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20

C cu chp hnh
Rymantas Tadas Tolocka
Kaunas University of Technology

Stefano Pastorelli
Politecnico di Torino

20.1 C cu chp hnh C in..................................1 21.1 Sc mnh ca phn mm....................................5 21.2 S ho th gii tng t.....................................6 21.3 Trin vng...........................................................7

20.1 C cu chp hnh C in


George T.-C. Chiu Gii thiu
Nh tm tt trong cc chng trc, mt h thng C in t c th c chia thnh cc khi chc nng nh trong hnh 20.1. Trong chng ny, chng ti s tp trung vo phn c cu chp hnh ca h thng. c bit, chng ti s a ra cc tho lun chung v cc dng c cu chp hnh c in v nhng nh hng ca ti trng hay mi trng vt l n chng. Tip theo, chng ta s xem xt cc thnh phn in t c bn cn thit cho vic iu chnh nng lng in.

HNH 20.1 H thng C in t 1

S tay C in t

Cc dng c cu chp hnh c in - Nguyn l hot ng


Nguyn l chung ca cc c cu chp hnh c in khc nhau l chuyn nng lng in sang nng lng c. C nhiu dng c cu khc nhau, v d c cu chuyn i trc tip nh chuyn i p in hoc c cu chuyn i qua trung gian nh t trng. Cc c cu chp hnh c in ph bin s c gii thiu mt cch khi qut sau s c cp chi tit hn trong cc mc nh.

in t - T trng
in t l phng php chuyn i nng lng ng dng ph bin nht cc c cu chp hnh c in. Mt trong nhng l do s dng t trng thay v in trng l do mt nng lng trong t trng cao hn. Vng khng kh chia phn tnh (stator) v phn chuyn ng ca mt c cu chp hnh c in l ni din ra s chuyn i nng lng c in. Tng s nng lng trn mt n v trong vng t trng ny c th l bc 5 ca lng nng lng trn mt n v tng ng ca in trng. r r B = m (20.1) 0 H

Lut Lorentz ca lc in t
Khi mt vt dn mang dng in c t trong t trng, n s chu tc ng ca mt lc cm ng theo cng thc u r u r r F =i B BNG 20.1 Di nhit ca cc vt liu cch in Phn loi Loi (lp) A Loi (lp) E Loi (lp) B Loi (lp) F Loi (lp) H Loi (lp) N Loi (lp) 105 Loi (lp) 120 Loi (lp) 130 Loi (lp) 155 Loi (lp) 180 Loi (lp) 200 Di nhit 1050C 1200C 1300C 1550C 1800C 2000C 2210F 2480F 2660F 3110F 3560F 3920F

in t l phng php chuyn i nng lng ng dng ph bin nht cc c cu chp hnh c in. Mt trong nhng l do s dng t trng thay v in trng l do mt nng lng trong t trng cao hn. Vng khng kh chia phn tnh (stator) v phn chuyn ng ca mt c cu chp hnh c in l ni din ra s chuyn i nng lng c in. Tng s nng lng trn mt n v trong vng t trng ny c th l bc 5 ca lng nng lng trn mt n v tng ng ca in trng: in t l phng php chuyn i nng lng ng dng ph bin nht cc c cu chp hnh c in. Mt trong nhng l do s dng t trng thay v in trng l do mt nng lng trong t trng cao hn. Vng khng kh chia phn tnh (stator) v phn chuyn ng ca mt c cu chp hnh c in l ni din ra s chuyn i nng lng c in. Tng s nng lng trn mt n v trong vng t trng ny c th l bc 5 ca lng nng lng trn mt n v tng ng ca in trng. 2

C cu chp hnh
in t l phng php chuyn i nng lng ng dng ph bin nht cc c cu chp hnh c in: Mt trong nhng l do s dng t trng thay v in trng l do mt nng lng trong t trng cao hn. a) Vng khng kh chia phn tnh (stator) v phn chuyn ng ca mt c cu chp hnh c in l ni din ra s chuyn i nng lng c in. Tng s nng lng trn mt n v trong vng t trng ny c th l bc 5 ca lng nng lng trn mt n v tng ng ca in trng.

Ti liu tham kho


[1] [2] Cady, W. G., Piezoelectricity, Dover Publications, New York, 1964. Volkov, V., Some Theoretical Problems in Modern Techniques of Diagnostics in Mechanical Systems, in Proc. Int. AMSE Conf. Systems Analysis, Control and Design, Lyon, France, 205. Uchino, K., Piezoelectric Actuators and Ultrasonic Motors, Kluwer Academic Publishers, MA, 1997, 349.

[3]

21
Cc h thng o da trn my tnh
20.1C cu chp hnh C in.........................................1 21.1Sc mnh ca phn mm..........................................5 21.2S ho th gii tng t............................................6 21.3Trin vng.................................................................7

Kris Fuller
National Instruments, Inc

Ngy nay, cc h thng t ng ho v o lng c ni mng cng nh da trn my tnh u c cc phn mm mnh gip mang li hiu sut cao trong mt mi trng quen thuc. Bng vic s dng nhng h thng ny, cc k s khng nhng gim c chi ph m cn tng nng sut v to ra nhiu gii php tiu dng trc tip phc v nhu cu ca khch hng. Cc thit b o th nghim in v in t lun ng dng nhng cng ngh hin i c s dng rng ri. B phn chuyn ng c lp chn knh trong ng h ca th k 19 ln u tin c p dng trong vic xy dng cc dng c o tng t. Vo nhng nm 1930, khi t c in dung bin i, bin tr, n chn khng bt u c cng nhn rng ri, cc thit b trong radio l nhng thit b o lng in t u tin ra i s dng nhng b phn ging nh vy. Khi cc cng ngh mn hnh c ci tin ng dng trong nhng chic tivi u tin th my hin sng v b phn tch bt u p dng cng ngh tung t biu th thng s o lng cho ngi s 3

S tay C in t
dng (xem Hnh 48.1). Nhng bc tin u tin ny ca h thng o lng da trn my tnh gp phi nhng thch thc ng k. H thng o lng da trn my tnh ca nhng nm 1960 i hi cn c cc giao din phn cng theo yu cu khch hng v cc hp ng Basic bc thp. S pht trin ca cc chun, chng hn nh s ra i ca bus giao din a nng vo nm 1976 phc v cho cc lin kt gia thit b o c v my tnh, to nn tng cho nhng ci tin mang tnh cch mng trong s pht trin v ng dng cc thit b o c da trn my tnh. Bng vic s dng bus giao din a nng, cc k s bt tay vo vic vit cc chng trnh, trc tin di dng hp ng BASIC, sau l ngn ng da trn C v cui cng l mi trng pht trin giao din ha gip chuyn i my tnh ca h thnh nhng b iu khin o lng hiu qu cng c kh nng lu tr d liu in t. Vo nhng nm 1980, b s ho v bn my tnh cm sn phc v vic thu thp d liu tr thnh cc thit b thay th c cng nhn rng ri cho nhng thit b o lng ring l t . Vi s kt hp gia phn cng v phn mm, cc k s bt u to ra cc thit b o lng o. Trong sut nhng nm 1980 v 1990, tng v nhng thit b o lng o c hng ng rng ri hn khi tnh nng ca my tnh bn c tng ln theo cp s nhn. Trc ht nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng v sau l ca cc doanh nghip v nhng CPU nhanh hn, hiu qu hn, cc ASIC c tnh nng cao hn v gn nh hn, nhng a cng c dung lng ln hn v nhanh hn, nhng bus giao din c tnh nng cao hn to iu kin thun li cho nhng ngi thit k cc h thng o lng da trn my tnh. Nhng h thng o lng ngy nay phn ln b nh hng bi cc cuc cch mng Internet v my tnh c nhn. Hin nay, my tnh c nhn c trang b nhng b phn tnh ton mnh c th kt hp c vi phn mm to ra mt thit b o lng kh phc tp. D liu c thu nhn bi h thng o lng c s tr gip ca my tnh sau c th d dng c chuyn ti n bt k ai bt k ni no trn th gii c kt ni vi my o lng thng qua mng Internet.

HNH 48.1 Lch s h thng o lng Vi nhng phn mm tin b v tc chuyn ti d liu cng nh tc x l nhanh, my tnh c th ti to u vo/u ra, iu ha tn hiu, lu tr d liu, s ho v kh nng phn tch ca nhng thit b o truyn thng, s dng qu trnh thu thp d liu (DAQ- data acquisition) v nhng thit b o lng khc. Hn na, nhng thit b da trn my tnh ny lin tc c nhng ci tin trong vn hnh mc chi ph thp hn nhiu so vi nhng thit b o lng ring l truyn thng do ton b cng ngh trong ngnh cng nghip my tnh lin tc pht trin. Vi vic s dng nhng cng c da trn my tnh, cc k s c th cp nht nhng h thng o lng ca h ch n gin bng cch mua mt chic my tnh mi. hiu c tnh linh hot ca thit b o lng da trn my tnh, cn xem xt mt cch k cng hn tng b phn cu thnh ca h thng. Trc tin chng ta hy xem xt phn mm. 4

C cu chp hnh

21.1 Sc mnh ca phn mm


Thit b o lng da trn my tnh hin i i hi s kt hp kh tinh vi ca phn mm, t nhng b phn pht ng o lng n phn mm pht trin v phn mm qun l th nghim to nn mt tch hp lin mch nhm a ra mt gii php hon thin cho cc doanh nghip. Phn mm nm trung tm ca cc h thng o lng da trn my tnh. Chng th hin tnh linh hot v tnh lin kt hot ng nhm cung cp cc gii php tiu dng trong mi ng dng. Mi nh khoa hc hay k s c th s dng phn mm hng tng ng dng th nghim c th theo yu cu khch hng nhm p ng c cc nhu cu c nhn. Bng vic s dng thit b o truyn thng, cc nh cung cp c th xc nh chc nng, giao din v cc thng s ca mi thit b o. Nhng hn ch ny khng cn my ph bin. Cc nh khoa hc v cc k s gi y c th xc nh v bin i tnh nng ca thit b o bng cch cp nht phn mm hoc thay i cc b phn phn cng n l. Giao din v cc thng s m b iu khin tng tc vi cng c th c thit k theo yu cu khch hng nhm p ng cc nhu cu c nhn bng vic thc thi giao din ngi dng c to ra trong phn mm. Phn mm c s dng trong cc h thng o lng da trn my tnh ngy nay hin c ba cp . B phn pht ng o lng nm cp u tin ca cu to phn mm da trn my tnh. N tng tc vi phn cng gip truyn d liu o lng v my tnh. Chng cng bao gm m s gip iu khin vic to lnh v cc hm truyn thng cn thit trao i thng tin vi cc thit b o lng n l qua GPIB. B pht ng o lng khin cho cc h thng th nghim c kh nng duy tr hn do chng c th d dng c nng cp hoc thay i mi khi c nhng thay i trong phn cng xy ra. Cp th hai ca cu to phn mm c to nn bi phn mm pht trin gip xy dng giao din ngi dng ha (GUI Graphical user interface) cho mt thit b o lng nht nh. Lp phn mm ng dng cng l ni tnh nng ring bit ca thit b o lng da trn my tnh c xc nh. Vic thit k theo yu cu khch hng cp ny ph thuc vo cng c phn mm c s dng. Mt phn mm no c vit cho mt phn cng nht nh, v chc nng, giao din cng nh tnh nng c c nh ngay t u. c nhiu mi trng pht trin rng m hn cho php ngi s dng bin i h thng o lng theo mun ca mnh. National Instruments LabVIEWTM , Measurement StudioTM, Microsoft Visual Basic v Visual C++ l v d cho nhng mi trng pht trin nh vy. S dng chng trnh lp trnh da trn ha hoc ngn ng da trn C truyn thng, cc k s c th thit k nhng giao din o c ca h theo mun ca khch hng sao cho chng ch bao gm cc nt bm, b chuyn mch v th cn cho vic thc hin cc phn tch cp cao v hin th d liu. Do c rt nhiu s la chn khc nhau khi xem xt phn mm ng dng, nn iu quan trng l phi nm bt c cng dng chnh ca phn mm ny. Hy la chn mt mi trng pht trin sao cho n c th c s dng tng nng sut v p ng y cc yu cu ca ng dng o c. National Instruments LabVIEWTM, Microsoft Visual Basic v Microsoft Visual C l nhng gi phn mm c s dng nhiu nht trong cc ng dng o c. National Instruments LabVIEW l mt mi trng pht trin ha c nhng chc nng c bit phc v cho nhiu o c ph bin hin nay v vic pht trin giao din ngi dng nhanh. Microsoft Visual Basic v Visual C l nhng ngn ng da trn k t kh ph bin trong tt c cc ng dng phn mm. tn dng y nhng mi trng ng dng da trn k t ny, mt vi cng ty thng sn c cc ph kin hi t o c. Cp th ba ca cu to phn mm in hnh c cu thnh bi mt chng trnh iu hnh th c chc nng qun l chui hoc lnh th nghim vic thi hnh. Chng h tr mt vi m th nghim ph bin v c th to ra cc bo co thng qua vic s dng nhiu chng trnh phn mm ch o nh Microsoft Excel. Nhng gi th nghim off-the-shelf ny c th lm gim chi ph th nghim sn phm v cho php cc k s tp trung vo nhng loi th nghim h ang cho chy. H khng cn cn phi s dng qu thi gian qu bu ca mnh xy dng phn mm ring, c nhim v thc hin cc chc nng qun l th nghim. 5

S tay C in t

21.2 S ho th gii tng t


Trc khi phn mm thm ch c th bt u phn tch cc d liu o lng, n cn phi c chuyn i t th gii tng t sang cch hiu ca my tnh. lm c iu ny, cn c nhiu loi phn cng c kh nng s ho cc tn hiu tng t. Nh gii thch trn, khi thu nhn nhng tn hiu ny t phn cng o lng ring l, phn mm trnh iu khin o lng sp xp cc d liu sao cho phn mm pht trin c th thc hin thm cp phn tch v biu din d liu. Tuy nhin, cc loi phn cng khc nh thit b o lng cm sn, b iu chnh logic kh trnh (PLC programmable logic controller), h thng vo/ra phn tn, nhng thit b h tr USB, IEEE-1394, v truyn thng ni tip cng c th thu nhn nhng tn hiu bng cch s dng b phn mm trnh iu khin ca ring mnh (xem Hnh 48.2). Nh nu trn, vi cng ngh ngy nay, phn cng da trn my tnh c th thu nhn tn hiu tc bng hoc nhanh hn tc ca nhng thit b o lng ring l, v cc thit b o lng da trn my tnh c th s ho nhng tn hiu ny tc v vng quay cnh tranh c vi nhng thit b o lng truyn thng. Tuy nhin, vi cng ngh da trn my tnh, vic tch hp phn cng vi phn mm s sinh ra mt s sai lch ch yu. Nh s kt hp cht ch ny, cc k s c th ch to ra thit b o lng p ng c nhng yu cu ca mnh. H xc nh nhng c trng thay th cho mt nh cung cp thit b o ra cc quyt nh cho h. Hn na, vi nhng thit b da trn my tnh ny, cc k s c th d dng truyn d liu t nhng thit b o lng ca h thng qua mng Internet, s dng Ethernet v cc cng ngh da trn my tnh chun khc. ng nhin tnh linh hot ny mang li nhiu s la chn. Khi la chn gia nhng loi phn cng o lng khc nhau, ngi s dng phi lu mc ch v kh nng ng dng ca chng. Vic thu nhn cc tn hiu tc cao, ln ti 100 MHz chng hn, hoc nhanh chng thay i cc tn hiu nh phn tch m thanh hoc dao ng, c th c thc hin thng qua b s ho v b phn tch tn hiu ng lc hc c ni vi my tnh thng qua bus PCI hoc PXI/Compact PCI. Vic la chn ng n ph thuc vo tng trng hp ng dng ca n. Bng thu thp d liu cm sn c li th thu nhn d liu trc tip vo b nh my tnh vi tc rt cao. Mt nhc im ca cc bng cm sn l bn thn chng li khng cung cp mt giao din cng nghip cho tt c cc b chuyn i v tn hiu. V d, nhng chic cp nhit in sinh ra nhng tn hiu rt nh, do tn hiu ca chng cn c tuyn tnh ho v cn b mi ni lnh. Cc ng dng khc c th yu cu cn c nhng c trng iu ha tn hiu ging nh s dn knh tng s tnh knh, kch thch vn hnh ph hp, lc loi b nhiu, cch ly bo v h thng khi cc tn hiu in p cao, hoc khuych i nhng tn hiu in p nh. Mt thit b ph tr iu ha tn hiu c bit thng thng c ni vi mt bng thu thp d liu p ng cc nhu cu kt ni my tnh vi th gii bn ngoi.

C cu chp hnh

HNH 48.2 Mt s ng dng trong nhng lnh vc m my tnh c t ngay st thit b o lng l khng hp l. Nhng thit b vo-ra phn tn c th c dng cho nhng loi ng dng ny. Phn cng s ho hoc iu ha c ni li vi my tnh thng qua mt kt ni ni tip, RF, hoc Ethernet. Cc loi php o khc nhau c th c a vo my tnh v c gi t my tnh trong cc ng dng o lng v t ng. Cc thit b thu thp hnh nh t ng v b iu khin hot ng cng c th c tch hp vo trong hu ht cc ng dng o lng.

21.3 Trin vng


Cc phn mm ngy nay kt hp sc mnh ca Internet vi cc giao thc lin lc tiu chun, lm cho vic pht trin cc ng dng o lng c ni mng tr nn n gin hn, bt k l vic thu thp d liu qua mng hay qua mt trnh duyt web. Vic kt hp ny ca Web m ca cho nhng cp mi ca kin trc phn mm bao gm ton b cc d n kinh doanh. Cc k s v cc nh khoa hc ngy cng hiu rng vic thu nhn v phn tch d liu ch l mt phn ca phng trnh. D liu ca nhng th nghim ny c th c lu gi cc c s d liu trung tm ni m n c th c chia s vi cc ng. Vic chia s v qun l d liu ny c th dn n nhng cch hiu mi v vic ra quyt nh tt hn. Vic thit lp nhng h thng qun l ny i hi vic thu thp, lu tr d liu, v bo co cng nh phn tch h thng - tt c c th c thit lp trn my tnh. Nhng thay i mnh m tng t ang xy ra vi phn cng da trn my tnh. B vi x l c gn trong gi y c th cho chy cc h thng vn hnh thi gian thc c chc nng thc hin nhng nhim v ca CPU my tnh mt cch c lp. Vic pht trin nhng ng dng thi gian thc gi y c th thc hin c trn mt my tnh bn quen thuc v trong mi trng Microsoft da trn Windows. N m ra mt lot nhng ng dng cho cc k s, nhng ngi khng gp phi nhng rc ri ca vic lp trnh thi gian thc truyn thng nhng li cn thc hin yu cu n a ra. Ngnh cng nghip o lng lun thc y cc cng ngh sn c thng thng to ra nhng thit b th nghim cng sut. Cc cng ngh da trn my tnh v Internet cho php to ra 7

S tay C in t
nhiu gii php tiu dng hn c lin quan mt thit hn n cuc sng hng ngy so vi trc kia.

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