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C cu chp hnh
Rymantas Tadas Tolocka
Kaunas University of Technology
Stefano Pastorelli
Politecnico di Torino
20.1 C cu chp hnh C in..................................1 21.1 Sc mnh ca phn mm....................................5 21.2 S ho th gii tng t.....................................6 21.3 Trin vng...........................................................7
S tay C in t
in t - T trng
in t l phng php chuyn i nng lng ng dng ph bin nht cc c cu chp hnh c in. Mt trong nhng l do s dng t trng thay v in trng l do mt nng lng trong t trng cao hn. Vng khng kh chia phn tnh (stator) v phn chuyn ng ca mt c cu chp hnh c in l ni din ra s chuyn i nng lng c in. Tng s nng lng trn mt n v trong vng t trng ny c th l bc 5 ca lng nng lng trn mt n v tng ng ca in trng. r r B = m (20.1) 0 H
Lut Lorentz ca lc in t
Khi mt vt dn mang dng in c t trong t trng, n s chu tc ng ca mt lc cm ng theo cng thc u r u r r F =i B BNG 20.1 Di nhit ca cc vt liu cch in Phn loi Loi (lp) A Loi (lp) E Loi (lp) B Loi (lp) F Loi (lp) H Loi (lp) N Loi (lp) 105 Loi (lp) 120 Loi (lp) 130 Loi (lp) 155 Loi (lp) 180 Loi (lp) 200 Di nhit 1050C 1200C 1300C 1550C 1800C 2000C 2210F 2480F 2660F 3110F 3560F 3920F
in t l phng php chuyn i nng lng ng dng ph bin nht cc c cu chp hnh c in. Mt trong nhng l do s dng t trng thay v in trng l do mt nng lng trong t trng cao hn. Vng khng kh chia phn tnh (stator) v phn chuyn ng ca mt c cu chp hnh c in l ni din ra s chuyn i nng lng c in. Tng s nng lng trn mt n v trong vng t trng ny c th l bc 5 ca lng nng lng trn mt n v tng ng ca in trng: in t l phng php chuyn i nng lng ng dng ph bin nht cc c cu chp hnh c in. Mt trong nhng l do s dng t trng thay v in trng l do mt nng lng trong t trng cao hn. Vng khng kh chia phn tnh (stator) v phn chuyn ng ca mt c cu chp hnh c in l ni din ra s chuyn i nng lng c in. Tng s nng lng trn mt n v trong vng t trng ny c th l bc 5 ca lng nng lng trn mt n v tng ng ca in trng. 2
C cu chp hnh
in t l phng php chuyn i nng lng ng dng ph bin nht cc c cu chp hnh c in: Mt trong nhng l do s dng t trng thay v in trng l do mt nng lng trong t trng cao hn. a) Vng khng kh chia phn tnh (stator) v phn chuyn ng ca mt c cu chp hnh c in l ni din ra s chuyn i nng lng c in. Tng s nng lng trn mt n v trong vng t trng ny c th l bc 5 ca lng nng lng trn mt n v tng ng ca in trng.
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Cc h thng o da trn my tnh
20.1C cu chp hnh C in.........................................1 21.1Sc mnh ca phn mm..........................................5 21.2S ho th gii tng t............................................6 21.3Trin vng.................................................................7
Kris Fuller
National Instruments, Inc
Ngy nay, cc h thng t ng ho v o lng c ni mng cng nh da trn my tnh u c cc phn mm mnh gip mang li hiu sut cao trong mt mi trng quen thuc. Bng vic s dng nhng h thng ny, cc k s khng nhng gim c chi ph m cn tng nng sut v to ra nhiu gii php tiu dng trc tip phc v nhu cu ca khch hng. Cc thit b o th nghim in v in t lun ng dng nhng cng ngh hin i c s dng rng ri. B phn chuyn ng c lp chn knh trong ng h ca th k 19 ln u tin c p dng trong vic xy dng cc dng c o tng t. Vo nhng nm 1930, khi t c in dung bin i, bin tr, n chn khng bt u c cng nhn rng ri, cc thit b trong radio l nhng thit b o lng in t u tin ra i s dng nhng b phn ging nh vy. Khi cc cng ngh mn hnh c ci tin ng dng trong nhng chic tivi u tin th my hin sng v b phn tch bt u p dng cng ngh tung t biu th thng s o lng cho ngi s 3
S tay C in t
dng (xem Hnh 48.1). Nhng bc tin u tin ny ca h thng o lng da trn my tnh gp phi nhng thch thc ng k. H thng o lng da trn my tnh ca nhng nm 1960 i hi cn c cc giao din phn cng theo yu cu khch hng v cc hp ng Basic bc thp. S pht trin ca cc chun, chng hn nh s ra i ca bus giao din a nng vo nm 1976 phc v cho cc lin kt gia thit b o c v my tnh, to nn tng cho nhng ci tin mang tnh cch mng trong s pht trin v ng dng cc thit b o c da trn my tnh. Bng vic s dng bus giao din a nng, cc k s bt tay vo vic vit cc chng trnh, trc tin di dng hp ng BASIC, sau l ngn ng da trn C v cui cng l mi trng pht trin giao din ha gip chuyn i my tnh ca h thnh nhng b iu khin o lng hiu qu cng c kh nng lu tr d liu in t. Vo nhng nm 1980, b s ho v bn my tnh cm sn phc v vic thu thp d liu tr thnh cc thit b thay th c cng nhn rng ri cho nhng thit b o lng ring l t . Vi s kt hp gia phn cng v phn mm, cc k s bt u to ra cc thit b o lng o. Trong sut nhng nm 1980 v 1990, tng v nhng thit b o lng o c hng ng rng ri hn khi tnh nng ca my tnh bn c tng ln theo cp s nhn. Trc ht nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng v sau l ca cc doanh nghip v nhng CPU nhanh hn, hiu qu hn, cc ASIC c tnh nng cao hn v gn nh hn, nhng a cng c dung lng ln hn v nhanh hn, nhng bus giao din c tnh nng cao hn to iu kin thun li cho nhng ngi thit k cc h thng o lng da trn my tnh. Nhng h thng o lng ngy nay phn ln b nh hng bi cc cuc cch mng Internet v my tnh c nhn. Hin nay, my tnh c nhn c trang b nhng b phn tnh ton mnh c th kt hp c vi phn mm to ra mt thit b o lng kh phc tp. D liu c thu nhn bi h thng o lng c s tr gip ca my tnh sau c th d dng c chuyn ti n bt k ai bt k ni no trn th gii c kt ni vi my o lng thng qua mng Internet.
HNH 48.1 Lch s h thng o lng Vi nhng phn mm tin b v tc chuyn ti d liu cng nh tc x l nhanh, my tnh c th ti to u vo/u ra, iu ha tn hiu, lu tr d liu, s ho v kh nng phn tch ca nhng thit b o truyn thng, s dng qu trnh thu thp d liu (DAQ- data acquisition) v nhng thit b o lng khc. Hn na, nhng thit b da trn my tnh ny lin tc c nhng ci tin trong vn hnh mc chi ph thp hn nhiu so vi nhng thit b o lng ring l truyn thng do ton b cng ngh trong ngnh cng nghip my tnh lin tc pht trin. Vi vic s dng nhng cng c da trn my tnh, cc k s c th cp nht nhng h thng o lng ca h ch n gin bng cch mua mt chic my tnh mi. hiu c tnh linh hot ca thit b o lng da trn my tnh, cn xem xt mt cch k cng hn tng b phn cu thnh ca h thng. Trc tin chng ta hy xem xt phn mm. 4
C cu chp hnh
S tay C in t
C cu chp hnh
HNH 48.2 Mt s ng dng trong nhng lnh vc m my tnh c t ngay st thit b o lng l khng hp l. Nhng thit b vo-ra phn tn c th c dng cho nhng loi ng dng ny. Phn cng s ho hoc iu ha c ni li vi my tnh thng qua mt kt ni ni tip, RF, hoc Ethernet. Cc loi php o khc nhau c th c a vo my tnh v c gi t my tnh trong cc ng dng o lng v t ng. Cc thit b thu thp hnh nh t ng v b iu khin hot ng cng c th c tch hp vo trong hu ht cc ng dng o lng.
S tay C in t
nhiu gii php tiu dng hn c lin quan mt thit hn n cuc sng hng ngy so vi trc kia.