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INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG

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Phn A

GII THIU

Phn A Gii Thiu

INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG

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LI CM N
Sau thi gian 03 thng thc hin ti vi s gip tn tnh ca qu thy c cng vi s n lc ca bn thn em hon thnh ni dung v hnh thc vi n tt nghip INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG ng thi gian. Em xin chn thnh cm n qu thy c trong khoa in T - Vin Thng trng i Hc Vn Hin nhit tnh hng dn, truyn t kin thc trong sut qu trnh hc v trang b cho em nhng kin thc chuyn mn v cng qu bu em c th hon thin n ny. Vi lng bit n su sc em knh gi li cm n chn thnh nht n thy ThS. H Vn Kha Ly Thy trc tip hng dn tn tnh trong sut qu trnh thc hin ti, qu thy c khoa in t - vin thng nhit tnh gip em trong thi gian qua. Do thi gian v kin thc cn hn ch nn vn cn nhiu thiu st cn b sung v pht trin mong qu thy c v cc anh ch ch bo them n c hon thin v pht trin hn na. Chn thnh cm n! TP.HCM, Thng 07 Nm 2011. Sinh vin thc hin Ng Th Xiu

Li cm n

INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG

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QUYT NH GIAO TI

Quyt nh giao ti

INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG

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NHN XT GIO VIN HNG DN


TP.HCM, Ngy thng nm 2011 Gio Vin Hng Dn

ThS. H Vn Kha Ly

Nhn xt gio vin hng dn

INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG

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NHN XT GIO VIN PHN BIN


TP.HCM, ngy thng nm 2011 Gio Vin Phn Bin

Nhn xt gio vin phn bin

INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG

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LI NI U
Vi s pht trin ca x hi ngy cng c nng cao th nhu cu con ngi v trao i thng tin ngy tin b. p ng nhu cu , i hi mng li vin thng phi c tc cao, dung lng ln, gi thnh thp. Chnh v th m em chn n vi ti INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG.
Ngy nay kch thc ca ta nh vn phng, khch sn ngy cng m rng v vy h thng mng INTERNET p ng c y nhu cu s dng. Thng qua ng truyn dn cp quang vi cht lng cao v gi thnh ph hp. Tuy nhin, c mt kin thc su rng hn v mng quang v cc thnh phn quan trng ca h thng thng tin quang phi c thi gian nghin cu v tch ly kin thc nhiu hn na. V th, rt mong nhng kin ng gp ca qu thy c v cc bn hon thin kin thc v gii php ny.

Li ni u

INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG

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MC LC
GII THIU...................................................................................................i .........................................................................................................................i LI CM N..........................................................................................ii QUYT NH GIAO TI...............................................................iii NHN XT GIO VIN HNG DN..............................................iv NHN XT GIO VIN PHN BIN..................................................v LI NI U........................................................................................vi MC LC..............................................................................................vii LIT K BNG......................................................................................xi LIT K HNH......................................................................................xii NI DUNG.................................................................................................xiii Chng 1 DN NHP...............................................................................1 1.1 L do chn ti...............................................................................1 1.2 Mc ch nghin cu.........................................................................1 1.3 i tng v phm vi nghin cu.....................................................1 1.4 Tnh hnh nghin cu.........................................................................1 1.5 Hng nghin cu ti...................................................................2 1.6 ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca ti............................................2 Chng 2 MNG QUANG........................................................................3 2.1 Gii thiu mng thng tin quang........................................................3 2.1.1 Cc mng quang...........................................................................4 2.1.2 Mng quang th h th hai...........................................................5 2.1.3 Tnh trong sut v cc mng ton quang......................................7 2.1.4 Chuyn mch gi quang...............................................................9 2.1.5 Cc vn c bn v truyn dn................................................11 2.1.5.1 Bc sng, tn s v khong cch knh.............................11 2.1.5.2 Cc tiu chun bc sng....................................................12

Mc lc

INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG

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2.1.5.3 Cng sut quang v mt mt................................................13 2.2 Cc c tnh ca thng tin quang......................................................14 2.3 Truyn tn hiu trong si quang........................................................15 2.3.1 S truyn nh sang trong si quang...........................................16 2.3.2 Cu trc mt si quang..............................................................17 2.3.3 Phn tch nh hng ca si quang............................................19 2.3.3.1 Suy hao ca si quang v bng thng..................................19 2.3.3.2 Tn sc trong si quang.......................................................21 2.3.3.3 Cc nh hng phi tuyn.....................................................21 2.4 Cc thnh phn trong h thng thng tin quang...............................24 2.4.1 Cc b ghp................................................................................24 2.4.2 B cch ly v b truyn..............................................................25 2.4.3 Ngun pht quang......................................................................26 2.4.4 Tch sng quang........................................................................27 2.4.5 Cc b khuch i quang...........................................................28 2.4.5.1 EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers).........................28 2.4.5.2 SOA (Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers)..........................30 2.4.6 Cc b ghp knh v b lc.......................................................30 2.4.7 Cc b chuyn mch..................................................................31 2.4.8 B chuyn i bc sng ..........................................................32 Chng 3 MNG KHNG DY WIRELESS......................................34 3.1 Gii thiu mng khng dy Wireless................................................34 3.2 Phn loi mng v tuyn...................................................................34 3.2.1 WPAN........................................................................................35 3.2.2 WLAN .......................................................................................35 3.2.3 WMAN......................................................................................36 3.2.4 WAN..........................................................................................37 3.2.5 WRAN.......................................................................................37 3.3 S pht trin ca mng thng tin di ng t bo..............................38

Mc lc

INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG

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Th h th 1 (1G)................................................................................39 Th h th 2 (2G)................................................................................39 GSM....................................................................................................39 IS-136..................................................................................................39 CDMS ONE........................................................................................39 Th h 2,5G.........................................................................................40 Th h th 3 (3G)................................................................................40 UMTS..............................................................................................40 CDMA 2000....................................................................................41 TD-SCDMA....................................................................................41 Cng ngh tin 4G..............................................................................42 GPP LTE.........................................................................................42 UMB................................................................................................43 IEEE 802.x......................................................................................43 3.4 Tng quang v WiFi.........................................................................44 3.4.1 WiFi l g?..................................................................................44 3.4.2 Hot ng...................................................................................44 3.4.2.1 Adapter................................................................................45 3.4.2.2 Router..................................................................................45 3.4.3 Sng Wifi...................................................................................47 3.5 u im v nhc im ca mng khng dy.................................47 Chng 4 TM HIU B CONVERTER QUANG...............................50 4.1 Converter quang B chuyn i quang in.................................50 4.1.1 Khi nim..................................................................................50 4.1.2 Bn cht ca converter quang...................................................50 4.1.3 ng dng..................................................................................51 4.2 V sao cn b chuyn i quang in? Khi no th cn?.................51 4.3 Phn loi converter quang...............................................................51 4.4 La chn b chuyn i ph hp....................................................52

Mc lc

INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG

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Chng 5 THC HIN H THNG WIFI KT HP TRUYN DN QUANG..............................................................................................................53 5.1 Thit b Modem ADSL.....................................................................53 5.2 Thit b chuyn mch (Switch/Hub).................................................55 5.3 Thit b chuyn i in quang Quang in.................................56 5.4 Cp quang.........................................................................................57 5.5 Router WiFi......................................................................................58 5.6 Thc thi gii php.............................................................................59 5.6.1 S khi..................................................................................59 5.6.2 S u ni thit b.................................................................59 PH LC V TI LIU THAM KHO.................................................62 Ph Lc I .................................................................................63

Mc lc

INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG

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LIT K BNG

Lit k bng

INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG

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LIT K HNH

Lit k hnh

INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG

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Phn B

NI DUNG

Chng 1: Dn nhp

INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG

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Chng 1 DN NHP
1.1 L do chn ti S pht trin khoa hc k thut gip ch v phc v cho con ngi rt nhiu trong mi lnh vc. S tin b ny bao gm c ngnh in t v vin thng. Khng nhng nh vy m chng cn l ngnh mi nhn trong xu th cng nghip ha, hin i ha t nc. Ngy nay, vic trao i thng tin trn mng Internet ngy cng pht trin mnh, lm cho cng vic tr nn d dng v thun li rt nhiu, con ngi c th trao i thng tin bt c u. Kt ni mng khng dy v ang tr thnh mt xu th hin i, c thc hin qua cc loi hnh kt ni mng truyn thng dng dy cp. nc ta, vic kt ni mng khng dy c s dng ph bin cc cng ty, khch sn, bnh vin. Qua tm hiu, sinh vin nhn thy y l mt ti kh mi v ph hp vi thc t. V th, sinh vin chn ti ny nhm tm hiu v kho st v mng khng dy. 1.2 Mc ch nghin cu Sinh vin thc hin quyt nh chn ti ny xut pht t nhu cu hc hi, tm hiu v cp nht nhng kin thc khoa hc k thut tin tin p dng vo lao ng sn xut phc v cho con ngi. Gip sinh vin c c hi tm hiu v nng cao thm kin thc v mng khng dy v cc h thng thng tin quang. 1.3 i tng v phm vi nghin cu Tm hiu v mng khng dy Wireless v cc vn sau:

Tm hiu v k thut truyn thng khng dy. Tm hiu v cc mng thng tin di ng t bo. Cc mng v tuyn v cc chun mng.
Tm hiu b converter quang. 1.4 Tnh hnh nghin cu Trong qu trnh nghin cu, sinh vin tm hiu v h thng mng khng dy thng qua cc ti liu tham kho t internet v cc ti liu khc lin quan ti mng khng dy

Chng 1: Dn nhp

INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG

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Tm hng gii quyt nhng vn c bn ca ti. Tm kim ti liu lin quan ti mng khng dy. c, dch ti liu, tm hiu cc vn lin quan ti converter quang. nh my, kim tra hon tt ti. 1.5 Hng nghin cu ti y l mt ti gip cho sinh vin tm hiu c rt nhiu kin thc, v c th s dng thc t. Vi ti ny, sinh vin mun tm hiu thm v bit thm cc phng php chuyn i, cp nht internet trn ng dn quang. 1.6 ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca ti Hin nay, nc ta, nhu cu truy nhp mng khng dy cng c s dng rng ri, do vic tm hiu v mng khng dy l iu rt cn thit v b ch. y l mt ti kh hay v mi m i vi sinh vin thc hin, thng qua ti ny sinh vin c th bit thm nhiu cc kin thc mi. Tuy ti mang tnh l thuyt nhiu hn nhng qua tm hiu, kho st ti hon ton c th c ng dng vo thc t thit lp internet khng dy trn mng quang.

Chng 1: Dn nhp

INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG

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Chng 2 MNG QUANG


2.1 Gii thiu mng thng tin quang Lng thng tin trao i trong cc h thng thng tin ngy nay tng ln rt nhanh. Bn cnh gia tng v s lng, dng lu lng truyn thng trn mng cng thay i. Dng d liu ch yu l lu lng Internet. S ngi s dng Internet ngy cng ng v thi gian mi ln truy cp thng ko di hn nhiu ln mt cuc gi in thoi. Bn cnh , cc doanh nghip cng thng da vo cc mng tc cao iu hnh cng vic.Nhng iu ny to ra mt nhu cu s dng bng thng ln, nhng ng truyn tc cao, tin cy v chi ph thp. Mng thng tin quang ra i p ng c nhng thng tin trn. Thng tin quang cung cp bng thng ln vi t l li rt thp ( 10 -11). Bn cnh dung lng cao, mi trng quang cn cung cp kh nng trong sut. Tnh trong sut cho php cc dng d liu khc nhau chia s cng mt mi trng truyn v iu ny rt ph hp cho vic mang cc tn hiu c nhng c im khc nhau.V vy, truyn thng quang c xem nh l mt k thut cho h thng thng tin bng rng trong tng lai. Tuy nhin, bng thng quang rt ln i vi mt ng dng ring l. V vy, n nn c chia s gia nhng ngi s dng vi nhau bng cch ghp nhiu knh trn mt ng truyn. K thut ghp knh c quan tm nht hin nay l ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng (WDM) v ghp knh phn chia thi gian (TDM). Trong tng lai, ghp knh theo bc sng s c a chung hn v chi ph k thut v thit b lp t cc h thng TDM tng i cao. Theo bo co, h thng TDM vi dung lng 10 Gbps c lp t Nht vo nm 1996. Cc h thng WDM 40 Gbps c lp t Bc M. Trong WDM, nhiu knh c ghp trn mt si quang s dng cc bc sng khc nhau. Mt phng php ghp knh khc l ghp knh phn chia m (CDM). K thut ny thc hin m ha mi lung thng tin bi mt m trc giao vi m ca cc lung thng tin khc cng chia s mi trng truyn (si quang).K thut ny khng cn ph bin t sau nhng nm 80 v nhng hn ch v k thut nh tc iu ch v suy hao trong m ha cng nh gii m cao.Hn na, ng dng ca phng php ny lm cho vn tn sc v ng b tr nn xu hn v th dng nh khng cn thch hp cho thng tin quang ngy nay.

Chng 2: Mng quang

INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG

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2.1.1 Cc mng quang Ngoi vic cung cp dung lng khng l, mng quang cn mang li mt c s h tng chung m qua cc dch v khc nhau c thc hin. Cc mng ny cng c kh nng phn pht bng thng mt cch mm do khi cn thit. Si quang cung cp bng thng ln hn rt nhiu so vi cp ng v t nhy i vi cc loi nhiu in t khc nhau v cc hiu ng khng mong mun khc. Do , n tr thnh mt mi trng truyn d liu vi tc hn vi chc Megabit trn giy qua nhng khong cch di hn mt Kilmet. Si quang cng l phng tin hay c dng thc hin nhng kt ni tc cao (Gigabit trn giy hoc cao hn) khong cch ngn bn trong nhng h thng ln. Thng k gn y nht t y ban truyn thng Lin Bang M cho bit s trin khai ca si quang khp ni. Si quang ngy nay c trin khai rng ri trong tt c cc loi mng vin thng, c l ngoi tr khu dn c. Mc d c cung cp n nhiu doanh nghip, c bit trong nhng thnh ph ln, si quang cha c a n nh ring v chi ph lp t ng dy rt ln. K thut truyn dn si quang tin ha qua vi chc thp nin cung cp tc bit ngay cng cao v qua nhng khong cch ngy cng di hn. Hnh 1.1 cho thy s gia tng bng thng qua nhiu thi gian ca cc loi mng khc nhau. S pht trin mnh m ny ch yu l do s trin khai cc h thng thng tin quang.

Hnh 2.1: S gia tng bng thng theo thi gian trong cc loi mng khc nhau

Chng 2: Mng quang

INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG

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Khi ni n cc mng quang, chng ta ang thc s ni v hai th h ca chng. th h th nht, si quang ch yu dng cho truyn dn v cung cp dung lng. Si quang cung cp t l li bit thp hn v dung lng cao hn so vi cp ng. Tt c chc nng chuyn mch v mng thng minh c iu khin bng in t. V d cho cc mng quang th h th nht ny l SONET (mng quang ng b), tng t vi mng SDH (h phn cp s ng b), hnh thnh nn phn li ca c s h tng vin thng tng ng Bc M v Chu u, Chu cng nh cc mng doanh nghip khc nh ESCON. Ngy nay chng ta ang thy s trin khai ca nhng mng quang th h th hai, ni m cc chc nng chuyn mch, nh tuyn v s thng minh c chuyn vo lp quang hc. 2.1.2 Mng quang th h th hai Si quang hin nhin tr thnh mt phng tin truyn dn c a thch v ngy nay truyn dn ghp knh theo bc sng WDM c dng rng ri trong mng. Nhng nm gn y, ngi ta nhn ra rng cc mng quang c kh nng cung cp nhiu hn l ch truyn dn im ni im. Nhng thun li ch yu t c bng cch hp nht mt vi chc nng chuyn mch v nh tuyn c thc hin in t vo phn quang ca mng. V d nh, khi tc d liu ngy cng cao, vic x l d liu bng in t tr nn kh khn hn. Gi s cc thit b in t phi x l d liu mi khi 53 bytes (chiu di mi t bo trong phng thc truyn bt ng b trong ATM). Trong mt lung d liu 100 Mbps, ta c 4,24 s x l mt khi, trong khi vi lung 10Gbps, khi ny phi c x l trong vng 42,4 ns. Trong cc mng th h th nht, thit b in t mt nt phi iu khin khng ch tt c cc d liu dnh cho nt m cn tt c cc d liu i xuyn qua n n cc nt khc trong mng. Nu d liu c th c nh tuyn trong min quang, ti trng cc thit b in cc nt s gim i ng k. y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh cho s ra i ca mng quang th h th hai. Cc mng quang da vo m hnh ny ang c trin khai. Kin trc ca mng c ch ra trong hnh 1.2, ta gi mng ny l mt mng nh tuyn bc sng. Mng cung cp nhng lightpath cho ngi s dng, nh cc thit b cui SONET hoc cc b nh tuyn IP.Lightpaths l cc kt ni quang c mang t u cui n u cui bng mt bc sng trn mi tuyn trung gian. cc nt trung gian trong mng, cc lightpath c nh tuyn v chuyn mch t tuyn ny sang tuyn khc. Trong mt

Chng 2: Mng quang

INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG

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s trng hp, cc lightpath cng c th c chuyn t mt bc sng ny thnh bc sng khc dc theo ng i.

Hnh 2.2: Mng quang nh tuyn bc sng Cc lightpath trong mng nh tuyn bc sng c th s dng dng bc sng khi n khng dng chung mt tuyn truyn dn no. iu ny cho php cng mt bc sng c s dng li cc phn khc nhau ca mng. V d, hnh 1.2 ch ra 6 lightpaths. Lightpath gia B v C, lightpath gia D v E, v mt trong nhng lightpath gia E v F khng dng chung tuyn lin kt no trong mng v v th c th c thit lp s dng mt bc sng 1. ng thi, lightpath gia A v F dng chung mt kt ni vi lightpath gia B v C nn phi s dng bc sng khc (2). Tng t, hai lightpath gia E v F phi c gn cc bc sng khc nhau. Ch rng tt c cc lightpath ny s dng cng bc sng trn mi kt ni trong ng i ca n. y l mt s rng buc m ta cn gii quyt nu ta khng c kh nng chuyn i bc sng trong mng. Gi s ta ch c hai bc sng c sn trong mng v mun thit lp mt lightpath mi gia cc nt E v F. Khng c chuyn i bc sng, ta s khng th thit lp c lightpath ny.Ni cch khc, nu nt trung gian X c th thc hin chuyn i bc sng, th ta c th thit lp lightpath ny s dng bc sng 2 trn tuyn EX v bc sng trn 1 trn tuyn XF.

Chng 2: Mng quang

INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG

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Cc phn t mng chnh cho php mng quang hot ng l cc thit b cui quang (OLTs), cc b ghp knh xen/rt quang (OADMs) v cc b kt ni chp quang (OXCs) nh ch ra trong hnh 1.2. OLT ghp cc bc sng vo mt si quang v tch mt tp bc sng trn mt si n vo cc si ring r. OLTs c s dng cc u cui ca mt lin kt WDM im ni im. OADM thu vo cc tn hiu nhiu bc sng v rt c chn lc mt s cc bc sng ny trong khi cho cc bc sng khc i qua. N cng thn cc bc sng vo tn hiu ghp i ra mt cch chn lc. Mt OADM c cc cng hai dy ni cc tn hiu ghp WDM hin din v mt s cng ni b ni m cc bc sng c rt v xen. Mt OXC v c bn thc hin mt chc nng tng t nh OADM nhng vi quy m ln hn nhiu. OXCs c s cng ln (t vi chc n vi nghn) v c th chuyn mch nhng bc sng t mt cng vo n cng khc. C OADMs v OXCs u c th kt hp cc kh nng chuyn i bc sng bn trong. Cc mng quang da vo kin trc c m t trn c trin khai. OLTs c trin khai rng ri cho cc ng dng im ni im. OADMs hin nay c s dng trong cc mng ng di v mng tp trung. OXCs bt u c trin khai trc trong cc mng ng di v dung lng yu cu cao hn trong cc mng ny. 2.1.3 Tnh trong sut v cc mng ton quang Mt c trng chnh ca dch v lightpath c cung cp bi cc mng th h th hai l dng dch v ny c th trong sut i vi d liu tht c gi trn lightpath mt khi n c thit lp. Chng hn nh mt tc bit ln nht v nh nht no c th c nh r, dch v c th chp nhn d liu bt c tc bit no v bt k dng nghi thc no trong vng gii hn ny. N cng c th mang d liu tng t. Tnh trong sut trong mng cung cp nhiu thun li. Mt iu hnh vin c th cung cp cc loi dch v khc nhau s dng mt c s h tng ring l. Ta c th ngh iu ny nh l tnh trong sut ca dch v. Th hai, nu cc nghi thc hoc tc bit thay i, thit b trin khai trong mng vn c kh nng h tr cc nghi thc hoc tc bit mi m khng cn mt s i tu ton b mng. iu ny cho php cc dch v mi c trin khai hiu qu v nhanh chng, trong khi cc dch v c vn c thc hin. Mt v d v mng trong sut loi ny l mng in thoi. Mt khi cuc gi c thit lp trong mng in thoi, n cung cp 4Khz bng thng qua mt ngi

Chng 2: Mng quang

INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG

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s dng c th gi nhiu dng lu lng khc nhau nh l ting ni, d liu, hoc fax. Tnh trong sut cng tr thnh mt nt c bit trong cc mng quang th h th hai. Mt thut ng khc lin quan n cc mng trong sut l khi nim mng ton quang. Trong mng ny, d liu c mang t ngun n ni di dng quang, m khng phi tri qua bt c chuyn i quang-in no dc theo ng i. Mt cch l tng, mng ny s hon ton trong sut. Tuy nhin, mng ton quang b gii hn trong phm vi ca n bi nhiu thng s ca lp vt l nh l bng thng v cc t s tn hiu trn nhiu. V d nh cc tn hiu tng t yu cu t s tn hiu trn nhiu cao hn nhiu so vi cc tn hiu s. Yu cu tht s da vo nh dng iu c s dng cng nh tc bit. Mc d chng ta ni v cc mng quang, nhng hu nh cc mng ny lun cha mt s thit b in t. Trc ht, in t ng mt vai tr ch yu trong vic thc hin cc chc nng iu khin v qun l thng minh trong mng. Tuy nhin, ngay c trn ng i ca d liu, trong hu ht cc trng hp, thit b in t cn thit phn bn ngoi mng lm thch ng tn hiu i vo mng quang. Trong nhiu trng hp, tn hiu khng th duy tri di dng quang trn ng i n ch v nhng gii hn b p t bi thit k lp vt l v phi ti to li gia. Trong cc trng hp khc, tn hiu cn phi c chuyn t mt bc sng ny sang bc sng khc. Trong tt c cc tnh hung ny, tn hiu thng c chuyn t dng quang sang dng in v in thnh quang. Cc b lp in t s lm gim tnh trong sut ca ng i tn hiu, c ba k thut ti to in t cho d liu s. Mt tiu chun c gi l ti to vi nh thi gian v nh dng c gi l 3R. y tc bt c tch ra t tn hiu v tn hiu c nh thi gian li. K thut ny ch yu to ra mt bn sao mi ca tn hiu mi bc ti to, cho php tn hiu i qua mt s rt ln cc b lp. Tuy nhin, n li tr tnh trong sut i vi tc bt v cc nh chun khung. Mt phng php ti to cc tn hiu quang m khng cn nh thi gian, c gi l 2R, cung cp tnh trong sut i vi cc tc bt m khng h tr d liu tng t hoc cc nh dng iu ch khc nhau. Tuy nhin, phng php ny gii hn s bc lp cho php, c bit cc tc bt cao hn, trn vi trm Mbps. Dng ti to cui cng l 1R, trong tn hiu n gin c nhn v pht li m khng cn nh thi gian v hnh dng. Dng ti to ny cng c th x l d liu tng t, nhng hiu qu ca n km hn hai dng trn. V l do ny, cc mng ang

Chng 2: Mng quang

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trin khai ngy nay s dng k thut 2R v 3R. Tuy nhin, cc b khuch i ny c dng rng ri khuch i tnh hiu trong min quang m khng phi chuyn tn hiu quang sang in. Mt mng hon ton trong sut s h tr cc tn hiu tng t vi cc tc bt v cc nghi thc khung bt k. Tuy nhin, nh ni trn, xy dng c mt mng loi ny l iu khng thc t. Ngy nay, mt la chn thc tin hn l xy dng mng h tr cc loi tn hiu s khc nhau vi tc bt cc i c nh trc v mt tp cc nh chun khung ring bit, nh l SONET v Gigabit Ethernet. Mng h tr nhiu nh khung khc nhau c thc hin bng cch s dng hoc l k thut 2R trong mng hoc l cung cp cc thit b thch nghi 3R ring bit cho mi nh c khung. Mng ny c v trong hnh 1.3. OEO 2 Lightpath OEO OEO 2 OEO

1 OEO Hnh 2.3: Cc nh chun khung trong mng 2.1.4 Chuyn mch gi quang n y ta ni v mng quang cung cp cc lightpath. Cc mng ny v bn cht l cc mng chuyn mch mch. Nhng nh nghin cu cng ang lm vic trn cc mng quang m c th thc hin chuyn mch gi trong min quang. Mt mng loi ny c th cung cp cc dch v mch o hoc cc dch v datagram, rt ging cc dch v trong cc mng ATM v IP. Vi mt kt ni mch o, mng cung cp mt kt ni chuyn mch mch gia hai nt. Tuy nhin, bng thng c cp trn kt ni c th nh hn ton b bng thng c sn trn mt tuyn lin kt. V d nh, nhng kt ni ring r trong mt mng tc cao tng lai c th hot ng 10Gbps, trong khi tc bt truyn dn trn mt bc sng c th l 100Gbps. V vy mng phi hp OEO

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nht mt s dng ghp knh phn chia thi gian kt hp nhiu kt ni thnh mt tc bt. nhng tc ny, c th thc hin ghp knh trong min quang d hn trong min in. Mt nt chuyn mch gi quang c m t trong hnh 1.4. Mc ch l nhm to ra cc nt chuyn mch gi vi dung lng cao hn nhiu so vi chuyn mch gi in t. Mt nt ny ly mt gi i vo, c header ca n v chuyn n n ng ra thch hp. Nt cng c th p t mt header mi trn gi. N cng phi x l tranh chp cho cc cng ra. Nu hai gi i vo trn cc cng khc nhau mun i ra trn cng mt cng, mt trong hai phi c m, hoc gi ra trn mt cng khc.
Input buffers Header Packets recognition Header recognition Output buffers

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Control input

Hnh 2.4: Mt nt chuyn mch gi quang Mt cch l tng, tt c cc chc nng bn trong nt u c thc hin trong min quang, nhng thc t, mt s chc nng no nh l x l header v iu khin chuyn mch phi thc hin bng in t. iu ny l do kh nng x l b gii hn trong min quang. Bn thn phn header c th c gi mt tc bt thp hn so vi d liu cho nn n c th x l in t. Nhim v ca chuyn mch gi quang l cho php cc kh nng chuyn mch gi cc tc m khng th t c vi chuyn mch gi in t. Tuy nhin, cc nh thit k b cn tr bi nhiu hn ch v mt x l tn hiu trong min quang. Mt yu t quan trng l thiu cc b nh truy xut ngu nhin quang m. Cc b m quang c thc hin bng cch s dng mt chiu di si quang v nhng ng dy tr n gin m khng phi l cc b nh chc nng y . Chuyn mch gi bao gm mt s ln cc phn mm thi gian thc thng minh v phn cng dnh iu khin mng v cung cp cc m bo v cht lng dch v, cc chc nng ny kh thc hin trong min quang. Mt yu t khc l trng thi tng i mi ca k

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thut chuyn mch quang nhanh so vi chuyn mch in t. V nhng l do ny, ngy nay chuyn mch gi quang vn cn trong giai on th nghim. 2.1.5 Cc vn c bn v truyn dn Phn ny gii thiu v nh ngha cc thng s ph bin lin quan n h thng thng tin quang. 2.1.5.1 Bc sng, tn s v khong cch knh Khi ni n cc tn hiu WDM l chng ta ang ni v bc sng hoc tn s ca cc tn hiu ny. Bc sng v tn s f lin h vi nhau qua cng thc: c = f. Trong c l tc nh sng trong khng gian t do v bng 3 x 108 m/s. Tc nh sng trong si quang tht s thp hn mt cht (gn 2 x 108 m/s), do cc bc sng cng khc nhau. m t mt tn hiu WDM, ta c th s dng hoc tn s hoc bc sng ca n. Bc sng c o bng n v l nanomet (nm) hoc micromet ( m hoc microns). (1 nm = 10-9 m, 1 m = 10-6 m). Cc bc sng a c dng trong thng tin quang tp trung xung quanh 0.8, 1.3 v 1.55 m. Cc bc sng ny nm trong di hng ngoi, khng th nhn thy i vi mt ngi. Tn s c o bng n v Hertz (hoc s chu k trn giy), tiu biu hn l megahertz (1 MHz = 10 6 Hz), gigahertz (1 GHz = 109 Hz), hoc Terahertz (1 THz = 1012 Hz). S dng c = 3 x 108 m/s, mt bc sng 1.55 m s tng ng vi mt tn s xp x 193 THz hay 193 x 1012 Hz. Mt thng s c quan tm khc l khong cch knh, l khong cch gia hai bc sng hoc tn s trong mt h thng WDM. Khong cch knh c th c o bng n v ca bc sng hoc tn s. Mi lin h gia hai i lng c th t c bt u t phng trnh f = c / . Ly vi phn chng trnh ny quanh mt gi tr trung tm 0 , ta c mi lin h gia khong cch tn s f v khong cch bc sng l: f = - c. / 20 bc sng 0 = 1550 nm, khong cch bc sng 0.8 nm tng ng mt khong cch tn s 100Ghz, mt khong cch tiu biu trong cc h thng WDM. Cc tn hiu thng tin s trong min thi gian c th c xem nh chui cc xung nh k, m hoc tt, ph thuc vo d liu l 1 hay 0. Tc bit n gin l nghch o ca chu k. Cc tn hiu ny c mt s biu din tng t trong min tn s, ni m nng lng ca tn hiu tri di qua mt tp tn s. S biu din ny c

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gi l ph cng sut, hoc n gin l ph. Bng thng tn hiu l rng ph ca tn hiu. Bng thng cng c th c o trong min tn s hoc trong min bc sng, nhng hu ht c o trong min tn s. Lu rng chng ta ang s dng thut ng bng thng kh lng lo. Bng thng v tc bit ca mt tn hiu s lin quan nhau nhng khng ging nhau mt cch chnh xc. Bng thng thng c o bng kilohertz, megahertz hoc gigahertz, trong khi tc bit c tn bng kilobit/giy (kb/s), megabit/giy (Mb/s), hoc Gigabit/giy (Gb/s). Mi lin quan gia hai i lng ph thuc vo dng iu ch c s dng. V d nh, mt ng giy in thoi cung cp bng thng 4 kHz, nhng k thut iu ch phc tp cho php chng ta thc hin mt tc bit 56kb/s qua ng dy in thoi ny. T s ca tc bit vi bng thng c sn c gi l hiu sut ph. Cc h thng thng tin quang s dng cc k thut iu ch kh n gin m t c hiu sut ph khong 0.4 bits/s/Hz. V th hp l khi cho rng mt tn hiu tc 10Gb/s s dng bng thng xp x 25 Ghz. Lu rng bng thng tn hiu cn nh hn khong cch knh; nu khng ta s gp cc nhiu khng mong mun gia cc knh k nhau v mo ca chnh tn hiu. 2.1.5.2 Cc tiu chun bc sng Cc h thng WDM ngy nay ch yu s dng vng bc sng 1.55 m v hai l do: mt mt vn c trong si quang thp nht vng ny, v cc b khuch i xut sc sn c trong vng . Cc bc sng v tn s c s dng trong cc h thng WDM c tiu chun ha trn mt li tn s bi Hip Hi Vin Thng Quc T ( ITU ). N l mt li v tn tp trung 193.1 THz, mt phn ca n c ch ra trong hnh 2.5.ITU quyt nh tiu chun ha mng li trong min tn s da vo cc khong cch knh tng ng 50 GHz hoc 100 GHz. Quan st thy rng nu nhiu knh c cch u nhau theo bc sng, th s khng cch u mt cch chnh xc trong min tn s v ngc li. Ngy nay, ta ang bt u nhn thy nhng h thng s dng cc khong cch knh 25 GHz. Chng ta cng ang thy nhiu bng truyn dn c s dng. Cc h thng trc y s dng bng C, hoc bng quy c ( xp x 1530- 1565 nm). S dng bng L, hoc bng c bc sng di ( xp x 1565- 1625 nm), tr nn kh thi gn y vi s pht trin ca cc b khuch i quang trong di ny.

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Hnh 2. : Li tn s s dng trong h thng WDMc quy nh bi ITU N c chng minh rng kh t c s tha thun t nhng nh sn xut v cc nh cung cp dch v WDM khc nhau trn nhng tiu chun bc sng c th hn. Cc nh sn xut WDM khc nhau dng cc phng php khc nhau ti u nhng thit k h thng ca h, v th k hoch hi t ti mt bc sng l iu kh khn. Tuy nhin, tiu chun ca ITU gip tng cng s trin khai h thng ny. 2.1.5.3 Cng sut quang v mt mt Trong thng tin quang, vic s dng n v decibel (dB ) o cng sut v cc mc tn hiu gn nh l ph bin, tri vi cc n v quy c. L do lm iu ny l cng sut thay i qua nhiu mc trong mt h thng. iu ny d gii quyt vi mt t l logarit hn l mt thang o tuyn tnh. V li, s dng t l ny, cc tnh ton lin quan n php nhn trong min quy c tr thnh cc thao tc cng trong min decibel. Cc n v Decibel c dng thc hin cc gi tr tng i cng nh tuyt i. hiu h thng ny, ta xt mt tuyn truyn dn si quang. Gi s ta pht mt tn hiu nh sng vi cng sut Pt watts (W) . Di dng n v dB, ta c (Pt )dBW = 10log(Pt )W. Trong nhiu trng hp, o cng sut quang bng miliwatts (mW) thun tin hn v ta c mt gi tr dBm l (Pt )dBm = 10log(Pt )mW. V d nh, mt cng sut 1 mW tng ng 0 dBm hoc -30dBW. Mt cng sut 10 mW tng ng vi 10 dBm hoc -20dBW.

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Khi truyn qua si quang, tn hiu nh sng s suy hao; ngha l cng sut n b gim. u cui ca ng truyn, ta gi s cng sut nhn c l P r. Th mt mt ca ng truyn c nh ngha l = Pr / Pt . Trong n v dB, ta s c ()dB = 10log = (Pr)dBm (Pt)dBm. Lu rng dB c dng ch cc gi tr tng i, trong khi dBm v dBW c dng ch cc gi tr tuyt i. V d nh, nu Pt = 1 mW v Pr = 1 W, tc l = 0.001. Ta c: (Pt )dBm = 0 dBm hoc 30 dBW, (Pr )dBm = -30 dBm hoc 60 dBW, v ()dB = -30 dB. C ngha l, mt tn hiu suy hao 1000 ln chu mt mt l 30dB. Mt tn hiu c khuch i 1000 ln tng ng vi b li l 30 dB. Ta thng o mt mt trong si quang bng n v dB/km. V d mt tn hiu c truyn qua 120km si quang vi mt mt 0.25dB/km th s b suy hao 30 dB. 2.2 Cc c tnh ca thng tin quang Trong thng tin si quang, cc u im sau ca si quang c s dng mt cch hiu qu: suy hao truyn dn thp v bng thng ln. Thm vo , chng c th s dng thit lp cc ng truyn dn nh v mng, khng c xuyn m vi cc ng si quang bn cnh v khng chu nh hng ca nhim cm ng sng in t. Trong thc t si quang l phng tin truyn dn thng tin hiu qu v kinh t nht ang c hin nay. Trc ht, v c bng thng ln nn n c th truyn mt khi lng thng tin ln nh cc tn hiu m thanh, d liu, v cc tn hiu hn hp thng qua mt h thng c c ly n 100 GHz-Km. Tng ng, bng cch s dng si quang, mt khi lng ln cc tn hiu m thanh v hnh nh c th c truyn n nhng a im cch xa hng 100 Km m khng cn n cc b ti to. Th hai, si quang nh nh v khng c xuyn m. Do vy, chng c th c lp t d dng cc thnh ph, tu thy, my bay v cc ta nh cao tng khng cn phi lp thm cc ng ng v cng cp.

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Th ba, v si quang c ch to t cc cht in mi ph dn nn chng khng chu nh hng bi can nhiu ca sng in t v ca xung in t. V vy, chng c th s dng truyn dn m khng c ting n. iu c ngha l n c th lp t cng vi cp in lc v c th s dng trong mi trng phn ng ht nhn. Th t, do nguyn liu ch yu sn xut si quang l ct v cht do l nhng th r hn ng nn c kinh t hn cp ng trc. Gi thnh ca si quang s gim nhanh mt khi cng ngh mi c a ra. Ngoi ra, do c trng l c tn tht thp gi thnh lp t ban u cng nh gi thnh bo dng v sa cha thp bi v chng cn t cc b ti to hn. Ngoi nhng u im nu trn, si quang c an ton, bo mt cao, tui th di v c kh nng khng mi trng ln. N cng d bo dng, sa cha v c tin cy cao. Hn na, n khng b r r tn hiu v d ko di khi cn v c th ch to vi gi thnh thp. Trong bng 2.1, chng ta tng hp cc u im trn. Nh nhng u im ny, si quang c s dng cho cc mng li in thoi, s liu/my tnh, v pht thanh truyn hnh (dch v bng rng) v s c s dng cho ISDN, in lc, cc ng dng y t v qun s, cng nh cc thit b o. Bng 2.1: u im v nhc im ca si quang c tnh tn tht thp Di thng ln Gim kch thc ng truyn dn Phi dn Ngun - ct nh gi u im C ly ti to xa chi ph thit b ng dy dn Truyn dn dung lng ln D lp t v bo dng gim chi ph lp t cng Ngn nga xuyn m thng tin an ton Nguyn liu phong ph chi ph sn xut r ng truyn dn tuyt vi Nhc im

Kh u ni Cn c cc ng dy cp ngun cho tip pht Cn c cc phng thc chnh li mi (cp) C th gii quyt bng cc tin b cng ngh mi

2.3 Truyn tn hiu trong si quang Si quang l mt mi trng truyn thng c bit so vi cc mi trng khc nh cp ng hay khng gian t do. Mt si quang cho suy hao thp trn mt phm vi tn s rt ln ti thiu l 25 THz, thm ch cao hn vi cc si c bit. Bng thng

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ny mang hng trm triu cuc gi ng thi, hoc hng chc triu trang Web trn giy. c tnh ny cho php tn hiu c truyn qua nhng khong cch xa tc cao trc khi cn khuch i hay ti lp li. V th, cc h thng thng tin si quang c s dng rng ri ngy nay. V cc h thng truyn thng m rng ra cho nhng khong cch xa v cc tc bit cao hn, tn sc tr thnh mt yu t hn ch quan trng. Tn sc l hin tng cc thnh phn khc nhau ca tn hiu lan truyn vi nhng tc khc nhau trong si quang. c bit, tn sc sc th ch hin tng cc thnh phn tn s (hay bc sng) khc nhau ca tn hiu lan truyn trong si vi nhng vn tc khc nhau. Trong hu ht trng hp, tn sc dn n s m rng xung v v th cc xung tng ng vi cc bit gn k s xen nhiu nhau. Hin tng ny c gi l ISI. Mt khc, cc h thng cng tin ha vi s bc sng ln hn, nh hng phi tuyn trong si quang bt u a ra nhng hn ch nghim trng. 2.3.1 S truyn nh sang trong si quang Mt si quang gm c mt li hnh tr c bao quanh bi mt lp v. C phn li v phn v u c lm ch yu t silica (SiO2), c ch s khc x xp x 1.45. Ch s khc x ca vt liu l t s tc nh sng trong chn khng so vi tc nh sng trong vt liu . Trong qu trnh sn xut si, mt s tp cht no c a vo trong li hoc v cho ch s khc x trong li hi cao hn ca v. Cc nguyn liu nh germami hoc photpho lm tng ch s khc x ca cilica v c dng lm cht thm vo cho phn li, trong khi cht Bo hoc Flo lm gim ch s khc x ca cilica nn c dng lm tp cht cho lp v. nh sng c th c xem nh mt chm tia truyn theo nhng ng thng trong mt mi trng v b phn x hoc khc x b mt gia hai vt liu khc nhau. Hnh 2.6 ch ra giao din gia hai mi trng c ch s khc x l n 1 v n2. Mt tia sng t mi trng 1 ti mt phn cch ca mi trng 1 vi mi trng 2. Gc ti l gc gia tia ti v php tuyn vi b mt chung gia hai mi trng c biu th l 1. Phn nng lng b phn x vo mi trng 1 l mt tia phn x, phn cn li i xuyn qua mi trng 2 l mt tia khc x. Gc phn x 1r l gc gia tia phn x v php tuyn ca giao din; tng t, gc khc x 2 l gc gia tia khc x v php tuyn 1 = 1. Theo nh lut Snell: n1sin1 = n2 sin2.

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Khi gc ti 1 tng ln, gc khc x 2 cng tng. Nu 2 = 900, th th sin1 = n2/n1. Lc 1 c gi l gc ti hn c gi tr c = sin-1(n2/n1), vi n1 > n2. Vi nhng gi tr 2 > c , s khng c tia khc x, v tt c nng lng t tia ti c phn x ht. Hin tng ny c gi l phn x ton phn.

Hnh 2.6: S phn x v khc x cc tia sng ti mt phn cch hai mi trng Nh vy iu kin xy ra phn x ton phn l: Cc tia sng phi i t mi trng c chit quang ln sang mi Gc ti ca tia sng phi ln hn gc ti hn. trng c chit quang nh hn.

nh sng truyn trong si quang do hin tng phn x ton phn xy ra b mt gia phn li v v. Hnh 2. m t nh sng c php t mi trng bn ngoi (khng kh vi chit xut n0) vo si.

Hnh 2.7 : Ghp nh sng t bn ngoi vo si quang 2.3.2 Cu trc mt si quang Si quang thc cht l mt si thy tinh nh hot ng nh mt ng dn sng cho php truyn cc sng in t nh nh sng. Cu trc hai lp ca si quang nhm m bo c s lan truyn nh sng trong si.

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Hnh 2.8: Cu trc cp si quang Mt trong nhng kh khn chnh ca truyn thng quang l s suy gim tn hiu truyn trong si. Suy gim tng ln khi chiu di si quang tng, tuy nhin lng suy gim ph thuc vo bc sng ca tn hiu. C ba ca s suy hao thp nm trong gii bc sng hng ngoi l 0.8, 1.3 v 1.55 m. Suy hao t nht khong 0.25 dB/km trong di 1.5 m nn c dng trong cc ng dng khong cch xa, v khong 0.5 dB/km trong di 1.3 m c dng ch yu cc ng dng ni b, tc cao. Nhng si ny cho php truyn nhng tn hiu nh sng qua nhng khong cch di hng chc km trc khi cn phi ti to li. Mt mode trong si quang tng ng vi mt trong nhiu ng i m sng c th truyn xuyn qua si. Ni chung, khi ng knh ca li ln s cho nhiu mode truyn sng hn. Si quang a mode c ng knh li khong 50 m n 85 m. Loi si ny thun li trong vic tip nhn nh sng t ngun. Do c th s dng cc ngun nh sng khng t nh diot pht quang (LED). Tuy nhin, si a mode c bt li l to ra hin tng tn x mode. Do mi mode truyn vi mt tc khc nhau s n u cui vi nhng tc khc nhau, kt qu l xung b tri ra trong min thi gian. Do vy, si a mode c dng nhng ng dng khong cch ngn. Mt cch lm hn ch hin tng tn x ny l gim s mode bng cch gim ng knh li. Vi ng knh li khong 8 10 m,

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ta c si n mode. Si n mode loi tr hin tng tn x, v th cho php truyn qua nhng khong cch rt xa. Tuy nhin, ghp nh sng vo si, cn phi s dng nhng thit b t tin nh laser. Bng 2.2: So snh si quang theo vt liu ch to Si thy tinh c tnh k thut (9/125m), Kch thc si Chit sut/NA Bc sng hot ng Suy hao cc tiu Tn sc cc tiu C ly truyn Tc bit (50/125m), (62.5/125 m) =0.2% - 1.3% 0.8m-1.55m 0.2dB/Km (=1550nm) dmax=0(=1300nm) Hng trm Km Hng Gb/s - Cht lng tt nht u khuyt im - Gi thnh t - Hn ni kh - Truyn dn thng tin ng dng - H thng vin thng, mng my tnh T ng ha 8dB/Km(=900nm) 200ns/Km Bng thng x c ly truyn BxL=5(MbitsxKm) Cht lng v gi thnh nm gia si thy tinh v si Plastic n1=1.46; n2=1.40 ng knh li: 0,5-1mm NA = 0.54 0.5m 0.8m 55dB/Km(=570 nm) Rt ln Vi trm mt Vi trm Mbit/s - Cht lng thp - Gi thnh h - Hn ni d Si PCS Si Plastic

2.3.3 Phn tch nh hng ca si quang 2.3.3.1 Suy hao ca si quang v bng thng a. Cng thc: Cng sut ng ra Pout u cui ca mt si quang c chiu di L lin quan vi cng sut ng vo Pin qua cng thc: Pout = Pin.e-L.

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Trong , l suy hao si quang. Suy hao thng c tnh bng n v dB/km; suy hao dB dB/km ngha l t s Pout/Pin cho chiu di L = 1km tha mn: 10log10(Pout/Pin) = - dB. Hay dB = (10log10e) 4.343. b.c tuyn suy hao: c tuyn suy hao ca si quang khc nhau ty thuc vo loi si. Hnh 2.8 cho thy suy hao trong silica nh l mt hm theo bc sng. Ta thy rng suy hao nh nht ba di bc sng dng cho truyn thng quang: 0.8 m, 1.3 m v 1.55 m. Da vo c tnh ca nhng b khuch i, di 1.55 m c chia thnh ba vng, c v trong hnh 2.9:

Hnh 2.9: Suy hao trong silica

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Hnh 2.10: Ba vng bc sng trong di 1.55 m 2.3.3.2 Tn sc trong si quang Tn sc l s m rng thi gian ca mt xung khi n lan truyn qua si quang. Tn sc lm gii hn khong cch bit v tc truyn cc i trn mt knh thng tin quang. Nh cp trn, tn sc xy ra khi nhiu mode ca cng mt tn hiu truyn nhng vn tc khc nhau dc theo si quang, tn sc loi ny c gi l tn sc mode. Tn sc mode khng xy ra trong si n mode. Mt dng tn sc khc l tn sc vt liu hay tn sc mu. Trong mt mi trng phn tn, ch s khc x l mt hm ca bc sng. V vy, nu tn hiu truyn dn bao gm nhiu bc sng, mt s bc sng no s truyn nhanh hn cc bc sng khc. V khng c laser no c th to ra mt tn hiu bao gm chnh xc mt bc sng, hay ni khc i, v bt c thng tin no mang tn hiu cng c rng ph khc khng, tn sc vt liu s lun xy ra trong hu ht cc h thng. Mt dng tn sc th ba l tn sc ng dn sng. Tn sc ng dn sng b gy ra l v s truyn sng cc bc sng khc nhau ph thuc cc c im ca ng dn sng nh l cc ch s v hnh dng ca li v v si. 1300 nm, tn sc vt liu trong mt si quang mode quy c gn bng khng. Mt khc, hu ht cc h thng thng tin quang hot ng di tn s 1550 nm (v suy hao thp hn vng ny). Nh nhng k thut tin tin nh l dch tn sc, cc si vi tn sc gn bng khng bc sng gia 1550 nm c th c ch to. Trong mt si dch tn sc, phn li v v c thit k sao cho tn sc ng dn sng ph nh vi tn sc vt liu, v th tn sc tng cng gn nh b trit tiu (bng khng). 2.3.3.3 Cc nh hng phi tuyn Cc nh hng phi tuyn trong si quang c kh nng gy ra nh hng nghim trng trong vic thc hin cc h thng thng tin quang WDM. nh hng phi tuyn c th dn n suy hao, mo dng v nhiu xuyn knh. Trong mt h thng WDM, hiu ng ny t ra nhng rng buc v khong cch gia cc knh bc sng lin

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tip nhau, hn ch cng sut cc i trn bt c knh no, v v th cng hn ch tc bit cc i. C hai dng nh hng phi tuyn. Dng th nht xut hin do s tng tc gia cc sng nh sng vi s rung ng phn t trong mi trng silica mt trong nhiu dng ca hiu ng khuch tn. C hai dng khuch tn chnh l khuch tn tch ly Brillouin (SBS) v khuch tn tch ly Raman (SRS). Loi nh hng phi tuyn th hai xut hin do s ph thuc ca ch s khc x vo cng quang ca cc tn hiu quang truyn xuyn qua si. V vy, pha ca nh sng ca b thu s ph thuc vo pha nh sng c gi t bn pht, chiu di si v cng quang. Cc hiu ng phi tuyn quan trng nht loi ny gm c: t iu ch pha (SPM), v trn bn bc sng (FWM). a. T iu ch pha (SPM): T iu ch pha gy ra bi s bin i cng sut ca mt tn hiu quang v kt qu l lm bin i pha ca tn hiu. Lng dch pha gy ra bi SPM l: NL = n2k0L|E|2 Trong n2 l h s phi tuyn cho ch s khc x, k0 = 2/, L l chiu di si, v |E|2 l cng quang. Trong cc h thng kha dch pha (PSK), SPM c th lm h phm cht h thng, v u thu ph thuc vo thng tin pha. SPM cng dn n gin rng ph cc xung. Nhng thay i tc th trong mt pha ca tn hiu gy ra bi s thay i cng tn hiu s dn n nhng thay i tc thi v tn s xung quanh tn s trung tm ca tn hiu. i vi nhng xung rt ngn, cc thnh phn tn s thm vo to ra bi SPM kt hp vi cc hiu ng tn sc vt liu cng lm cho xung b tri ra hoc nn li trong min thi gian, nh hng tc bit cc i v t l li bit. b. iu ch xuyn pha (XPM): XPM l s dch pha ca tn hiu gy ra bi s thay i cng ca mt tn hiu truyn mt bc sng khc. XPM c th lm ph m rng bt i xng, v kt hp vi SPM v tn sc, cng c th nh hng n hnh dng xung trong min thi gian. Mc d XPM c th lm hn ch vic thc hin cc h thng si quang, n cng c mt s ng dng quan trng. XPM c th dng iu ch tn hiu bm mt

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bc sng t mt tn hiu c iu ch trn mt bc sng khc. Cc k thut ny c th c dng trong cc thit b chuyn i bc sng. c. Khuch tn tch ly Raman (SRS): Khuch tn tch ly Raman gy ra do s tng tc nh sng vi nhng phn t. nh sng i vo gp nhng phn t to ra nh sng khuch tn mt bc sng di hn bc sng ban u. Mt phn nh sng di chuyn trong si tch cc Raman b dch xung vng tn s thp hn. nh sng c to ra t tn s thp hn c gi l Stokes wave. Phm vi tn s chim bi Stokes wave c xc nh bi ph li Raman thp hn tn s nh sng i vo khong 40 THz. Trong si silica, Stokes wave c mt li cc i tn s thp hn tn s tn hiu ng vo khong 13.2 THz. Phn cng sut truyn cho sng Stokes tng nhanh khi cng sut tn hiu ng vo tng. Khi cng sut ng vo rt cao, SRS s lm cho hu ht tt c cc cng sut ng vo chuyn sang sng Stokes. Trong cc h thng a bc sng, cc knh bc sng ngn hn s mt mt s cng sut cho mi knh bc sng cao hn trong ph li Raman. gim lng mt mt, cng sut trn mi knh cn phi thp hn mt mc no . Ngi ta chng minh rng, trong mt h thng 10 knh vi khong cch knh 10 nm, cng sut trn mi knh nn c gi thp hn 3 mW ti thiu ha cc nh hng ca SRS. d. Khuch tn tch ly Brillouin (SBS): SBS tng t nh SRS, ngoi tr dch tn s b gy ra bi cc sng m thanh ch khng phi l s dao ng phn t. Cc c im khc ca SBS l cc sng Stokes truyn theo hng ngc li vi nh sng i vo, v SBS xy ra cng sut ng vo tng i thp cho cc xung rng (ln hn 1s) nhng li nh hng khng ng k i vi cc xung ngn (ngn hn 10 ns). Cng nh sng khuch tn trong SBS ln hn nhiu trong SRS, nhng phm vi tn s ca SBS trong tm 10 GHz thp hn nhiu so vi SRS. li bng thng ca SBS cng ch trn 100 MHz. ngn cc nh hng ca SBS, cng sut ng vo phi di mt mc ngng no . Trong cc h thng a bc sng, khuch tn tch ly Brillouin cng gy ra xuyn knh gia cc tn hiu. e. Trn bn bc sng (FWM): Trn bn bc sng xy ra khi hai bc sng, hot ng cc tn s f1 v f2, trn vi nhau to ra cc tn hiu 2f 1 f2 v 2f2 f1. Cc tn hiu thm vo, cng c

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th gy nhiu nu chng trng vi cc tn s dng truyn d liu. Tng t, trn cng c th xy ra gia s kt hp ca ba bc sng hoc nhiu hn. nh hng ca FWM trong cc h thng WDM c th gim xung bng cch s dng cc knh c cch nhau khng ng u. FWM c th c dng cung cp chuyn i bc sng. 2.4 Cc thnh phn trong h thng thng tin quang Trong thng tin quang, tn hiu quang (nh sng) c pht i ngun truyn qua mi trng truyn thng l si quang n ni thu. K thut iu ch c s dng ph bin nht l iu ch OOK (on-off keying). Tn hiu vo c pht hin trc tip b thu v vic quyt nh c da vo nng lng tch ly trong mt thi khong bit. Mt h thng thng tin quang c bn gm c nhng thnh phn nh: cc b ni, b pht quang, b thu quang, cc b khuch i quang, cc chuyn mch, cc b lc, cc b ghp v tch knh quang. Hnh 2.10 cho thy nhng thnh phn ca mt h thng thng tin quang vi mt b khuch i.
Mux Transmitter (ITU Laser) Transmitter (ITU Laser) Transmitter (ITU Laser) Transmitter (ITU Laser) Receiver Receiver Amplifier Receiver Demux Receiver

Hnh 2.11: H thng thng tin quang 2.4.1 Cc b ghp Mt b ghp nh hng c dng kt hp v chia cc tn hiu trong mt mng quang. Mt b ghp 2 x 2 bao gm hai cng vo v hai cng ra, nh ch ra trong hnh 2.11. Cc b ghp c s dng rng ri nht c lm bng cch ni hai si vi nhau gia. Chng cng c th c ch to bng cch dng ng dn sng. B ghp ly mt phn nh cng sut () t ng vo 1 a ra ng ra 1 v phn cn li (1-)

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a ra ng 2. Tng t, phn cng sut (1-) t ng vo 2 c phn phi n ng ra 1, phn cn li () n ng ra 2. Ta gi l t s ghp.

Hnh 2.12: B ghp nh hng Nguyn l hot ng: khi hai ng dn sng c t gn nhau, nh sng s ghp t ng dn sng ny sang ng dn sng kia. y l do cc mode truyn sng ca ng dn sng kt hp kh khc vi mode truyn sng ca mt ng dn sng n l. Khi hai ng dn sng ging ht nhau, nh sng s c phng vo mt ng s ghp sang ng khc hon ton v sau quay v ng ban u mt cch nh k. 2.4.2 B cch ly v b truyn B ghp v cc thit b quang th ng khc l nhng thit b thun nghch, chng s hot ng ging nhau mt cch chnh xc nu ng vo v ng ra c o li. Tuy nhin, trong nhiu h thng c mt nhu cu i vi cc thit b th ng khng thun nghch. B cch ly l mt v d cho loi thit b ny. Chc nng chnh ca n l cho php truyn dn mt hng xuyn qua n nhng chn hng ngc li. B cch ly c s dng trong h thng ng ra ca cc b khuch i quang v lasers ch yu ngn s phn x t nhng ngun i vo thit b lm gim cht lng h thng. Hai thng s chnh ca b cch ly l h s suy hao (insertion loss), l mt mt theo hng gi ti, nn cng nh cng tt; v h s cch ly (isolations), l suy hao theo hng ngc li, cng ln cng tt. H s suy hao tiu biu gn 1dB, cn h s cch ly gn 40-50 dB. Mt b truyn (circulator ) tng t nh mt b cch ly, ngoi tr n c nhiu cng, in hnh l ba hoc bn cng, nh c v trong hnh 2.12. Trong b truyn ba cng, mt tn hiu ng vo trn cng 1 c gi ra trn cng 2, mt tn hiu vo trn cng 2 c gi ra trn cng 3, v mt tn hiu vo cng 3 s c gi ra cng 1. Cc b circulator c dng xy dng cc phn t xen/rt quang.

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Hnh 2.13: B truyn 3 cng v 4 cng 2.4.3 Ngun pht quang B pht quang c nhim v chuyn tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang. nh sng pht ra t cc ngun ny c ghp vo si quang truyn i. C hai loi linh kin dng lm ngun pht quang hin nay l: Diode pht quang hay LED (Light Emitting Diode)

LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission Radiasion)


xy dng thnh cng cc h thng thng tin quang. Cc ngun pht quang cn c cc tnh cht vt l sau: Ph hp vi kch thc cc si quang Phng cng sut quang vo si khc phc suy hao cho php tn hiu c th c pht hin u thu.

Pht ra nh sng cc bc sng lm ti thiu ha suy hao v tn x. Cc


ngun quang nn c mt b rng ph nh gim thiu tn x. Duy tr s vn hnh n nh trong nhng iu kin mi trng thay i Cho php iu ch trc tip cng sut quang ng ra Gi thnh thp v tin cy hn cc thit b in t, cho php cc h thng thng tin si quang c th cnh tranh vi nhng h thng thng tin thng. Ngun pht quang cho nhng h thng ghp knh a bc sng l nhng laser c phn gii cao, bng hp, chnh xc. Nhng laser ny cho php khong cch knh nh, tng s bc sng c th s dng di 1500nm v gim cc nh hng xu n tn hiu nh s tn x. Chng gim nh suy hao cng sut, cho php truyn nhng khong cch xa v mc ton vn ca tn hiu cao. Nhng laser ny c th s dng cc b khuch i quang nng ln ca tn hiu vi nhng khong cch m rng v loi b cc b khuch i in t cn thit ti to tng tn hiu quang. Hu

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ht cc h thng laser c thit k lm vic vi nhng bc sng c quy nh bi ITU-T. 2.4.4 Tch sng quang B tch sng quang chuyn cc lung nh sng i vo thnh cc dng in. Dng in sau c khuch i v i xuyn qua mt thit b ngng. Mt bit logic 0 hay 1 ph thuc vo dng in ny trn hay di mt ngng no trong thi gian bit. Ni cch khc, s quyt nh c thc hin da vo s hin din ca nh sng trong sut thi khong bit. Cc thit b tch sng c bn cho cc mng quang tch sng trc tip l cc diot PN v PIN. Cu to ca chng cng pht trin t tip gip P-N. Di hiu ng quangin, nh sng i vo mi ni P-N s to ra cc cp electron-l trng trong c hai vng ca diot. Cc electron c gii phng trong vng p s i qua vng n, v cc l trng to ra trong vng n s xuyn qua vng p, kt qu l to ra mt dng in. Mt phng php khc l tch sng kt hp. Trong thng tin v pha c s dng m ha v tch sng tn hiu. Lung nh sng vo vi mt tn s hi khc tn s b dao ng, c kt hp vi tn hiu t b dao ng to ra mt tn hiu tn s khc. Tn hiu ny trong tm sng vi ba s c khuch i v tch sng. Tch sng kt hp phc tp hn tch sng trc tip nhng n cho php nhn cc tn hiu yu t mt nn nhiu. Tuy nhin trong h thng quang, vic duy tr thng tin v pha cho tch sng trc tip l iu kh thc hin. Theo sau l mt s yu cu i vi cc b tch sng quang tng thch trong h thng WDM: Ph hp vi kch thc si quang vic ghp c hiu qu v ng gi d dng. C mt nhy cao bc sng hot ng ca ngun quang. C mt thi gian p ng ngn iu khin tc d liu h thng. Nhiu i vi h thng thp.

OPTICAL DETECTO

AMPLIFIE R

OUTPUT SIGNAL PROCESSING

CONTROL

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Hnh 2.14: S khi ca mt b thu quang


2.4.5 Cc b khuch i quang Trong mt h thng thng tin quang, cc tn hiu quang t bn pht b suy hao bi si quang khi lan truyn qua si. Cc thnh phn quang khc, nh cc b ghp knh v cc b ghp cng gy ra suy hao. Sau mt vi khong cch, suy hao tch ly lm cho tn hiu b yu i n mc khng tch sng c. Do vy cng tn hiu phi c khi phc li trc khi tch sng. Trc khi cc b khuch i quang ra i, s la chn duy nht l ti to li cc tn hiu, ngha l nhn tn hiu v pht li n. Qu trnh ny c thc hin bng cc b lp ti sinh. Mt b lp chuyn tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in, khi phc v sau chuyn li thnh tn hiu quang truyn tip. iu ny lm hn ch tnh trong sut v tng chi ph bo tr ca h thng. K thut khuch i quang mang li nhiu thun li hn cc b lp. B khuch i quang khng ph thuc vo tc bit v cc nh dng tn hiu. Mt h thng s dng khuch i quang c th d dng nng cp hn, v d nh n mt tc bit cao hn m khng cn phi thay th cc b khuch i. Hn na, cc b khuch i quang c mt bng thng kh ln nn c th c dng khuch i ng thi nhiu tn hiu WDM. Nu khng vi mi bc sng ta phi c mt b lp. iu ny cho thy cc b khuch i quang tht s cn thit cho cc h thng ghp knh theo bc sng, c bit l DWDM nh th no. y ta s xem xt hai dng c bn: EDFA v SOA. 2.4.5.1 EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers) EDFA hot ng trong khong t 1530 nm n 1560 nm. EDFA gm mt on cilica m phn li c cho vo cc nguyn t ion Er3+ ca nguyn t t him Ebiri. u cui si quang, mt laser pht i mt tn hiu (pump signal) vo si. kt hp ng ra ca laser vi mt tn hiu vo (data signal), mt s ghp ph thuc bc sng c t trc on cp. Thng thng, mt b cch ly c dng trc ng vo hoc ng ra ca b khuch i ngn s phn x vo trong b khuch i.

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Hnh 2.15 : Eribium-doped fiber amplifier Tn hiu bm kch thch cc nguyn t ion Er3+ n mt mc nng lng cao hn. S chuyn dch mc nng lng ca in t t cao xung thp s pht ra mt photon, c gi l bc x t pht nu nh khng c bt c mt tc ng no khc chen vo; hoc bc x kch thch do s c mt ca cc photon cha nng lng bng nng lng dch chuyn. Thi gian sng ca cc in t mc nng lng cao vo khong 10ns m bo cho cc ion Er3+ i c khuch i tn hiu bng bc x kch thch. Khi tn hiu d liu c truyn vo EDFA, n kch thch s pht x ca nh sng t cc ion trng thi kch thch, do vy n khuch i cng sut tn hiu. Hu ht cc EDFA dc bm bng laser vi bc sng 980 nm hoc 1480 nm. Bc sng 980 nm cho hiu sut li quanh 10 dB/mW, trong khi bc sng 1480 nm cho hiu sut quanh 5 dB/mW. Mt hn ch ca khuch i quang l li ph khng ng u. li ph EDFA c v trong hnh 2. . Ngoi ra, cc b khuch i cng khuch i nhiu nh tn hiu v vng tch cc ca b khuch i cng t ng pht ra cc photon, lm hn ch hiu sut ca b khuch i.

Hnh 2.16 : li ph EDFA Mt s phng php lm phng li ca EDFA c nghin cu nh s dng b lc quang tn s 1530 nm nn nh trong vng ny. Tuy nhin khi c nhiu EDFA c ghp lin tng, mt nh khc xut hin quanh bc sng 1560 nm, lc b lc tn s 1560 nm c s dng. Mt phng php khc l hiu chnh cng sut pht ng vo cho cng sut trn mi bc sng nhn c bn thu nh nhau. Cch ny c p dng trong mng vng Ring WDM.

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2.4.5.2 SOA (Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers) Hnh 2.17 ch ra s khi ca b khuch i quanh bn dn. V c bn, SOA l mt mi ni p-n. Lp gia c hnh thnh mi ni hot ng nh l mt vng tch cc. nh sng c khuch i do s pht x kch thch khi n lan truyn qua vng tch cc ny. i vi mt b khuch i, hai u cui ca vng tch cc c ph mt lp khng phn x loi b gn sng trong li b khuch i. Xt mt tn s quanh fc tha mn : h fc > Eg, trong Eg l khe nng lng

ca vt liu bn dn. Tn s quanh nh nht (hay bc sng ln nht) c th c khuch i tng ng vi khe nng lng ny. Khi th hiu dch gi n tng ln, cc electron i vo vng p chim cc mc nng lng cao hn tng nc v cc tn hiu vi bc sng nh hn c th c khuch i.

Hnh 2.17 : S khi mt khuch i quanh bn dn 2.4.6 Cc b ghp knh v b lc Cc b lc quang l nhng thnh phn ch yu trong h thng truyn dn WDM i vi t nht hai ng dng l ghp v tch cc bc sng, cc thit b ny c gi l cc b ghp knh (multiplexer) v cc b phn knh (demultiplxer). Ngoi ra, b lc cn lm phng li v lc nhiu trong cc b khuch i quang.
Wavelength filter Wavelengt h multiplexer

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Hnh 2.18 : B lc v b ghp knh Cc ng dng khc ca cc b lc quang c v trong hnh 2.18 . Mt b lc n gin l mt thit b hai cng chn mt bc sng v loi b cc bc sng khc. N c th c mt cng th ba thm vo m trn cc bc sng b loi b c th thu c. Mt b ghp knh kt hp cc tn hiu cc bc sng khc nhau trn cc ng vo vo mt ng ra chung, mt b phn knh thc hin chc nng ngc li. MUX v DEMUX c dng nh cc thit b cui WDM cng nh trong cc b kt ni cho bc sng (WXC) v cc b ghp knh xen/rt bc sng. DEMUX v MUX c th c ni lin tng to ra cc WXC. Trong mt WXC c nh, m hnh kt ni cho c nh lc thit b c thc hin v khng th thay i mt cch ng. Hnh 2.19 ch mt v d v WXC c nh. Thit b gi cc tn hiu t mt ng vo n mt ng ra da vo bc sng. WXC ng c th c xy dng bng cch kt hp s dng cc b chuyn mch quang vi cc b ghp v phn knh.

Hnh 2.19: B kt ni cho bc sng c nh 2.4.7 Cc b chuyn mch Cc b chuyn mch quang c s dng trong cc mng quang cho nhiu ng dng khc nhau. Mi ng dng yu cu thi gian chuyn mch v s cc cng chuyn mch khc nhau. Mt ng dng ca cc b chuyn mch quang l cung cp cc lightpaths. Trong ng dng ny, cc chuyn mch c s dng bn trong cc b kt ni cho nhm cu hnh li chng cung cp cc lightpaths mi. Mt phn mm cn thit c thm vo qun l mng t u cui n u cui. V th, vi ng dng ny, cc chuyn mch vi thi gian chuyn mch mili giy c chp nhn. S nh i y l phi thc hin cc b chuyn mch c kch thc ln.

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Mt ng dng quan trng khc l chuyn mch bo v. y cc chuyn mch c s dng chuyn cc lung lu lng t mt si chnh sang mt si khc trong trng hp si chnh b h. Ton b hot ng phi c hon thnh trong hng chc mili giy, bao gm c thi gian tm ra li, thng tin li n cc phn t mng thch hp iu khin vic chuyn mch, v thi gian chuyn mch tht s. V vy thi gian chuyn mch yu cu khong mt vi mili giy. C th c cc dng chuyn mch bo v khc nhau, v ph thuc phng php c s dng, s cc cng chuyn mch cn thit c th thay i t hng trm n hng ngn cng khi s dng trong cc b kt ni cho bc sng. Cc b chuyn mch cng l cc phn t quan trng trong mng chuyn mch gi quang hc tc cao. Trong cc mng ny, cc chuyn mch c s dng chuyn cc tn hiu trn c s cc gi. Vi ng dng ny, thi gian chuyn mch ny phi nh hn nhiu thi gian ca mt gi, v cc chuyn mch ln s cn thit. Cc b chuyn mch cn c s dng nh l cc b iu ch bn ngoi m v ng d liu trc mt ngun laser. Trong trng hp ny, thi gian chuyn mch phi l mt phn nh ca thi khong bit. Do mt b iu ch bn ngoi cho mt tn hiu 10Gps (vi mt thi khong bit 100 ps) phi c thi gian chuyn mch khong 10 ps. 2.4.8 B chuyn i bc sng B chuyn i bc sng l mt thit b c kh nng chuyn d liu t bc sng ny (1) trn mt ng vo cc bc sng khc ti ng ra (2). B chuyn i rt hu dng trong vic lm gim xc sut tc nghn mng. Nu cc b chuyn i c tch hp vo cc b kt ni cho trong cc mng WDM, cc kt ni c th c thit lp gia ngun v ch ngay c khi cng mt bc sng khng c sn trn tt c cc tuyn ca ng i. Cc b chuyn i bc sng gip loi tr s bt buc lin tc v bc sng. C cc b chuyn i bc sng v d nh : Chuyn i bc sng quang-in. Chuyn i bc sng ton quang.

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Chng 3 MNG KHNG DY WIRELESS


3.1Gii thiu mng khng dy Wireless Trong gn 10 nm qua mng v tuyn (khng dy) pht trin vi tc chng mt. C rt nhiu loi hnh mng, nhiu cng ngh, nhiu chun v tuyn v ang c chun ha. Cng ngh mng khng dy hu nh gn gi nht vi nhiu ngi l cng ngh mng thng tin di ng t bo. y chnh l mng in thoi di ng 2G/3G/.... Tn thng dng m chng ta thng gi l mng GSM/CDMA hay UMTS/WCDMA/CDMA2000... Bn cnh l mng cc b khng dy WLAN s dng cng ngh Wifi 802.11 v cc chun khc nhau ca Wifi a/b/g/i/k/m... Hin nay nhng chic in thoi di ng cng c trang b cng ngh Bluetooth truyn ti thng tin gia cc in thoi di ng hay gia in thoi v my tnh vi nhau. 3.2Phn loi mng v tuyn Mt cch truyn thng phn loi cc cng ngh mng v tuyn l da vo vng ph sng ca mt trm pht sng.

Hnh 3.1: Phn loi mng v tuyn

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3.2.1 WPAN Mng v tuyn c nhn. Nhm ny bao gm cc cng ngh v tuyn c vng ph sng nh khong vi mt n hng chc mt ti a. Cc cng ngh ny phc v mc ch ni kt cc thit b ngoi vi nh my in, bn phm, chut, a cng, kha USB, ng h,...vi in thoi di ng, my tnh. Cc cng ngh trong nhm ny bao gm: Bluetooth, Wibree, ZigBee, UWB, Wireless USB, EnOcean,... a phn cc cng ngh ny c chun ha bi IEEE, c th l nhm lm vic (Working Group) 802.15. Do vy cc chun cn c bit n vi tn nh IEEE 802.15.4 hay IEEE 802.15.3 ...

Hnh 3.2: Mng WPAN 3.2.2 WLAN Mng v tuyn cc b, l mt cng ngh truy cp mng bng rng khng dy theo chun ca 802.11 ca IEEE. c pht trin vi mc ch ban u l mt sn phm phc v gia nh v vn phng kt ni cc my tnh c nhn m khng cn dy, n cho php trao i d liu qua sng radio vi tc rt nhanh. L c hi cung cp ng truy cp Internet bng thng rng ngy cng nhiu cc a im cng cng nh sn bay, ca hng caf, nh ga, cc trung tm thng mi hay trung tm bo ch. Nhm ny bao gm cc cng ngh c vng ph sng khong vi trm mt. Ni bt l cng ngh Wifi vi nhiu chun m rng khc nhau thuc gia nh 802.11 a/b/g/h/i/... Cng ngh Wifi gt hi c nhng thnh cng to ln trong nhng nm

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qua. Bn cnh WiFi th cn mt ci tn t nghe n l HiperLAN v HiperLAN2, i th cnh tranh ca Wifi c chun ha bi ETSI.

Hnh 3.3 : M hnh WLAN 3.2.3 WMAN Mng v tuyn th. i din tiu biu ca nhm ny chnh l WiMAX. Ngoi ra cn c cng ngh bng rng BWMA 802.20. Vng ph sng ca n s vo khong vi km (ti a 4-5km).

Hnh 3.4: Mng WMAN

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3.2.4 WAN Mng v tuyn din rng. Nhm ny bao gm cc cng ngh mng thng tin di ng nh UMTS/GSM/CDMA2000... Vng ph sng ca n khong vi km n vi chc km.

Hnh 3.5: Mng WAN


3.2.5 WRAN Mng v tuyn khu vc. Nhm ny i din l cng ngh 802.22 ang c nghin cu v pht trin bi IEEE. Vng ph c n s ln tm 40-100km. Mc ch l mang cng ngh truyn thng n cc vng xa xi ho lnh, kh trin khai cc cng ngh khc. N s s dng bng tn m TV analog khng dng t c vng ph rng.

Hnh 3.6: Mng WRAN

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3.3 S pht trin ca mng thng tin di ng t bo Trong hn 25 nm qua, s pht trin ca Internet cng nh cc cng ngh khng dy c nh hng rt ln n cuc sng ca con ngi trn ton th gii. Hai nhn t ny lm thay i cch con ngi lin lc vi nhau, cch h lm vic, cch h hng th cuc sng thng qua cc loi hnh gii tr mi. Vi s ra i ca mng thng tin di ng t bo, chng ta chng kin s tng vt v nhu cu dch v khng dy & di ng. Chng ta v ang chng kin s pht trin n chng mt ca mng khng dy : nm 2002 nh du thi im lch s ca mng vin thng vi s thu bao di ng vt s thu bao c nh. Theo ITU, thng 9 nm 2005, s thu bao di ng trn th gii vt con s 2 t. Theo thng k ca GSA (Global mobile Suppliers Association) gn y, con s ny vt 3 t. Tuy nhin, lch s ca mng t bo cn rt ngn ngi. N mi tri qua 3 th h v nhiu quc gia n vn cn ang th h th 2. Trong mng thng tin di ng t bo, mi mt thp k chng kin mt th h mng mi. Th h u tin (1G) khi u t nhng nm 80s. l th h in thoi di ng analog. Th h th 2G bt u ni ln t nhng nm u ca thp k 90. Th h th 2G l cng ngh di ng k thut s, cung cp dch v voice v c data. Th h th 3 bt u t nm 2001 Nht, c trng bi dch v thoi, d liu v a phng tin vi tc cao. H thng tin-4G, nhng vin tng cho th h th 4G, hy vng s c thng mi ha vo khong u nm 2010. Mt th h 4G s ct cnh vo nhng nm 2012. Con ng pht trin ca cc cng ngh mng t bo c th hin hnh di y.

Hnh 3.7: Con ng pht trin ca cc cng ngh mng t bo

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Th h th 1 (1G) Mng di ng th h th nht bt u Nht vo nm 1979. y l h thng truyn tn hiu tng t (analog). Nhng cng ngh chnh thuc th h th nht ny c th k n l AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), TACS (Total Access Communication System), JTACS (Japan TACS), NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone). Tuy cha hon ho v mt cng ngh v k thut, th h thng tin di ng 1G ny thc s l mt mc pht trin quan trng ca ngnh vin thng (khi nim di ng (mobile) bt u i vo phc v nhu cu lin lc ca con ngi trong i sng hng ngy). Nhng im yu ni bt ca th h 1G lin quan n cht lng truyn tin km, vn bo mt v vic s dng km hiu qu ti nguyn tn s. Th h th 2 (2G) H thng mng 2G c c trng bi cng ngh chuyn mch k thut s (Digital Circuit-Switched). K thut ny cho php s dng ti nguyn bng tn hiu qu hn nhiu so vi 1G. Hu ht cc thu bao di ng trn th gii hin ang dng cng ngh 2G ny. Cng ngh 2G s cn tn ti thm mt thi gian di na trc khi 3G thay th hon ton n. Nhng chun di ng 2G chnh bao gm GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication), IS-136 v CdmaOne. GSM S dng k thut a truy cp TDMA v song cng FDD. GSM tr thnh cng ngh truyn thng c tc pht trin nhanh nht t trc n nay v l mt chun di ng c trin khai rng ri trn th gii. IS-136 c bit n vi tn D-AMPS (Digital-AMPS), s dng k thut a truy cp TDMA v song cng TDD. Cng ngh ny c trin khai nhiu Chu M, c bit l M v Canada. CDMS ONE L tn gi ca chun di ng ITU IS-95 s dng k thut a truy cp CDMA. CDMA c chun ho nm 1993. Ngy nay, c 2 phin bn IS-95, gi l IS95A v IS-95B. IS-95A dng FDD vi rng knh l 1,25MHz cho mi hng ln v xung. Tc d liu ti a ca IS-95A l 14,4 Kbps. IS-95B c th cung ng tc d liu ln n 115Kbps bng cch gp 8 knh li vi nhau. Vi tc ny, IS-95B cn c phn loi nh l cng ngh 2,5G.

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Th h 2,5G Th h 2,5G c trng bi dch v d liu tc ci tin. Chun chnh ca th h ny l GPRS, EDGE v IS-95B. GPRS l mt bc pht trin tip theo cung cp dch v d liu tc cao cho ngi dng GSM v IS-136. L thuyt m ni th GPRS c th cung ng tc d liu ln n 172,2 Kbps. GPRS l mt gii php chuyn mch gi. y cng l mt bc m trong qu trnh chuyn t th h 2G ln 3G ca cc nh cung cp dch v GSM/IS-136. Trn con ng di i n 3G, EDGE ra i ci tin tc d liu hn na (tc ti a tm 384Kbps). EDGE i khi cn c trch dn nh cng ngh 2,75G. Th h th 3 (3G) Mng 3G c trng bi tc d liu cao, capacity ca h thng ln, tng hiu qu s dng ph tn v nhiu ci tin khc. C mt lot cc chun cng ngh di ng 3G, tt c u da trn CDMA, bao gm: UMTS (dng c FDD ln TDD), CDMA2000 v TD-SCDMA. UMTS S dng k thut a truy cp WCDMA. UMTS c chun ho bi 3GPP. UMTS l cng ngh 3G c la chn bi hu ht cc nh cung cp dch v GSM/GPRS i ln 3G. Tc d liu ti a l 1920Kbps (gn 2Mbps). Nhng trong thc t tc ny ch tm 384Kbps thi. ci tin tc d liu ca 3G, hai k thut HSDPA v HSUPA c ngh. Khi c 2 k thut ny c trin khai, ngi ta gi chung l HSPA. HSPA thng c bit n nh l cng ngh 3,5G. HSDPA Tng tc downlink (ng xung, t NodeB v ngi dng di ng). Tc ti a l thuyt l 14,4Mbps, nhng trong thc t n ch t tm 1,8Mbps (hoc tt lm l 3,6Mbps). Theo mt bo co ca GSA thng 7 nm 2008, 207 mng HSDPA v ang bt u trin khai, trong 207 thng mi ho 89 nc trn th gii. HSUPA Tng tc uplink (ng ln) v ci tin QoS. K thut ny cho php ngi dng upload thng tin vi tc ln n 5,8Mbps (l thuyt). Cng trong cng bo co trn ca GSA, 51 nh cung cp dch v thng tin di ng trin khai mng HSUPA 35 nc v 17 nh cung cp mng ln k hoch trin khai mng HSUPA.

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CDMA 2000 L cng ngh k tha ca 2G CdmaOne, i din cho h cng ngh bao gm CDMA2000 1xRTT (Radio Transmission Technology), CDMA2000 EV-DO (Evolution -Data Optimized) v CDMA2000 EV-DV(Evolution -Data and Voice). CDMA2000 c chun ho bi 3GPP2. L thng tnh th CDMA2000 l cng ngh 3G c la chn bi cc nh cung cp mng CdmaOne. CDMA2000 1xRTT: chnh thc c cng nhn nh l mt cng ngh 3G, tuy nhin nhiu ngi xem n nh l mt cng ngh 2,75G ng hn l 3G. Tc ca 1xRTT c th t n 307Kbps, song hu ht cc mng trin khai ch gii hn tc peak 144Kbps.

CDMA2000 EV-DO: s dng mt knh d liu 1,25MHz chuyn bit


v c th cho tc d liu n 2,4Mbps cho ng xung v 153Kbps cho ng ln. 1xEV-DO Rev A h tr truyn thng gi IP, tng tc ng xung n 3,1Mbps v c bit c th y tc ng ln n 1,2Mbps. Bn cnh , 1xEV-DO Rev B cho php nh cung cp mng gp n 15 knh 1,25MHz li truyn d liu vi tc 73,5Mbps. Theo mt bo co trn www.cdg.org site, 3G CDMA2000 EV-DO vt con s 83 triu thu bao vo thng 9 nm 2007. CDMA2000 EV-DV: tch hp thoi v d liu trn cng mt knh 1,25MHz. CDMA2000 EV-DV cung cp tc peak n 4,8Mbps cho ng xung v n 307Kbps cho ng ln. Tuy nhin t nm 2005, Qualcomm dng v thi hn vic pht trin ca 1xEV-DV v a phn cc nh cung cp mng CDMA nh Verizon Wireless v Sprint chn EV-DO. TD-SCDMA L chun di ng c ngh bi "China Communications Standards Association" v c ITU duyt vo nm 1999. y l chun 3G ca Trung Quc. TD-SCDMA dng song cng TDD. TD-SCDMA c th hot ng trn mt di tn hp 1,6MHz (cho tc 2Mbps) hay 5MHz (cho tc 6Mbps). Ngy xut hnh ca TD-SCDMA b y li nhiu ln. Nhiu th nghim v cng ngh ny din ra t u nm 2004 cng nh trong th vn hi Olympic gn y.

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Cng ngh tin 4G

GPP LTE H thng 3GPP LTE, l bc tip theo cn hng ti ca h thng mng khng dy 3G da trn cng ngh di ng GSM/UMTS, v l mt trong nhng cng ngh tim nng nht cho truyn thng 4G. Lin minh Vin thng Quc t (ITU) nh ngha truyn thng di ng th h th 4 l IMT Advanced v chia thnh hai h thng dng cho di ng tc cao v di ng tc thp. 3 GPP LTE l h thng dng cho di ng tc cao. Ngoi ra, y cn l cng ngh h thng tch hp u tin trn th gii ng dng c chun modm 3GPP LTE v cc chun dch v ng dng khc, do NSD c th d dng thc hin cuc gi hoc truyn d liu gia cc mng LTE v cc mng GSM/GPRS hoc UMTS da trn WCDMA. 3GPP LTE c kh nng cp pht ph tn linh ng v h tr cc dch v a phng tin vi tc trn 100Mb/s khi di chuyn tc 3km/h, v t 30Mb/s khi di chuyn tc cao 120km/h th tc truyn l trn 30 Mb/s. Tc ny nhanh hn gp 7 ln so vi tc truyn d liu ca cng ngh HSDPA (truy nhp gi d liu tc cao). Do cng ngh ny cho php s dng cc dch v a phng tin tc cao trong khi di chuyn bt k tc no nn n c th h tr s dng cc dch v ni dung c dung lng ln vi phn gii cao c in thoi di ng, my tnh b ti PDA, in thoi thng minh... u im ni bt: - Dung lng truyn trn knh ng xung c th t 100 Mbps v trn knh ng ln c th t 50 Mbps. - Tng tc truyn trn c ngi s dng v cc mt phng iu khin. - S khng cn chuyn mch knh. Tt c s da trn IP. VoIP s dng cho dich v thoi. - Kin trc mng s n gin hn so vi mng 3G hin thi. Tuy nhin mng 3G LTE vn c th tch hp mt cch d dng vi mng 3G v 2G hin ti. iu ny ht sc quan trng cho nh cung cp mng trin khai 3GPP LTE v khng cn thay i ton b c s h tng mng c. - OFDMA v MIMO c s dng trong 3G LTE thay v CDMA nh trong 3G.

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UMB Chun UMB hin nay c pht trin bi 3GPP2 vi k hoch l s thng mi ho trc 2009. Mt s c im k thut nh sau: Cc k thut Multiple radio v antenna tin tin: - Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO), a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian (Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA)) v k thut beamforming antenna (dch l g cc bc nh? ) - Cc k thut qun l nhiu tin tin (Improved interference management techniques) Tc d liu cao nht (peak data rates) - Ln ti 288 Mbps ng ln. - 75 Mbps ng xung. Ln ti 1000 ngi s dng VoIP ng thi (vi s cp pht 20 MHz FDD). IEEE 802.x Chun IEEE 802.20 cn c gi l truy nhp v tuyn bng rng di ng WBMA (Mobile Broadband Wireless Access). N c th h tr ngay c khi ang di chuyn vi vn tc ln ti 250 km/h. Trong khi chuyn vng (roaming) ca WiMAX nhn chung b gii hn trong mt phm vi nht nh, th chun IEEE 802.20 ging nh 3G c kh nng h tr chuyn vng ton cu. Ngoi ra, cng ging nh WiMAX, IEEE 802.20 cng h tr cc k thut QoS nhm cung cp nhng dch v c yu cu cao v tr, jitter... Trong mng EEE 802.20, vic ng b gia ng ln v ng xung u c thc hin hiu qu. D kin, chun IEEE 802.20 tng lai s kt hp mt s tnh nng ca IEEE 802.16e v cc mng d liu 3G, nhm cung cp v to ra mt mng truyn thng a dng (rich communication).

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3.4 Tng quang v WiFi 3.4.1 WiFi l g? Wi-Fi vit tt t Wireless Fidelity hay mng 802.11 l h thng mng khng dy s dng sng v tuyn, ging nh in thoi di ng, truyn hnh v radio. H thng ny hot ng mt s sn bay, qun caf, th vin, trng i hc hoc khch sn. H thng cho php truy cp Internet ti nhng khu vc c sng ca h thng ny, hon ton khng cn n cp ni. Ngoi cc im kt ni cng cng (hotspots), WiFi c th c thit lp ngay ti nh ring. Tn gi 802.11 bt ngun t vin IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). Vin ny to ra nhiu chun cho nhiu giao thc k thut khc nhau, v n s dng mt h thng s nhm phn loi chng; 3 chun thng dng ca WiFi hin nay l 802.11a/b/g. 3.4.2 Hot ng Truyn thng qua mng khng dy l truyn thng v tuyn hai chiu. C th: Thit b adapter khng dy (hay b chuyn tn hiu khng dy) ca my tnh chuyn i d liu sang tn hiu v tuyn v pht nhng tn hiu ny i bng mt ng-ten. Thit b router khng dy nhn nhng tn hiu ny v gii m chng. N gi thng tin ti Internet thng qua kt ni hu tuyn Ethernet. Quy trnh ny vn hot ng vi chiu ngc li, router nhn thng tin t Internet, chuyn chng thnh tn hiu v tuyn v gi n adapter khng dy ca my tnh.

Hnh 3.8: M hnh mng WiFi

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3.4.2.1 Adapter Cc my tnh nm trong vng ph sng WiFi cn c cc b thu khng dy, adapter, c th kt ni vo mng. Cc b ny c th c tch hp vo cc my tnh xch tay hay bn hin i. Hoc c thit k dng cm vo khe PC card hoc cng USB, hay khe PCI. Khi c ci t adapter khng dy v driver, my tnh c th t ng nhn din v hin th cc mng khng dy ang tn ti trong khu vc.

Hnh 3.9: Adapter USB v Adapter cm vo khe PCI 3.4.2.2 Router Ngun pht sng WiFi l my tnh vi: 1. Mt cng ni cp hoc modem ADSL 2. Mt router (b nh tuyn) 3. Mt hub Ethernet 4. Mt firewall 5. Mt access point khng dy Hu ht cc router c ph sng trong khong bn knh 30,5 m v mi hng. C cc thit b gia tng hoc lp li ph sng lm tng din tch ph sng ca router. Nhiu router c c th s dng hn mt chun 802.11. Hu ht cc router u c mt giao din s dng dng web cho php thay i cu hnh nh: tn ca h thng mng, knh router s dng (hu ht cc router mc nh s dng knh 6, tuy nhin c th chuyn knh trnh nhiu vi ngun pht sng ln cn nm cng knh), cc ch bo mt router (tn truy cp v mt khu cho mng).

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Hnh 3.10: Router WiFi

Cc ch bo mt ca router thng c:
Wired Equivalency Privacy (WEP) s dng cng ngh m ha 64 bit hoc 128 bit. M ha 128 bit an ton hn. Nhng ai mun s dng mng c kch hot WEP u phi bit kha WEP, kha ny thng l mt khu dng dy s. WiFi Protected Access (WPA) l mt bc tin ca WEP v hin gi l mt phn ca giao thc mng bo mt khng dy 802.11i. N s dng giao thc m ha ton b bng mt kha tm thi. Ging nh WEP, bo mt WPA cng phi ng nhp bng mt mt khu. Hu ht cc im truy cp khng dy cng cng hoc l m hon ton hoc bo mt bng WPA hay WEP 128 bit. Media Access Control (MAC) bo mt bng cch lc a ch ca my tnh. N khng dng mt khu i vi ngi s dng, n cn c vo phn cng vt l ca my tnh. Mi mt my tnh u c ring mt a ch MAC c nht. Vic lc a ch MAC ch cho php nhng my ng k mi c quyn truy cp mng. Cn ng k a ch ca my tnh khi thit lp trong router.

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3.4.3 Sng Wifi Cc sng v tuyn s dng cho WiFi gn ging vi cc sng v tuyn s dng cho thit b cm tay, in thoi di ng v cc thit b khc. N c th chuyn v nhn sng v tuyn, chuyn i cc m nh phn 1 v 0 sang sng v tuyn v ngc li. Tuy nhin, sng WiFi c mt s khc bit so vi cc sng v tuyn khc ch: Chng truyn v pht tn hiu tn s 2.5 GHz hoc 5GHz. Tn s ny cao hn so vi cc tn s s dng cho in thoi di ng, cc thit b cm tay v truyn hnh. Tn s cao hn cho php tn hiu mang theo nhiu d liu hn. Chng dng chun 802.11: Chun 802.11b l phin bn u tin trn th trng. y l chun chm nht v r tin nht, v n tr thnh t ph bin hn so vi cc chun khc. 802.11b pht tn hiu tn s 2.4 GHz, n c th x l n 11 megabit/giy, v n s dng m CCK (complimentary code keying). Chun 802.11g cng pht tn s 2.4 GHz, nhng nhanh hn so vi chun 802.11b, tc x l t 54 megabit/giy. Chun 802.11g nhanh hn v n s dng m OFDM (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing), mt cng ngh m ha hiu qu hn. Chun 802.11a pht tn s 5 GHz v c th t n 54 megabit/ giy. N cng s dng m OFDM. Nhng chun mi hn sau ny nh 802.11n cn nhanh hn chun 802.11a, nhng 802.11n vn cha phi l chun cui cng. WiFi c th hot ng trn c ba tn s v c th nhy qua li gia cc tn s khc nhau mt cch nhanh chng. Vic nhy qua li gia cc tn s gip gim thiu s nhiu sng v cho php nhiu thit b kt ni khng dy cng mt lc. 3.5 u im v nhc im ca mng khng dy u im S tin li: Mng khng dy cng nh h thng mng thng

thng. N cho php ngi dng truy xut ti nguyn mng bt k ni u trong khu vc c trin khai(nh hay vn phng). Vi s gia tng s ngi s dng my tnh xch tay(laptop), l mt iu rt thun li.

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Kh nng di ng: Vi s pht trin ca cc mng khng dy

cng cng, ngi dng c th truy cp Internet bt c u. Chng hn cc qun Cafe, ngi dng c th truy cp Internet khng dy min ph. Hiu qu: Ngi dng c th duy tr kt ni mng khi h i t Trin khai: Vic thit lp h thng mng khng dy ban u ch ni ny n ni khc. cn t nht 1 access point. Vi mng dng cp, phi tn thm chi ph v c th gp kh khn trong vic trin khai h thng cp nhiu ni trong ta nh. thm cp Nhc im Bo mt: Mi trng kt ni khng dy l khng kh nn kh Phm vi: Mt mng chun 802.11g vi cc thit b chun ch c Kh nng m rng: Mng khng dy c th p ng tc th khi gia tng s lng ngi dng. Vi h thng mng dng cp cn phi gn

nng b tn cng ca ngi dng l rt cao. th hot ng tt trong phm vi vi chc mt. N ph hp trong 1 cn nh, nhngvi mt ta nh ln th khng p ng c nhu cu. p ng cn phi mua thm Repeater hay access point, dn n chi ph gia tng.

tin cy: V s dng sng v tuyn truyn thng nn vic b

nhiu, tn hiu b gim do tc ng ca cc thit b khc (l vi sng,.) l khng trnh khi. Lm gim ng k hiu qu hot ng ca mng.

Tc : Tc ca mng khng dy (1- 125 Mbps) rt chm so

vi mng s dng cp (100Mbps n hng Gbps).

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Chng 4 TM HIU B CONVERTER QUANG


4.1 Converter quang B chuyn i quang in 4.1.1 Khi nim B chuyn i quang in (Fiber Optic Media Converter) l sn phm chuyn t tn hiu dng in sang tn hiu dng quang - nh sng v ngc li, thng c ng dng trong cc h thng cn truyn ti d liu tc cao, khong cch ln v i hi kht khe v s n nh ca tn hiu. 4.1.2 Bn cht ca converter quang L vic chuyn i cc tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu quang, do vic truyn tn hiu trn cc ng truyn tng tc hay b cc yu t nhiu lon t bn ngoi tc ng, v dn n tn hiu thu v khng chnh xc, suy hao tn tht trn ng truyn l rt ln. Vi cng ngh hin i ngy nay con ngi ang chuyn dn t cng ngh truyn tn hiu trn ng truyn tng t sang ng truyn tn hiu quang.

Hnh 4.1: B chuyn i quang in C rt nhiu cc loi b chuyn i quang in (Fiber Optic Media Converter) thng th n gn vi cc chun in m n chuyn i sang, v d nh: Ethernet, Composite Video, E1, chun ni tip (RS232, RS485, IEA 422), SDI video, SD video, HD video, VGA video, DVI video, FXS, FXO, V35, V11, mono Audio, Audio...

Chng 4: Tm hiu b Converter quang

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4.1.3 ng dng Trong cng nghip c rt nhiu chun tn hiu in, tuy nhin, cc bn thng gp cm t: converter quang hay b chuyn i quang in (Fiber Optic Media Converter) ch khng ni n chun in cp trong rt nhiu phng tin truyn thng, y ngi s dng mun ni n: B chuyn i Ethernet sang quang, b chuyn i ca chun Ethernet, mt chun c nh gi l thnh cng v thng dng nht hin nay. Hin nay c rt nhiu chng loi, mi loi dng cho mi ng dng khc nhau ty theo tng chun tn hiu. Di y l mt s ng dng c s dng nhiu nht: H thng mng ni b trn nn cp quang dng trong cc doanh nghip, c quan, nh my. H thng truyn dn video, hnh nh, m thanh i hi tc cao v khong cch ln m khng lm gim cht lng ca tn hiu. H thng vin thng, truyn hnh. 4.2 V sao cn b chuyn i quang in? Khi no th cn? Hin nay, cc chun mng, truyn thng ang hot ng trn cp ng v c nhc im l tc thp, khong cch truyn b hn ch, h thng hot ng khng n nh do d b nhiu v in tDo cc hn ch ca cp ng m ngy nay cp quang , ang v s l mt gii php hon ho thay th cho cp ng, v converter quang- b chuyn i quang in l thit b khng th thiu khi trin khai cc h thng truyn d liu trn cp quang. Vy khi bn trong tn hung sau, nn dng cp quang cho truyn thng:

Kt ni mng LAN trong nh my phm vi kt ni ln hn 100m. Truyn tn hiu video trong din rng: nh h thng camera giao thng, hi ngh truyn hnh, cng nghip truyn hnh Truyn a ng dng: Video + Data + Audio trn khong cch ln.

4.3 Phn loi converter quang Hin nay ang tn ti song song hai loi cp quang l Multimode v Singlemode do vy b chuyn i quang in cng c phn ra lm hai loi tng ng vi mi loi cp quang. B chuyn i quang in (Fiber Optic Media Converter) c 2 thng s rt quan trng l cng sut pht v nhy, nu trong phm vi ngn m bn s dng

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Singlemode th cng sut pht vt vng nhy dn ti tn hiu khng nhn c v ngc li i vi khi s dng Multimode. Bng 4.: So snh gia Multimode v Singlemode i tng Tc ng dng Multimode Truyn ti a l 2-5km c s dng trong mng ni b ca cc doanh nghip, c quan, nh my... Singlemode Truyn xa hn l 120km Thng c s dng trong ngnh vin thng, truyn hnh

C rt nhiu nh cung cp t vn cho khch hng ca mnh s dng cp singlemode, v h thng vn hot ng bnh thng, bn ng cho trng hp ny l tt bi b chuyn i ang hot ng ngoi vng hot ng thit k nh mc, dn ti hu qu khng tt v sau hay h thng hot ng khng n nh. 4.4 La chn b chuyn i ph hp B chuyn i tn hiu l mt thit b chuyn i tn hiu nhn c t mt loi cp truyn dn sang tn hiu ph hp vi cc loi cp truyn dn khc. Mt b chuyn i tn hiu l tng s trong sut i vi mng v cc phn t khng lm nh hng ti d liu truyn trn mng va khng gy ra bt c hn ch no cho thit k ca mng. Ngy nay kch thc ca ta nh vn phng, khch sn ngy cng m rng v vy h thng mng LAN thng thng khng cn p ng c y nhu cu s dng. Cng ngh VDSL c ngh n nh mt gii php thay th p ng nhu cu s dng ca ngi dng. Trong gii php , b chuyn i tn hiu khng th khng th khng cp ti, n gp mt phn rt ln trong vic xy dng thnh cng mt cho ta nh vn phng v khch sn. Chnh v nhng iu nh vy chng ti cho ra i gii php chuyn i tn hiu p ng nhu cu s dng ca ta nh vn phng v khch sn.

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Chng 5 THC HIN H THNG WIFI KT HP TRUYN DN QUANG


5.1 Thit b Modem ADSL Modem ADSL vo ng dy in thoi ( cn gi l local loop ) v ng dy ny ni ti thit b tng i ni ht. Modem ADSL s dng kt hp mt lot cc k thut x l tn hiu tin tin nhm t c tc bng thng cn thit trn ng dy in thoi thng thng vi khong cch ti vi Km gia thu bao v tng i ni ht. Modem ADSL l thit b dng cung cp gii php kt ni Internet cho cc my trong mng Lan s dng ng truyn ADSL. N khng ch cung cp vic truy cp Internet m cn c cc c im khc c tch hp bn trong nh: firewall/security, VPN, h tr a phng tin, thch hp Print Server qua cng giao tip USB, Voice over IP, DDNS,

Hnh 5.1: Modem ADSL Cc loi Modem h tr ADSL: Modem trn card PCI: loi ny tch hp tt c trn mt card PCI.

Gi thnh r nht trong ba loi, nhng rt kh ci t, kn chn h iu hnh v khng h tr chia s n nhiu my tnh. Modem USB: y l loi modem lp ngoi kt ni qua giao tip USB 1.1. Gi ch hn loi kia mt cht nhng trng c v d lp t hn. Nhng thc ra loi ny cng kn h iu hnh khng km loi kia, ci t tng i kh v khng h tr chia s kt ni. Hn na, tc ca USB 1.1 rt thp ( ti a l 12Mbps nhng thc ra cn thp hn nhiu ), khng thch hp

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vi ADSL tc cao, li chi nhiu ti nguyn h thng. Cn cn nhc trc khi chn USB cho ADSL.

Ethernet modem lp ngoi: y l loi ph bin nht. N dng

giao din Ethernet vi my tnh qua card mng 10/100. u im l rt d lp t, h tr hu ht cc h iu hnh, d chia s kt ni.Nhc im ca n l gi thnh cao hn cc loi khc. Ethernet ADSL modem c khi c tch hp thm mt s chc nng nh bc tng la ( hardware firewall ) hay router v hub hay swich lp trong.
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 113 44 55 16

Mt s loi modem ADSL thng dng ti Vit Nam:


Tn modem Zoom ADSL Easy link Cnet Planet SpeedStream 5200 Planet Speedtouch (Alcatel) Aztec SpeedCom 3Com Zyxel Huawei SureCom Conexant Gamnet GVC IP mc nh 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.2 192.168.254.254 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.138 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.2 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.1 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.2 192.168.1.1 User/Pass Admin/ zoomadsl Admin/ trng Admin/ epicrouter Admin/ epicrouter Admin/ epicrouter Admin/ epicrouter Admin/ trng Admin/ trng Admin/ epicrouter hoc conexant Admin/ admin Admin/1234 Admin/ admin Admin/ epicrouter Admin/ conexant Admin/ conexant Root/ root

Chng 5: Thc hin h thng WiFi kt hp truyn dn quang

INTERNET KHNG DY TRN MNG QUANG 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Heyes Micronet Smc Standar Draytek Dlink Siemens TrendNET SpeedTouch 530 Draytech Virgo 2500,2600 Justec Ecom Alilied Telesyn ATAR256E / 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.2 10.0.0.2 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.1 192.168.1.1 192.168.0.1 10.0.0.138 192.168.1.1 10.0.0.2 192.168.0.1 192.168.1.1

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Admin/ heyesadsl Admin/ epicrouter Admin/ barricade Root/root trng/ trng Admin/ admin Admin/ admin Admin/ password trng/ trng Admin/ trng Admin/ epicrouter Root/ root Admin/ admin

5.2 Thit b chuyn mch (Switch/Hub) Switch hay cn gi l thit b chuyn mch, l mt thit b dng kt ni cc on mng vi nhau theo m hnh mng hnh sao (star). Theo m hnh ny, Switch ng vai tr l thit b trung tm.

Hnh 5.2: Switch 8 port

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5.3 Thit b chuyn i in quang Quang in Converter CTC Union Fiber media Converter Thng s k thut

Hnh 5.3: Converter quang H FMC-10/100 l Fast Ethernet 10/100 Base-TX ti 100Base-FX l converter chuyn i a phng tin hot ng c lp, trong cung cp cho bn cc ty chn la chn cc u ni cp ph bin nht, ST, SC, FC, hoc SFP-LC. C hai model n mode v a mode u hot ng tt nh l BiDi, n cho php truyn c hai hng trn mt si cp duy nht. Converter 10/100Base-TX ti 100Base-FX. T ng Negotiation or forced mode. T ng MDI/MDIX. Chuyn tip ti a 1600 bytes gi tin. H tr ui i Q trong Q trn frame (khung tin) trong sut. H tr chun mng IEEE 802.1q. H tr dng iu khin (tm dng). ng dng Chuyn i tn hiu in u vo thnh tn hiu quang u ra, mc ch lm tng kh nng truyn tn hiu i xa: tng bng thng, tc , gim suy hao

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5.4 Cp quang Dy nhy cp quang La chn dy nhy quang thay th cho cp quang v l do n gin, gn, khng c rc ri trong vn thi cng Thng s k thut

Hnh 5.4: Dy nhy cp quang Dy nhy cp quang FC/PC ti LC/PC thng c s dng trong cc ng dng m thit b quang h tr chun u ni l LC/PC (hoc FC/PC). Vic s dng ny s khng lm thay i h thng hp ni c sn. c im k thut ca dy nhy u ni: tri FC/PC, phi LC/PC. Dy singlemode, mulitmode, si n, hay i. Tc : chun 1 Gbps. Chiu di: theo yu cu. ng knh si: ty chn 0.9, 2, 3mm.

ng dng Lm cu ni, kt ni quang gia cc lin kt mng quang. Kt ni quang gia cc ODF quang, t phi quang, cc thit b truyn dn quang vi nhau. Truyn nhng tn hiu quang ti thit b u cui.

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5.5 Router WiFi L thit b gip chuyn i tn hiu Internet (ADSL) t dng kt ni hu tuyn sang dng tn hiu v tuyn (WiFi) v khuch i n ra khng gian xung quanh cc thit b c b phn thu sng wifi nh Laptop (thng tch hp sn), in thoi h tr Wifi c th thu sng v truy cp Internet. Access Point Tenda, W311R (cn gi l Wireless Router Tenda, W311R)

Hnh 5.5: Router WiFi c tnh k thut S ng-ten: 1 ng ten. Chun B/G/N t tc truyn pht ti a ln ti 150Mbps Cng WAN: C 1 cng WAN kt ni thit b ny vi Modem ADSL qua pht sng wifi. S cng LAN: H tr 4 cng LAN, c tc dng nh mt Hub, gip kt ni ti 4 thit b mng (my tnh, my in, ...) nu thit b khng h tr wifi.

c tnh Wifi H tr tt c cc mng thng thng v c nhng mng t bit nh SCTV,


HTV v c chc nng autodetect (t nhn dng v kt ni). Ngoi ra c chc nng repeater, WDS, WPS Router gip thu sng wifi xung quanh v pht li ...

Bo mt

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H tr MAC address Filter gip ngn chn cc kt ni t cc my tnh l, ngn chn khng cho php truy cp. 5.6 Thc thi gii php 5.6.1 S khi Mng Internet Cp mng Converter quang s 1 Cp quang Converter quang s 2 Cp mng Router WiFi

5.6.2 S u ni thit b

Internet
Modem ADSL

Cp UTP Cat.5e Converter quang 2

Converter quang 1

Cp quang

Cp UTP Cat.5e

Chng 5: Thc hin h thng WiFi kt hp truyn dn quang My khch

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Router WiFi

Chng 5: Thc hin h thng WiFi kt hp truyn dn quang

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Kt Lun

Kt lun

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Phn C
PH LC V TI LIU THAM KHO

Phn C Ph Lc V Ti Liu Tham Kho

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Ph Lc I Ph Lc II Ti Liu Tham Kho

Phn C Ph Lc V Ti Liu Tham Kho

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