19

19.1 Php o lu lng

Richard Thorn Gii thiu
Php o lu lng rt quen thuc vi cuc sng ca chng ta. Ta c th thy chng hng ngy nh cc thit b o nc v kh. Tng t nh th, cc lu lng k cng c s dng trong hu ht cc ngnh cng nghip, t du kh ti sn xut v ch bin thc phm. Do khng ngc nhin rng ngy nay, tng gi tr ca th trng lu lng k ton cu l hn 3000 triu USD v hy vng s pht trin n nh trong tng lai. Mc d php o lu lng c vai tr khng th ph nhn i vi nn kinh t, tuy nhin chnh xc v cng ngh ca cc lu lng k ang s dng hin nay tng i lc hu so vi cc thit b c s dng o cc i tng khc nh p sut hay nhit . V d nh lu lng k a vi phun, l lu lng k c s dng nhiu nht trong cng nghip ch bin, ch c chnh xc ca gi tr o l 2% v c s dng t nhng nm cui ca th k 18. S bo th ca cng nghip o lu lng th hin ch cc k thut c in nh l a vi phun, ng h Venturi, v lu lng k tit din thay i, hin vn c s dng rng ri, trong khi cc lu lng k siu m, c pht trin vo nhng nm 1950, th vn c coi nh l mt thit b mi vi nhiu ngi dng. Mc ny s gii thiu nhng phng php o lu lng hin c trn th trng.

Thut ng
Thut ng o lu lng l mt thut ng chung, v trc khi chn la mt lu lng k ngi dng phi xc nh r php o lu lng no s c s dng. Vi mt dng cht lng chy qua mt ng, vic o lu lng c th thc hin theo 1 trong 6 kiu o sau. 1. Php o vn tc im: vn tc dng chy ti mt im c nh ngang qua tit din ngang ca ng (m/s) 2. Php o vn tc dng chy trung bnh: vn tc trung bnh dng chy qua tit din ngang ca ng(m/s) 3. Php o lu lng dng chy: tc thay i ca th tch dng chy ngang qua ng trong mt n v thi gian (m3/s) 4. Php o th tch: tng th tch dng chy qua ng (m3) 5. Php o mc khi lng: tc thay i khi lng ca dng chy qua ng trong mt n v thi gian 6. Php o tng khi lng - Tng khi lng chy qua ng (kg/s) Mc d dng c bn nht ca php o lu lng l o dng cht lng chy qua mt ng dn kn, nhng cc php o lu lng cho cc dng chy trong cc knh m cng l cn thit, c bit l cc ng dng trong x l nc v cht thi. 1

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Cc c tnh dng chy

Lu cht c o thng l cht lng hoc kh, cn gi l dng mt pha. Tuy nhin, vic o tc lu lng ca cc cht lng hn hp cng rt cn thit (nh trong phn dng hai pha). C rt nhiu nguyn tc quan trng lin quan ti cc c tnh dng chy trong ng cn c tm hiu trc khi chn la lu lng k m bo s ph hp v an ton, l ngha ca hng s Reynolds v s quan trng ca lu vn tc dng chy. Hng s Renolds Re l t s ca cc lc qun tnh trong dng chy ( vD) vi cc lc nht trong dng chy ( ) , v n c th c dng xc nh mt dng cht lng l chy lp hoc chy ri.

Hnh 19.52 Cc dng vn tc dng chy ri v chy tng Hng s Reynolds c th c tnh nh sau Re =

v.D

(19.65)

l t trng ca cht lng, v l vn tc trung bnh ca cht lng, D l ng knh ca ng, v l nhn ng hc ca cht lng. Nu Re nh hn 2000, cc lc nht trong dng chy l ln v dng chy tr thnh dng chy tng. Nu Re ln hn 4000, cc lc qun tnh ca dng chy l ln v dng chy tr thnh dng chy ri. Nu Re gia 2000 v 4000 th dng chy l chuyn tip, n c th l dng chy tng hoc dng chy ri. Ngi ta tnh hng s Re ch yu da vo cc tnh cht ca cht lng v khng a vo cc yu t nh l g gh ca ng, cc gc ln, v cc van, mc d chng cng nh hng ti tnh cht dng chy. Tuy nhin, hng s Re l mt ch dn tt xc nh dng dng chy, y l mt yu t quan trng trong hu ht cc trng hp. Vn tc dng chy qua mt tit din ngang ca ng khng l hng s v ph thuc vo dng dng chy (Hnh 19.52). Trong dng chy tng, vn tc tm ng bng hai ln gi tr vn tc trung bnh chy qua tit din ngang ca ng v dng dng chy khng b nh hng bi g gh ca thnh ng. Trong dng chy ri, cc nh hng ca thnh ng l nh v dng tc dng chy l n nh hn, vi vn tc tm ng bng 1,2 ln vn tc trung bnh. Dng dng chy chnh xc trong dng chy ri ph thuc vo g gh ca thnh ng v hng s Reynolds. Trong cc ng dng cng nghip him khi gp cc dng chy tng tr khi cn o cc cht lu c nht ln. Phi lun lun tnh hng s ng Re v c mt vi lu lng k khng ph hp khi s dng trong c iu kin chy tng v chy ri. 2

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Dng vn tc ca mt dng chy s ch i xng ti im cui ca mt ng rt di. Cc gc ln v s cn tr ca cc van s lm dng vn tc b mo hoc khng i xng. Do vic cn chnh cc lu lng k l nhy vi dng ca dng chy qua thit b o, nn m bo s hot ng tin cy ca lu lng k th dng ca dng chy phi n nh v c bit trc.

Phn loi cc lu lng k

Trn th trng hin nay c t nht 80 loi lu lng k khc nhau, chng c phn loi thnh 9 nhm chnh. Bng 19.3 a ra nhng v d v nhng lu lng k in hnh trong mi nhm. Cc k thut o lu lng truyn thng hot ng da vo s chnh lch p sut, s thay i din tch, s dch chuyn dng, v cc loi turbine. Cc k thut mi hn s dng in t, siu m, s dao ng v cc loi khi lng. Mc d cc gia tc k hot ng da trn s chnh lch p sut vn c dng trong hu ht cc ng dng, c bit trong cc lnh vc cng nghip ch bin, nhng nhn chung nhng phng php truyn thng dn dn c thay th bng cc phng php mi hn. Nhng k thut trn c a thch hn v trong hu ht cc trng hp chng khng cn tr dng chy, ngoi ra chng cn c chnh xc v tin cy cao. Bng 19.3 Cc mc chnh ca lu lng k h thng dn khp kn Dng 1 cc lu lng k chnh p a vi phun gc phng, a vi phun dy, a vi phun lch tm, Venturi, vi, ng Pitot, gp khc, hnh nm, nn ch V, ng Dall, ng dng ElliotNathan, Epiflo Dng 2 cc lu lng k din tch thay i Lu lng k dng phao, cht dng thon v c vi, xylanh v pittng, bia, m thay i Dng 3 cc lu lng k dch chuyn dng Van trt, 3-roto, 2-roto, piston, bnh rng ovan, a lc, CVM, mng ngn, kh m Dng 4 cc lu lng k turbine Turbine trc, turbine trc hai roto, roto dng tr, bnh cng tc, bnh xe Pelton, Hoverflo, chn vt Dng 5 cc lu lng k dao ng Ri xoy, lu lng k dng xoy, lng Dng 6 cc lu lng k in t trng T trng xoay chiu, t trng mt chiu dng xung, dng ghp Dng 7 cc lu lng k dng sng ngn Doppler, thi gian truyn qua n chiu, thi gian truyn qua a chiu, tng quan cho, lch Dng 8 cc lu lng k khi lng Coriolis, nhit Dng 9 cc lu lng k a nng Thit b o gi laser, thit b o gi dy nng, cng hng t ht nhn Nhng phn tip theo s gii thiu cc dng lu lng k ph bin nht ca 8 nhm chnh trong bng trn. Thng tin v cc dng lu lng k khc hoc nhm tng hp c th tm thy trong cc ti liu khc, v d nh [3-6]. 3

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Lu lng k chnh p
Nguyn tc c bn ca cc lu lng k chnh p l nu t mt vt cn trong ng th s gim p qua vt cn ny c quan h vi th tch lng cht lng chy qua ng. a gicl l dng n gin nht v r nht trong s cc loi lu lng k chnh p. N n gin l mt a vi mt l c kch thc v v tr xc nh. a gicl c th c kp gia hai mp bch trong ng (Hnh 19.53). Lu lng ca dng chy Q trong ng c cho bi phng trnh 19.66: Q= C 1
4

2 2( p1 p2 ) d 4

(19.66)

p1 v p2 l p sut mi mt ca gicl a, l t trng ca cht lng pha u ngun trc gicl, d l ng knh l trong a gicl, v l h s t l ng knh d/D, D l ng knh trong ng pha u ngun. Cc nhn t hiu chnh c nh theo kinh nghim l h s phng in C, v h s co gin . C b nh hng bi s thay i t s ng knh, hng s Re, g gh ng, sc nhn ca cnh trc ca a gicl, v im t a gicl trong ng. Tuy nhin, nu c nh h s t l ng knh th C ch ph thuc vo h s Reynolds, do c th xc nh h s ny trong cc ng dng c th. H s c dng tnh h s nn ca cht lng c o. C hai h s v C c th c xc nh t cc phng trnh v bng trong cc ti liu c cng nhn rng ri nh l cc chun.

Hnh 19.53 Php o lu lng s dng a c l Cc chun ny khng ch m t v C v , m cn v hnh dng hnh hc v cc iu kin thit lp cho a gicl cnh vung, v hai dng c bn khc ca lu lng k chnh p, ng Venturi v ming. Mc ch ca cc ti liu hng dn ci t l m bo rng tn ti cc iu kin dng chy ri trong khu vc o ca lu lng k. Chun thng xuyn c dng nht Chu u l ISO 5167-1 [7], trong khi M l API 2530 [8]. Do vy, mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh cho vic tip tc s dng lu lng k a gicl l sai s ca php o ( thng l 2% ca kt qu o) c th c d bo trc m khng cn thit phi kim nh, min l n c sn xut v thit lp ph hp vi mt trong nhng chun ca quc t. Nhc im chnh ca lu lng k a gicl l s hn ch v di o v rt nhy vi s thay i ca dng vn tc dng chy. Do tc dng chy t l vi cn bc hai ca chnh p o c, nn t s ca s kt hp mt a/ mt b pht chnh p b gii hn gi tr 3:1. T s ng 4

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knh (hay cn gi l t s Bta) ca a ph thuc vo tc ln nht ca dng chy cn o v di ca b thu p sut chnh sn c. Phng trnh (19.66) gi s dng vn tc ca dng chy hnh thnh y v n nh, do vic lp t thit b phi chnh xc, c bit l ng ng trc v sau lu lng k phi thng. S mi mn ca cnh dn a gicl c th lm thay i rt nhiu chnh xc ca php o, v do thit b ny thng ch c s dng vi cc cht lng sch. Hai lu lng k chnh p khc theo tiu chun quc t l ng v vi Venturi. ng Venturi c p sut c nh thp hn a gicl, v n t nhy cm hn i vi s n mn v s nhiu lon u ngun. Hn ch ln nht ca n chnh l kch c v gi c. Vic sn xut gp nhiu kh khn hn so vi gicl a, do vy gi thnh cao hn. Cc vi phun c s gim p ging nh a gicl nhng do c thit k rt phng nn chng gi c chnh xc trong mt thi gian di. Gi thnh sn xut cc thit b ny ln hn a gicl nhng nh hn ng Venturi. Hai dng thit k ph bin nht ca vi phun tun theo cc tiu chun quc t ISA-1932 c a thch chu u, v ASME M. C nhiu dng khc nhau ca cc lu lng k chnh p, nh l nm phn on, ng hnh nn, ng gp khc, v ng Dall. Mi loi u c nhng u im vt tri so vi a gicl, ng Venturi, v vi phun trong nhng ng dng c th. V d, c th s dng cc nm phn on vi cc dng chy c h s Re thp, v ng Dall c s gim p c nh thp hn so vi ng Venturi. Tuy nhin, nhng thit b ny cha c chun ho theo tiu chun quc t, do cn phi kim tra chnh xc ca chng.

Hnh 19.54 Lu lng k c ng hnh nn v phao ni thay i din tch

Lu lng k tit din thay i

Cc lu lng k tit din thay i da trn nguyn tc s dng mt vt cn dng to ra s chnh lch p sut, ngoi tr trong trng hp ny chnh p l hng s v tit din vt cn bin thin khi tc dng cn o thay i. C l loi ph bin nht ca lu lng k tit din thay i l ng bp mng v kiu phao ni (Hnh 19.54). Loi lu lng k ny c mt phao hoc mt nt t trong mt ng thng ng. Cht lng cn o chy vo trong y ng v lm ni phao ln, do lm tng tit din khe h quanh phao cho cht lng chy vo. Tc dng chy cng tng th phao cng dch chuyn ln trn, v v tr ca phao trong ng khi n nh l hm trc tip ca tc dng chy. 5

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Cc lu lng k dng phao rt n gin v ng tin cy. Chng c gi tr u ra thay i tuyn tnh vi tc dng chy (khng ging vi cc lu lng k chnh p) vi t l thng thng l 10:1 (so vi 3:1 lu lng k chnh p). chnh xc thng l 2% ca ton b thang o, nhng n ph thuc vo di o v gi thnh ca thit b. Thm vo , vic cn chnh thang o ca lu lng k khng b nh hng ca dng vn tc dng chy. Do ng c lm bng knh hoc nha trong sut, nn c th c c gi tr ca tc dng chy mt cch trc quan v khng cn c ngun cung cp bn ngoi thc hin chc nng ny. V vy cc lu lng k kiu ny c dng rng ri trong cc ng dng sn xut v trong phng th nghim ni cn o cht kh v cht lng. Nu o cc cht lng c nhit cao, p sut cao, v c kh nng n mn th ng ca lu lng k kiu phao phi c lm bng kim loi. Trong trng hp , cn phi c mt b phn xc nh v hin th v tr ca phao. Hn ch chnh ca lu lng k kiu phao l n thng ch c s dng theo phng thng ng, do vy vic lp t s rt kh khn nu ng cn o nm theo phng ngang. Mt s nh sn xut ch to lu lng k dng phao ti l xo, c dng trong mi v tr, tuy nhin, chnh xc li thp hn loi chun. Mt s hn ch khc l vic cn chnh thang o ca lu lng k loi ny ph thuc vo nht v t trng cht lng cn o, v vic a ra tn hiu in tng ng vi gi tr o lm tng thm phc tp ca lu lng k. Tuy nhin, vic s dng cc cng tc gii hn quang hc hoc t trong cc lu lng k vi chc nng cnh bo dng cao hoc thp l rt ph bin.

Lu lng k dch chuyn dng

Cc lu lng k dch chuyn dng da theo nguyn tc o kh n gin. Dng cn o c di chuyn t u vo ca lu lng k n u ra thng qua hng lot cc ngn vi th tch bit trc. Tng th tch chy qua lu lng k c xc nh da trn s lng cc ngn, v nu thi gian cng c o th c th tnh c lu lng dng chy.

Hnh 19.55 Gia tc k dch chuyn dng vi bnh rng oval Trn th trng hin nay c nhiu loi lu lng k dch chuyn dng khc nhau . Vi cc cht lng th thng dng nht l cc dng lu lng k piston, van trt, bnh rng oval, hai roto, ba roto, v a. Trong khi cc dng thng dng i vi kh l r, ng thi (mng ngn), hoc dng CVM. Cc lu lng k dch chuyn dng k trn u da trn cng mt nguyn tc hot ng v hu ht l cc thit b c kh. u im ca cc lu lng k dng ny l kh nng o vi chnh xc cao (thng thng l 0,5% ca gi tr o i vi cht lng v 1% ca gi tr o i vi kh) vi mt di rng tc . Chng c th c s dng o cht lng vi nht v t trng cao. Thm vo , khng 6

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ging nh hu ht cc lu lng k khc, chng t ph thuc vo s thay i ca dng vn tc dng chy v do ng dn trc v sau lu lng k khng nht thit phi thng vi di ln. Hnh 19.55 m t nguyn tc ca lu lng k bnh rng oval v minh ho nhng hn ch ca lu lng k dch chuyn dng. Chng l cc thit b c kh tng i phc tp, phn di ng b mn theo thi gian. chnh xc ca chng ph thuc vo cht lng sn xut ban u v ch bo tr nh k trong qu trnh s dng. Cht lng c o khng nn dng cc phn t c hn ch s mi mn ca cc ming m chng thm v gim yu cu bo tr qu mc cn thit. i vi cc ng dn c kch thc ln th cc lu lng k dng ny thng rt nng v gi thnh cng cao hn, v mt s dng thit k c th lm tc cc ng dn nu cc lu lng k b kt cng.

Lu lng k turbine
Cng ging nh lu lng k dch chuyn dng, cc lu lng k turbine l cc thit b c kh c kh nng t c chnh xc o cao. Nguyn tc hot ng ca loi ny l mt rotor nhiu l (multi-bladed rotor) c t trong dng chy v quay khi cht lng chy qua n. Tc quay ca rotor c o bng cm bin (thng dng loi cm bin t hoc c kh), v t l vi vn tc dng chy qua thit b o. Cc lu lng k loi ny c th o vn tc trung bnh ca cht lng chy trong ng, v do bit ng knh ng , nn c th tnh c lu lng dng chy. Mc d cc loi lu lng k turbine l c so vi cc loi hin c trn th trng, nhng n vn l mt trong nhng lu lng k c chnh xc cao v ngy nay vn c s dng. Sai s ca php o l nh hn 0,1% khi o cht lng v 0,25% khi o cht kh. Do vy chng l mt trong nhng thit b c s dng nhiu nht trong cc ng dng kim tra s truyn dn cht lng hoc kh. Chng c u ra tuyn tnh v di o t nht l 10:1 v c th ti 100:1 i vi mt s ng dng. Hn ch chnh ca chng l cc b phn c kh chnh nh cc roto s b mn khi s dng v lm gim lp li ca thit b v thay i thang o ca n. Do vy chng cn c bo tr v kim nh thng xuyn. Do nhng phn t cng trong cht lng c th lm tng tc mi mn ca trc, nn cht lng cn o phi l cht lng sch. Thang o ca lu lng k cng rt nhy vi s thay i ca nht cht lng v dng vn tc dng chy pha trc lu lng k.

Hnh 19.56 Nguyn tc ca lu lng k dng ri xoy Cc dng khc ca lu lng k s dng nguyn tc turbine bao gm lu lng k bnh Pelton v loi chn vt, mc du chng c chnh xc thp hn cc loi quay quanh trc.

Lu lng k dng ri xoy

Lu lng k dng ri xoy, hay cn gi l lu lng k dng xoy, da trn hin tng ri xoy, c Strouhal nghin cu vo nm 1878. Hnh 19.56 m t nguyn tc ca lu lng k 7

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dng xoy. Mt vt cn c thnh thng ng c t gia dng chy. Khi dng chy va phi chng ngi vt n phi tch ra vt qua, vi cc lp cht lng gn b mt ca vt cn chuyn ng chm hn cc lp xa. Do vy, sau khi vt qua vt cn, cc lp cht lng ti kt hp, hin tng xoy c hnh thnh v to ra ln lt t cc mt ca vt cn. Tn s to dng xoy lin quan ti vn tc dng chy u ngun v rng ca vt cn v c nh ngha bi h s K ca lu lng k. Vi mt vt cn bit trc kch thc th h s K ca l tng i n nh trong mt di rng hng s Re ca ng, v do trong nhng trng hp ny lu lng dng chy c quan h tuyn tnh vi tn s to dng xoy. pht hin tn s to dng xoy ngi ta tch hp cc cm bin vo trong cc vt cn. Cc loi cm bin thng dng cho mc ch ny l cm bin p sut, nhit, in dung, v siu m. Lu lng dng xoy c kh nng o chnh xc cht kh v cht lng (sai s thng gp l 1% gi tr o) trn mt di o ti thiu 30:1. Chng cng c s dng trn mt di rng nhit ca cht lng, v do thng c dng o cc cht lng cng nghip ti nhng ni c nhit cao, v d nh nit lng hoc hi nc. Vic cn chnh thang o ca thit b khng ph thuc vo s thay i ca t trng cht lng, do thang chia ca mt lu lng k c th c s dng cho bt k cht lng no min l lu lng k c dng trong di hng s Re m nh sn xut ghi r. Loi lu lng k ny c cu to n gin v tin cy v nn c th c dng vi cc dng chy c cha cc phn t nh, mc d cc dng nhiu pha nh l h xi mng s lm tng tc mi mn ca cc vt cn v gy ra sai s ca php o. Hn ch chnh ca loi ny l n ch c th c s dng trong cc iu kin dng chy hn lon. Do n khng thch hp vi cc ng c ng knh ln, hoc trong cc ng dng m vn tc dng chy thp hoc nht cao. Cc nh sn xut thng t hng s Re nh nht l 10.000, y l gi tr m hu ht cc lu lng k c th lm vic c. Trong khi mt s lu lng k cn hot ng hng s Re thp hn, dng xoy c to ra km n nh hn v chnh xc b gim. Khi hng s Re nh hn 3000 th s khng c dng chy ri, do lu lng k s ngng hot ng. Lu lng k dng xoy rt nhy cm vi s thay i ca dng vn tc dng chy pha trc lu lng k v cc nhiu dng xoy khc, v do khi ci t phi ch rng on ng pha trc v pha sau lu lng k phi thng vi di ln. Khng nn s dng lu lng k dng xoy ti nhng ni m ng ng b dao ng hoc nhiu ca cc ngun in cc b cao qu mc cho php, v cc hin tng s lm sai lch tn hiu xoy cn o, v c th a ra kt qu sai ngay c khi khng c dng chy.

Lu lng k in t
Lu lng k in t hot ng da trn nh lut cm ng Faraday (v d: khi mt vt dn chuyn ng vung gc vi mt t trng, th in p cm ng trn vt dn t l vi tc chuyn ng ca n). Trong trng hp ca lu lng k in t, dy dn s l cht lng cn o, trong khi in p cm ng c o bng cc in cc trn thnh ng. Do trong hu ht cc ng dng, thnh ng ca cc lu lng k thng c lm bng cc cht dn in nh thp khng g, nn cn phi c mt lp cch in bn trong cch ly cc in cc v hn ch s hao tn ca tn hiu in p vo thnh ng. Cc cun dy bn ngoi ng c dng to ra mt t trng ngang qua cht lng, vi cc k thut kch thch mt chiu dng xung thay th cho cc phng php kch thch cun dy xoay chiu b nh hng bi hin tng lch khng. Lu lng k in t c nhiu u im hn so vi cc k thut o lu lng truyn thng, v c mt s c tnh ca lu lng k l tng. N khng c phn chuyn ng, khng lm tc ng, di kch thc ng rt rng, v c th dng o dng lng hng. chnh xc c th t c l 0,5% trn mt di ti thiu l 10:1. chnh xc cng khng b nh hng bi s thay i ca nht v t trng cht lng, v c th dng o cc cht trn phc tp nh ximng hay giy nho.

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Hn ch chnh ca lu lng k in t l ch c th c s dng vi cc cht lng c sut dn ln hn 5 S / cm , mc d mt s thit k c bit c th s dng vi cc cht lng c sut dn thp mc 0,1 S / cm . Do vy chng khng thch hp trong cc ng dng o cht kh, hi nc, hoc cc cht lng khng dn in nh du. Vic cn chnh thang o nhy cm vi s thay i ca dng dng chy, mc d di ca on ng thng trc thit b o l ngn hn so vi khi dng lu lng k gicl hoc turbine. Mc d cc lu lng k in t khng yu cu bo dng c bit, nhng vn phi ch trong qu trnh s dng m bo rng lp cch in bn trong khng b h hng, v cc cht cn bn khng tch t trn cc in cc, nu khng chng s lm thay i thang o hoc trong mt vi trng hp lm cho lu lng k b ngng hot ng. Ngay c khi cc hiu ng o c hn ch ti mc nh nht, th chng vn phi c cn chnh li thang o theo nh k bng cc k thut truyn thng hoc bng cc thit b cn chnh in t c cc nh sn xut cung cp km theo thit b o.

Lu lng k siu m
Mong c sn xut ra c mt lu lng k khng tip xc a nng tc ng ti s hnh thnh ca nhiu loi lu lng k siu m khc nhau. Cc lu lng k siu m hin c trn th trng c chia lm hai loi: Doppler v thi gian truyn qua. Loi Doppler da trn nguyn tc dch Doppler. Sng siu m tn s 1 MHz c truyn di mt gc vo dng cht lng cn o. Mt phn nng lng ny s b phn hi bi cc im gin on m thanh nh cc ht nh, bong bng, hoc cc dng xoy hn lon. S khc bit tn s gia tn hiu truyn i v tn hiu nhn c ( dch tn s Doppler) t l trc tip vi vn tc dng chy. Cc b chuyn i siu m, dng truyn v nhn sng siu m, thng c t trong mt hp bo v c nh bn ngoi ng ng. Do , c th thc hin c vic ch to mt lu lng k dng kp, lp t d dng v hon ton khng tip xc.

Hnh 19.57 Nguyn tc ca lu lng k siu m thi gian truyn qua Sng siu m phn hi khng phi l sng mt tn s m gm mt di tn s gy ra do s phn x t cc im gin on c kch thc khc nhau. Cc im gin on di chuyn vi cc vn tc khc nhau trong vng o. Vi cc cht lng, tn s ca sng siu m c truyn c gi tr t 500 kHz ti mt vi MHz. Ti tn s 500 kHz, cc im gin on phi c ng knh xp x 50 m phn x sng siu m v thit b thu. Vic tng tn s hot ng s cho php pht hin ra cc phn t nh hn, nhng s lm gim kh nng xm nhp ca tn hiu truyn vo trong cht 9

S tay C in t
lng. Lu lng k nhy vi nhng s thay i ca dng vn tc dng chy v phn b khng gian ca cc im gin on trong dng chy. Do , chnh xc ca cc lu lng k Doppler l thp, sai s thng mc 5% ca gi tr cn o. Tuy nhin, iu ny c th c ci thin qua vic cn chnh thang o trc tip trong qu trnh hot ng. Do s lch m gia thp v khng kh l rt ln, nn khng nn s dng cc lu lng k Doppler dng kp o cc dng kh, hoc cc cht lng hon ton sch do chng khng c cc phn t phn x hoc cc bong bng sinh ra tn hiu Doppler tin cy. Hnh 19.57 m t nguyn tc c bn ca lu lng k thi gian truyn qua sng siu m. Hai b chuyn i siu m c gn trn hai mt ca ng, do sng siu m c th c truyn ngang qua dng chy trong ng. Sai lch thi gian mt xung siu m i t b chuyn i 1 n b chuyn i 2( xui dng) v t b chuyn i 2 n b chuyn i 1( ngc dng) c xc nh nh sau T = 2lv cos c v 2 cos 2
2

(19.68)

Do vn tc ca m thanh trong cht lng c ln hn nhiu so vi vn tc cht lng v, nn T = 2lv cos c2 (19.69)

Do , nu vn tc ca m thanh trong cht lng l hng s, th c mt mi quan h tuyn tnh gia T v v. Mc d v nguyn tc phng php ny l n gin v d hiu, nhng trong thc t c rt nhiu kh khn do T qu b, v s thay i ca T xy ra khi vn tc dng chy thay i thm ch cn nh hn (thng l phn l ca micro giy trn mt). Hn na, phng trnh 19.68 ch ra rng, nu nhit ca cht lng thay i th c s thay i. V vy, cn phi o s thay i ca nhit cht lng hiu chnh. Cc lu lng k dng thi gian truyn qua yu cu php o trng thi tn hiu v x l phc tp. Vn tc dng chy v, xc nh bi phng trnh 19.68, l vn tc trung bnh dc theo ng truyn gia hai b chuyn i, v do vy vic cn chnh thang o ca lu lng k ph thuc vo dng vn tc dng chy. S ph thuc vo ch dng chy c th c gim ng k bng cch s dng cu hnh gm nhiu chm sng siu m song song v ly gi tr trung bnh ca cc vn tc o c dc theo mi chm sng tnh vn tc dng chy. iu ny tng t vi vic tch hp cc s, v rt nhiu cu hnh a chm sng c a ra, mi cu hnh u c nhng u im ring. Cc lu lng k loi ny c chnh xc khong 2% ca gi tr o trn mt di t nht l 100:1. Mc d chng c th c s dng vi kh v cht lng, nhng thit k dng treo th ch c th s dng cho cht lng. Loi lu lng k a chm c chnh xc c ci thin ng k, nhng gi thnh li rt cao. Tuy nhin, c th s dng chng trong mt s ng dng c gi tr cao nh theo di qu trnh truyn kh t nhin. Khng ging nh cc loi lu lng k khc, gi ca lu lng k dng thi gian truyn qua tng khng ng k khi ng knh ca ng tng. Chng c d nh dng cho cc cht lng sch, tuy nhin chng vn c th hot ng nu tn ti mt lng nh cc cht bn trong dng chy.

Lu lng k Coriolis
Lu lng k Coriolis c th c s dng trc tip o khi lng mt dng chy. Nguyn tc hot ng da trn hiu ng Coriolis (c Gustave Coriolis tm ra vo nm 1835). Cht lng cn o chy qua mt ng dao ng, v khi lc Coriolis s tc ng ln n, cht lng s c tng tc khi n hng ti im dao ng ln nht v gim tc khi n i xa im . iu ny xy ra ti im un ca ng, s lng im un t l trc tip vi khi lng dng chy ca cht lng. 10

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Phin bn u tin ca lu lng k Coriolis s dng ng hnh ch U, nhng hin nay c rt nhiu phin bn khc nhau, bao gm cc vng kp v cc thit k thng. Mi thit k c nhng u im ring, vi cc nhn t nh chnh xc, kh nng lp li, v s gim p thay i theo cc thit k. Vi bt c thit k no c s dng, chng u l cc thit b c chnh xc cao, c th dng chng o cht lng hoc kh vi chnh xc l 0, 25% ca gi tr o. Di o thay i theo thit k, nhng t l 100:1 l c th i vi cc thit k ng hnh ch U v 50:1 vi cc thit k ng thng. Do lu lng k Coriolis o khi lng mt cch trc tip, nn s thay i ca t trng, nht, p sut, v nhit cht lng khng nh hng ti vic cn chnh thang o ca lu lng k. N cng khng b nh hng bi s thay i ca dng vn tc dng chy hoc cc s nhiu xoy khc. N khng cn tr dng chy, v c th s dng o theo hai hng. Tuy nhin, s gim p trong cc thit k ng hnh ch U c th l mt hn ch vi cc cht lng nht. Hn ch ln nht ca lu lng k Coriolis l gi thnh kh cao so snh vi hu ht cc loi lu lng k khc. Do n thng ch c s dng trong cc ng dng c gi tr sn phm ln hoc l cc ng dng cn o khi lng dng chy. Gi thnh v trng lng ca n tng ng k khi ng knh ng tng, v do thng ch c s dng vi cc ng ng c ng knh di 100 mm. Khng ging nh hu ht cc loi lu lng k gii thiu, lu lng k Coriolis c th o c mt s dng hai pha phc tp. V d nh cc php o khi lng ca hn hp kh/cht lng l ng tin cy nu thnh phn kh l nh v phn b tt, v do cht lng nhiu pha hot ng nh l mt cht lng gi ng nht. T l ca cht kh m lu lng k c th chp nhn c ph thuc vo nht ca thnh phn cht lng. Cht lng c nht cng thp th kh nng cht kh tch ri khi cht lng l cng nhiu, v gy ra nhiu vn . Cng c th o cc dng cht lng/rn hn hp (xi mng nho), mc d ngi dng phi dung ha gia vic trnh lm tht thot cc thnh phn nh ra ngoi v vic loi tr cc vn tc dng chy qu ln v ng dn s b mi mn nhanh hn.

Dng hai pha

C nhiu yu cu o cc dng hai pha xut pht t cc lnh vc du kh hay cng nghip thc phm, v d nh o hn hp cht lng v kh, hay cht lng v rn. Vic o cc dng chy nh th lun gy ra nhng kh khn cho cc k s h thng. V d, mt lu lng k l tng c th o trc tip lu lng dng chy ca mt cht lng nu n hon ton lng hoc c thm pha kh. Tuy nhin nhng lu lng k trnh by trong cc phn trc ch c th o cc dng hai pha khi thnh phn th hai chim t l nh. Hot ng ca cc lu lng k truyn thng khi o cc dng hai pha c th tm thy trong [10]. Mt phng php khc o dng trc tip l dng phng php suy lun. Mt phng php suy lun v dng kh hoc cht lng s cn vn tc ca cc pha kh v lng ( v g v vl ), v t l phn tit din ngang ca pha kh ( ) c th o c lp xc nh lu lng ca dng hn hp Qm: Qm = vl A(1 ) + v g A (19.69)

Sai s ca php o lu lng ph thuc vo chnh xc ca cc php o c lp c th thc hin. Khng th gi s rng vn tc ca cc pha lng v pha kh l ging nhau, v s phn b ca pha kh trong pha lng (ch dng chy) s thay i ph thuc vo cc nhn t nh thnh phn kh, vn tc cc pha ring bit, v p sut. Thm ch trong mt trng hp n gin nh trng hp ny, r rng l php o dng nhiu pha rt phc tp. Do vy nhng lu lng k nhiu pha trn th trng c gi kh cao v ch hng ti cc ng dng c bit. Cc dng hai pha ph bin nht l lng/kh (v d nh kh trong nc), lng/lng (nc trong du), kh/rn( cht rn mang kh) v lng/rn hoc ximng nho (nh than trong du). Mi loi u 11

S tay C in t
c nhng vn khc nhau, v kh c th gii thiu ht cc phng php o c th ca cc loi dng trong quyn sch ny. c thm thng tin chi tit v cc k thut o dng hai pha hy xem trong [11].

Lp t lu lng k
D lu lng k c tt nh th no i na th vic lp t n chun xc l rt cn thit nu dng o vi mt sai s c nh sn xut ghi r. Vic cn chnh thang o ca cc lu lng k l nhy cm vi s thay i ca dng vn tc dng chy v trong nhng trng hp ny th chng cn phi c lp t m bo rng dng vn tc dng chy hnh thnh y v n nh ti im o. Cc ti liu k thut ca nh sn xut a ra hng dn v di cn thit ca on ng thng trc v sau lu lng k m bo s lp t hp l. C th dng cc b iu tit dng chy (b nn dng) hiu chnh cc dng vn tc b thay i v loi b cc nhiu xoy trong nhng ng dng m on ng thng khng c di cn thit. Tuy nhin, hn ch ca tt c cc b iu tit dng l chng lm cn tr dng chy v sinh ra s gim p khng th b li trong ng ng. Vic lp t phi lun lu cht hon ton in y ng ti im o v khng c s tham gia ca pha khng mong mun th hai. Trong cc dng cht lng, kh ln vo c th c sinh ra t nhiu ngun khc nhau, v d nh cc l hng v cc mi r r. Trong khi vi mt dng kh, pha lng khng mong mun c th c sinh ra t cc nguyn nhn nh s ngng t. Trong tt c cc trng hp, lu lng k c th a ra kt qu sai nu nh tn ti pha th hai trong dng chy. Mc d c th loi b pha khng mong mun ra khi dng chy t trc im o, nhng tt hn ht hy thn trng trong qu trnh ch to, thit k ng ng, v lp t lu lng k nhm m bo rng tnh hung ny khng xy ra.

La chn lu lng k
Khng c mt lu lng k no thch hp vi mi ng dng, cng vi rt nhiu lu lng k v cc ti liu k thut hin c trn th trng lm cho vic la chn lu lng k ph hp i khi gp nhiu kh khn. C th c nhiu lu lng k ph hp vi mt ng dng c bit, nhng chn ci thch hp nht th khng d cht no. Ni chung, ci ph hp nht chnh l ci p ng c cc yu cu k thut c th vi gi thp nht (bao gm gi thit b v chi ph bo dng). C nm nhn t nn tham kho khi chn la lu lng. l loi cht lng cn o, iu kin hot ng, iu kin lp t, cc tnh nng hot ng cn c, v yu t kinh t. Thng tin cn thit khi xem xt loi cht lng c o bao gm: n l dng mt pha hay cha ng pha th hai nh kh hoc rn, nht v t trng cht lng, cht lng c phi l cht n mn khng, v n l kh kh hay kh m. Cc yu t cn xem xt khi nh gi iu kin hot ng bao gm: nhit ca ng v p sut, v cc iu kin xung quanh ng ng. Cc iu kin lp t bao gm cc thng tin nh l ng knh ng, hng s Re ca ng, hng ca ng lm vic ti im cn o, di ca on ng thng, dng chy c gin n hay khng, cc yu cu cho bt k iu kin dng chy no, ngun cung cp bn ngoi c sn khng, v mi trng thc hin php o c nguy him khng. Cc tnh nng hot ng yu cu ca lu lng k bao gm chnh xc, kh nng lp li, di o, v p ng ng hc yu cu. Cui cng, cc yu t kinh t cn quan tm bao gm gi ban u ca thit b, gi lp t, gi bo dng, v hnh thc o to. Cc ti liu gii thiu v php o lu lng u c cc bng la chn lu lng k (v d nh [3,4,6]), v cc chun quc t cho vic chn la v ng dng cc lu lng k [12].

Tham kho
[1] Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, Oxford: Elsevier Science.

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[2] Grant, D. M., Open channel ow measurement, in D. W. Spitzer (Ed.), Flow Measurement: Practical Guides for Measurement and Control, 2nd ed., Research Triangle Park, NC: ISA, 2001. Miller, R. W., Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook, 3rd ed., New York: McGraw Hill, 1996. Baker, R. C., Flow Measurement Handbook, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Webster, J. G. (Ed.), Mechanical Variables Measurement: Solid, Fluid, and Thermal, Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2000. Spitzer, D. W. (Ed.), Flow Measurement: Practical Guides for Measurement and Control, 2nd ed., Research Triangle Park, NC: ISA, 2001. International Organisation for Standardization, ISO5167-1, Measurement of Fluid Flow by Means of Pressure Differential DevicesPart 1: Orice plates, nozzles and Venturi tubes inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full, Geneva, Switzerland, 1991. American Petroleum Institute, API 2530, Manual of Petroleum Measurement Standards Chapter 14 Natural Gas Fluids Measurement, Section 3Orice Metering of Natural Gas and Other Related Hydrocarbon Fluids, Washington, 1985. Lynnworth, L. C., Ultrasonic Measurements for Process Control: Theory, Techniques, Applications, Boston: Academic Press, 1989. National Engineering Laboratory, UK, Effects of Two-Phase Flow on Single-Phase Flowmeters, Flow Measurement Guidance Note No. 3, 1997. Rajan, V. S. V , Ridley, R. K., and Rafa, K. G., Multiphase ow measurement techniques a review, Journal of Energy Resource Technology, 115, 151-161, 1993. British Standards Institution, BS7405, Guide to the Selection and Application of Flowmeters for Measurement of Fluid Flow in Closed Conduits, London, 1991.

[3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

[8]

[9] [10] [11] [12]

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