc cng c th lm phn tn tia nhn i vi mt hng nhn chnh hoc mt cng trnh ch o. Quan h phng hnh: tng phn phng hnh do nh sng, mu sc, cao , khi hoc cht liu to ra cho chng ta kh nng phn bit nhn bit vt
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th khc nhau. tng phn cng ln chng ta cng d nhn bit v cm th c vt th. ng vin (sky line, xiluyet): L ranh gii gia cng trnh, qun th cng trnh hoc ton th vi bu tri. Cm th th gic v ranh gii ny rt r do tng phn gia cng trnh v bu tri mnh. Nht l khi nhn ton cnh hoc khi quan st khng gian vo lc chiu mun. Cm gic xa- gn gia cc cng trnh nho i v ch cn bng dng ca cc cng trnh, hoc nt vin phn gip vi bu tri sm in trn nn tri. Rt cn lu n yu t ny khi thit k cc cng trnh cao tng, hnh thc mi ca cng trnh phi quan tm n siluyet ton cnh v n l thnh phn quan trng to nn nhng n tng v khng gian chung ca th. Chui phi cnh : Hnh nh th l mt chui nhn thc v cc cnh, hnh nh, chng oc lin kt v s l qua b no to nn mt n tng, mt s cm th chung v khng gian. V vy cn ch ti khng gian th trn cc chui phi cnh, theo tuyn cc im nhn k tip. Cc cnh trn tuyn cn c s tng ng, lin kt, chuyn ho mi to c nhng hnh nh thng nht v th V d : Mt ng ph ton hoa phng; Mt ng ph c nhiu cng trnh vi phong cch kin trc Php ; Ph c H Ni vi nhng mi ngi l x, bun bn, sn xut tp npn tng ny c c l do s cm th ca chui ca cc hnh nh mang tnh c trng trn tuyn. Nhng tuyn ph ln xn l nhng tuyn khng c c nhng chui hnh nh, chui phi cnh p. C th ch c nhng bc nh p ring l. II. Nhng yu t tm l th gic Ngoi nhng yu t vt l th gic mang tnh ph bin vi mi ngi, yu t tm l th gic vi tng c nhn cng l yu t tc ng n vic th cm khng gian. Th hin qua cc kha cnh - Tm l ca ngi cm th: Trng thi tm l vui, bun cho s cm nhn v khng gian khc nhau. - Trnh , vn ho, tp qun, tn ngng ca ngi nhn thc: V d khch du lch quc t Ty u coi trng v p t nhin, hoang s, thch c
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tip xc vi t nhin. Tm l thch nhiu mu sc (, vng) trong trang tr ca ngi Trung Quc. - Tm l theo la tui, gii: Thanh nin, thiu nin a thch cc khng gian vui nhn, sng ng s c cm nhn tch cc vi cc khng gian cng cng ng c hn ngi c tui. Ph n thch nhng khng gian c cm gic an tan. Yu t tm l ny cn c quan tm khi thit k cc khng gian cho cc i tng, la tui khc nhau. - Cm gic v thi gian, du n ni chn (k nim, tnh cm) cng tc ng ln s cm th th gic khc nhau. III. Mt s phn tch khng gian trn c s cm th th gic Cng trnh trng tm trong khng gian th: Phi kt cc c s v th gic trn ta thy mt cng trnh tr thnh trng tm trong khng gian th cn thit phi c cc iu kin: +Cng trnh nm trong trng nhn tp trung (ca mt hoc nhiu hng). Khong cch nhn hp l quan st v cm th vt th. +C thi gian cm th vt th cho ngi quan st vi tc di chuyn ca s ng. +Cng trnh chnh c cc vt th khc dn hng tp trung tia nhn. +Cng trnh c phng, hnh r rng, khng b ln. Cm nhn v khng gian ng: y l nhng khng gian cho cm nhn v s kn o, gn gi, m cng vi nhng ranh gii khng gian c xc nh r rng. Trn mt bng: Cc hng nhn b gii hn, khp kn trong khng gian (do lc th gic chi phi), kh nng nhn ra cc hng khc nh. Trn mt ct: Vt th c chiu cao gii hn tia nhn trn. Gc tia nhn nh ca vt th vi ng nm ngang: + To gc 14o: Bt u c cm gic c vt th chn trc mt + To gc 18o: Cm gic c vt th chn pha trc
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+ To gc 30o: Gii hn trn ca tia nhn, ranh gii gia cm gic ng v m. + To gc 40o : Cm gic ng hon ton. Cn lu v v tr nhn ph bin trong khng gian xc nh chiu cao cho khng gian ng. V tr nhn ph bin trung tm khng gian hay t mp bin khng gian s cho yu cu v chiu cao khng gian ng khc nhau. Cm nhn v khng gian m Trn mt bng cc tia nhn c hng ra ngai khng gian theo mt hoc vi hng. Trn mt ct, tia nhn cng khng b cc vt th che chn han tan (tia nhn trn nh hn gc 14-30o). Khng gian m c th l nhng khng gian xanh, b bin vi tm nhn v mi pha l khng gii hn. Cng c th l nhng khng gian c hng m ch v mt hoc hai pha v c lin kt vi khng gian khc. Khng gian c t l p Thc t cho thy trong khng gian c cc tia nhn trn vi gc t 14o 40o mang li nhng cm gic d chu, khng gian khng ng kn qu cng khng qu m, trng tri. Chnh v vy nhng khng gian c t l chiu cao/chiu rng t 1/2 n 1/4 l nhng khng gian c coi l c t l p. Kt hp vi t l ca con ngi, khng gian cho cm gic m cng, thn mt thng mi chiu khng qu 25m. Mt khng gian th khng nn rng qu 130m mi chiu. Nhng b cc to nhp iu, s cn xng, i xng, hi ha, tng phn trong khng gian kt hp vi t l cng l yu t to nn v p ca hnh thi khng gian. Cc khng gian lin kt y l nhng khng gian thung gp trong th, to nn s phong ph trong chc nng, hnh thi ca tuyn hot ng. +Trc ht phi tn ti cc khng gian vi nhng sc thi ring, khng gian c m v hng lin kt. +C khu vc khng gian chuyn tip, khu vc m th gic cm th c c 2 khng gian, hay ngi quan st cm thy va thuc v khng gian ny va thuc v khng gian khc.
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Hng lin kt c quyt nh bi cc vt th dn hng Tng ng hng khng gian v hng giao thng: Xu th hot ng v mt th gic do hng khng gian quyt nh. Tuy nhin hot ng v mt c hc li theo hng ca ng giao thng quyt nh. V vy cn c s tng ng gia 2 yu t ny, ht sc trnh vic nh hng khng gian theo mt pha nhng tuyn giao thng li i theo pha khc, d to ln s ln hng, kh nng lc li cao. T hp trc khng gian: L s t hp cc khng gian k tip theo mt tuyn, cc khng gian ny c lin kt vi nhau c th i km lin kt giao thng hoc c th ch lin kt bng lc th gic. y l th php thng s dng trong phm vi t chc khng gian tan cnh th. V d to trc khng gian lin kt cc cng trnh cao tng, im nhn t trn cc ngn ni v vi cc khng gian trong th. Trn y ch l mt s phn tch trong nhng kha cnh kh phc tp ca vn cm th th gic. Qua cng cho thy s cn thit phi nm vng v vn dng c nhng c tnh ca cm th th gic trong t chc khng gian mi c th to c nhng khng gian th thnh cng.
Ghi ch: (1) Tham kho Urban design in America ca AIA journal. No 1962- 1964.

10 nh lut v th gic:
1. nh lut khong cch Do khoang cach gia cac hinh anh khac nhau nn nhng tin hiu thi giac a lai cung khac nhau. VD: hinh 3.1 thi giac thun tuy nhn ra 6 ng thng song song.Khi b tri khac i thi thi giac nhn bit c 3 cp song song sau o mi ti yu t 6 ng song song. hinh 3.2 thi giac nhin t hp hinh chm cho nhn bit o la mt trt t , hay cac hang doc. Cung nhng hat chm o hinh 3.2.1 chung ta nhn thy o la mt ng hn n. Vy inh lut cua khoang cach(inh lut cua s gn):
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Nhng net ,nhng im hay nhng hinh th cua tin hiu thi giac chi gn nhau v khoang cach thi chung se tao thanh mi lin kt theo chiu ngang hay chiu doc(phu thuc vao gn cua khoang cach ngang hay doc).y chinh la inh lut cua s gn,tc la hinh th nao gn nhau bao gi cung tac ng vao thi giac con ngi manh hn xa. 2. nh lut ng ng (inh lut cua s ng u) Tt ca nhng tin hiu thi giac khi ging nhau v hinh th xp t bn canh nhng hinh th khac xen ke.Tuy khoang cach cua chung khng gn nhau nhng chung vn co mi lin kt vi nhau .Noi ln kha nng bao quat hoa cua hinh th,nhng chi tit tinh vi c thi giac ngi loai bo.Vi vy nhng hinh ging nhau c xem nh cung mt loai. Kt qua a lai la (inh lut ng ng thng inh lut khoang cach) *inh lut khoang cach thng inh lut ng ng:Mt ta se quy nhom theo vung dn n s ng ng bi pha v 3. nh lut trc sau (hep va rng) Tt ca cac tin hiu thi giac co hinh th nho va khoang cach hep bao gi cung tin ln phia trc tr thanh hinh ,con tin hiu thi giac co hinh th ln khoang cach rng lai lui v phia sau tr thanh nn.Vy hinh th va khoang cach nho hep bng hinh th co khoang cach rng ln.c s lin kt cht che cua no tr thanh mt hinh th mi. hinh 1 din tich canh quat nho cho cam nhn phia trc trn phng nn trng .iu o xem nh mc inh cua thi giac . hinh s 2 din tich cua hinh va nn bng nhau s phn inh trc sau xa gn cua thi giac bi anh la .Co th trng trc va ngc lai( tao ra hiu qua rung .Do tranh chp din tich dn n tranh chp thi giac ,luc nay trng trc hay en trc thi phu thuc vao tm ly ngi xem. S trc sau mang tinh hai mt gy hiu qua rung cua thi giac ( khi co s can thip cua sc . 4. nh lut ca s khp knh Cac hinh th cua tin hiu thi giac bng nhau va ging nhau t canh nhau thi lun lun khep kin tao cho thi giac cam thu c s lin kt cht che cua no tr thanh mt hinh th mi.
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Xet v hinh 1 gm 3 i song song nhng nu thm ng gach ngang nh hinh 2 a tao ra vung khep kin.Luc nay cam giac manh me cua thi giac thy ng khep kin ni bt ln ap nhng cp ng song song ._ng khep kin thng inh lut khoang cach.ng khep kin co c tinh khng inh hinh rt manh vi ban thn no lun ve ln mt khun vin mt hinh th nao o bng net khep kin.Tuy nhin ng khep kin la net ni lin nhng lai cho ta cam giac b mt phng .Chinh t cam giac chuyn i cua net sang mang mt cach ng nhin nn cho ta thy ng khep kin thng khoang cach. 5. nh lut ca ng lin tc hinh 1 co 2 net tach ri nhau ,nhng khi chp 2 net vao nhau nh hinh 2 thi giac se nhn bit theo cach ring (ng cong lin tuc ring va ng thng ring.iu o trng to thi giac bi ng cong dn dt lam cho hiu nhm ng cong ring bit tip tuyn vi ng thng . Vi du 2: hinh 1 ,ng khep kin cho ta thy 2 hinh tam giac i u nhau ( trng hp nay ng lin tuc thng ky ha khep kin. hinh 2 ,cho thy s tri chay lin tuc cua ng net trc khi thy c hinh phng bn trong.iu o chng to ng lin tuc thng ng khep kin ky ha. 6. nh lut lin tng (inh lut cua kinh nghim) Khi nhng tin hiu xut hin 1 chiu hay mt phia tao cho thi giac cam nhn c mt hinh th v hinh hin ln. V c ban la nhng bin phap kinh in v s dn nen ti thiu nhng tin hiu thm my nhm biu hin ti a cam xuc cua cai ep. a nghia nht trn c s s dung thng tin it nht Trong mt b cuc hng i cua nhng net ln gi ta lin tng chiu hng . Net n tr thanh im di bit gy hng thu to mo. Cai thng dung nht cua ngn ng hinh anh lin tng thng dung hinh thanh trong qua trinh lich s.
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Chim b cu ,nhanh liu giup ngi ta lin tng n hoa binh .cai thng thy nht la chic u lu tng trng cho cht choc( la kt cuc cua chin tranh,hu qua cua c ia, ng cung cua hut thuc ,. 7. nh lut ca s nhn Khoang cach cua cac tin hiu thi giac cang gn thi se nhn manh hinh tng th .Nhng nu cang xa thi hinh tng th bi pha v. Nhng hinh th ng net tng ng vi ng dim.Nhng ng ao nay ni gia cac tin hiu thi giac se tao cho thi giac 1 cai ao anh hinh co ng vin lin tuc. 8. nh lut ca s chuyn i (inh lut m dng) Khi 2 nhom tin hiu thi giac xut hin trn 1 mt phng ma co ti l kich thc i tng tng ng nhau se tao cho thi giac mt s chuyn i . 9. nh lut ca s cn i song song Tt ca cac tin hiu thi giac khi xut hin ma co hinh th ging nhau ,din tich bng nhau thi no tao nn c tinh cht cn i song song. 10. inh lut tng phn T thi hy lap a co quan nim my hoc (i lp tao nn hai hoa) Tng phan la mt thu phap quan trong cu thanh cai ep hinh thc. Xet v h1: lch hang xem nh s tng phan v phng vi . Xet v h2 : tng phan v sc Xet v h3 : khi s tng phan cuc b bi mt i thi ngi xem se nhin tng phan toan b. Trong mt b cuc, mi chi tit u co i tng tng phan va s tng phan o chinh la i thoai cac chi tit vi nhau .S i thoai o xem nh mt t ,nhiu t thanh mt cu,nhiu cu thanh vn ban. Chung ta co cac cp vn tng phan sau: *Tng phan chiu hng Thng -nghing
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Trc -sau Trn di *Tng phan hinh th: Ky ha t do ,cong Vung tron *Tng phan v ng net *Tng phan v mau sc *Tng phan v sc *Tng phan v kich thc. Chu y: Chi tit tng phan xem nh la im di bit ma iu di bit o gy tinh kich thich thi giac lam cho ngi ta thich thu.

Qui lut nhn thc th gic trong c biu kin trc

I iu kin cm nhn th gic - nh sng c chiu vo vt th, vt th nh sng p vo mt thng qua h thng thn kinh th gic m ngi ta c th nhn bit c hnh v vt th, nh sng lm tng hiu qu th gic. - Mu sc: s dng mu sc mang li hiu qu cm nhn th gic thm m, gi tr ca to hnh kin trc. II Lc th gic 1. Khi nim: Lc th gic l mt khi nim dng ch s ch ca mt n mt i tng no trong mt khng gian bt k. 2. Cng th gic Lc th gic tn ti hai dng tm l v vt l mc ln nh ca trng gi l cng th gic. Cng th gic ph thuc vo kch thc v mt xut hin ca cc tn hiu th gic. III Trng th gic
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1. Khi nim: Trng th gic l cc gii hn trn, gii hn di, gii hn bn m con mt c th nhn thy. 2. ngha: Mt trong nhng yu cu quan trng ca trng th gic l r v kh nng gy ch . 3. Cu trc: Mc tp trung ch ca con ngi trong trng th gic tng ng vi nng lng to nn s tng phn bao gm phng v hnh. 4. Phng v hnh Mi quan h phng, hnh c tnh cht tng i do ch quan ngi cm nhn phng c th l hnh hoc ngc li hnh c th xem l phng. y l tnh lp l c th c c do hiu qu ca nt v hnh. IV Cn bng th gic 1. Khi nim: Trc cn bng th gic lun c xu hng trng khp vi cc trc cn bng ca cc i tng nhn. 2. ngha: Khi ta hiu bit r rng v cc tnh cht c bn ca cn bng th gic s gip ta minh bch hn trong b cc phn b c hay khng co to cn bng th gic. N gip nh thit k to hnh phi m mm thot khoi tnh trng bt ng gia v hiu qu. 3. Yu t tc ng Trng lng th gic v hng l yu t to hnh cng th gic trong tng quan vi khng gian cha chng. Hng ca hnh cng tc ng n cn bng th gic. Mu ca hnh cng tc ng n cn bng th gic. V tr cng l mt h quan trng gy ra lc th gic. 4. Cn bng trn di nh lut: tn hiu th gic khi xut hin pha trn c trng lng th gic ln hn khi xut hin pha di.
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VD: ch B v tr thng thng cc ch s ny c phn trn nh hn phn di vy m li c coi l cn bng. 5. Cn bng phi tri nh lut: tn hiu th gic khi xut hin pha tri c trng lng th gic nh hn khi xut hin pha phi 6. Cn bng trc sau - nh lut: tn hiu th gic khi xut hin su khng gian cng ln th trng lng th gic ca n cng ln v cng xa cng nng. - H qu: Khi cc yu t to hnh c cng mt su trong khng gian nh nhau yu t no c kch thc th gic ln hn s nng hn. Cng mu sng thng cho ta kch thc ln hn kch thc tht. V Hnh dng th gic 1. Khi nim: Thc t khi ta nhn mt vt con mt khng cn phi thy tt c hnh th ca vt y m vn c thng tin y v hnh th ca n. Hnh dng th gic ca mi ngi tn ti song song vi hnh dng tht ca vt th. Hai hnh ny khng phi lc no cng thng nht vi nhau. Hnh dng th gic l hnh dng vt l c nhn thy c thng tin, c ngha. - nh lut: Con mt nhn hnh mt cch rt khi qut v rt c bn. - H qu: Mun tip cn nhanh v khi qut c to hnh phi tun theo cc lut nhn n gin. Tnh n gin trong nhn bit cc hnh dng th gic ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cc yu t to nn hnh, vo s lng v cc qui lut tp hp ca cc yu t . 2. Bn cht Trong ngh thut hnh dng th gic ch l ting vng ca ci m ta thy, l ting vng ca hnh dng vt l. VI Tp hp th gic 1. Khi nim: Hnh nh th gic c to nn bi v s vt th bng cch no chng lt vo mt ta di dng mt hay mt s tp hp no .
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- nh lut: gia hai hay nhiu yu t trong tp hp v lc th gic ca cc yu t thng c khong cch gia chng ta c mt tp hp th gic. 2. Nguyn l: - To nn trng hp dn ca vt th - To hiu ng nhm trong trng hp dn - To hiu ng hp dn bng khong cch Tm li: tp hp khng phi mt nguyn l bt buc phi tun theo khi sng tc to hnh tp hp c tnh thng nht chng ta nghin cu t hp thng qua cc tp t hp (cn n sc lin tng ca ngi xem) VII Chuyn ng th gic 1. Khi nim: V c bn c th ni chuyn ng th gic l mt chui cc hnh nh hay chui cc s kin, pht trin k tip nhau. 2. Nguyn l: Chuyn ng th gic chnh l vic tn ti hay khng tn ti cc lc th gic vi khng gian. Tc chuyn ng th gic ph thuc nhiu vo c im phng, hnh v kch thc VII Hiu qu lin tng trong nhn thc th gic S i chiu, so snh v lin tng gn b cht ch vi t nhin, vi nhng quan nim v nhn thc c hnh thnh ca con ngi t mt thc t x hi nht nh, cc yu t to hnh hoc b cc hnh c c im khi qut hay chi tit bao trm tng ng vi hnh v lin tng.

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