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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen Exercise 10:

FEE Exercise

R1

R2 U C

R3

Known: U = 12 V; R1 = 20 , R2 = 30 , R3 = 10 . L = 3 mH, C = 5 nF . Problem: a) Simplify the mentioned circuit if the voltage U is a DC voltage. b) How many unkown currents and voltages do we have in this circuit? c) So how many equations do we need to solve these variables? d) How many equations are contributed by Ohms law? e) How many (independent) equations can be derives using KCL? f) How many (independent) equations can be derives using KVL? g) Write down the equations derived with d), e), f) and enumerate them. h) Solve the equation system and determine all currents and voltages.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen Exercise 11:

FEE Exercise

Known: U = 12 V; R1 = 20 , R2 = 30 , R3 = 10 , R4 = 50 . Problem: a) Simplify the given circuit if the voltage U = V0 is a DC voltage after all dynamic effects are stable. b) You just want to determine the current I1 that flows through the source voltage U. What is the easiest way? c) Determine current I1.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen Exercise 12: Voltage Divider

FEE Exercise

The given circuit has an input voltage U. Between the terminals A and B we want to generate 1. a voltage UL with an open loop as load, 2. a short-cut current IK with a closed loop.

R1 U R2

U2

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B
Known: U = 230 V; UL = 57,5 V, IK = 11,5 A . Problem: a) Determine the resistor values R1 and R2. b) Determine the power supplied by the voltage source U in the case of the external short-cut and the open loop.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen Exercise 13: Voltage Divider The given circuit has an input voltage U.

FEE Exercise

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R = RAB

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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen Exercise 14: Voltage Divider The following circuit is given. The input voltage to this circuit is U.

FEE Exercise

R1 U R2

U2

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B
Known: U = 230 V; R1 = 20 , R2 = 5 . Problem: a) The terminals A and B will be short-cut (RAB=0 Ohm). Determine the short-cut current IK that flows through the short-cut wire. b) No external load is connected to the terminals A und B. Determine the voltage U0 between terminal A and B. c) Determine the inner resistance Ri of the supply circuit that will be seen from an external load. d) Determine the inner resistance Ri by short cutting the voltage source U. e) Proof that the maximum power that can be supplied to an external load is reached if the external resistance equals the inner resistance of the supply circuit. Explain the term impedance matching. f) Determine the maximum power Pmax the supply circuit can supply to an external load. g) Determine the value of the external resistor RPmax that drains the maximum power.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen

FEE Exercise

Exercise 15: Voltage Divider The given voltage divider circuit has an input voltage U. An external load resistor is connected to the terminals A and B. The voltage between the terminal shall be p*U2 while U2 is the open circuit voltage.

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U2

R = RAB

Known: U = 60 V; R1 = 100 , R2 = 300 ; p = 95 % . Problem: a) The open circuit voltage U2 between the terminals A and B has to be determined. b) Now an external load is connected to the circuit and due to the load curve of the supply circuit the voltage drops down to p*U2. Determine the resistor value consisting of R2 and RAB that causes this voltage drop. c) Determine the resistor value of RAB.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen Exercise 16: We regard the following given DC circuit.

FEE Exercise

R1

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A I3 R3

Known: U = 12 V; R1 = 20 , R2 = 30 , R3 = 10 . Problem: Solve the problem by applying Thvenins theorem as you are just interested in the current I3. a) Determine the voltage U0 between the terminals A and B that would be applied to R3 if it would be an open circuit. b) Which inner resistance Ri would be seen from the load R3? c) Draw the resulting circuit and determine the current I3.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen Exercise 17: Thvenins theorem The following circuit is given:

FEE Exercise

R1

A R3 B

R2 U0

R4

Known: U = 12 V; R1 = 20 , R2 = 30 , R3 = 10 , R4 = 50 . Problem: You are only interested in the voltage U3 between terminals A and B. Solve the problem by applying Thvenins theorem. a) Terminals A and B are short-cut. Determine the voltage drop U2K over resistor R2. b) Determine the short-cut current I3K through the resistor R3=0 Ohms. c) Determine the inner resistance Ri of the supply circuit that can be seen at the terminals A and B. d) Draw the resulting circuit and determine the voltage U3 between terminals A and B if R3 = 10Ohms.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen Exercise 18: Voltage Divider (Thvenins theorem) The following circuit is given:

FEE Exercise

R2

R4

R1

R3

R5 B

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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen Exercise 19: A capacitor charged through a resistor

FEE Exercise

A capacitor is partially charged up to the voltage uc(t=0) and the switch is open when starting the observation (t=0). At the time t=0 the switch will be closed and connects the voltage source with the series circuit consisting of the capacitor C and the resistor R.

uC(t=0) C R

Known:

capacity C = 70 nF, resistance R = 10 k, source voltage U = 200 V ,

Problem: a) Determine the equation that describes the capacitor voltage uc(t) for t>=0. b) Determine the equation that describes the current i(t). c) Determine the time constant of the circuit . d) Determine the capacitor voltage as function of time for the two value uc1(t=0)=0V and uc2(t=0)=20V. e) Draw the capacitor voltage curves uc(t)/U respectively.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen

FEE Exercise

Exercise 20: Inductor switch off We regard the following circuit consisting of a voltage source U, the switch S, the resistor R and the inductor L. At t=0 the switch changes from position 1 to position 2 (dashed).

S 2

t=0

Known:

inductance L = 30 mH, resistance R = 500 , voltage U = 12 V .

Problem: For t < 0 (position 1) a) The value of the inductor current I1. b) The value of inductor energy W 1. For t = 0 (immediately after moving the switch to position 2) c) Starting value of the inductor current I0 d) Starting value of the inductor voltage U0 For t > 0 (position 2) e) Diagram of the time depending inductor voltage uL(t) f) Diagram of the ratio uL(t)/U

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen Exercise 21: RL/RC-Parallel Circuit

FEE Exercise

The following circuit is given. It consists of an ideal voltage source that is connected to two parallel branches. The first branch consists of a series connection of a resistor R1 and an inductor L. The second branch consists of a series connection of a resistor R2 and a capacitor C. Initially the switch S is open and the energy inside the inductor as well as in the capacitor is zero. At t=0 the switch will be closed and the ideal voltage source supplies both branches.

i(t) i1 R1 i2 R2

Known:

R1 = 100 ; R2 = 50 ; L = 9 mH; C = 1,8 F; U = 10 V .

Problem: a) Determine the time constant of the first branch T1, the second branch T2 and the ratio T1/T2=. b) Determine the current i1(t=+0) and i1(t ) through the inductor. c) Determine the current i2(t=0) and i2(t ) through the capacitor. d) Use the following diagram to draw the ratio i1(t)/i1(t ) and i2(t)/i2(t=0).

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen 1

FEE Exercise

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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen Exerise 22: Charging and discharging of a capacitor

FEE Exercise

A series circuit consisting of a resistor R and a capacitor C2 will be connected to a capacitor C1 at t0=0. At t=0 the capacitor C1 is charged to the voltage U0=Q0/C1. The voltage across the capacitor C2 at t<0 is 0V.

t 0 =0

R u 1 (t) ) u 2 (t)

C1

C2

Discharging capacitor 1 and charging capacitor 2

Known: C1 = C2 = C = 50 F, U0 = 40 V. The shape of the current i(t) through the resistor follows the curve given by the following diagram. The current is normalized i(t)/I0. It follows an exponential function and has a time constant T=RC/2. Problem: a) Determine the time constant T. b) Determine the resistance R. c) Determine the current I0. d) Add the curve of the normalized voltage u2(t)/U0 in the diagram.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen

FEE Exercise

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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen

FEE Exercise

Exercise 23: RC-series supplied with rectangular voltage source A series connection consisting of a resistor R and a capacitor C is connected to a voltage source that has a rectangular voltage curve. The capacitor is discharged at t=0. Known: Rectangular impulse:

1,5

0,5

0 0 10 20
time t / ms for t < 10 ms and t > 30 ms: ue = 0 for 10 ms < t < 30 ms: Ue = 1,5 V. R = 2 k, C = 5F. Problem: a) Draw the rectangular impulse in the diagram. b) Determine the time constant T of this series circuit. c) Determine the voltage uc(t) across the capacitor. d) Draw the voltage uc(t) across the capacitor in the diagram. e) Draw the normalized current ic(t) / Imax through the capacitor in the diagram (with Imax=Ue/R).

30

40

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen

FEE Exercise

Exercise 24: Comparator, inverting The operational amplifier shall be used to convert the input voltage ue(t). The operational amplifier itself is connected to the supply voltages UB+ and UB-.

UB+

ue

UB-

ua

15
voltage u(t) / V

10 5 0 -5 0 -10 -15
normalized time t / T

0,5

1,5

Diagram of the input voltage ue(t) Known: The operational amplifier can be considered ideal. The supply voltage is UB+ = 15 V and UB-=0V. Draw the output voltage ua(t) in the diagram above.

Problem:

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen Exercise 25: inverting Operational Amplifier

FEE Exercise

The operational amplifier circuit shall be used to amplify the input voltage with a fixed gain.

R2

R1

Ue

Ua

Known: Problem:

The operational amplifier can be considered as ideal. Determine the following values of a) R1 in order to rate the input resistance of the network to 5k . b) R2 in order to reach a closed loop gain of V=-200.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen Exercise 26: Voltage source with comparator

FEE Exercise

The given circuit consists of two operational amplifiers connected in a cascade. Both operational amplifiers can be considered as ideal. The output voltage of both OpAmps is limited to the range -5..+5V.

R1 Ri u0(t) u(t) u1 uv u2 i(t) R2

Ri = 500 k . for t < T: u0(t) = - 2 V t/T for t > T: periodic (i.e. u0(t+T) = u0(t)): saw-shape. OpAmp No. 1: R1 = 1 M . OpAmp No. 2: R2 = 10 k , UV = 3 V . Problem: a) Draw the curve of u0(t) in the following diagram. b) Draw the curve of u1(t) in the following diagram. c) Draw the curve of u2(t) in the following diagram.

Known: V-Source:

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen

FEE Exercise

5 4 3 2

Voltage / V

1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5

rel. time t/T

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen Exercise 27: Inverter with comparator

FEE Excercise

The given circuit consists of two operational amplifiers connected in a cascade. Both OpAmps can be considered as ideal. The input current is labeled with ie(t). The output voltage of both OpAmps is limited to 5 V.
R2

ie

R1

ue

u1

Uv

ua

Kown:

OpAmp No. 1: OpAmp No. 2:

R1 = 10 k , R2 = 100 k . UV = 2 V .

Problem: a) Draw the characteristic curve u1 = u1(ie) in the following diagram. b) Draw the characteristic curve ua = ua(ie) in the diagram.
7,5

Voltage u (in V)

5 2,5 0 -2,5 -5 -7,5 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80

Input current ie (in A)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen Exercise 28: Integrator (inverting)

FEE Excercise

The operational amplifier is supplied by the voltage UB. The input voltage ue(t) is a step function that changes at t = 0 from 0 V to +1 V. C

ue

ua

Kown:

The OpAmp can be considered as ideal. UB = 10 V, R = 10 k, C = 40 nF . ,

Problem: a) Determine the input current i(t). b) Determine the capacitor voltage uC(t). c) Determine the output voltage ua(t). d) Draw the step response ua(t) in the right scale. 10

Volatage ua (in V)

7,5 5 2,5 0 -2,5 -5 -7,5 -10 0 2 4 6 8 10

Time t (in ms)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen Exercise 29: Non-inverting Amplifier

FEE Exercise

The following circuit shall be used in order amplify a voltage. The operational amplifier is supplied with a voltage UB. The voltage that shall be amplified is ue(t).

R2

R1

Ue

Ua

Non-inverting amplifier The OpAmp can be considered as ideal. UB = 16 V, ue(t) = 120 Vsin(2 5 kHz t). R1 = 2,9 k, R2 = 320 k. , . a) Determine the closed loog gain V, b) Determine the output voltage ua(t) .

Known:

Problem:

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen Exercise 30: OpAmp as comparator and trigger

FEE Exercise

Initially an operational amplifier is has no external components (refer to figure 1). It acts as comparator. The output voltage is either uA,min = 0 V or uA,max = UB . Then, the two external components R1 and R2 will be connected to the operational amplifier. Now it acts as trigger (refer to figure 2).

Figure 1: comparator

Figure 2: trigger

Known: ideal OpAmp; UB = 10 V; R1 = 10 k, R2 = 100 k; RV = 5 k, R = 15 k. Problem: Part 1 = comparator operation: a) Determine the threshold voltage UV ? b) Determine the equation uD = uD (u0, UV). c) Sketch the comparator function uA (u0) in the diagram. Part 2 = trigger operation: e) Determine the equation for the working curve uA (uE, u0). f) Sketch the four working curves in the uA (u0) in the diagram if uE/V sequentially is 1,5 / 1,75 / 2,75 / 3,0. g) Determine the two trigger thresholds Udown = uE,min and Uup = uE,max. h) Sketch the trigger function uA (uE) in the diagram.

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10

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u0/V and uE/V

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Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen

FEE Exercise

Exercise 37b: Active, reactive and complex power A load with impedance Z is connected to a voltage source U and drains the current I. Known: of 30 . U = 230 V, I = 4,5 A and the current follows the voltage with a phase shift

Problem: a) Draw the pointer diagram for U and I , b) Determine the power factor cos of that load. c) Determine the modulus of the active power, the reactive power and the apparent power. d) What is the simplest way to realize the impedance Z?

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen

Exercise FEE

Exercise 37c: Average value, rectified value and RMS value A periodic current i(t) switches between the peak values Iu und Id. The periodicity is T and the corresponding frequency f=1/T.

6 4 2 i(t) / mA 0 -2 -4 -6 -8 0 0,5 t/T Periodic current i(t) 1 1,5

Known: Problem:

Iu = + 4 mA, Id = - 6 mA, T = 20 ms . Determine a) the average value Ia (= arithmetic average of i(t)), b) the rectified value Ir (= arithmetic average of i(t)), c) the RMS value IRMS

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen Exercise 37d: RC combination

Exercise FEE

A parallel RC connection is supplied with a sinoid AC voltage of the frequency f.

i u

iR iC C R

RC parallel circuit

Known:

resistance R = 8 k, capacity C = 10 nF, voltage u(t) = U0 cos(2ft) with U0 = 24 V and f = 1 kHz. Determine the currents iR(t), iC(t) and the total current i(t) by calculation in the time domain. the current IR() and IC() and I() by using complex pointers. the pointer diagram including U and I. the phase between voltage U and current I.

Problem:

a) b) c) d)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen Exercise 37e: Series circuit => parallel circuit For a fixed frequency f the circuits are identical.
C2 C1 R1 R2

Exercise FEE

Known: Problem:

frequency f = 50 Hz, resistance R1 = 2 k, capacity C1 = 1 F Determine

a) b) c) d)

the impedance Z1 , the admittance Y1 , the admittance Y2 , the resistance R2, capacity C2.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen

Exercise FEE

Exercise 37g: Impedance matching A real harmonic voltage source with inner impedance Zi = Ri + jXi supplies a RLC circuit Za = Ra + jXa. Known: U = 50 V, f = 800 Hz. Ri = 300 , Xi = 200 , L = 10 mH, R = Ra = 300 , and C=?

Problem: a) Determine the total impedance connected to the ideal voltage source Ztotal(C) ? b) Determine the modulus of the current I = U / Ztotal. c) Determine the capacity so that the modulus of the current is at maximum. d) Determine the active power that is dissipated by the resistor Ra.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen

Exercise FEE

Exercise 37h: Compensation of reactive power A harmonic voltage source (voltage U, frequency f) supplies a RLC circuit.

I
U

IR R UR

IC C UC

UL

Known: Problem: a) b) c) d) e) f)

U = 230 V, f = 50 Hz; R = 2 , L = 20 mH, C = 460 F.

Determine the ratio v of the voltages UL and UR. Draw the pointer diagram containing U, UL and UR (scale: 1 cm 23 V) Determine the modulus of UR from this diagram. Determine the current IR. Draw the pointer diagram containing I, IR and IC (scale: 1 cm 10 A) Determine the component Iq of the total current I that has not the same direction as the total voltage U g) Determine the phase shift between the total voltage U and the total current I

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen

Exercise FEE

Exercise 37i: RL/RC parallel circuit We regard a black box that has two terminals. Between these terminals we can measure the voltage U and the current I through this box. In this black box there are two parallel branches of a circuit as shown in the figure.

I U C R2 R1

Known:

U and I , R2 = R1 = R , L and C .

Probelm: Determine generally a) the complex impedances Z1 and Z2 , b) the complex admittances Y1 and Y2 , c) the complex total admittance Y , d) the complex impedance Z . e) Now the resistances R1 and R2 are equal and also the time constants T1 = L/R1 and T2 = R2C are equal. Determine the Z for this case? Plausibility check: d) generally for R1 / R2 = r 1 and T1 / T2 = 1 the impedance is Z = R1(1 + + jT1 ( 1 / ( T1 ))) / (1 + r + jT1 ( r / ( T1 ))).
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trbls

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Elmar Engels FB Elektrotechnik u. Informationstechnik FH Aachen

Exercise FEE

Exercise 44: Transformer In order to determine the values of the single-phase equivalent circuit of a transformer (U1N=400V, U2N=200V, S1N=340VA, cos N =1) some measurements are performed. 1. Passive measurement R1 = 37,8 , R2 = 15,5 2. Short-cut measurement on the secondary side: U1KS = 39,6 V, I1KS = 0,488 A 3. Open-loop measurement with measurement at the primary side U10 = 228,7 V, I10 = 0,019 A, U20 = 140,5 V 4. Load at the secondary side: ZV=170exp(j15 ; U1 = U1N=400V ) Problem: a) Determine the nominal current IN b) Determine the transformation ratio N=((1+1)w1/w2) and the inductance L1 from the measurement of the equivalent circuit (open-loop measurement). c) Determine the leakage coefficient based on the short-cut measurement. (assume: jL1 >> R2+jL2) d) Determine the power factor and efficiency of the transformer for the load case in item 4.

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