500 Dieu Cam Ky Trong Phong Thuy Trang Tri

Nhng iu cm k trong phong thu trang tr
500 IU CM K TRONG PHONG THU TRANG TR
Ngi nh trch m lp nn, gia trch nh ngi m tn ti, nhn trch tng thng, cm ng thin a. Phong thu trang tr v b cc trc tip nh hng n cc vn trnh ca ngi sng trong . Ngi khc nhau sng trong cng mt ngi nh th ct hung cng khc nhau. - Hong trch kinh -
Li ni u
Phong thu hc l mt loi hnh vn ho truyn thng thn b, phong thu hc cn l mt mn khoa hc tng hp. Phong thu hc bao gm nhng ni dung tng hp v cc mn khoa hc m nhn loi bit nh vt l hc a cu, thu vn a cht hc, a cu t trng hc, cnh quan mi trng hc, kin trc hc, tin tc hc, thin vn hc, kh tng hc, quang in vi sng hc, y hc; ngoi ra n cng bao hm c nhng mn vn ho thn b m loi ngi cha bit hoc mi bit mt na, v d nh chim tinh v tng s hc, kh cng hc, khoa hc nhn th, sinh vt t trng hc, sinh mnh tin tc hc Trng trn hay khuyt l s chuyn ng kiu i ng i vi s ln xung ca thu triu; Mt tri mc hay ln l s iu tit lin ng i vi kh hu nhit tri t; S bin ng ca cc ngi sao c bit nh sao chi l s tc dng lc c bit i vi kh hu v t trng tri t; S bin i thin vn l nhng tai bin ca a cu (nh l lt, ho hon, n dch, ng t), t nh hng rt nng n n con ngi v x hi; Mi quan h i ng gia tnh trng thng gi v nh sng ca cn phng, v tr sp t ging v s xoay chuyn ca tri t c nh hng n tng v no v tm sinh l ca con ngi; Li v nh cc mi quan h phong thu v bnh tt, kh hu v tm l, tm l v x hi, kh tng v kinh t khng h hin th ra mt cch r rng mi quan h c tnh tt nhin v quy lut gia phong thu t nhin v x hi loi ngi. y chnh l nhng ni dung ch yu m mn phong thu hc - mt mn khoa hc tng hp - nghin cu. Vng t duyn hi Trung Quc ti sao pht trin nhanh chng trc tin? Ngoi nguyn nhn x hi nh quan nim, chnh sch ng n, cn do phong thu chun mc, tin tc nng lng chnh xc, hn na nc li nhiu, v th m ni y pht trin nhanh gp 3 ln so vi phn ni a. Thnh c Ty An ti sao thi k ng Thnh li pht trin phn vinh, tm phng n chu nh vy? Nh hin nay, giao thng, thng tin u c hin i ho, nhng ti sao s pht trin li vn khng nhanh mnh bng vng t duyn hi? Ty An trong thi k ng Thnh c mt cu ni "Bt thu nhiu Trng An (8 con sng vy quanh Trng An)", khi nc nhiu, phong thu tt, t c 9 cp phong thu nn kinh t pht trin, x hi phn vinh, nhng li ch l nht thi. V sau, thi k hn hn tng nm tng nm ko n, hn na thu li nhiu nm khng nng cp sa cha, n ngy nay "Bt thu nhiu Trng An (8 con sng vy quanh Trng An)" tr thnh qu kh, ngun nc di t ngy cng t i, c tng cp phong thu ngy cng thoi ho, do tc pht trin lc hu hn so vi vng duyn
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hi. Do nay khai thng cng trnh sng i Vn, d tr c mt lng nc ln, thng sut giao thng ng thu Nam Bc nn thc y c s pht trin kinh t. Hin nay Thin Tn pht trin ton din. Tt c nhng iu ny c l v tnh iu chnh li phong thu, ci to li t nhin, v th m thc y c kinh t, x hi pht trin, vn minh. Bt k s vt no trong v tr u c kh trng. Phong thu cng l mt loi trng t nhin, l mt hnh thc t hp nng lng t nhin c bit. T nhin trng c th nh hng n nhn th trng, tc l nh hng n sc kho, tm l, tnh cch v vn mnh ca con ngi. Ngc li, nhn th trng c nng lng ln c th nh hng n t nhin trng, tc l nh hng n nng lng, tnh cht v kt cu ca cc s vt khch quan trong v tr. Theo nguyn l , t nhn thc phong thu c th p dng phong thu, iu chnh phong thu, ci to phong thu, tc l c th iu chnh t nhin trng v cn c th iu chnh nhn th trng. C th thy, "phong thu" khng ch l thut ng v chn ngy lnh thng tt, trnh ngy xu thng d, m n tr thnh mt hin tng vn ho truyn thng, mt loi phong tc dn gian c lu truyn rng ri. Nu chng ta bit cch tha hng th n hon ton c th tr thnh mt mn hc vn v mi trng v con ngi. Trong "B sch thc dng nh hin i" chng ti cng ni qua v phng php lm th no chn c mt mi trng nh v mi trng vn phng kinh doanh l tng. Trong cun sch ny chng ti s dng nhng l l d hiu, n gin gii thch v mi quan h qua li v hnh v hu hnh gia mi trng nh v vn phng kinh doanh vi s nghip, sc kho, gia nh; hng dn ngi c lm th no ch chn la mi trng v cch thit k b tr nh , vn phng tt nht gip bn c th hi ho, thun li trn mi phng din, gip bn nm bt thi c, nm gi ca ci, thot ra khi mi trng cnh tranh khc lit, to mt cuc sng hon m, kho mnh v thnh cng.
MC LC
CHNG I: LM QUEN PHONG THU HC, VN DNG PHONG THU HC 1. GII THIU S LC QU TRNH PHT TRIN PHONG THU HC 2. NGUYN L PHONG THU V KHOA HC QUAN 3. NHNG THNH KIN TRONG NHN THC PHONG THU HC 4. KHNG TH CH HAM M PHONG THU 5. KH CA PHONG THU DNG TRCH 6. LUN ST PHONG THU 7. CH ST KHNG BNG HO ST CHNG II: GII NHNG IU CM K TRONG TRANG TR NH CA I. I MN (CA CHNH)
1. KING K VO CA THY NH V SINH 2. KING K VO CA THY BP 3. KING K M CA S GC I CHO VI CA CHNH 4. KING K XUYN NG ST 5. KING K VO CA THY CU THANG 6. KING K CA LN CHNH I CA PHNG 7. KING K KIU NC CUN 8. KING K XUYN TM ST 9. KING K HI PHONG ST
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10.KING K CA KIU CA L 11.KING K GNG I CA 12.KING K CA LN CHNH I CA LN 13.KING K CA CHNH B TNG VCH CHIA CT 14.KING K KHUNG CA HNH CH HC () 15.KING K HAI CNH CA LN B KHC NHAU 16.KING K CA HNH CH KHC () 17. KING K TAM MN THNG (BA CA THNG NHAU) 18. KING K CU THANG P CA 19. KING K DM NGANG P CA 20. KING K M CA TRN NG QU MN
II. PHNG KHCH 1. KING K SOFA CNG CA 2. PHN NH HNG DNG TRCH 3. KING K LNG SOFA KHNG C CH DA 4. KING K SOFA XNG CA 5. KING K SAU LNG SOFA L NG I 6. KING K VO CA KHNG THY PHNG KHCH 7. KING K PHNG KHCH TI TM 8. KING K SN NH KHNG BNG PHNG 9. KING K TRN NH QU CAO HOC QU THP 10.KING K PHNG NG LN HN PHNG KHCH 11.KING K VO CA THY BN N
III. PHNG BP 1. KING K CA PHNG BP I CA PHNG NG 2. KING K CA PHNG BP I CA NH V SINH 3. KING K VO CA THY PHNG BP 4. KING K CA XNG BP 5. KING K BP GA V BN NC CNH NHAU HOC I NHAU 6. KING K T LNH I BP GA 7. KING K CA XNG T LNH 8. KING K PHNG BP V PHNG NG CNH NHAU 9. KING K PHNG NG NM BN TRN PHNG BP 10.KING K PHA SAU BN TH L PHNG BP 11.KING K RNH NC XUYN NH 12.KING K CU THANG XNG BP GA 13.KING K PHNG BP GIA 14.KING K DM NGANG P BP 15.KING K TNG VCH CT BP GA 16.KING K T BP GA HNH LANG 17.KING K TRONG NH T HAI BP 18.KING K BP GA I CA S 19.KING K VI NC I BP GA 20.KING K BP GA DA TNG NH V SINH 21.KING K T T LNH TRN HNH LANG 22.KING K CA NH V SINH M VO PHNG BP 23.KING K BP GA THT XUNG THP
IV. PHNG NG 1. 2. 3. NG 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. XUNG 10. LN 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. KING K LNG BN TH L PHNG NG KING K CA NH V SINH XNG GING KING K PHNG TRONG PHNG KING K PHNG NG NM TRN MI HIN KING K MT MI TN XUYN TM KING K GNG I GING KING K U GING KHNG C CH DA KING K TI VI I GING KING K V TR T GING KING K U GING CNG CA KING K U GING M CA S KING K DM NGANG P U GING KING K CA XNG GING KING K CA PHNG NG CHNH I CU THANG I KING K CA PHNG NG CHNH I CU THANG I KING K CA PHNG NG I CA PHNG NG KING K CA PHNG NG I CA PHNG V SINH KING K CA PHNG NG CT NGANG CA PHNG
V. TH PHNG 1. 2. 3. CCH T BN SCH CHNH XC KING K T BN SCH NGAY BN DI DM NH KING K BN SCH CNG CA
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4.
KING K BN SCH XNG CA
VI. NH V SINH 1. KING K NH V SINH NM GIA NH 2. KING K CA NH V SINH XNG THNG BN N 3. KING K CA NH V SINH CHNH I CU THANG I XUNG 4. KING K CA NH V SINH CHNH I CU THANG I LN
VII. KHC 1. CHNH 2. NH 3. 4. 5. KHCH 6. 7. 8. 9. NG 10. KING K V HNG NH TM KING K NN NH V SINH CAO HN NN PHNG NHNG IU KING K TRONG HON THIN CA S NHNG IU KING K V MU SC PHNG KHCH NHNG IU KING K V HON THIN TRN PHNG NHNG IU KING K V T CA LI I TUYT I KING K CCH GIAN 3, 4, 8 KING K NH V SINH (BAO GM C NH TM) MU KING K CU THANG TRONG PHNG CHNH I CA NHNG IU KING K V DNG GNG TRONG GIA
CHNG III: NHNG IU CM K TRONG PHNG TR NHIM 1. TH NO L NGI NH KHO MNH 2. TIU CHUN CHT LNG KHNG KH NH 3. NGUN GC NHIM KHNG KH NH 4. NH VA MI XY XONG KHNG NN NGAY 5. HIN TNG THNG THY V NHIM KHNG KH NH 6. MUA DNG GIA NH KHNG C COI THNG YU CU BO V MI TRNG 7. KHNG C COI NH NHIM FORMALDEHYDE (METAL) 8. KHNG C X L QUA LOA KHI NNG FORMALDEHYDE VT QU TIU CHUN CHO PHP 9. TIU CHUN FORMALDEHYDE C S KHC BIT 10. KHNG C COI NH NHIM BENZEN 11. KHNG C COI NH TNH NGUY HI CA AMONIAC 12. KHNG C COI NH TVOC 13. NHNG IU CM K KHI LA CHN PHNG PHP X L NHIM NH 14. CHNG NNG NH KHNG NN QU DA DM VO IU HO NHIT 15. KHNG NN M QUNG TIN TNG VO CHC NNG SC KHO CA MY IU HO NHIT 16. GIA DNG KHNG NN CHIM DIN TCH QU LN 17. KHNG NN QU COI TRNG THAN HOT TNH 18. HON THIN PHNG CA TR NH NN N GIN V THC DNG
19. KHNG NN T MUA SN PHM CHT XC TC DUNG MI QUANG 20. THN TRNG KHI S DNG MY LM SCH KHNG KH 21. MA NG KHNG NN COI THNG NHIM RADON 22. CY TRC VN C TH DNG TH O NHIM NH 23. KHNG NN S DNG CHT LM MI KHNG KH X L NHIM TRONG NH 24. NHNG SAI LM TRONG KHI X L NHIM NH
CHNG IV: NHNG IU CM K KHI CHN MUA GIA DNG, VT LIU HON THIN NH 1. 2. NGUYN TC SP XP GIA DNG NHNG IU CN CH KHI MUA GIA DNG
3. NHNG CM BY TIU TIN THNG GP KHI MUA GIA DNG 4. NHNG VN CN CH KHI MUA GIA DNG
5. MUA GIA DNG KHNG NN THIU THC K HP NG 6. QUAN MUA GIA DNG KHNG NN CH CH TRNG M
7. KHNG NN COI THNG KCH THC GIA DNG C T TIU CHUN HAY KHNG 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. TM CHNG LA KHNG BNG PHNG LA CHN MUA VT LIU CHNG LA TRONG NH CHNG M KHNG BNG CHNG NC NHNG IU CM K KHI CHN MUA G NHN BIT CHNH XC SN NH NHP KHU
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13. NHNG IU CM K KHI CHN MUA GIA DNG BNG KIM LOI 14. GIA DNG KIU TM KHNG NN COI THNG BT KN VIN 15. KHNG NN NGH GIA DNG MU THM L GIA DNG BNG G G 16. CHN MUA GIA DNG CA ITALY KHNG NN THOT LY THC T 17. 18. CHN MUA SN PHI XEM XT T M KHNG NN COI THNG TM THCH CAO
19. KHI CHN MUA MY TN NHIT KHNG NN CH XEM B NGOI 20. 21. T QUN O MI MUA KHNG NN NG LT NHNG IU CM K KHI CHN MUA N NH TM
22. CM K MUA NH TM, NH V SINH B TH TRNG O THI 23. 24. THNG 25. 26. 27. 28. CA 29. 30. NHNG IU KING K KHI CHN MUA N TRN PHNG THC SP XP GIA DNG NHNG IU CN CH KHI MUA SN KEO HNG DN CHN MUA GIA DNG BNG G HNG DN CHN MUA GIA DNG BNG MY GIA DNG BNG KNH LUN C COI TRNG HNG DN CHN MUA KHO NHNG IU KING K KHI LA CHN KIU DNG
31. NHNG KIN THC CN BIT PHN BIT G BCH N THM 32. NHNG IU KING K KHI CHN GH S PHA
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33. NHNG IU KING K KHI CHN MUA THIT B THNG GI PHNG BP 34. NHNG IU KING K KHI CHN MUA MY HT KHI DU 35. NHNG IU KING K KHI CHN MUA KIU DNG BN TM
CHNG V: NHNG IU KING K KHI THIT K V THI CNG HON THIN NH CA 1. NHNG VN THNG GP KHI HON THIN NH V I SCH 2. KHNG NN COI THNG VN AN TON KHI HON THIN NH 3. NHNG IU CM K THNG GP KHI S DNG MU SC 4. KHI HON THIN NH NN CH PHNG CHY
5. NHNG CM BY D MC NHT KHI HON THIN NH CA 6. CA 7. NG KHNG NN HON THIN NH CA VO MA THU CNH GIC CM BY HP NG HON THIN NH
8. KHNG NN COI THNG CHNG M KHI HON THIN NH CA VO MA H 9. TRONG NH KING DNG GCH S LT NN TRN DIN TCH LN 10. NHNG IU KING K KHI HON THIN NH CA LM MT HIU QU THM M 11. KHI HON THIN NH CA KHNG NN DY IN CHNG CHT
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12. NHNG IU KING K KHI LA CHN PHNG THC THI CNG HON THIN NGI NH 13. 14. SINH 15. 16. KHNG NN COI NH THI CNG CHNG NC IN GIA DNG NN NH RT PHCH CM KHNG NN NH D C TIN VO S HIU QU BA LI LN D GP NHT TRONG NH TM, NH V
17. KHNG NN COI TRNG CHNG TRM M COI NH CHNG CHY 18. 19. 20. 21. NHNG IU KING K KHI SA CHA HNH LANG KHNG NN CHT NGOI HNH LANG NHNG IU KING K KHI THIT K PHNG BP NHNG IU KING K KHI THIT K PHNG NG
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CHNG I: LM QUEN PHONG THU HC, VN DNG PHONG THU HC
1. GII THIU S LC QU TRNH PHT TRIN PHONG THU HC Phong thu l tn gi chung khi c nhn la chn vng t xy dng nh tin hnh phn on tng hp cc iu kin nh cc nhn t kh hu, a cht, a hnh, mi trng, cnh quan v cc iu cm k trong khi xy dng. Hc thuyt ny bt ngun t thi i hong cho n triu i Thng, trong vn gip ct c rt nhiu t ng lin quan n kin trc nh xy dng n miu, cung tht u l nhng ghi chp ca c nhn v vic la chn ni xy dng nh . Hc thuyt phong thu nguyn thu coi m trch v dng trch l mt th thng nht. n thi k Xun Thu Chin Quc, thin vn hc v a l hc c i c s tin b vt bc, hc thut t tng c bit si ni, mt s tc phm ni ting lin tc xut hin nh "Kho cng k", "Qun t", "Chu L" Khng kh hc thut rt ho hng, hc thuyt m dng, ng hnh, bt qui, kh vn bt u tng kt kinh nghim xy dng thnh th v l lun chn t ai, sau tr thnh nn mng pht trin l lun phong thu i sau. K t i Hn tr i hnh thnh quan nim hc thuyt m dng ng hnh l nn mng, cc loi hc thut nh chim tinh, tng thut, tin thut v.v dn dn pht trin mnh, gip cho l lun phong thu hc ngy cng hon thin hn. Trong qu trnh pht trin v sau, mt s tc phm phong thu hc quan trng khng ngng ra i nh "Tng kinh" ca Quch Phc, "Hong trch kinh" ca Vng Trng triu Nam Bc, "Hm Long kinh", "Nghi Long kinh", "Thanh Nang kinh" ca Dng Qun Tng i ng, nhng tc phm ny c nh hng rt ln n cc th h sau. K t sau i ng, la chn vng t lm mai tng cng c coi trng hn, bt k l m trch, dng c, v tr trch m, hnh thi ni sng u rt c coi trng. Tng Nguyn bt u tin hnh gii thch v l lun v s bt qui m dng thi cc, lc ny l lun ca Tng Nguyn c vn dng rng ri.
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Triu i Minh Thanh, s vn dng l lun phong thu t n nh cao, nhng tc phm phong thu hc ni ting lc ny nh "a l chnh tng", "a l nhn t tu tri" ca T Thin Tc v T Thin Thut, "a l bin chnh" ca Hng B Son, "a l i thnh" ca Dip Cu Thng. L lun v chn nh v chn ni mai tng trong hc thuyt phong thu n thi k ny c chia lm hai phi khc nhau. Hai phi ny l phi loan u v phi l kh. Phi loan u thin v la chn hnh th v mi trng ni sng; Phi l kh thin v phng hng v tr, hng ngi v ng dng m dng ng hnh. Trong li phn chia thnh m trch v dng trch. L lun ca phi l kh c xy dng trn khi nim "kh" ca ngi Trung Quc c i, c nhn cho rng c v tr l do "kh" sinh ra. Trc khi tri t hnh thnh th ch l "h v". Tri t vn do nguyn kh trong "h v" sinh ra, kh nh bay ln l tri, kh nng chm xung l t. Hai loi kh nng v nh ny l hai kh m v dng. M cch nhn phong thu truyn thng ch l suy din t nguyn l "t kh" ca hai kh m dng m ra. C nhn c cu: "Bt tri loan u gi, bt kh gi ngn l kh; Bt tri l kh gi, bt kh gi ngn loan u. Tinh vu loan u gi, tn u cng phu l kh t hp; Tinh vu l kh gi, tn u cng phu loan u t kin" (Ngi khng bit loan u th khng th ni v l kh; Ngi khng bit l kh th khng th ni v loan u. Ngi thng tho loan u th s t bit l kh; Ngi thng tho l kh s t bit loan u).
2. NGUYN L PHONG THU V KHOA HC QUAN Phong thu l tn tc ca a l, ch yu c phn thnh hai nhnh ln, tc l "loan u" v "l kh". Ni mt cch n gin, "loan u" ch yu nghin cu mi trng xung quanh m trch v dng trch, bao gm nh hng ca long mch v nc i vi c th. Cn "l kh" ch yu vn dng l lun cu cung phi tinh, m dng ng hnh, bt qui nghin cu kh trng xung quanh m trch v dng trch. Ni mt cch tng th, mc ch iu chnh phong thu l iu ho mi quan h gia con ngi v mi trng t n s hp nht, hi ho cng sinh gia thin (tri) v nhn (ngi). Ni theo quan im khoa hc, phong thu l iu chnh mi trng, m mi trng c hnh thnh t nhiu nhn t khc nhau nh t trng khc nhau, tia sng khc nhau (tia sng c th nhn thy cng c th khng nhn thy, tia t ngoi v tia hng ngoi l nhng tia sng khng nhn thy), sng in t v sng m thanh khc nhau. V l lun phong thu Trung Quc m ni, nhng iu kin khc nhau ny c th quy np li bng mt t "kh", kh xuyn sut v tr chy quanh th gii, tt c cc s vt u b chi phi bi "kh". S qua li ca "kh" sinh ra tt c s vt, cn ct (lnh) v hung (d) l do quang, nhit, t trng ni trn to
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thnh. iu ny sm nm trong phm vi nghin cu ca l lun phong thu. S v i v tr tu uyn thm ca c nhn ng ngi i ngng m. Trong phong thu, mt cn nh m trch tt, dng trch cng tt v c bn u chu s chi phi ca "kh", tt c s pht trin v bin i u chu s nh hng ca "kh" chy trong t nhin. Nhng "kh" chy trong t nhin nu khng b con ngi can thip th lnh d ca cn nh ny c nh sn bt bin, "Vn hu s vt, tnh gi hng tnh, ng gi hng ng" (Tt c nhng s vt, ci no l tnh th mi l tnh, ci no l ng th mi l ng), tr khi chu nh hng ca sc mnh "ngoi cnh". Nu khng c sc mnh ngoi cnh th s lnh d ca cn nh ny cng ging nh nh lut Niuton ni l s gi nguyn trng thi ban u vn c tr khi c s tc ng ca ngoi cnh khc. Mt cn nh nu khng c sc mnh bn ngoi hoc sc mnh ngoi lai th s lnh d ca n vnh vin khng bao gi thay i. Nu phn tch t gc mi trng v con ngi, kt qu ca trng thi bt bin ny s c li v bt li, c li l lnh, bt li l d. Ngi nh c xc nh, lnh d ca n cng c xc nh, tr khi c sc mnh bn ngoi tc ng vo (bao gm sc mnh t nhin bn ngoi ch khng phi sc mnh con ngi), nu khng th n vnh vin khng th t sinh ra bin i, chn nh khng th khng thn trng. Xem phong thu l phi dng sc mnh con ngi ci bin nhng nhn t bt li bn ngoi, chn lnh b d. Xem phong thu l pht huy tnh nng ng ch quan ca con ngi la chn mi trng bn ngoi ph hp vi hon cnh sng ca con ngi, ci thin hon cnh bt li cho s sinh tn ca con ngi. Xem phong thu l thuyt nh mnh ch ng tch cc, ch khng phi l b ng tiu cc do ngi bnh thng tng tng ra. Phong thu khng h quyt nh vn mnh bi v tc dng v mc tiu ca phong thu l i thay i nh mnh lm cho cuc sng con ngi cng thoi mi hn. Hnh ngi trang 4: "Tng Quch Phc" * iu nn bit * Ngi nh ca nhng ngi ni ting Th Gii u l nhng cn nh c chn la vng t qu c phong thu tt, nh nhng cn nh ca Bch L Kh, Phm Li, Trnh Huyn, o Tim, T Huyn, K Khang u c ngi i truyn tng. Cc nh phong thu cho rng Dng Trch tt nht c hai ni, mt l nh ca Khng T Sn ng, nm pha bn di ni Thi Sn, hai dng nc chy giao nhau v l vng bnh nguyn nhiu nc, li phc qu i i cho con chu, ngn nm khng ht; Hai l nh ca Trng o Lnh ni Long H tnh Giang Ty, c a th Thanh long - Bch h.
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3. NHNG THNH KIN TRONG NHN THC PHONG THU HC Th nhn tn ti nhiu thnh kin i vi phong thu hc, h n gin cho rng phong thu hc ch l cn b ca vn ho c i, l m tn phong kin. Nguyn nhn ch yu hnh thnh nn cch nhn phin din ny l t sau khi triu ng "an s chi lon", b quyt a l b chn vi, hn na lng ngi xo tr, th phong nht h. Nhng ngi c c tch thin th khng c php ln ting; Nhiu ngi bt hc v thut, tht c bi hnh th mua danh chuc ting, mm mp tp nhy, ch im lung tung; Li c nhng ngi c hc nhng v c th a dua nnh b cu ph qu. Th l phong thu a l hiu nghim c, khng hiu nghim cng c, thm ch con ng cu nhn th b bin thnh hi nhn lon th, lm cho nhiu ngi nghi hoc m t b phong thu. Mt khc, nh hng ca nhn t chnh tr i vi phong thu hc cng rt su xa. Lch s phong thu hc u chu nh hng ca chnh tr, c bit l trong thi i phong kin, vng v nhng ngi c d tm chnh tr i cng c s nghip chnh tr, th l h bt tay nhau v t tng, bi trut bch gia, c tn kinh hc, tuyn dng o Khng Mnh, thit lp ch khoa c, lm chi cc tr s thin h v cng danh li lc m c i ch vi u vo hc hnh thi c, dc lng cho triu nh. Lm nh vy, tuy t c mc ch tri buc t tng cc tr s, nhng cng cn tr s pht trin ca rt nhiu t tng hc thut. Nh vy c th ni, y l mt bi kch trong lch s pht trin t tng vn ho Trung Quc. Cc s phu, i phu thi c i, h c sch "Cn Lc Th" t khi cn tr nn t tng ca h b che ph. Sau khi thi khoa c, c phong lm quan, duy tr thn phn v a v m h dc sc cng kch nhng tc phm khng ph hp vi t tng phong kin chnh thng. Phong thu a l l mt loi thut s, ng nhin cng nm trong danh sch b bi tr ca cc s i phu. Cho d c ngi nghin cu hoc cng nhn n, h cng khng tnh nguyn hay c th ni l khng dm cng khai biu l s ng h ny. Thi c i nhng ngi i su nghin cu phong thu hc phn ln l nhng k s c s phn long ong ln n, thi khng khoa c hoc l nhng tr s thanh cao khng c hng th vi chnh tr (T i Hn tr li, nhng i hc gi nghin cu phong thu c: Trng Honh, Vng Cnh, Quch Phc, Dng Qun Tng, Tc Ct, L Thun Phong, Xng Ti, Nht Hnh, Vng Chu, Chu Hi, Si Nguyn nh, Lu C, Vng Dng Minh, Tng i Hng, Ngy Nguyn, ng ng), song s lng nhn s ny khng nhiu, cng rt t ngi i theo nghip phong thu. Tuyt i b phn
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nhng ngi i theo nghip phong thu a l l cc thut s giang h khng c hc qua sch v hoc c sch rt t. Cch nhn nhn ca th nhn v phong thu c th chia lm 3 loi: 1. Cho rng phong thu hc l phng thut k diu v hon ton tin tng. 2. Khng tin phong thu nhng tin "thin mnh". H cho rng tt hay xu u l do ng tri sp t t trc. Hoc cho rng phc nhn c phc a, ch cn khng lm nhng vic xu h vi lng tm, hnh thin tch c, t nhin s c phong thu tt, u cn phi i cu cu? Tt c u thun theo t nhin. 3. thu. Vi ba loi ngi trn u khng c nhn thc v nghin cu v phong thu hc, cng khng th t mnh nm bt c s tt xu ca phong thu. Hon ton khng tin, h cho rng cn bn khng c phong
4. KHNG TH CH HAM M PHONG THU Phong thu hc l mt mn thut s cu nhn th, ng dng chnh xc s c th cu phc dit ha, tr nhn khai vn, thm ch c mt s thy phong thu thng qua n c c phc thin, tuyn dng gio hc, nui dng nhng nhn ti xut chng phc v x hi. Nhng trong x hi thng nghip ho hin nay bin i nhanh chng, con ngi chy theo cng li, th cu ti cu ph qu tr thnh tm l ph bin ca con ngi, cn sm i chiu no, nm Dn n khu phn nm Mo th khng ai mong mun c. Th l, c nhng ngi theo ui tin ti ph qu dng trm phng nghn k tm c phong thu tt, mun thng qua a l dn ph qu v nh, thm ch c ngi c ngy ch chm m vo phong thu, iu ny tht khng nn. Vn mnh con ngi b khng ch bi 3 nhn t thin, a, nhn. Thin: l ch Tam Vin Lit Tc v tht chnh (gm nht, nguyt, thu, kim, ho, mc, th), t d (gm t kh, nguyt bt, la hu, k ) v cc sao Thin Vng, Hi Vng, Dim Vng. V d, da vo Php la chn thin tinh ly gc c li ng dng vo hnh s (nh nhp trch, dng v g chng, k bt hng, k ging, k bn th, nhm chc, xut hnh, tang l)
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a: ch yu l ch mi trng xung quanh nh , nh b cc dng trch thit k hp l, thng phong thng thu th s c li cho cuc sng v sc kho con ngi. Nhn: ch yu l phm hnh ca con ngi, nh ch lm nhiu vic thin, tu thn dng tnh th s c th nhn c s tn knh ca mi ngi, lm vic c qu nhn ph tr, ph qu an khang T c th thy, phong thu qu l c mt nh hng nht nh ti con ngi, nh iu chnh phong thu tt c tc dng cu tr ng lc, rt cho o i cho cm. Nhng nu phi thng qua phong thu cu ti phc th li gp phi mt vn kh khn tng t. Da theo kinh nghim, cho d c tm c phong thu tt th cn phi kt hp vi cc iu kin sau: 1. 2. 3. i i hnh thin tch c; Tnh cch ca ngi ng s tt; C dng trch ng vn (phi hp c hnh kh);
4. Dng thin tinh chn ngy, ly hiu ng ca cc v sao thc y a linh, nh vy c th thc hin c nguyn vng. Nhng ph hp tt c cc iu kin trn c d dng khng? Trong tt c th cng c mt ci kh. V vy, i vi phong thu cn phi c mt nhn thc chnh xc, khng c v cu ti ph qu m c ngy vi u ham m phong thu. (Hnh trang 8: Bn Dng Trch) ng nhin, Phc, Lc, Vinh, Th l ci m con ngi lun hng ti; Gian, Nan, Nguy, Khn l iu mi ngi mong trnh; C, Hn, Bn, Kh l ci m con ngi kh chu ng. Th nhn c bit bao hy vng ci bin vn mnh, theo ui ph qu. Cho nn tc gi xin ngh rng: Ph qu tuy l iu ai ai cng mong mun nhng nn i theo con ng chnh o m t c n; Phong thu tuy khng d coi thng nhng cng khng nn qu am m n. Ci thin vn mnh bm sinh con ng hu hiu nht l bi dng tm lng chnh trc, lun hng thin, hnh thin. Bi v, lm nhiu vic thin tt nhin s lm cho tm bnh kh ho, lm vic s c qu nhn ph tr. Th Tn ni: Thin c thin tm, a c a tm, nhn c nhn tm, nu thin a nhn ba tm nht chnh, bch t s n i; ba tm bt chnh bch t s pht tc. Trong tm kinh c v lng v bin cng c, khng th l gii c, nhng c da vo m lm, t nhin s thnh cng. iu l ch l! Ngi c cn phi ghi nh trong tim.
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a l, vn mnh vn c s nghim, nhng xoay chuyn cn khn nm ci tm. Ngi c c, c tu, c thut, c tr, nu c mt tm lng chnh kh th nhng lng tham, u su, phin no s dn dn tiu tan, i mt vi cuc sng lun gi thi vui v quang minh th mi vic s khng lm kh con ngi, ng thi lun n lc vn ln, chm ch cn c lao ng, nh vy nht nh c th vt qua mi tr ngi cuc sng, m ra mt ngy mai ti sng, tt p hn.
* THU V TI (NC V CA CI) Thu l mt iu kin cn thit ca phong thu kin trc, tc dng ch yu l: c li cho vic duy tr khng kh trong lnh v m nht nh; c li cho sc kho con ngi v s sinh si ny n ca thc vt. Nhng cn ch , nc chy thng v nc c u bt li cho con ngi v cy ci; nc trong xanh, chy vng quanh mi ph hp vi mi trng v yu cu ca phong thu. ng nhin, cng c ngi ni rng nc chy vng quanh c li cho ti bn, tiu phng. L lun phong thu lun cho rng, nc qun ca ci, nh vy c l khng nh? Thc ra cng c tc dng nht nh nhng khng phi l trc tip, nc l th chuyn ti hu hiu m thi c i vn dng thc hin trao i ca ci. Nhn t qu trnh hnh thnh khi nim nc qun ca ci, nc l vt cht khng th thiu trong sinh hot sn xut, ng thi cn c th chu c s nng ca cc cng c vn ti giao thng, tt c nhng ni c nc l nhng ni dn c ng c, ca ci di do, cng l ni din ra cc hot ng trao i vt cht tng i tp np, thm ch trong mt giai on lch s no cn xut hin nhng tc phm v s ly t di nc ln c s dng trao i hng ho, v th c nhn cho rng nc l ca ci cng hp tnh hp l. Sau ny, trn c s nhng nhn thc nh bn trn ni, nc y ra n ng ci cng l ca ci. Hin nay trong tt c th tch phong thu c lu truyn li v sch phong thu hin i u ng h quan im ny. iu ny phn nh tm l sng bi i vi nc vi ca ci ca con ngi. Trn thc t, nc cng tt, ng ci cng tt, l th chuyn ti hu hiu c nhn thc hin trao i hng ho, l con ng chnh thc hin tin ti. Th chuyn ti v phng php trao i vt cht hng ho ca con ngi hin i c rt nhiu, ti vi, sch bo, mng internet u c coi l th chuyn ti trao i hng ho ca ci. Cn phi nhc nh rng, nc mun bin thnh ca ci phi thng qua hot ng ca con ngi mi t c.
5. KH CA PHONG THU DNG TRCH

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Kh thi c i l mt khi nim rt tru tng, nh duy vt lun cho rng kh l nguyn t bn nguyn cu thnh nn th gii, nh duy tm lun cho rng kh l vt phi sinh ca tinh thn khch quan. Cc nh hin trit xa cho rng, khng ni no l kh khng tn ti, kh cu thnh nn vn vt, kh khng ngng vn ng bin i. Lo T ni: Vn vt ph m nhi bao dng, xung kh d vi ho (Tm dch l: vn vt b m m m ly dng, kh di do l bnh ho). Kh, trong thut phong thu l mt khi nim rt ph bin, rt quan trng, c sinh kh, t kh, dng kh, m kh, th kh, a kh, tha kh, t kh, np kh, kh mch, kh mu Kh l khi ngun ca vn vt, kh bin ho v lng, kh quyt nh ho phc ca con ngi. Con ngi mun trnh t kh, tha sinh kh th phi mi thy phong thu v l kh. L kh l cng vic v cng phc tp, cn phi kt hp m Dng Ng Hnh, thc a kho st vng tng mi c th t c sinh kh, c sinh kh ri mi c th c c ph qu. V th, thut phong thu thc t l thut tng kh. Thut phong thu cho rng, kh l bn nguyn ca s vt, n bin ho v cng, n c th bin thnh nc, cng c th tch t li thnh sng thnh ni. Trong cun Thu long kinh ca Tng Bnh Giai i Minh lun v Kh c diu vn c ni rng: Thi thu duy nht kh, mc tin vu thu. Thu trung tch trc, toi thnh sn xuyn. Kinh vn: kh gi, thu chi mu. Thu gi, kh chi t. Kh hnh tc thu tu, nhi thu ch tc kh ch, t mu ng tnh, thu kh tng trc d. Phu dt vu a ngoi nhi hu tch gi vi thu, hnh vu a trung nhi v hnh gi vi kh. Biu l ng dng, th to ho chi diu dng, c st a trung chi kh xu ng xu ty, tc k thu chi hoc kh hoc lai nhi tri chi h. Hnh long tt thu ph, kh ch tt hu thu gii. Ph hnh long gi thu, c st thu chi s lai nhi tri long kh pht nguyn chi thu, ch long kh gi dic thu, c st thu chi s giao nhi tri long kh dung t chi x. (Bt ngun duy nht ch c kh, trc tin l nc. Trong nc tch tp vt bin thnh sng thnh ni. Trong kinh ni rng: Kh l m ca nc, nc l con ca kh. Kh i nc cng theo, kh dng th nc cng dng, m con ng lng, kh nc cng theo nhau. Trn trn mt t m li du tch l nc, i trong lng t m v hnh l kh. l iu k diu ca to ho, nhn kh trong t i hng ng hng ty tc l s bit nc hoc i hoc li. hnh long cn nc ph tr, kh dng s c ranh gii nc. Tr gip hnh long l nc, nhn nc n s bit khi ngun ca long kh. Dng long kh cng l nc, nhn nc giao nhau s bit ni quy t long kh). T c th thy, sn mch (dy ni) v h lu (sng ngi) u c th thng nht trong kh, i tm sinh kh chnh l cn phi quan st hng i ca sng ni. Thut phong thu cn cho rng, kh quyt nh ho phc ca con ngi. C th t c kh, ngi sng c kh, ngi cht tr v vi kh. Trong Tng th ca Quch Phc c ni rt r rng rng: Tng gi, tha
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sinh kh d. Phu m dng chi kh, y nhi vi phong, thng nhi vi vn, ging nhi vi v. Hnh h a trung nhi vi sinh kh, hnh h a trung pht nhi sinh h vn vt. Nhn th th vu ph mu, bn hi c kh, di th th m. Ci sinh gi, kh chi t ngng, kt gi thnh ct, t nhi c lu. C tang gi, phn kh ni ct, d m s sinh chi o d. Kinh vn: Kh cm nhi ng ho phc cp nhn, th d ng sn ty bng, linh chung ng ng, mc hoa vu xun, lt nha vu tht. Kh hnh h a trung, k hnh d, nhn a chi th; k t d, nhn th chi ch. Khu lng chi ct, cng ph chi chi, kh chi s tu. Kinh vit: Kh tha phong tc tn, gii thu tc ch, c nhn t chi s bt tn, hnh chi s hu ch. on ny c coi l tng cng ca phong thu, ct li ca tng cng ny l kh. T on ny chng ta c th bit c cch nhn tng qut v kh ca cc thy phong thu: Sinh kh l kh vn ho nht nguyn, trn tri th chy xung quanh lc h, di t th pht sinh vn vt. Trn tri khng c th cng khng th c kh di t, t khng c kh th cng khng c hnh. Sinh kh nm trong lng t, con ngi khng th nhn thy c. Ngi cht nu bit c s ti s lm cho xng kh c tha kh m c phc. Hi ct cha m l ci thn ca con chu, hnh th con chu l ci cnh ca cho m, thn v cnh tng ng, c ct (lnh) th thn linh an, con chu thnh, y gi l Kh cm nhi ng qu phc cp nhn. Bt lun l m trch hay dng trch u cn phi ch tha sinh kh, trnh t kh. Trong Hong trch kinh c vit: Mi nin hu thp nh nguyt, mi nguyt hu sinh kh t kh chi v.. Chnh nguyt sinh kh ti T Qu, t kh ti Ng inh; Nh nguyt sinh kh ti Su Cn, t kh ti Mi Khn; Tam nguyt sinh kh ti Dn Gip, t kh ti Thn Canh; T nguyt sinh kh ti Mo t, t kh ti Du Tn; Ng nguyt sinh kh ti Thn Tn, t kh ti Tut Cn; Lc nguyt sinh kh ti T Bnh, t kh ti Hi Nhm; Tht nguyt sinh kh ti Ng inh, t kh ti T Qu; Bt nguyt sinh kh ti Mi Khn, t kh ti Su Cn; Cu nguyt sinh kh ti Thn Canh, t kh ti Dn Gip; Thp nguyt sinh kh ti Du Tn, t kh ti Mo t; Thp nht nguyt sinh kh ti Tut Cn, t kh ti Thn Tn; Thp nh nguyt sinh kh ti Hi Nhm, t kh ti T Bnh. iu ny c ngha l mi mt thng u c sinh kh v t kh, phng v c th l phng v dng Bt Qui, Thin Can, a Chi biu th trn la bn. Khi thy phong thu xem t, tay gi la bn, u tin xem r phng v ca sinh kh v t kh thng , ly phng v sinh kh ng th l lnh, ly phng v t kh ng th l d. V th, l kh l mt trong nhng mu cht quan trng ca thut phong thu. Thy phong thu cho rng, l ng vu kh, kh c vu hnh. Hnh dng mt nhn, kh dng l quan st. Thin Tinh Qui Kh l php tc ca tha kh. Ly Phc Hi Tin Thin Bt Qui phi hp m Dng, ly Vn Vng Hu Thin Bt Qui suy bi Ho Tng. Ly Bt Qui lm Thin a Nht Nguyt, Lc Thp T Qui lm m Dng Kh Hu. Nh vy c
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th on bit c vn s vn vt, ch cn l kh thch hp, tha kh xut st kh, tiu np khng ch, tinh bin nhp thn l c th t c mc ch. Hnh ngi trang 12: Tng Ngy Nguyn * iu nn bit * Hc vn Ng Hnh trong t tn nc: nh hng ca l lun Ng Hnh i vi Trung Quc khng ni u l khng c. V d, t triu ng tr li, Quc Hiu ca nm triu i ng, Tng, Nguyn, Minh, Thanh u ph hp vi l lun Ng Hnh Nghch Khc. Triu ng vi tn gi ng Th i ng, tnh cht l Th; Ch Tng trong Triu Tng c tnh cht l Mc, Mc khc Th; Triu Nguyn vi tn gi Kim Quc, tnh cht l Kim, Kim khc Mc; Ch Minh trong Triu Minh c tnh cht l Ho, Ho khc Kim; Ch Thanh, Mn trong Triu Thanh c tnh cht l Thu, Thu khc Ho. Nh vy hnh thnh nn mt chui Ng Hnh Khc Luyn (chui tng khc Ng Hnh) hon chnh ThMcKimHoThuTh. L no y l s kho trng hp ca lch s sao?
* NG HNH T TN C nhn t tn, trn th Vng, quan tng, di th l dn bch tnh u rt ch trng vn dng l lun Ng Hnh, bi v thin a vn vt u do 5 loi nguyn t Kim, Mc, Thu, Ho, Th t hp thnh, vn vt th gian u b khng ch bi sinh khc Ng Hnh, Mc sinh Ho, Ho sinh Th, Th sinh Kim, Kim sinh Thu, Thu sinh Mc. Ng Hnh t tn chnh l t tn da vo nguyn l trn. Trong mt gia tc, mi mt i ly mt Hnh, i i tng sinh. Con chu ca ng t i Minh - Chu Nguyn Chng cng c t tn theo mi quan h tng sinh Ng Hnh. Thnh t - Nht Chu (Mc) Nhn Tng Chu Cao X (Ho) Tuyn Tng Chu Chim C (Th) Anh Tng Chu K Trn (Kim) Hin Tng Chu Kin Thm (Thu) Hiu Tng Chu Hu ng (Mc) V Tng Chu Hu Chiu (Ho) Mc Tng Chu Ti (Th) Thn Tng Chu Dc Qun (Kim) Quang Tng Chu Thng Lc (Thu) T Tng Chu Do Kim (Mc). Cch dng ny c dng Ng Hnh Sinh Luyn (chui tng sinh Ng Hnh) ph h tr cho giang sn i Minh c th h con chu v sau i i tng truyn, tun hon khng dt.
6. LUN ST PHONG THU Phong thu l mt loi kh trng ca gii t nhin, nng lng c ch cho c th ngi c gi l Kh, nng lng c hi cho c th ngi gi l
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St. Con ngi trong nhng hon cnh khc nhau nhn c cm ng ct hung ca nng lng Quang (nh sng), Kh (khng kh), Thu (nc) khc nhau. St trong phong thu c th chia thnh: Hnh st, Kh st, Thanh st, Quang st, Phong st, nhng Hnh st chim phn ln. I. Hnh st Hnh st l st kh hu hnh ca vt th, nhn thy c, s thy c. Do v tr khng ging nhau v th ct hung cng khc nhau. Hnh st l mt ni dung trong phong thu ca phi Hnh Th. V d l xung, cm k nht l xung mn (ngha l ng cm k nht l xng thng vo ca), phng v khc cng cm, xung khn v tn mu, xung khm v thng trung nam. L xng chia thnh Ct xng v Hung xng, Dng Trch Kh Khu Mn Qui Vng khng s xng, cng xng nh my, qun ru khng s xng. Nu b cc tt, phn xng l vng. Nhng trong nhng trng hp bnh thng b xng l khng tt, ng cng rng cng di th hung kh cng ln. Li v d thu x, l s xng bn, hng chy ca dng nc, nc ln, nc chy gp, nc chy thng u l hung. Nu nc chy t ni xa n, bng nhin dng li, chy vo b nc hoc m h, nh vy l th nc c thu, ngha l ct. Trong phong thu cng c lc gi con ng l nc, tuy c con ng thng xng n, bng nhin ngot vo mt bi xe, cng c gi l th nc c thu, ngha l ct. Hay nh tng c l hng, khng th tng phong t kh (gi gi, tch t kh), y l tng trng ca s suy bi, sng lu s lm cho gia vn b suy thoi. V tr tng khuyt Qui Tng no th s vt m Qui Tng i din s b nh hng. V d, cn v khuyt s nh hng n quyn lc v a v ca ch nh, hoc b thng u hay u no c bnh. Tm li l s vt m Cn Qui i din u s b nh hng. Cui cng l nhng s vt no? iu ny cn phi phn tch tng hp. Li v d th chng (ng phi cy), tc l trc ca c cy ln gia d b mc bnh lin quan n khoang ming. Bi v mn (ca) nh khu (ming). Mn qui v no th s vt m qui v i din s b nh hng. Nu c ct in trc ca cng nh vy. Nu c mt kin trc cao ln p st dng trch, tc l b cao p, p n ni ngi khng th th ra hi, sng lu nh vy s gy tr ngi v tm l. Hay c my bin p, n miu, m h, bi tha ma, ng khi, nh v sinh, ng rc thi, ng st, cu, nhng v tr khng ging nhau u c th hnh thnh nn St, s gy ra nguy hi i vi ngi ngi nh . Ngoi ra, mn phi khng ging nhau i vi st cng c s ch trng khc nhau. V d ni v bt st, bt st chnh l tm phng c nhng to hng khc nhau, mi ci u c mt phng st kh, nu phm
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phi phng ny cn phi phng s c ngoi mun. Nhng st kh ny coi Hnh st ca Trch ngoi l chnh. y cp n cch lm th no s dng la bn, mn phi khng ging nhau, cch dng cng khc nhau. II. Kh st Hnh st l vt th thc ti nhn thy c, s thy c, cng c mt loi st nhn khng thy, s khng c nhng bt k thi khc no u sinh ra nh hng i vi con ngi, chnh l Kh st. Loi kh ny khng phi l khng kh, m l mt loi trng nng lng, ging nh t trng m khoa hc hin i vn thng ni. Trong phm tr phong thu hc c rt nhiu loi st kh. Kh st l sng ch c quyn ca phi l kh, trong tu tinh ca mi nm l hung nht, t l ng nghim cao nht, kh nng st thng ln nht trong cc loi sao. c bit l hung tinh trong tu tinh bay n ca ln, ging ng, phng bp, trong nh, thm ch l thn v, nh vy nhng ngi trong nh d b nhng li th phi ca ming li ngi i, sc kho cng b nh hng, xem xt tnh cht ca hung tinh ny m quyt nh ng s phng din no. 2. Ng Hong: st trung chi st, lm phng giai hung, tr ngi bch ban (st hng no cng l hung, tr ngi mi th) 3. Nh Hc: vi bnh ph tinh (bnh khp vi sao), tc dng ch yu l sinh ra bnh tt, lm cho con ngi mt mi, ngi b hi s cm thy nh l mc bnh thng phong cm mo. 4. Tam Bch: vi suy vu tinh (ngu ngc li cho sao), a ch, gia trch khng yn n, sc kho st km. 5. Tht Xch: l tc tinh (sao bng), hung tnh trn Tam Bch, tp trung vo hiu ng ph sn, tht nghip tng i nghim trng. III.Thanh st Cc loi m thanh khng ng u nhp nhng u c th cu thnh nn thanh st. Khoa hc hin i gi l nhim ting n. Bt lun l ting n c tnh sn sinh hay l ting n mi trng, ngoi vic sinh ra nhng tn hi n h thnh gic, h thn kinh, h tm huyt qun ca con ngi ra, cn c nh hng khng tt n chc nng sinh sn ca con ngi v s pht trin ca phi thai. Theo kt qu nghin cu bnh hc lu hnh cho thy, ting n c th lm cho chu k kinh nguyt ca ph n khng c quy lut, k kinh ko di, lng huyt kinh tng ln hoc gim i v gy ra bnh thng kinh (au bng
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trong chu k kinh nguyt). Khi cng ting n ln ti 90dB tr ln, t l ph n mc bnh kinh nguyt bt thng cng hin nhin tng ln. Nhng ngi tip xc vi ting n c cng trn 100dB th bnh tnh cng r rt hn. Nguyn nhn l ting n c th kch thch t bo non ca ph n b bin i gia hai thi k pht trin: giai on u, thc y t bo non nhanh chn hoc t bo non c s ci bin tt li r rt. giai on sau, ch yu l khp kn t bo non. Ph n thi k mang thai v sinh tip xc vi ting n cng cao, c bit l ph n mang thai tip xc vi ting n c cng 100dB tr ln, t l pht bnh trng c thai nghn tng cao r rt. Gi d, bn cnh nh bn c mt qun bar disco hin i hoc hng xm ca bn l mt ngi m nhc hin i, hoc trong nh bn xut hin mt loi ngi mi m in cung nhc hin i, vy l bn b hi ri. Theo cc chuyn gia hu quan, ngi m phi nghe m nhc c tnh kch thch mnh trong thi gian di th thnh lc b nh hng rt ln. Nu bn l mt ngi khng hiu nhc hin i, vy th khi bn nghe loi nhc ny ch l ting n m thi. Trong vng 3 nm, thnh lc ca bn s b suy thoi nghim trng, ngi b nng c th b ic. Cc nh khoa hc qua qu trnh nghin cu a ra kt lun: Lin tc nghe loi nhc c tnh kch thch trong vng 4 ting ng h th tai cn 20 50 ting ng h bnh phc li thnh lc bnh thng. Ting n c th to p lc cho con ngi, dn n huyt p tng cao, tim p dn dp v h hp gp gp. S dng phng php tri thm dy trn t v lp trn nh ht m c bit s c th gim bt ting n v c th ci thin c tnh hnh. IV. Quang st
Trong nhng lc no , nh sng cng l mt loi st kh. Khoa hc gi Quang st l nhim nh sng. B hi su sc nht chnh l con ngi sng trong th hin di. Trn Th gii nhim nh sng c chia ra lm 3 loi, tc l nhim nh sng ban ngy, nh sng ban ngy nhn to v nhim nh sng mu. nhim nh sng ban ngy l ch khi nh nng mt tri chiu xung qu gay gt, tng knh, tng gch hoa, phin nhn bng v cc loi sn nhn ca cc vt kin trc trong thnh th phn x li tia sng, nh sng lo chi chang lm chng mt hoa mt. nh sng ban ngy nhn to l ch sau khi mn m bung xung, cc trung tm thng mi, n qung co ca cc qun bar hay n nhp nhy lo mt lm cho mt ngi b hoa, c nhng nh sng mnh thm ch xuyn tn ln tri cao lm cho ban m sng nh ban ngy, chnh l ci gi l nh sng ban ngy nhn to.
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nhim nh sng mu l ch ngun nh sng mu ca nhng ngn n hunh quang, n cc tm, n quay, n nhp nhy c lp trn sn nhy hay trong nhng bui d tic gy nn nhim nh sng mu. Nu con ngi sng thi gian di hoc sng trong mi trng nh vy s gy ra nhiu tn hi n sc kho, nu xung quanh ngi nh m c mi trng nh vy m li thiu bin php phng h cn thit cng s b phng hi. Di s nhim nh sng trng, vng mc v mng mt s b tn hi nhng mc khc nhau, th lc nhanh chng suy gim, t l pht bnh c thu tinh th (hay cn gi l bnh thong manh) t n 45%. Hn na, cn lm cho con ngi u c chong vng, bc bi trong lng, thm ch sinh ra cc triu chng suy nhc thn kinh nh mt ng, n km, tm trng tt dc, sc lc suy kit nh sng trong thnh ph khng m c th lm o lon ng h sinh hc bnh thng trong c th ngi, dn n gim hiu sut lm vic ban ngy. Nu sng trong ngi nh c ca s ln, nhiu ca s m khng ch che chn th s b tn hi nghim trng. Cng tia t ngoi do n cc tm sn sinh ra cao hn rt nhiu so vi tia t ngoi ca nh nng mt tri v rt c hi cho c th con ngi. Con ngi nu tip nhn loi chiu x ny trong thi gian di th c th dn n bnh chy mu mi, rng rng, c thu tinh th, thm ch cn dn n bnh mu trng v cc bnh ung th khc. Ngun nh sng mu lm cho mt ca con ngi b hoa, b ri lon, loi nh sng ny khng ch bt li i vi mt m cn lm nh hng n thn kinh trung ng i no, lm cho con ngi thng xuyn cm thy u c chong vng, hoa mt, xut hin cc triu chng bun nn, nn ma, mt ng Hn na, nhim nh sng mu khng ch lm tn hi chc nng sinh l m cn nh hng n sc kho tm l. V. Phong st Vt kin trc b gi ln thi l st. V d, vt kin trc qu cao, xung quanh khng c vt kin trc cao ln tng t bao bc, n s tr thnh nh c n, khng th tng phong t kh, v phong thu b coi l khng lnh. Tt c h thng gi bt li cho con ngi gi l Phong st. V d, phng Bc hn lnh, nn coi gi Ty Bc l st phong. Ca trc, ca sau v ca gia nm thng nhau trn mt ng thng, hnh thnh nn mt qu ng phong, y cng l st phong. Ma h dng qut, mc gi va phi th l ct phong, mc gi qu mnh l st phong. Thut phong thu c i cho rng, trch tin c ao phong (gi trng) th minh ng s b nghing. Trch hu c ao phong th t bc (cnh tay) s b
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lnh, khng c ch no nng ta. Trch t c ao phong th long sa mm yu, v tnh. Trch hu c ao phong th bch h trng rng, bt ct (khng lnh). Loi ao phong ny u l st phong.
* CY XANH V PHONG THU Trong phong thu kin trc Trung Quc, ni ln c ph y cy xanh l rt cn thit, sinh thi quan t nhin sn thanh thu t l mt b phn t thnh hu c ca phong thu kin trc. Tc dng ch yu ca cy xanh trong phong thu kin trc l: duy tr sinh kh, iu tit nhit , m, hm lng ion m ca mi trng khng b st che chn, bao gm phong st, quang st, thanh st, in t st. T phng din ny m ni, l nim phong thu kin trc l thc hin thit k bn thn, duy tr sn thanh thu t v t tng x hi hin i v cht lng cuc sng, x hi, mi trng sinh thi c th lin tc pht trin l thng nht vi nhau.
7. CH ST KHNG BNG HO ST Va nhc n ho st phong thu, mi ngi s lin ngh n cc vt nh gng ho st, t hu (tn mt loi th d), tin Ng Trong phong thu truyn thng, ho tai gii nn l mt vic lm v cng thn k, huyn b kh hiu, trn thc t ch cn chng ta hiu nguyn l ho st phong thu th tt c s tr nn rt n gin. Php ho st gii tai chnh l ng dng ch ho sinh khc Ng Hnh, mt bc tranh sn thu, mt bc t, mt bn hoa, mt l quc k, mt chic ng h, mt tm t , mt b c vng, mt bnh hoa u c th l cng c ho st gii tai, ngoi vic c th trang tr lm p ngi nh ra, chng cn c th pht huy tc dng iu tit mi trng, tng cng kh trng cho ngi nh. i vi mt thy phong thu m ni, bt k mt i tng nh no u c th dng iu tit kh trng. Nhng cn ch , c mt s cng c ch st t trong ngi nh hin i cha chc c th lm cho b cc trong ngi nh c hi ho nht tr. C ngi hi, mt bc tranh ch, mt chic ng h c ngun nng lng ln nh vy sao? Vy th xin hi, vy sao mt chic ngn trm (kim bc) khi m vo mt huyt v no trn c th ngi li c th cha khi bnh? Hiu ng ca ho st phong thu cng tng t nh nguyn l chm cu vy.
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Thut ho gii thc ra rt d hiu: Ch v trn p c tc dng mt im, cn ho v lu thng c tc dng ton cc, v d nh tr thu V Cn (Cn l cha ca vua V), c s khc bit gia khi thng dn chy vi bt lp, vua V cho rng khi thng dn chy l Vng thin h, cn ng Cn cho rng bt lp mi nh cht c V Uyn. Vi nm gn y, c nhng ni cn xut hin i chin phong thu, nh ny treo mt tm s Bt Qui, nh kia dng mt chic gng phong thu, cch lm ny khng ch lm cho mi quan h lng ging xu i, c khi cn gy cho c hai nh cng tht bi v b thng. H u qun mt nguyn tc quan trng nht l ch st khng bng ho st.
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CHNG II: GII NHNG IU CM K TRONG TRANG TR NH CA
I.
I MN (CA CHNH)
1. KING K VO CA THY NH V SINH [Hin tng] Vo ca nhn ngay thy nh v sinh. Chng ta va bc t bn ngoi vo trong phng lin chnh din vi nh v sinh, nhng u kh t nh v sinh xng thng ra lm cho con ngi c cm gic kh chu, bt li cho mi trng trong nh, gy nh hng khng tt ti sc kho con ngi. (Hnh trang 22) [Phng php ho gii] C th dng mt bc bnh phong hnh ch L khng trong sut t sau ca ra vo ho gii. Nu khng c cch no t tm bnh phong th cng c th treo mt tm rm di trn ca nh v sinh v ni bc ca t mt xu ng tin Ng ho gii. di ca tm rm ca nh v sinh phi vt qu chiu cao ca bn cu mi thch hp, cht liu ca tm rm phi dy dn, khng nhn xuyn qua c mi thch hp, khng nn dng vi ren hoc rm chui ht. (Hnh trang 23) * iu nn bit * Nh gp cc trng hp k sau y th nn t mt con ng Long (rng bng ng) ho gii: 1. Nm trong ng hm khng ct; 2. Bn phi nh cao, bn tri nh thp; 3. Dng kh trong nh khng ; 4. Phng (nh) qu ln m kh khng t; 5. Kh tc st (kh lnh lo) qu nng; 6. Kh c khc qu nng; 7. C gc nhn m thng vo, thin trm st; 8. Vng ti. (Hnh con rng cui trang 23: ng Long)
2. KING K VO CA THY BP (Hnh trang 24) [Hin tng] Vo ca thy bp. Chng ta bc t bn ngoi qua ca chnh vo nh tc th nhn thy bp. Chng ta u bit bp c coi l kho
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ca ci, v th vo ca nhn thy bp s nh hng khng tt ti vic hc tp, cng tc ca cc thnh vin trong gia nh. [Phng php ho gii] C th t sau ca mt tm bnh phong khng trong sut ho gii. (Hnh trang 25) * iu nn bit * Long quy (rng ra) l loi kt hp bi hai con vt rng v ra to thnh con vt ct tng, mang li im lnh - mnh linh quy, u thn long. Long tng trng cho s vn cao, Quy tng trng cho s trng th. Vt ny c th dng trn trch, trnh t, ho st. Cng c th dng tng duyn, ho gii ming li th phi, ho st kh do m kh sinh ra. C th t ti ni c thu kh tng i nng, cng c th t din st. Ngoi ra cn c th phi hp by t cng tam st phng mi nin t c hiu qu l nhanh chng thu c tin ti, ca ci, y chnh l ci gi l u tam st tc pht (u li tam st, nhanh chng pht ti) (Hnh cui trang 25: Long Quy)
3. KING K M CA S GC I CHO VI CA CHNH [Hin tng] Gc i cho vi ca chnh l ni t kh, cng chnh l minh ti v m phong thu thng ni n. M ca s ti ch ny s rt d dn n hao tn sinh kh, bt li cho pht trin s nghip v tng cng thu nhp ca thnh vin trong gia nh. [Phng php ho gii] C th che i khong 2 thc (khong 60cm) chiu rng ca ca s ho gii, cng c th thit k mt ci hc gn thu tinh (knh) ti v tr ny hoc treo mt tm rm ca s dy gim bt s hao tn sinh kh. (Hnh trang 26)
4. KING K XUYN NG ST [Hin tng] Ci gi l xuyn ng st chnh l ca ra vo chnh i vi ca sau hoc ca s pha trc chnh i vi ca s pha sau, ch cn ca kh vin ngoi cng (ca kh trc nht v ca kh sau cng) ca ngi nh hay cn phng chnh i nhau, trung gian khng c vt chn th gi l st kh xuyn ng.
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nh hng ca xuyn ng st i vi ngi nh l kh va vo trong phng lp tc li ra ngoi ngay, v th khng t kh, kh xuyn ng m i s lm cho kh trong phng nhanh chng lu ng, khng n nh, iu ny d gy nh hng khng tt i vi sc kho c th ngi sng trong cn nh . V iu ny rt nghim trng nn c gi l nht st kh dng trch. (Hnh trang 27) [Phng php ho gii] Nu st kh xuyn ng t ca s i ca s th c th dng phng thc bt ca s ho gii. Nu st kh xuyn ng t ca chnh i ca s th c th dng bnh phong khng trong sut ho gii. Nu khng mun bt ca s hay lp bnh phong th ngng ca c th t tin Ng v ni ca s treo mt tm rm tng i dy y li. (Hnh trang 28)
5.
KING K VO CA THY CU THANG
[Hin tng] Vo ca ngay tc th nhn thy cu thang, kh dng trch lt thng ra ngoi, d lm cho kh trng trong phng khng n nh, c nh hng bt li i vi hc hnh v cng vic ca ngi trong nh. [Phng php ho gii] C th t mt tm m ngay chn cu thang, pha di tm m t mt chui ng tin Ng cn tr kh lt ra ngoi. ng nhin nu c th t mt bc bnh phong khng trong sut ngn gia ca v cu thang th cng tt. (Hnh trang 29) 6. KING K CA LN CHNH I CA PHNG
[Hin tng] Ca ra vo ca ngi nh chnh i vi ca ca mt cn phng, iu ny tri ngc vi nguyn l h hi hon, k trc xng ca phong thu, c th sinh ra nhng nh hng khng tt i vi s b mt ca cn nh v s an ton ti sn, cn c th lm cho cc thnh vin trong gia nh bt ho. [Phng php ho gii] Tt nht nn t mt bc bnh phong khng trong sut ho gii, hoc trn ca chnh v ca phng treo thm tm rm ca (khng nhn xuyn qua c) v ng tin Ng ho gii.
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(Hnh trang 30)
7.
KING K KIU NC CUN
[Hin tng] Ca ra vo chnh i vi cu thang i xung pha di c gi l nc cun. Nh vy c th dn n kh trng trong ngi nh v cng khng n nh, sinh kh lt ra ngoi, hn na cn nh hng n cng vic, kinh t thu nhp ca ngi trong nh. [Phng php ho gii] Trn ca t mt tm Sn Hi Trn chiu cho xung di v ni ngng ca treo mt chui ng tin Ng phng tr trch kh lt thng xung di. Cng c th treo trn ca mt chic gng lm Bt Qui chiu cho xung di phng tr trch kh lt ra ngoi. (Hnh trang 31)
8.
KING K XUYN TM ST
[Hin tng] Dm nh t trn ca xuyn vo, bt k l ca ra vo, ca phng hay ca nh v sinh u ging nhau, u gi l xuyn tm st, nh vy c th lm cho ngi trong nh thng xuyn xy ra cc triu chng tm l nh tinh thn lun cng thng. (Hnh trang 32) [Phng php ho gii] C th treo qu cu thu tinh trn dm ngang, mi bn (trong v ngoi) treo mt qu i xng nhau, hoc treo hnh K Ln gim Bt Qui ho gii. Hoc cng c th treo qu h l g ho gii st kh. (Hnh trang 33)
9.
KING K HI PHONG ST
[Hin tng] Nu b cc trong nh trong cng mt khng gian v trn cng mt bc tng m c th i vo t ca ny v i ra t ca kia, c th i mt vng trn l tr li c v tr ban u, y chnh l hi phong st. Loi st ny c th lm cho kh trng trong nh b ri lon, khng t kh, i vi sc kho ngi trong nh v cng bt li. (Hnh trang 34)
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[Phng php ho gii] Phng thc ho gii trit nht l bt kn mt ca li, cn ghi nh nu c th dng gch lp li l ho gii tt nht, nu khng th dng gch th cng phi dng tm g bt trong v ngoi ca li mi c. Nu ch ng ca khng bao gi m th cng khng th ho gii c. Nu l nh thu khng th bt ca li th bn c th dng chui ng tin Ng treo ni ngng ca ho gii. (Hnh trang 35)
10.
KING K CA KIU CA L
[Hin tng] Bnh thng trong ngi nh v mun HON THIN cho p mt nn hay thit k ca hnh ca l, nhng h thng khng bit ca l c th mang li hiu ng v cng nghim trng. Ca l trong thi c i ch c cung in hoc cng vin, thit k cng cng mi s dng. Nu ngi dn sng bnh thng m thit k ca l s lm cho con ngi lun sinh ra t tng m mng khng thc t, cn c th lm con ngi mt ht ch, khng c tr cu tin, bt li cho hc hnh v cng vic. [Phng php ho gii] Phng php ho gii trit nht l lm li ca thnh hnh ch nht, cn ghi nh nht nh phi lm kin c, khng c lung lay, lng lo, nu khng c th lm cho ngi qua li b thng. Nu khng th lm ca bng li th mi bn ca c th treo mt chui ng tin Ng ho gii. (Hnh trang 36)
11.
KING K GNG I CA
[Hin tng] Gng i ca c coi l iu i k trong phong thu hc, bi v nh vy s lm o lon s n nh ca kh trng trong cn nh, lm sinh kh trong nh phn x li v i ra ngoi, ng thi cng sinh ra bt tin cho ngi ra vo cn nh. [Phng php ho gii] Phng php ho gii trit nht l chuyn gng ra v tr khng chnh i vi ca. Nu khng th di chuyn v tr c th tm thi dng vi dy (khng c dng vi cht liu mng nhn xuyn qua c hoc vi li, vi ren) y li, khi no cn dng th li vn ln. (Hnh trang 37)
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12.
KING K CA LN CHNH I CA LN
[Hin tng] Hin nay dng trch theo kiu nh chung c, nh tp th thng xy ra tnh trng ca nh n chnh i vi ca nh kia, hiu ng trc tip nht ca tnh trng ny l nh hng bt li ti tnh bo mt ca hai gia nh, bt li cho s chung sng ho thun ca tnh hng xm. [Phng php ho gii] Hai nh u nn treo rm ca ho gii, cng c th dng phng php t mt bc bnh phong trong nh ho gii. Hoc trn ca chnh treo Bt Tin Thi cng c tc dng tch cc. (Hnh trang 38)
13.
KING K CA CHNH B TNG VCH CHIA CT
[Hin tng] i vo ca ln b bc tng ca mt cn phng chia ct l c mt bc tng vung gc chnh i vi ca nh, nh vy s gy bt tin cho vic ra vo ca thnh vin trong gia nh, c khi cn gy tn hi n c th. [Phng php ho gii] Nu c th th t mt bc bnh phong trc tip chn li, y l phng thc ho gii trit nht. Nu khng th t bc bnh phong th ngng ca c th t mt chui ng tin Ng hoc v tr b ct n treo mt chui ng tin Lc ho gii. Nu ch l tng trang tr th tt nht nn d ra c th ho gii st kh trit . (Hnh trang 39)
14.
KING K KHUNG CA HNH CH HC ()
[Hin tng] di ca chiu cao v chiu rng khung ca, nu dng thc vn cng o m ra hnh ch hc () th khng hp vi phong thu. (Hnh trang 40) [Phng php ho gii] Phng thc ho gii trit nht, chiu cao xut hin ch hc (), c th dng tm g tng thm chiu cao ngng ca n kch thc ph hp vi ch hng () ho gii. Chiu rng nu l ch hc () th sa ca ng nhin l phng thc tt nht. Nu khng
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th sa ca th trn ngng ca c th t chui ng tin Ng ho gii. * THC L BAN Thc l ban thng c gi l thc vn cng, di 1 thc 4 thn 1 phn (khong 45cm), ly 5 ch Sinh Lo - Bnh - T - Kh lm c s, chia thnh 8 vch, c ct c hung, ln lt l: Ti (tin ti, ti nng), Bnh (tai nn bnh hon, bt li), Ly (lc thn ly tn phn ly), Ngha (ph hp chnh ngha v quy phm o c hoc c quyn gp hnh thin), Quan (quan vn), Kip (b cp git, c hip), Hi (gp hon), Bn (bn v hoc bn th ca s vt). Thc L Ban thng thy li chia thnh 2 b phn trn di: Na trn l thc vn cng, dng o kch thc dng trch, thn v, pht c (dng c thuc v pht gio); Na di l thc inh lan, dng o kch thc m trch, t khm (bn th t). Di y l thuyt minh v cc ch k hiu trn thc L Ban: Ti Ti c: ch biu hin v cc mt tin ti, c hnh Bo Kh: t c hoc bo vt c ct giu Lc Hp: t phng Thin - a (ho hp m mn) Nghnh Phc: nghnh tip hnh phc Bnh Thoi Ti: ph sn Cng S: b kin co t tng do vic cng gy ra Lao Chp: tai ho lao ngc C Qu: sng mt mnh c c Ly Trng Canh: giam ngc Kip Ti: ph sn, hao tn ti sn Quan Qu: vic do kh quan c st kh dn n Tht Thot: tht lc vt, ngi ly tn
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Ngha Thim inh: sinh con trai ch Li: tin ti, li lc tng ln Qu T: a con trai ni di v sau c hin vinh, sang giu i Ct: ct li ct tng Quan Thun Khoa: thi c thun li Hng Ti: c ca ci ngoi s mong i Tin ch: thu c li ch, tng tin Ph Qu: c ca ci, c th lc Kip T Bit: vnh bit Thoi Khu: c tang Ly Hng: ri xa qu hng, phiu bt qu ngi Ti Tht: tn tht ti sn, mt ca Hi Tai Ch: gp tai ng T Tuyt: cht ht, cht sch Bnh Lm: mc phi bnh tt Khu Thit: tranh chp, tranh ci Bn Ti Ch: ca ci n ng Khoa: thi c nhn Tin Bo: pht ti pht lc Hng Vng: hng thnh, vng thnh
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15.
KING K HAI CNH CA LN B KHC NHAU
[Hin tng] Ca m hai cnh nhng cnh tri v cnh phi ln b khng bng nhau, iu ny khng ph hp vi li phong thu, cng khng ph hp vi thm m, d lm cho con ngi sinh ra cm gic c n, khp mnh, khng ho hp vi tp th. [Phng php ho gii] Tt nht nn sa thnh kiu ca mt cnh l thch hp nht hoc ca c hai cnh ging nhau v kch thc, hnh dng, mu sc. (Hnh trang 43)
16.
KING K CA HNH CH KHC ()
[Hin tng] Dng trch nu m ca hai ch, hnh dng nh hai ci ming , iu ny d dn n mi quan h gia cc thnh vin trong gia nh khng ho thun. [Phng php ho gii] Phng thc ho gii trit nht l bt kn hon ton mt chic ca li, bt ca tt nht phi dng gch xy kn li, khng th t nht cng phi bt kn hai mt trong v ngoi ca li mi c. Nu bt mt mt s sinh ra hiu ng m Dng Mn, gy nh hng khng tt. Nu tm thi khng th bt ca th trn ngng ca bn nn t chui ng tin Ng ho gii tm thi. (Hnh trang 44)
17. KING K TAM MN THNG (BA CA THNG NHAU) [Hin tng] Nh nu trong tnh tng ba ca ng thi chnh i nhau, thng vi nhau s gy nh hng nghim trng n s n nh kh trng trong nh v sc kho mi ngi trong gia nh, tnh kn o ca cn nh cng b ph v. (Hnh trang 45) [Phng php ho gii] C th t mt bc bnh phong khng trong sut ho gii, Phng php ho gii trit nht l sa thit k cc ca chnh i nhau sang v tr khc, trnh chng trc xung ln nhau.
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(Hnh trang 46) * iu nn bit * ng tin Ng l tin ng c c c khi nm v hong Thanh Triu Thun Tr, Khang Hi, Ung Chnh, Cn Long, Gia Khnh cn ang ti v. Cng hiu ca chng nh sau: 1. Ho gii st kh mn i mn; 2. Ho gii st kh ca nh v sinh i ca phng; 3. Ho gii sau lng khng c ch da; 4. Ho gii ca xng bp; 5. Ho gii ca i cu thang i xung di; 6. Dng ng tin Ng treo trn trn nh cn c th mang li ti vn. (Hnh cui trang 46: Tin Ng )
18. KING K CU THANG P CA [Hin tng] Pha trn ca chnh nu c cu thang i qua s lm cho tinh thn con ngi b chn p, cng thng, tip na l nh hng n sc kho v sinh hot ca ngi sng trong nh. (Hnh trang 47) [Phng php ho gii] Phng thc ho gii l bn c th ly mt tm g, dng Chu Sa vit ln hai ch Nht Thin (), sau mang n Dng Miu thp hng ri chn ngy lnh thng tt t tm g ln pha trn cnh ca. Hoc cng c th treo trn ca mt tm gng li ri y ln mt tm vi ho gii. Nu c th, tt nht l chuyn ca sang ch khc ho gii trit . (Hnh trang 48) * iu nn bit * ng tin lc l ng tin c trn c s ng tin Ng v thm vo o Quang, trng hp dng thch hp nht l phn ln dng ho gii st kh Nh Hc Ng Hong. Bi v Nh Hc st v Ng Hong st l Th St, m Lc thuc Kim, cht liu tin c cng l thuc kim, Kim c th tit ra kh Th St, Th sinh Kim, Kim c th tit Th, do cng tng i thch hp trong phng b tng vch ct v st kh ct ln nhau. Tng ct ti sao li hnh thnh nn st kh, chnh l kh s men theo mt tng xng thng vo to ra st kh. V th chng ta mn kh trng do ng tin c hnh thnh nn chn ngoi ca, ho gii st kh ny.
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19. KING K DM NGANG P CA [Hin tng] Pha trn ca chnh hoc ca phng nu c dm ngang i song song qua s xut hin tnh trng ca b p, ngi sng trong nh s c gnh nng v tm l, p lc trm trng, bt li cho hc hnh, cng tc v sinh hot, lu nh vy s nh hng khng tt ti sc kho. [Phng php ho gii] Ly mt tm g, dng Chu Sa vit ln hai ch Nht Thin (), sau em n Dng Miu thp hng, chn ngy p t ln pha bn trn ca. (Hnh trang 49)
20. KING K M CA TRN NG QU MN [Hin tng] Nu m ca trn ng qu mn ng Bc v Ty Nam hoc hng m ca khng tt hoc ca m cho, nh vy s lm cho ngi khc cho rng ngi trong nh sng qui d, c hnh, kh giao tip, tnh tnh khp kn, c lp, tip na l nh hng n mi quan h giao tip v c hi c ngi khc gip . [Phng php ho gii] Phng thc ho gii trit nht l i hng ca, nu khng th i hng ca th bn c th sn loi sn mu ln ngng ca vi ngha l np ct (thu np nhng iu tt lnh), hoc cng c th treo mt tm la bn trn ca ho gii. (Hnh trang 50)
II. PHNG KHCH 1. KING K SOFA CNG CA
[Hin tng] V tr gh sofa chnh trong phng khch tng i quan trng, lng sofa khng c t gip ca, hay cn gi l sofa cng ca, nu khng s bt li cho sinh hot v cng bt li cho s n nh tm tnh ca ngi sng trong nh. [Phng php ho gii] Phng php ho gii l iu chnh v tr t gh sofa chnh. Nu tm thi khng iu chnh c th trong phng khch c th t mt tng Thanh Long.
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(Hnh trang 51)
2.
PHN NH HNG DNG TRCH
Chc chn rng cho n nay c rt nhiu ngi khng bit phn bit to hng ca Qu Trch nh th no. y ti xin dy mi ngi cch nhn bit tng i c bn. Nu nh l kin trc tng lu, bn cn ly mt nh sng ca cn nh lm hng. Ci gi l mt nh sng chnh l ly mt m nh hay m ca s nhiu nht lm hng. Thng l nm mt ca s st t ging nh trong hnh v biu th, mt nh sng ca ngi nh ny l hng Bc, v th ngi nh ny l dng trch to hng Nam sang Bc. (Hnh trang 52)
3.
KING K LNG SOFA KHNG C CH DA
[Hin tng] Lng gh sofa khng c ch da, kh trng v cng khng n nh, rt d dn n tinh thn bt an, cng tc, hc hnh khng chuyn tm. [Phng php ho gii] Phng thc ho gii trit nht l iu chnh v tr gh sofa chnh sao cho lng gh da vo tng. Nu trong trng hp khng th dch chuyn v tr th sau lng gh c th t 36 ng tin c to thnh mt tng kh gip n nh kh trng. (Hnhh trang 53)
4.
KING K SOFA XNG CA
[Hin tng] Gh sofa chnh t chnh i vi ca ra vo, kh trng s khng n nh, d lm cho sinh kh t li mt ch b lt ra ngoi, ngoi ra cn gy nhiu bt tin cho sinh hot. [Phng php ho gii] Phng thc ho gii trit nht chnh l iu chnh v tr gh sofa chnh. Nu trong trng hp khng th dch chuyn v tr th c th t mt bc bnh phong gim bt sinh kh lt ra ngoi. (Hnh trang 54)
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5. KING K SAU LNG SOFA L NG I [Hin tng] Sau lng gh sofa chnh l ng i, kh trng s khng n nh, ng thi lm cho sinh kh t li mt ch b lt ra ngoi, lm cho tinh thn con ngi khng n nh, thm ch cn nh hng n sc kho con ngi. [Phng php ho gii] Phng thc ho gii trit nht chnh l iu chnh v tr gh sofa chnh. Nu trong trng hp khng th dch chuyn v tr c th sau lng gh sofa chnh t 36 ng tin c hnh thnh nn mt tng kh gip n nh kh trng. (Hnh trang 55)
6. KING K VO CA KHNG THY PHNG KHCH [Hin tng] C mt s ngi nh do mi quan h ca b cc bn trong nn sau khi vo ca phi i qua phng ng hoc phng bp mi c th n c phng khch, kiu b cc ny trong phong thu hc gi l thoi ti c (ngi nh mt ca ci), khng ni n khng hp vi o phong thu, m ni n gin v sinh hot cng gy ra nhiu bt tin, nh hng nghim trng n s ngh ngi v sinh hot bnh thng ca ngi trong nh. [Phng php ha gii] Phng thc ho gii trit nht chnh l lp tc sa i b cc v ng tuyn, khng cn cch no khc. Sng lu trong cn nh nh vy, sc kho con ngi chc chn b nh hng tiu cc. (Hnh trang 56)
7. KING K PHNG KHCH TI TM [Hin tng] Chng ta u bit phng khch l ni tip kh np kh, cng l ni minh ng ca dng trch. Nu phng khch ti tm khng nh sng, ngoi vic i ngc li vi quy tc chun c bn ca dng trch l phng khch sng - phng ng ti, phng khch ti tm nh vy cn nh hng nghim trng n sc kho th lc, con ngi s tr nn bi quan, bo th, mt ht ch, t ti, khng c ch tin th. [Phng php ho gii] Phng thc ho gii trit nht l sa i b cc. Nu trong trng hp khng th sa i c b cc th h thng chiu sng ca phng khch phi dng bng n halogen lm cng c thp sng, b sung y kh trng cho phng khch. Cng c th trong phng khch t mt con k ln hoc tng dng kh ca qu trch ho gii. Ni tm
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li, mc ch chnh l iu chnh m dng trong phng c cn bng, m bo sc kho v c th v tm l cho ngi sng trong nh. (Hnh trang 57)
8. KING K SN NH KHNG BNG PHNG [Hin tng] Sn nh khng bng phng chia thnh cc trng hp sau y: tri cao phi thp, phi cao tri thp, trc cao sau thp, a th cao cao thp thp. Nhng trng hp ny u bt li cho s n nh kh trng trong ngi nh. Nu gp phi nhng trng hp nh vy, khi hon thin ngi nh nht nh phi lm cho sn nh c bng phng, v phng din ny khng c thch lp d, nu khng bt k c hp vi o phong thu hay khng nhng i vi sinh hot thng ngy v sp t vt dng gia nh u gy nhiu bt tin, hn na sn nh khng bng phng cn lm cho tm l ngi trong nh lun cng thng, sng lu nh vy tt nhin s gy nh hng bt li i vi tinh thn con ngi. Trong nh nu c ngi gi hay tr nh cn d gy thng tch cho c th h. [Phng php ho gii] Phng thc ho gii trit nht l o li bng phng ca sn nh lm phng li. Nu tm thi cha th lm li sn nh th c th lm nh sau: ven tng bn sn nh thp t 36 ng tin c u nhau ho gii. Nu sn nh cao cao thp thp th t 36 ng tin c u nhau xung quanh vin chn tng ho gii. (Hnh trang 58)
9. KING K TRN NH QU CAO HOC QU THP [Hin tng] Trn nh qu cao hoc qu thp u c th u gy nh hng bt li cho ngi sng trong nh. Trn nh qu cao s lm cho khng kh trong nh lu thng km, m kh qu nng, m dng mt cn bng, bt li cho sc kho con ngi. Trn nh qu thp trong phong thu gi l hng thin c. Kiu nh ny s lm hao tn qu nhiu tinh kh ca con ngi, d lm con ngi ny sinh tm l c c, s hi i vi x hi hin i m ni, ngi nh nh vy cn bt li cho mi trng v vic tit kim nng lng. Trong cc th hin i, chiu cao tt nht ca ngi nh nn khng ch khong 2,8m ~ 3,2m. Nh vy mi c li cho s cn bng m dng trong nh.
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(Hnh trang 59) [Phng php ho gii] Nu ngi nh qu thp th khng nn lp thm trn thch cao na, c th lp nhiu n mt cht ho gii, ngoi ra cn cn ch c gng m ca s thng gi, duy tr s cn bng m dng kh trng trong nh v trao i khng kh trong lnh, tt nht trong nh nn t mt ng Long (con rng bng ng), hiu qu s cng tt hn. Nu trn nh qu cao th rt d ho gii, l lp tm trn thch cao thp xung mt cht l c. (Hnh trang 60)
10. KING K PHNG NG LN HN PHNG KHCH [Hin tng] Phng ng ln hn phng khch l ch din tch phng ng ln hn din tch phng khch. B cc nh kiu ny phn ln l nhng ngi nh lu kiu c. B cc nhng ngi nh hin i ngy nay phn ln l phng khch ln, phng ng nh nn t gp vn ny. Nu khng may gp phi ngi nh trong trng hp trn s gy nhiu bt tin cho sinh hot gia nh, hn na cn sinh ra cc vn v phng din tinh thn nh lm cho ch ca con ngi b tt dc, sng kp mnh. [Phng php ho gii] Nu c th tt nht l lm li cch gian sao cho phng khch ln, phng ng nh mi c th ho gii trit . Nu trong trng hp khng th lm li cch gian th trn mt v tr thch hp t mt chui ng tin Ng phn chia kh trng. Tm li, cch sp xp phi lm cho m dng kh trng trong nh c cn bng. (Hnh trang 61) 11. KING K VO CA THY BN N [Hin tng] Nu bn n t ni ca vo trong nh lm cho mi ngi va bc vo nh l nhn thy tnh trng trn bn n, nh vy s lm cho thi quen n ung ca ngi trong nh v mi quan h giao tip b nh hng nghim trng. [Phng php ho gii] Tt nht l bn nn iu chnh v tr bn n hoc dng bc bnh phng che chn li hoc gp bn n li ho gii. (Hnh trang 62)
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III. PHNG BP 1. KING K CA PHNG BP I CA PHNG NG [Hin tng] Ca phng ng i ca phng bp s lm cho ho kh trong phng bp xng thng vo phng ng, lm cho ngi sng trong nh lun cm thy bc bi, cu gt, c th mt mi, tip n l nh hng n hc tp, cng tc v sinh hot hng ngy. (Hnh trang 63) [Phng php ho gii] Trn ca phng bp v ca phng ng treo mt tm rm vi di v trn ngng ca phng ng v phng bp t chui ng tin Ng ui u kh ra ngoi c ho gii. di rm vi phi vt qu chiu cao b mt bp ga l thch hp. Cht liu rm vi phi l cht liu khng nhn xuyn qua c mi thch hp, khng c l vi ren hay rm chui ht.
2. KING K CA PHNG BP I CA NH V SINH [Hin tng] Ca phng bp i vi ca nh v sinh l mt i k trong phong thu. Phng bp thuc ho thuc dng, nh v sinh thuc thu thuc m, thu v ho tng xng, u kh trong nh v sinh s xng thng vo trong phng bp, nh hng n v sinh n ung, lu dn s gy ra nhng nh hng bt li i vi sc kho ngi sng trong nh. (Hnh trang 64) [Phng php ho gii] Trn ca phng bp v ca nh v sinh c th treo rm vi di v chui ng tin Ng xua ui u kh ra ngoi c ho gii. Chiu di rm vi phi vt qu chiu cao b mt bp ga v vt qu chiu cao b mt bn cu mi thch hp. Cht liu rm vi phi l cht liu khng nhn xuyn qua c mi thch hp, khng c l vi ren hay rm chui ht.
3. KING K VO CA THY PHNG BP [Hin tng] Vo ca nhn thy phng bp, chng ta va bc t ngoi vo trong nh l c th nhn thy ngay phng bp. T b cc trong nh m ni, b cc ny khng thch hp, bi v nh vy s lm phn tm kh nng tp trung ch ca ngi nu bp khi ang nu thc n, ngoi ra cn lm tn hi n sc kho con ngi, thm ch cn c th dn n s c ho hon.
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(Hnh trang 65) [Phng php ho gii] Sau ca c th t mt bc bnh phong khng trong sut ho gii. Phng php ho gii trit nht l thay i v tr ca phng bp, c gng khng n i vi ca chnh. (Hnh trang 66) * iu nn bit * Trong nh t h l ng c cc cng hiu sau: 1. Ho gii lng st: nh trong nh c dm ngang p ging, dm ngang p bp, hoc cc lng st khc pht sinh u c th treo h l ng ln hai u dm ngang ho gii lng st; 2. H l c tc dng thu kh tng kh, c th dng h l thu np u st kh, ci thin tnh trng bt li ca kh trng trong nh; 3. Ho gii bch bnh: nu bn b bnh nhiu nm cng c th l do vn kh trng gy nn, lc ny trc ca phng ng hoc u ging ng t mt chic h l ng thu np u st kh; 4. C th t mt qu h l ng trong xe t cu i ng bnh an.
4. KING K CA XNG BP [Hin tng] Bp ga nm ch thng ca vo, c th lm cho ho kh trong nh xng thng vo phng bp, lm o lon s cn bng m dng kh trng trong nh. [Phng php ho gii] Phng php ho gii tt nht l iu chnh v tr bp ga. Nu tm thi khng th thay i v tr bp ga c th trn ca phng bp c th treo mt chui ng tin Ng v treo thm mt tm rm vi gim bt nh hng ca st kh i vi kh trng trong nh. (Hnh trang 67)
5. KING K BP GA V BN NC CNH NHAU HOC I NHAU [Hin tng] Bp ga v bn nc cnh nhau hoc cch nhau khng n 60cm, hoc bp ga v bn nc chnh i nhau, v phong thu m ni, thu ho tng khc, bt ct. [Phng php ho gii] Phng php ho gii l iu chnh v tr ca bn nc v bp ga chng khng i nhau hoc iu chnh chng xa nhau cht na.
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(Hnh trang 68)
6. KING K T LNH I BP GA [Hin tng] T lnh chnh i vi bp ga, v b cc cng l tng khc thu ho bi v t lnh cng thuc thu. [Phng php ho gii] Bn hy ri v tr t lnh sang ch khc khng cho ca t lnh chnh i vi bp ga, cch cng xa cng tt. (Hnh trang 69)
7. KING K CA XNG T LNH [Hin tng] T lnh xng ca cng khng tt bi v tnh lu ng ca khng kh gn ca thng rt mnh, khi ng m t lnh s lm ri lon kh trng, cng lm cho t lnh tn in hn, ngoi ra cn bt li cho vic ngi ra vo v vn ct ly thc n. [Phng php ho gii] ngh chuyn v tr t lnh hoc ngng ca t mt chui ng tin Ng v treo thm tm rm vi di ho gii. (Hnh trang 70)
8. KING K PHNG BP V PHNG NG CNH NHAU [Hin tng] Phng ng nu cnh phng bp, kh trng ca phng ng s b nng lm cho ngi trong nh d b bc bi, cu gin, nh hng khng tt ti sc kho. (Hnh trang 71) [Phng php ho gii] Pha bn di chn ging c th tri mt tm thm mu vng. Chng ta u bit mu vng thuc Th, ho sinh th, th c th tit ho, nh vy tit ra kh ho st ho gii. ng nhin nu pha di tm vi c th t 36 ng tin c hiu qu s cng tt. (Hnh trang 72)
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9. KING K PHNG NG NM BN TRN PHNG BP [Hin tng] Phng ng nu nm pha trn phng bp, kh ho st s rt ln, kh trng ca phng ng s kh nng lm cho con ngi d bc bi, cu gin, c nh hng khng tt t sc kho c th, ngoi ra cn gy nh hng tiu cc nht nh n trng thi tinh thn ngi sng trong nh. (Hnh trang 73) [Phng php ho gii] Pha di ging c th tri mt tm thm mu vng. Chng ta u bit mu vng thuc Th, ho sinh th, th c th tit ho, nh vy tit ra kh ho st ho gii. ng nhin nu pha di tm vi c th t 36 ng tin c hiu qu s cng tt.
10. KING K PHA SAU BN TH L PHNG BP [Hin tng] Pha sau bn th l phng bp, nh vy s dn n thn linh ging nh b nng trn bp la, thn linh ngi khng vng, nn gia vn cng khng vng, nghim trng hn l dn n thoi thn, gia vn dn dn gim st. [Phng php ho gii] Gia bn th v phng bp nn cch ra mt khong khng gian ho gii, hoc di di bn thi sang v tr khc. (Hnh trang 74)
11. KING K RNH NC XUYN NH [Hin tng] Rnh nc nm trong nh, thm ch n xuyn ngang qua nh, nh vy s lm cho kh trng trong nh khng n nh. Nu rnh nc nm pha bn di bp ga th nh hng cng nghim trng hn. [Phng php ho gii] Lp tc ci to ng rnh nc ho gii trit . Nu tm thi khng th ci to th dng 36 ng tin c t u nhau trn rnh nc n nh kh trng, hoc ti ni ca cng t mt chui ng tin Ng ho gii. (Hnh trang 75)
12. KING K CU THANG XNG BP GA

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[Hin tng] Kh t trn cu thang xng thng xung bp ga lm cho kh trng xung quanh bp ga khng n nh, c th gy cho tinh thn ngi sng trong nh lun cng thng, lm vic khng chuyn tm [Phng ph ho gii] Phng thc ho gii trit l dch chuyn v tr bp ga. Nu trong trng hp khng th dch chuyn c th c th dng mt bc bnh phong chn li. Nu khng c khng gian t tm bnh phong th bn nn treo mt chui ng tin Ng li ca cu thang ho gii. (Hnh trang 76)
13. KING K PHNG BP GIA [Hin tng] Trung tm nh ri ng phng bp, t bit l bp ga t ng v tr tm nh, b cc nh vy s lm nh hng nghim trng n s n nh kh trng ca ngi nh, ng thi phng bp nm trung tm th ga v ng nc nht nh phi i qua cc phng khc, nh vy gy ra bt tin nht nh cho vic thi cng v s an ton b e do. [Phng php ho gii] Phng thc ho gii khng c cch no khc l nhanh chng sa i b cc ngi nh cho hp l. Nu hin ti khng tin th phi thng xuyn m ca s phng bp v t m ca phng ng, c bit l khi nu nng cng cn phi lu , gim thiu nhng nh hng i vi kh trng ca ngi nh. (Hnh trang 77)
14. KING K DM NGANG P BP [Hin tng] Pha trn bp ga nh b dm ngang p xung bt k l dm theo pha dc hay pha ngang bp ga u khng hp vi o phong thu, nh vy cng gy ra nhiu bt tin cho dn dp, thi cng phng bp v sinh hot hng ngy. (Hnh trang 78) [Phng php ho gii] on dm ngang pha trn bp ga mi u treo mt qu h l v mt con k ln dm Bt qui ho gii. V tr treo nh sau: (Hnh trang 79)
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15. KING K TNG VCH CT BP GA [Hin tng] Ca chia n ngang bp ga hoc c bc tng vch ct ngang bp ga, b cc trn khng hp vi o phong thu, nh vy d lm cho sc kho v tinh thn b nh hng tiu cc. (Hnh trang 80) (Hnh cui trang 80: Gng li Bt Qui) [Phng php ho gii] Pha trn bp ga on b tng ct n treo mt con k ln dm Bt qui ho gii (Hnh trang 81) * iu nn bit * Nh nu phm phi cc loi st kh sau th c th dng gng li Bt qui ho gii: 1. Ho gii l xng: khi minh ng c ng ci hoc ng nc xng thng vo; 2. Ho gii st kh ct in: Nu nh chnh i vi ct in th trn ca c th treo gng li Bt qui ho gii st kh; 3. Ho gii phn cung st: khi minh ng nhn thy nc chy hoc ng ci quay ngc li c th s dng gng li Bt qui ho gii; 4. Ho gii st kh u hin nh; 5. Ho gii cc loi st kh khc nh st kh tng vch ct, st kh gc phng
16. KING K T BP GA HNH LANG [Hin tng] Hin nay nh v mun tng thm din tch s dng m lm thm phn hnh lang chi ra ngoi, nh vy nh hng nghim trng n gia vn. Nu bp ga m t hnh lang th hiu ng cng ln. Nu t bp ga nh vy va khng ph hp vi o phong thu m cn khng an ton, bi v nh vy mt mt s lm cho kh trng gia trch b suy yu i, mt khc kh nng chu sc nng ca hnh lang c hn nn c th gy ra s c nghim trng. (Hnh trang 82) [Phng php ho gii] Nu c th tt nht nn chuyn bp ga vo trong nh, khng nn t ngoi hnh lang. Nu nht nh phi t ngoi hnh lang, tm thi cha ci to c th ngh bn nn t xung quanh chn hnh lang 36 ng tin c vi khong cch u nhau lm n nh kh trng v nht nh phi hn ch t nhng vt nng khc ngoi hnh lang. (Hnh trang 83)
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(Hnh cui trang 83: Sn Hi Trn) * iu nn bit * Nh phm phi cc loi st kh sau c th dng Sn Hi Trn ho gii: 1. Ho gii l xng: minh ng c ng i hoc ng nc xng thng vo; 2. Ho gii quan mao st: nu cn phng chnh i vi qu trch c hnh quan mao th trn ca c th treo Sn Hi Trn ho gii st kh; 3. Ho gii phn cung st: minh ng thy nc chy hoc ng ci quay ngc li th c th treo Sn Hi Trn ho gii; 4. Minh ng thy nh cao tng, ni cao cn tr kh hoc i din vi ca hu ca nh khc hoc pha trc nh cao hn nh mnh, lc y c th s dng Sn Hi Trn ho gii; 5. Khi Minh ng thy cy i th, m kh qu nng th cng c th s dng Sn Hi Trn; 6. Cc loi hnh st hoc st kh qu nng cng c thch hp s dng; 7. Mt gng Sn Hi Trn cng ln th kh nng ho st cng mnh, v th nu khi st kh i din tng i ln th ngh phi dng tm Sn Hi Trn ln.
17. KING K TRONG NH T HAI BP [Hin tng] Trong nh nu t hai bp (bp ga), ngoi vic nh hng n s on kt ca cc thnh vin trong gia nh ra, cn c th lm pht sinh nhng s vic ngoi mun. [Phng php ho gii] Khng c cch no khc l nhanh chng b i mt bp ho gii. (Hnh trang 84) (Hnh cui trang 84: Bt Vn Xng)
18. KING K BP GA I CA S [Hin tng] Pha sau bp ga c mt ci ca s. kh lu ca ca s s nh hng n s n nh ngn la ca bp ga, v th pha sau bp ga c ca s l khng lnh. [Phng php ho gii] Phng thc tr trng hp ny l ngh nhanh chng bt b ca s ny. (Hnh trang 85)
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19. KING K VI NC I BP GA [Hin tng] Trong phng bp vi nc ca bn nc hng thng v pha bp ga, v phong thu hc y l thuc b cc thu ho tng khc, hi nhiu hn li. [Phng php ho gii] Ch cn sa hng ca vi nc sang hng khc l c th ho gii c. (Hnh trang 86) * iu nn bit * Trong nh t bt Vn Xng c cc cng hiu sau: 1. Tr gip cho ngi trong nh trn con ng hc hnh, thi c, thun li ng cng danh; 2. C li cho s thng tin ca ngi sng trong nh; 3. C ch cho s pht trin ca s nghip c nhn hoc s tng tin cng vic kinh doanh ca cng ty.
20. KING K BP GA DA TNG NH V SINH [Hin tng] Bp ga da vo tng nh v sinh, bi v u kh m t ca tng nh v sinh rt ln, nh vy s nh hng nghim trng n sc kho ngi trong nh. [Phng php ho gii] Tt nht l di chuyn bp ga sang v tr khc, nu khng th dch chuyn th ngoi vic phi thng xuyn gi cho nh v sinh lun sch s, kh ro ra, chn tng m bp ga da vo phi t mt chui ng tin Ng . (Hnh trang 87)
21. KING K T T LNH TRN HNH LANG [Hin tng] T lnh t trn hnh lang m, nh vy l bt ct. Khng cn ni n trong phong thu t lnh c coi l kho ca ci, theo b cc ny kho ca ci l ra ngoi, quan trng hn l gy ra rt nhiu bt tin cho sinh hot, thm ch cn d gy nguy him. [Phng php ho gii] Chuyn t lnh vo mt v tr thch hp trong phng, y l phng thc ho gii duy nht. (Hnh trang 88)
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22. KING K CA NH V SINH M VO PHNG BP [Hin tng] Hin nay rt nhiu nh thit k phng bp st nh v sinh, hn na ca nh v sinh li m ra phng bp, u kh t nh v sinh s xng thng vo phng bp, nh hng nghim trng n v sinh an ton thc phm, hn na cn nh hng n sc kho trng v ca ngi trong nh. [Phng php ho gii] Nu c th th t mt bc bnh phong hnh ch L chn u kh, nu khng th t bc bnh phong c th ca nh v sinh hy treo mt tm rm vi di v ngng ca nh v sinh t mt chui ng tin Ng ho gii. (Hnh trang 89)
23. KING K BP GA THT XUNG THP [Hin tng] Rt nhiu ngi t bp ga v tr tt xung thp hn so vi b mt k bp, trong phong thu b cc nh vy l bt ct, hn na nh vy cn gy nhiu bt tin cho cc thao tc trong phng bp, thm ch cn nh hng n sc kho con ngi. [Phng php ho gii] Ch c lm cho k bp v v tr bp ga bng nhau, nh vy mi c th ho gii trit st kh. (Hnh trang 90)
IV. PHNG NG 1. KING K CA PHNG NG I CA PHNG NG
[Hin tng] Ca phng ng i ca phng ng s lm gim tnh kn o ca cn phng, khng c li cho s ho thun ca cc thnh vin trong gia nh. [Phng php ho gii] Trn ca phng c th treo tm rm vi di ho gii, chiu di ca tm rm vi phi di hn 2/3 chiu cao ca ca mi thch hp, cht liu rm phi l khng nhn xuyn qua c. (Hnh trang 91)
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2.
KING K CA PHNG NG I CA PHNG V SINH
[Hin tng] Ca phng ng i din vi ca nh v sinh, u kh trong nh v sinh s xng thng vo phng ng lm nh hng n sc kho ngi sng trong nh, nh hng n sinh hot bnh thng. [Phng php ho gii] Trn ca nh v sinh v ca phng ng treo tm rm vi di v trn ngng ca nh v sinh t ng tin Ng cn tr u kh bay ra ho gii. Chiu di tm rm vi phi vt qu chiu cao ca bn cu l thch hp, cht liu rm phi l cht liu khng nhn xuyn qua c. (Hnh trang 92)
3. NG
KING K CA PHNG NG CT NGANG CA PHNG
[Hin tng] Mt bn vch tng ca ca phng ng ny ct ngang gia ca phng ng i din, bt ct. [Phng php ho gii] Trn hai ca phng ny treo rm vi di v ch b ct treo chui ng tin Lc ho gii. Cng c th trn ngng ca hai phng ny t chui ng tin Ng ho gii st kh ln nhau. Chiu di ca rm vi phi vt qu 2/3 chiu cao ca l thch hp, cht liu rm phi l cht liu khng nhn xuyn qua c, khng c l vi ren hay rm chui ht. (Hnh trang 93)
4.
KING K V TR T GING
Chng ta u bit, trong cuc i con ngi chng ta 1/3 thi gian l trn ging ng v th v tr t ging chnh xc c lin quan mt thit n sc kho v vn th ca chng ta, do v tr k ging tuyt i khng c coi thng. Phng php t chnh xc i khi c vi im sau y: u ging phi da tng; u ging khng c c ca s;
Pha trn u ging khng c t my iu ho hay my lm mt khng kh;

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u ging khng c treo khung nh, khung tranh; u ging khng c p st ca; u ging khng c b dm ngang p;
Ca khng c xng thng ging (Vo ca khng c nhn thy ging ngay); Gng khng c chiu vo ging; Pha bn trn b mt ging khng c c n; Ca nh v sinh khng c xng thng vi ging;
u ging khng c quay vo tng nh v sinh hay tng phng bp; ging; ui ging khng c hng ra ca s; m ging khng c trc tip t trn t; u ging nht nh phi c thnh u ging hoc t u
Pha sau u ging nht nh khng c l cu thang, cu thang my cng khng c; Pha trn mt ging khng c c qut trn.
(Hnh trang 94)
5.
KING K U GING CNG CA
[Hin tng] Nu u ging p st tng pha ca s lm gim cht lng gic ng. [Phng php ho gii] Phng php ho gii tt nht, hu hiu nht l iu chnh v tr ging, c th t bc bnh phong hoc t i k ln bng ng trn pha u ging ho gii. (Hnh trang 95)
6.
KING K U GING M CA S
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[Hin tng] u ging c ca s hoc ging i ca s s nh hng rt ln n sc kho c th ngi trong nh, bi v khi chng ta ng say, sc khng l thp nht, lc ny gi lnh t ngoi vo rt d lm tn hi n sc kho c th. [Phng php ho gii] Phng php tt nht v hu hiu nht l dch chuyn v tr ging trnh xa ca s. (Hnh trang 96)
7.
KING K DM NGANG P U GING
[Hin tng] u ging b dm ngang p s nh hng rt nghim trng n cht lng ngh ngi ca con ngi, d lm cho mt ng, tinh thn m m mng mng. Thi gian nh vy cng lu th tn hi cng ln. [Phng php ho gii] Phng php tt nht v hu hiu nht l iu chnh u ging ra xa dm ngang hoc trn u ging t mt chic t u ging c chiu rng bng dm ngang trnh lng st. Nu tm thi cha th t t u ging th trn hai u dm ngang treo hai qu h l ng gim lng st kh. (Hnh trang 97)
8.
KING K CA XNG GING
[Hin tng] Ging t ngay ch xng thng ca vo l mt i k trong phong thu bi v kh trng ni chnh i ca rt mnh, bt li cho s ngh ngi ca con ngi, hn na cn nguy hi n tnh trng sc kho c th ngi trong nh. [Phng php ho gii] Phng php ho gii tt nht l iu chnh v tr ging. Nu tm thi cha th xoay chuyn th trc ca c th t mt bc bnh phong khng trong sut. Nu khng gian khng cho php t bc bnh phong hoc di chuyn v tr ging th ni ngng ca bn c th t mt chui ng tin Ng v treo tm rm vi lm gim nh hng ca st kh. (Hnh trang 98)
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9. XUNG
KING K CA PHNG NG CHNH I CU THANG I
[Hin tng] Ca phng ng chnh i vi li cu thang i xung, trong phong thu hc cho rng nh vy l bt ct, d lm cho sinh kh trong nh b lt ra ngoi, mt cn bng m dng. [Phng php ho gii] Trn ca phng ng c th treo mt tm rm vi di, ni ngng ca t mt chui ng tin Ng cn tr sinh kh lt ra ngoi. Nu khng gian trong nh tng i rng th cng c th t mt bc bnh phong ho gii. (Hnh trang 99)
10. LN
KING K CA PHNG NG CHNH I CU THANG I
[Hin tng] Ca phng ng chnh i vi cu thang i ln cng l bt ct, nhng nh hng ch yu li l lm cho khng kh trong phng b ngng tr, m dng khng th iu ho, hn na cn lm cho ngi trong nh sinh ra tm l khng tt nh mt ht ch, lu luyn khng mun i u xa nh [Phng php ho gii] Trn ca phng ng c th treo tm rm vi di v ni ngng ca t mt chui ng tin Ng kh xng t trn cu thang xung b chn ngoi. (Hnh trang 100)
11.
KING K LNG BN TH L PHNG NG
[Hin tng] Lng bn th l phng ng, nh vy l khng tn trng thn linh, cc bn nn nh mt cu ni: Knh thn nh thn ti, nht nh khng c t bn th nh vy, nu khng rt kh nhn c s che ch ca thn linh. Ngoi ra, cng d lm cho ngi di khng tn trng ngi trn. Th ngh xem, n thn linh cn khng knh trng th cn knh trng c ai? Nhng nhng ngi di 16 tui v trn 60 tui th c th trong phng ny, ch cn ch ui ging hoc u ging khng c quay v hng bn th l c. (Hnh trang 101)
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[Phng php ho gii] ngh gia bn thi v phng ng cch nhau mt khong khng gian ho gii. Hoc c th chuyn bn th sang v tr khc, cng c th chuyn bn th sang phng khc. (Hnh trang 102) * iu nn bit * Con g trng bng ng c tc dng ho gii st kh trong cc trng hp sau: 1.Ct n bn pha dng trch nu qu nhiu, bn cnh ct n y dy thp gai, nhn xa nh hng trm hng vn con cn trng ang vy ly ct n; 2.Bn pha hin nh y ng nc nhn ging nh hnh con rt. Trong nhng trng hp ny bn c th t mt con g trng bng ng i din vi ch c st kh ho gii. Bn cng c th t con g trng Huyn Quan hoc trong t qun o ho gii st kh hoa o. (Hnh cui trang 102: G trng ng)
12.
KING K CA NH V SINH XNG GING
[Hin tng] Ca nh v sinh thng thng ging s nh hng nghim trng n v sinh mi trng trong phng ng, u kh s bay vo phng ng lm tn hi n sc kho ngi trong nh. (Hnh trang 103) [Phng php ho gii] ho gii st kh ny hy t mt bc bnh phong ho gii. Nu khng th t bc bnh phong th ni ngng ca c th t mt chui ng tin Ng v treo thm tm rm vi di ho gii. Nu c th, tt nht iu chnh ca nh v sinh sao cho khng xng thng v tr ging ng ho gii trit . (Hnh trang 104) * iu nn bit * T Hu l loi mnh th dng trnh t thi c i, hnh dng ging nh con bo, u rng, thn s t, c cnh, con c l T, con ci l Hu. Trong nh t T Hu c nhng tc dng sau: 1. Ho gii m t st kh; 2. Thu ct trnh hung; 3. Sinh ti (ca ci) vng kh; 4. Cn c th ho gii st kh l xng, st kh ct in, st kh ba gc; 5. T Hu cn c th kt hp vi ng tin Ng tng hiu qu thu v ca ci.
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13.
KING K PHNG TRONG PHNG
[Hin tng] Trong nhng cn nh hin i ngy nay, trong mt cn phng thng thit k thm mt cn phng thay , nhng ngi ta li khng bit rng, nu phng thay ny m c ngng ca hoc khung ca th s pht sinh hiu ng phng trong phng d dn n quan h v chng b bt ho. [Phng php ho gii] Mun ho gii st kh ny, ngh tho b ngng ca, khung ca v ca ca cn phng trong phng ny th mi c th ho gii. Nu khng th tho b th ni ngng ca hy t mt chui ng tin Ng cch ly a kh cng c th ho gii st kh. (Hnh trang 105)
14.
KING K PHNG NG NM TRN MI HIN
[Hin tng] Phng ng ca cn nh t trn mi hin th ra, kh trng pha di nn phng ng s l kh h khng, lm cho kh trng trong phng khng n nh, nh hng n s ho thun v chng. [Phng php ho gii] ho gii st kh ny th trong phng hy t u nhau 36 ng tin c ho gii, ng thi c gng khng nn t phng ng ngay pha trn ch mi hin th ra. (Hnh trang 106)
15.
KING K MT MI TN XUYN TM
[Hin tng] Va m ca nh ra l mt ng i n tn cui nh, kh ca li i ny trc xng vo cc phng lm cho kh trng trong phng khng n nh, rt d sinh ra cc vn nh hng n sc kho c th con ngi. [Phng php ho gii] C th t mt bc bnh phong khng trong sut ho gii hoc treo mt tm rm vi di v ni ngng ca t chui ng tin Ng ho gii. (Hnh trang 107)
16.
KING K GNG I GING
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[Hin tng] Trong phng ng thng t bn trang im v t qun o, v thay v trang im thun tin nn chng thng c gng ln, nhng nu t sai ch, t gng chnh i vi ging ng th s nh hng nghim trng n cht lng gic ng v s trao i cht bnh thng ca c th, v th khng th khng thn trng. [Phng php ho gii] Phng thc ho gii trit nht l chuyn gng sang v tr khc khng chnh i vi ging ng. Nu khng th dch chuyn th c th tm thi dng vi dy che kn li (khng c dng cht liu vi ren, vi mng nhn xuyn qua c), khi no cn dng li tho ra, lm nh vy cng c hiu qu ho gii nht nh. (Hnh trang 108)
17.
KING K U GING KHNG C CH DA
[Hin tng] Khi t ging ng nht nh phi da vo tng, nu khng da vo tng, kh trng khng n nh s nh hng n cht lng gic ng, hn na tinh thn con ngi khng n nh, tnh tnh khng ng tin cy, lu ngy s lm tiu hao tinh lc, nh hng n sc kho c th. Rt nhiu ngi khng t ging st tng l do hon ton khng bit, t nay xin hy nh k. [Phng php ho gii] Nht nh phi cho u ging da tng, ngh ngi tt th sc kho mi tt. Nu c dm ngang p u ging th c th dng qu h l treo ln dm ngang hoc t pha u ging ho gii. (Hnh trang 109)
18.
KING K TI VI I GING
[Hin tng] Trong cuc sng hin thc ngy nay, ti vi dng nh khng th tch khi chng ta, rt nhiu ngi thch trc khi i ng hoc nm trn ging xem ti vi, v th trong phng ng u t mt chic ti vi, thc ra l do h khng bit iu ny nh hng nghim trng n sc kho c th: 1. Bc x ca ti vi s nh hng nghim trng n sc kho c th v cht lng gic ng; 2. 3. Con ngi s tr nn hay cu gt; V chng d xy ra tranh ci;
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4. Ngi trong nh khng bit ng tm hp lc, khng tn trng v thng cm ln nhau. [Phng php ho gii] Phng thc ho gii trit nht l chuyn ti vi ra khi phng ng. Nu khng th dch chuyn th khng c t ti vi chnh i ging ng, khi khng xem th dng vi dy y ti vi li, khi xem li m ra, nh vy cng c th t c hiu qu ho gii nht nh. (Hnh trang 110)
V. TH PHNG 1. CCH T BN SCH CHNH XC [Hin tng] Chng ta nu mun hc hnh tt, ngoi s n lc ca bn thn ra, nu phi hp vi v tr Vn Xng v t bn hc chnh xc th cng c th gip chng ta rt nhiu. Bn lm vic cng nh vy, nu bn mun c con ng t tng r rng v ginh c nhiu c hi thng li, cch t bn lm vic cng quyt nh s tt xu trong s nghip ca bn. Cch t bn sch chnh xc i khi c vi im nh sau: 1. Pha sau ch ngi phi c tng, biu th c ni lm ch da;
2. Trc bn phi c minh ng (c khong khng gian rng), c minh ng biu th c tin , c khng gian pht trin, nu ngay trc bn l mt tng th khng lnh; 3. 4. 5. 6. Bn sch khng c da tng ca; Bn sch khng c xng thng ca; Pha sau ch ngi khng c c ca s; Khng c t bn sch pha di dm ngang
(Hnh trang 111)
2.
KING K T BN SCH NGAY BN DI DM NH
[Hin tng] Bn sch t ngay pha di dm ngang s lm cho con ngi khng c t tng r rng, kh nng phn on gim, nh hng nghim trng ti hc tp v cng vic.
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[Phng php ho gii] Phng php ho gii hu hiu nht l chuyn sang v tr khc hoc trn nh nn lm li cho bng phng hoc trn hai u dm treo qu h l ng ho gii st kh. (Hnh trang 112)
3.
KING K BN SCH CNG CA
[Hin tng] Bn sch cng ca (t quay lng li ca) s lm cho khng th tp trung hc bi v lm vic. (Hnh trang 113) [Phng php ho gii] Phng thc ho gii tt nht l iu chnh v tr bn sch. Nu tm thi khng th iu chnh th c th t mt chui ng tin Ng pha di m gh n nh kh trng. (Hnh trang 114)
4. KING K BN SCH XNG CA [Hin tng] Bn sch t ngay v tr chnh i ca ra vo, phong thu gi l bn sch xng ca, d lm cho ngi hc bi v lm vic khng chuyn tm, tinh thn bt an. [Phng php ho gii] Phng thc ho gii tt nht l iu chnh v tr bn sch. Nu tm thi khng th iu chnh c th di m gh ngi c th t mt chui ng tin Ng n nh kh trng. (Hnh trang 115)
VI. NH V SINH 1. KING K NH V SINH NM GIA NH
[Hin tng] Nh v sinh nm gia nh l mt trong nhng i k ca dng trch, bi v l ni bi np u. Nu t nh v sinh chnh gia nh th s nh hng nghim trng n s n nh kh trng trong nh. Nhn t phong thu hin i, nh vy cn c th lm cho cht lng khng kh ca c ngi nh b xu im, nh hng n sc kho ngi sng trong nh.
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(Hnh trang 116) [Phng php ho gii] Phng php ho gii l trong nh v sinh t Hong Kim Ct hoc n chiu hot ho kh trng, ng thi trn ca treo mt tm rm vi di v chui ng tin Lc cn tr u kh bay ra ngoi. Tt nht l trong nh v sinh t mt bt mui bin tnh ho kh trng. (Hnh trang 117) * iu nn bit * Cng hiu ca K ln dm Bt qui (hnh con k ln dm bt qui ngoi trang ba 1) l: 1. Ho gii xuyn tm st: dm ngang t ca xuyn thng vo hnh thnh xuyn tm st kh, c th treo mt con K ln dm Bt qui ho gii; 2. Dm ngang p bp: Dm ngang p bp gy tn hi rt ln n ngi trong nh, cn c hiu ng nh dao lm chy mu, c th treo mt con K ln dm Bt qui v qu h l ng ho gii; 3. Cu thang gia nh: c th treo mt con K ln dm Bt qui pha trn cu thang l c th ho gii; 4. Thin tnh st: c th ho gii st kh ca Thin Tnh (ging tri) gia nh v nm trn phng Ng Qu; 5. Trong phng c tng ct cng c th dng K ln dm Bt Qui ho gii.
2.
KING K CA NH V SINH XNG THNG BN N
[Hin tng] Dng trch ca cc nh lu hin nay ngoi vic khng c din tch ln, rt t nh c khng gian k bn n, v th vic t bn n cng dn n mt s st kh khng ng c, trong nghim trng nht l nh v sinh xng thng bn n. Chng ta u bit nh v sinh l ni bi np u, y nhng mi kh chu v vi khun, cn bn n l chng ta n ung, nu b u kh xng t nh v sinh ra th s nh hng nghim trng n sc kho trng v ca ngi trong nh. V th khng th khng thn trng. (Hnh trang 118) [Phng php ho gii] Phng thc ho gii trit nht l t mt tm bnh phong khng trong sut chuyn hng u kh. Xin hy tham kho hnh v di y. Nu khng th t bc bnh phong th ca nh v sinh hy treo mt tm rm di dy v nng, ng thi ngng ca t mt chui ng tin Ng ho gii. (Hnh trang 119)
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3. KING K CA NH V SINH CHNH I CU THANG I XUNG [Hin tng] Ca nh v sinh chnh i cu thang i xung s lm cho u kh t nh v sinh xng thng xung di, bay vo ni dng trch, nh hng n sc kho v vn th ca ngi sng trong nh. [Phng php ho gii] Bn hy treo mt tm rm vi ca nh v sinh v ni ngng ca t chui ng tin Ng ho gii. Nu c qut thng gi hoc ca s trong nh v sinh th bn phi ch thng xuyn nh v sinh c thng gi cho u khi bay ra ngoi, gi nh v sinh lun sch s, kh ro. (Hnh trang 120)
4. I LN
KING K CA NH V SINH CHNH I CU THANG
[Hin tng] Ca nh v sinh chnh i cu thang i ln, kh t trn cu thang i xung xng thng vo nh v sinh, d lm cho u khi trong nh v sinh tch t kh tn, nui dng vi khun, nh hng n sc kho v vn th ca ngi trong nh. [Phng php ho gii] Bn hy treo mt tm rm vi ca nh v sinh v ni ngng ca t chui ng tin Ng ho gii. Nu c qut thng gi hoc ca s trong nh v sinh th bn phi ch thng xuyn nh v sinh c thng gi cho u khi bay ra ngoi, gi nh v sinh lun sch s, kh ro. (Hnh trang 121)
VII. KHC 1. CHNH KING K CU THANG TRONG PHNG CHNH I CA
Trong phong thu nh , t chnh th nh m ni, cu k nht chnh l vic lu ng ca kh. Kh v ngha c th l khng kh trong lnh, v ngha tru tng l vn kh v ti kh. Cu thang thng ln lu 2 ca cn nh, khng nhng ngi c th i li, m cn c th vn kh, tng cng kh lu thng trong nh. Do cu thang c xu th hng xon ln trn, dng nh ngi di khng nhn thy c u kia ca cu thang, v th
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cng c ngi coi n l tng trng cho tng lai ca ch nhn ngi nh, v th m c cch ni nh c cu thang bc bc cao. Pha trc chng ta nhc n, ca thng thng c coi l ci ming nh kh, nut kh. Ci ming np kh ny chnh i vi cu thang c tho ng khng? Bn thn cu thang l tng bc tng bc mt, nu kh va vo ca gp phi cu thang, cu thang chnh l mt ng ct ngang trc tin, nh vy l ct t ton b kh va vo, nh vy lm cho kh khng th thng sut, o lon kh trng. Kh trng va b o lon, mi trng trong nh t nhin b i u ht. T c th thy, m ca nhn thy cu thang, ln lu xung lu cha nhn thy ch thun tin no m thy nhng nh hng khng tt ti sc kho gia ch. V vy, khi thit k cu thang, mt kin trc s gii u c gng khng cho cu thang chnh i ca ra vo. Phng php m h ch yu s dng c 3 loi: Mt l, cu thang chnh i ca ln chuyn sang mt hng khc, v d thit k hnh dng cu thang hnh cung lm cho cu thang b chuyn hng, quay lng li vi ca; Hai l, giu cu thang i, tt nht l giu cu thang sau mt bc tng, dng hai bc tng kp cu thang li, nh vy khng ch khng ct on kh trng m cn gip ngi i ln xung cu thang c cm gic an ton, thm ch di gm cu thang cn c th thit k mt gian phng hoc nh v sinh; Ba l, gia ca v cu thang t mt bc bnh phong kh c th thun theo bc bnh phong m i vo nh. Ngoi vic cu thang khng nn chnh i ca ln ra, trong phong thu nh , mt iu cm k na lin quan n cu thang l t cu thang trung tm ca ngi nh. Bi v trung tm ca ngi nh c coi l huyt nhn, l im ngng kt ca kh. Mi ngi thng cho rng, y l ni linh hn ca cn nh, l ni tn qu nht ca cn nh. Huyt nhn, cch ni truyn thng ny c lng ng cho n tn ngy nay v tr thnh mt thi quen thm m ca ngi Trung Quc d trung vi thng, c trung, bt thin bt (ly trung tm l trn nht, chnh gia, khng nghing khng lch). Nu cu thang t gia nh l hin th ra tuyn binh ot ch (khch ln t ch nh, ph t chnh), cu thang dng cho ngi i li, ln xung lm cho ni y huyn no khng yn, khng ch lng ph di t bo bi huyt nhn, m cn c th c ngha bt knh gim p, giy xo, khng mang li vn may cho ngi trong nh. Cui cng, khi thit k cu thang cn ch phi nht tr vi phong cch tng th, hon cnh khng gian ca c cn nh sao cho hi ho thng nht, y chnh l nguyn tc ch yu nht trong phng thu nh . Nu thit k
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cu thang qu cht vt, hon thin qu qua loa ly lng ngi khc, tt nhin s lm cho ngi sng trong nh lun cm thy khng thoi mi. (Hnh trang 122 + 123)
2. NH
NHNG IU KING K V DNG GNG TRONG GIA
a. Kch c gng v cn phng phi t l. Gng treo trong nh nn ngi soi nhn thy c khun mt. Nu l gng hnh di, cho ngi soi nhn thy ton thn l tt nht. b. Gng khng c t trung ng Trung ng phng khch m t gng s lm tiu hao tinh lc, tinh thn ngi trong nh, bt li cho sc kho c th. c. Gng khng c i ca s. Nu bn ngoi ca s c ngi l th nh vy l bt li cho ngi ta; nu khng c ngi m ch l khong khng th bt li cho ngi trong nh mnh, hn na bn ngoi c nh sng chiu vo lm cm quan cm thy kh chu. d. Gng khng nn chiu u ging C ngi rt thch treo gng ln trong phng ng c th nhn thy t th kiu dim ca mnh, thc ra nh vy l khng nn. Bi v khi con ngi chm vo gic ng, kh trng l yu nht, lc ny gng s lm cho nng lng ca c th phn x ra ngoi, lm cho au u chng mt, hoa mt. C khi na m tnh dy nhn thy hnh nh ngi trong gng d lm cho git mnh kinh hi. e. King k hai tm gng chiu vo nhau Bi v nh vy s lm cho kh trng b o lon, quay i quay li khng n nh. f. Sau gh sofa king k treo gng Sau gh sofa khng c t gng, nh vy khng lnh. g. Ca chnh king k khm gng
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Nu khng phi gp trng hp l xng th ca tt nht khng c khm gng. h. Gng king k i ca Trong nhng trng hp bnh thng, gng khng th chiu thng vo bt c ca no, rt d b khu thit (li ting th phi) v bnh tt. Nu i vi ca chnh s lm cho ti kh ca ngi trong nh b phn x ra ngoi. i. Gng trong nh v sinh c th to mt cht Gng trong nh v sinh (bao gm c nh tm) c th ln mt cht n phn x li u kh ra ngoi, cng c tc dng dng soi khi trang im, cng c th lm tng din tch th gic v lm cho khng gian th gic rng ri hn. (Hnh trang 124 + 125)
3.
NHNG IU KING K TRONG HON THIN CA S
Ca s cng ging nh ca ra vo, l li i thu np nh nng mt tri v khng kh vo nh, cng l ng thng kt ni sinh hot c nhn vi th gii bn ngoi. Sng trong mt mi trng thiu nh sng thin nhin th th gii quan ca bn c th tr nn u m, lch lc. a. Kch c ca s phi ng nht Ca s phng khch hoc phng ng qu ln hoc s lng qu nhiu rt d lm cho mi quan h trong gia nh b bt ho, c th lp ca chp hoc treo rm ca s iu chnh khim khuyt ny, song hiu qu ca chp ln hn rm ca. Mt chic ca s ln st t, ma h s lm cho qu nhiu nh sng v nhit lng, ma ng th li lm cho nhit lng trong phng mt i qu nhiu, nh vy cn phi lp rm ca s hoc vt cho chn khc. Ca s tuy khng nn qu ln nhng cng khng nn qu nh. Cn phng c ca s qu nh s lm cho con ngi c cm gic ch giu tiu kh, ngi sng trong nh s tr nn lng d hp hi, sng hng ni. b. Ca s v hng nht nh phi sa cha Ca s l phong thu chi nhn (mt ca phong thu) ca mt ngi nh. m bo ngi sng trong nh c kho mnh, ca s v hng phi nhanh chng c sa cha, khng nn v vic nh m l mt vic ln, tit kim mn tin nh sa ca s m lm tn hi n sc kho c th.
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nh ca s nht nh phi cao hn chiu cao ngi sng trong , nh vy c th tng lng t tin v phong thi ca ngi sng trong , v khi ngm nhn cnh vt bn ngoi ca s con ngi cng khng phi khom lng un gi. c. Ca s hnh vung hoc ca s hnh vm Ca s hnh trn hoc hnh vm s lm cho con ngi c cm gic yn tnh nh gio ng, thch hp cho thit k trong phng ng. Ca s hnh vung lm cho con ngi c cm gic phn chn, thch hp thit k trong phng n hoc phng lm vic. Bnh thng nu trong nh c th kt hp thit k c hai loi ca s ny th s thu li kt qu rt tt. d. Phng thc m ca s king k m vo trong Ca s phng ng, phng khch v phng bp trong mt cn nh bn l theo loi hnh thc no? Chng m hng ln trn, m sang hai bn hay bt kn? V phong thu m ni, phng thc m ca s l m hng ra ngoi hoc hng ra hai bn, ly nguyn tc l khng nh hng n khu vc trc v sau ca s. Ca s m vo trong s lm cho ngi sng trong nh tr nn nht gan, hp hi, hn na ca s m vo trong thng b rm ca s hoc ca chp chn li, nh vy rt kh m. Nu ca s nh bn m vo trong th pha di ca s c th t mt bn cnh hoc mt my ghi m hay my phng thanh hot ho kh trng khu vc ny. Nu ca s trong nh ch c th m hng ln trn mt na, khng th m ht, s lm cho mi trng trong nh khng tt, cng vic ca ngi sng trong nh khng thun li. Nu gp phi trng hp ny th b ca s c th sn mu sng, lp ca chp chn nng, tt nht l khng nn treo rm vi, cnh ca s t mt bn cnh hoc gng knh hot ho kh trng. e. Mu sc khung ca s king k cng mu vi tng nh Ca s nh bn ln hay nh? Rng hay hp? Cao hay thp? Mt khung ca s c th nhn ra ngoi thy cnh p th no khc g mt bc tranh p, v th khung ca s khng nn cng mu vi tng mang li sc sng v kh nng sng to cho ngi sng trong nh. Ngoi ra, mu sc khung ca s nn trnh sn mu , bi v c gi l st kh nh t, d lm cho tinh thn ngi sng trong cng thng, v vy nn trnh loi sn mu . (Hnh trang 126 + 127)
4.
NHNG IU KING K V MU SC PHNG KHCH
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Mu sc phng khch khng nn qu ti, bt k l mu trn nh, tng, nn hay thm, sofa, rm ca u c mt s nguyn tc. Bnh thng trn nh nn cao v sng, mu trng sa nht l p nht, khng nn dng mu ti, cng khng nn gn gng. Mu trn nh nht nh phi nht hn mu nn nh, biu th thin thanh a trc (tri trong t c), nh vy v th gic mi khng c cm gic u nng chn nh. Mu sc ca cc vt dng khc cng nn ly mu nht lm ch, nhng khng c vt qu 75%, cn c th dng tranh ch tn ngi hoc nhng bc tranh c ngha treo lp ch trng. V iu ho mu sc chnh th m ni: Phng khch l Cn Trch (nm pha Ty Bc hng sang ng Nam) cn phi sng, c gng s dng h thng phn ln l mu trng, nh vy s gip cho ngi sng trong nh thng minh sng sut, thanh t tao nh. Nu s dng mu ti qu mt na tng din tch th d lm cho con ngi tr nn ti tm, ngc nghch, cng bt li cho nam gii. Phng khch l oi Trch (nm pha Ty sang ng) th sng sa l thch hp nht, nhng khng nn qu sng, tc l mu trng khng c vt qu tng din tch phng khch, nu khng e l gia nh s m thnh dng suy. Phng khch l Cn Trch (nm pha ng Bc sang Ty Nam) khng c qu rng ri, c th s dng nhiu mu nh mu trng, mu vng nht, mu c ph. Phng khch l Li Trch (nm pha Nam sang Bc) khng nn tha qu nhiu khng gian trng nu khng s lm cho ngi trong nh d cu gin, bc bi. Phng khch l Khm Trch (nm pha Bc sang Nam) nn s dng mu sc c tnh lnh v yn tnh, mu khng nn qu ti, nu khng s nghip v cng vic ca ngi trong nh s gp nhiu bt li. Phng khch l Khn Trch (nm pha Ty Nam sang ng Bc) vt dng nn nhiu v bng cht liu dy nng, nn s dng mu vng hoc h thng mu sc nguyn bn, tt nht nn trnh phng khch hp. Phng khch l Tn Trch (nm pha ng Nam sang Ty Bc) nn ngn v rng, c th dng h thng mu xanh l cy, tt nht trang tr nhiu cy c, hoa l. Phng khch l Chn Trch (nm pha ng sang Ty) nn ngn m rng, c th dng h thng mu xanh l cy, mu xanh da tri, nhng nn ch
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khng c vt qu mt na tng din tch phng khch, nu khng d lm cho ngi thng minh nhanh nhn tr nn chm chp t ni. (Hnh trang 128)
5. KHCH
NHNG IU KING K V HON THIN TRN PHNG
Trn phng khch l ni cao nht, i vi phong thu nh m ni, trn nh tng trng cho tri, v th tng i quan trng. Khi hon thin trn nh cn ch vi im sau y: a. Trn nh nn c thin tr (b tri)
Hu ht nhng cn nh hin i u cao trn 2,8m tr ln, nu nh phng khch m lp thm tm trn trang tr, thit k c cht khng hp l s tr nn tng i rm r, sinh ra cm gic b tri p bc, ngi sng trong nh s cm thy p lc rt ln. Gi d, dm ngang ca trn p xung qu thp, bt k l v phng din phong thu hay phng din thit k u khng hp l. Trong trng hp ny c th thit k tm trn gi bn bn thp, trung gian cao, nh vy khng nhng lm cho th gic cm thy thoi mi m v tr gia trn c hnh lm vo s hnh thnh nn Thin tr t thu (b tri ng nc), nh vy s c ch cho ngi sng trong . Nu gia Thin tr t thu ny c treo mt chm n thu tinh rc r th s p nh v rng thm mt, nhng khng nn lp gng trn trn, l mt i k trong phong thu. b. Trn trn nh nn giu bng n nht quang
C mt s phng khch thiu nh sng ca mt tri chiu vo, ngy cng ti nh m, khng kh m m, sng lu nh vy s lm cho tinh thn b tt dc. Nu vo trng hp ny, tt nht l trong bn khe xung quanh tm trn nn lp n nht quang b sung nh sng. Tia sng pht ra t trong tm trn va khng lm ngi trong phng b lo mt, hn na tia sng ca bng n nht quang l gn ging vi tia sng mt tri nht. i vi phng khch thiu nh sng t nhin th y l gii php thch hp nht. Hn na n nht quang v n chm thu tinh c th cng ng hnh m khng k nhau, ban ngy u dng n nht quang chiu sng, ban ti li thp n chm thu tinh. c. Mu sc trn nh nn nh, khng nn nng
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Da theo nguyn l phong thu, thanh kh nh m bay bng, trc kh nng m chm xung, v th mi c cch ni thin thanh a trc (tri trong t c). ph hp vi nguyn l ny, khi hon thin phng khch, tm trn bt k s dng cht liu g u phi c mu sc nht hn mu ca nn nh v tng, nu mu sc tm trn qu nng s lm cho ngi sng trong nh c cm gic b chn p, nn, v th tuyt i khng nn s dng tm trn mu sc qu m, nh vy va lng ph tin ca li va khng c li cho sc kho, sng lu s gy nh hng khng tt ti sc kho c th v tinh thn. (Hnh trang 129)
6.
NHNG IU KING K V T CA LI I
* C mt s phng khch gia li c mt li i, nhn t gc phong thu, nu xut hin hai trng hp sau th cn thit t ca li i. a. Tn cng li i l nh v sinh
C mt s ngi nh, pha tn cng li i l nh v sinh, khng nhng kh gy n tng m v phong thu b coi l bt ct. Sau khi t ca li i, ngi trong phng khch khng gp phi tnh hung ngi ngng l nhn thy ngi qua li nh v sinh, hn na li trnh c u kh t nh v sinh bay vo phng khch. b. Ca trc xng phng ng
C mt s ngi nh thit k khng hp l, c th xut hin tnh trng ca ra vo chnh v ca phng ng nm trn mt ng thng, hn na c mt s nh ca ra vo, ca phng v ca s trong phng cng nm trn mt ng thng, trng hp nh vy cng c th s dng phng php t ca cho vng kh v ti kh khng b mt i. * t ca li i cn c mt s im li sau: a. Bo v s ring t: S phng khong v b mt ca phng khch v phng ng r rng l ring bit, c ca ngn cch s lm cho khch n chi khng th can thip vo lnh vc i sng ring t trong phng ng. b. Bo v s yn tnh: Sau khi t ca li i, nhng m thanh ni chuyn v s no nhit trong phng khch khng b truyn vo trong phng ng lm phin n ngi ang ngh ngi.
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c. Tit kim ngun nng lng: t ca li i, khi ngi nh hot ng trong phng khch ch cn ng ca li, kh lnh s khng th vo phng ng, nh vy l c th tit kim s tiu hao ngun nng lng khng cn thit. d. Lm p ngi nh: Nhiu nh c phng khch sp xp rt gn gng, p mt, nhng li i v phng ng li ba bn, ln xn. Nu li i c ca chn li th ci xu s c che i. e. Tit kim khng gian: th hin i ngy nay th tc t l tc vng, cui li i t mt t ng linh tinh s tit kim c khng t khng gian, hn na ca li i va hay c th dng t che i khuyt im. t ca li i nn h thc thng h, l tng nht l na pha di l g, na pha trn l knh, bi v nh vy l va c ci gc kin c m li khng nhn xuyn qua c. Nu dng ca ton g, kn qu khng thng gi, lm gim cm gic thng sut ca phng khch. Nhng nu dng ca ton knh th lm cho phng khch qu thng sut m li mt i tnh kn o, v th khng l tng, c bit l nh c tr nh, knh l cht liu rt d v v th khng nn chn dng. Ngoi ra, khung ca li i khng c chn hnh nh hnh bu dc, bi hnh bu dc ging nh hnh ngi m, nh vy l khng tt lnh cho ngi nh. * Nu gp phi hai trng hp sau th li i khng nn t ca: a. Phng qu nh khng nn t ca Phng khch c din tch nh th kh t ca li i, bi v thm vo li i phng khch nhn vo thy su hn mt cht, nu lp ca th s gy cm gic cht hp. b. Phng t ca s khng nn t ca Li i t ca s lm cho khng kh trong phng khch tr nn ngng tr, bi v phng khch t ca s, khng kh bn ngoi rt kh lt vo phng, nu li lp thm ca th khng kh trong phng khch khng c trao i vi cc phng khc, nh vy ng nhin l khng khoa hc. * Ngoi ra, nhng nm gn y phong cch Chu u ang thnh hnh, cng c mt s nh s dng ct tr kiu phng Ty trang tr trong nh , thch hai bn ca vo li i lp hai ct, nh vy cng khng c g l sai, nhng nu xut hin hai trng hp sau th cn phi thn trng. a. Phng nh ca hp khng c lp ct tr
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Nu din tch phng khch nh, li i li cht hp, bng nhin ca li i xut hin hai ct tr s lm cho phng khch cng tr nn nh hp hn, ca li i s tr nn cht chi. b. Ct tr hnh nn tuyt i khng c s dng C mt s ngi thch s dng ct tr trn hnh nn, nu l mu khc th c, cn nu l mu trng th l i k. Bi v nh vy ging nh hai cy nn trng cm hai bn li vo phng ng. Trong phong tc truyn thng Trung Quc, nn trng ch dng trong tang l, v th nu phng khch s dng ct tr hnh nn trng, khng nh l hung ch khng ct, cn c gng tho d i. (Hnh 130 + 131 + 132)
7.
TUYT I KING K CCH GIAN 3, 4, 8
Trong th gii thut s m dng Trung Quc, mi mt con s u c ngha su sa ca n, trong cng c hm cha sc mnh thn b tng i ln. S cch gian phng trong nh cng vy. Da theo ghi chp ca khng t sch c phong thu, s cch gian trong mt ngi nh (bao gm nh v sinh, phng bp, phng ct gi ) tt nht khng c l 3, 4, 8. V sao vy? iu ny ni ra rt di dng, bn ch cn ghi nh ba con s ny trong phong thu dng trch khng thch hp l c, s 3, 4, 8 thuc s hung. ng nhin ri, s cch gian khc nh 1 gian, 2 gian, 5 gian, 6 gian, 7 gian v 9 gian u thuc s ct, t nht th v s l cng khng c hin tng i hung. Nu bn mun sng trong mt ngi nh thng phong thng thu th hy tham kho phng php ny. (Hnh 1 trang 133)
8.
KING K NH V SINH (BAO GM C NH TM) MU
Do nh v sinh thuc Thu, v th mu sc nh v sinh cng cn c xem xt, tt nht l chn mu trng thuc Kim v mu en, mu xanh da tri thuc thu, va c th ni bt bu khng kh ca nh v sinh, li va c cm gic yn tnh, c li cho vic th lng tinh thn cho ngi vo nh v sinh. Nu nh v sinh s dng mu sc chi mt nh mu th d lm cho phong thu i cng, lm cho ngi s dng sinh ra tm l bc bi, qu l khng tho ng phi khng.
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* Bn cu ca T Hi Thi Hu Theo cc ti liu c c ni, bn cu ca T Hi Thi Hu s dng c lm t g bch n thm, bn ngoi khc mt con thn ln ln, bn chn ca n chm xung t v cng chnh l chn ca bn cu, ming m rng ngm giy, ui thn ln cun trn li lm tay nm, bng thn ln chnh l ng, bn trong t rt nhiu vn g thm sch s. Khi T Hi bi tin, tin vt lin b vi lp vo trong ng vn g , b vn g bao cht, v th m khng h nhn thy vt bn, ng nhin l cng khng c mi hi thi no c.
9. NG
KING K NN NH V SINH CAO HN NN PHNG
C mt s ngi khi hon thin nh v sinh (bao gm c nh tm) li thch xy thm trong nh v sinh mt ci bn tm, ci bn ny cao hn nn 12 bc, sau tm trong ci bn . Thc ra m ni, b cc nh vy rt p, bn thn ti cng thch. Nhng ti c mt kin nh cho bn l tt nht khng nn thit k kiu ny cho nh v sinh trong phng ng, bi v da theo nguyn l gia tng hc ca truyn thng Trung Quc, nn nh v sinh khng c cao hn nn phng ng, c bit l v tr nh tm khng c c cm gic cao cao ti thng. Hc thuyt Ng Hnh cho rng, nc chy theo hng t trn xung, sng lu nh vy s b nc t nhun trong phng ng, d gy nh hng khng tt cho sc kho. Nu bn thch bn cu theo kiu phong cch ny th c th t mt phng v sinh khc xa phng ng, ch khng nn t trong nh v sinh trong phng ng. (Hnh 2 trang 133 + 134)
10.
KING K V HNG NH TM
i vi phong thu nh m ni, nh tm dn n hung tng lm ngi ta s hi nht. c bit khi gia trch b coi l nm trn phng ng Bc ca Hu Qu Mn v phng Ty Nam ca Tin Qu Mn. l do phng ng Bc trong Hu Thin Bt Qui c coi l Cn Qui, phng Ty Nam trong Bt Qui c coi l Khn Qui, tnh cht ca chng l thuc Th, cn Qui tng ca nh tm l thuc Thu. em nh tm thuc Thu t trn Cn Phng v Khn Phng thuc th s sinh ra bt li th khc thu, v th l i hung. Trong phong thu nh , nh tm khng mang li hung tng, tt nht nn t hng Ty Bc, ng Nam hoc pha ng (nhn t trung tm
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ngi nh). ng thi, cn phi trnh hng tng xung vi nm sinh ca nam n ch nh. Nu nh tm hng Bc hoc hng ng Bc th cn chuyn nh tm sang phng v khc, ch cn trnh trung tm chnh Bc 150 (phm vi T), ng Bc lch v Bc 150 (phm vi Su) v trung tm ng Bc 150 (phm vi Cn) l c. Nu tnh ton b nh v sinh u nm trn hng Bc hoc ng Bc th ch cn t bn cu lch i phng v trn 150 l c. Nu bn cu nm trong phm vi ny th ch cn dch chuyn bn cu l c, khng cn phi ci to l nh tm. Ngoi hng Bc v hng ng Bc ra, nh tm nm trn hng Ty Nam cng thuc hung tng. Nu cn dch chuyn th ch c th dch chuyn sang hng Ty hoc Ty Bc. Nh tm nm hng Ty cng khng tt, song ch cn trong nh khng c ngi sinh nm Du th khng cn phi lo lng. thit k vn ton, c th t bn cu hng Ty Bc, cng thuc phm vi Tut Cn Hi. Khng nn t nh v sinh hng Nam, tt nht chuyn sang phng v ng, ng Nam, Ty Bc, bi v hng Nam l phng v sng sa, hng Nam l Ly Qui, Ng hnh thuc Ha, cn nh tm Ng hnh thuc Thu, nh tm thuc Thu t hng Nam thuc Ho l nh tm khc vi Ho a, v th bt ct. Nh tm nu nm trn phng v ny th c th nh hng n vn kh. Cn mt im na cng v cng quan trng, nh v sinh khng nn t v tr trung tm nh, nguyn nhn nh sau: Mt l, da vo phng v lc th, trung tm nh thuc Th, cn nh v sinh, nh tm thuc th. Nu em nh v sinh thuc thu t vo v tr trung tm thuc th th s xy ra s tng khc, th khc thu. Khng nhng tri vi o phong thu m cn gy mt thm m, khng to c n tng. Hai l, nh tm, nh v sinh t v tr trung tm nh th vic cp nc v x nc u phi i thng qua cc phng khc nn vic sa cha l v cng kh khn. Nu ng ng x nc thi cng i qua cc phng khc vy th cng bt ct. Ba l, trung tm nh cng nh tri tim con ngi vy, v cng quan trng, tim tng m tng np u th cn c gi l ct trch na khng? Ngoi ra, dch chuyn v tr nh v sinh tuyt i khng c xy n st vi thn n (ni th cng), nu khng th s b bin thnh hung tng. (Hnh trang 135)
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CHNG III: NHNG IU CM K TRONG PHNG TR NHIM
1. TH NO L NGI NH KHO MNH Da theo nh ngha ca T chc Y t Th gii (WHO), ngi nh kho mnh l ngi nh c th lm cho ngi sng trong lun lun trng thi tt v cc mt sc kho, tinh thn, x hi. Ni mt cch c th, yu cu thp nht ca ngi nh kho mnh c vi phng din sau y: (1) Nng ho cht c th dn n d ng l rt thp; (2) C gng khng s dng cc cht liu hon thin tng, tm g dn c to ra cc mi ho cht; (3) Lp t thit b trao i khng kh c tnh nng tt c th y cc cht nhim trong phng ra ngoi, t bit l i vi nhng ngi nh khp kn hon ton, c tnh cch nhit cao th cng cn thit phi s dng h thng trao i khng kh c ng gi khng kh trong nh c i mi nh k; (4) Trong phng bp cn thit phi lp t thit b thng gi hoc thit b ht kh; (5) Nhit ca phng ng, bp, nh v sinh, nh tm, hnh lang,... nn quanh nm duy tr khong 170C n 270C; (6) m trong phng m bo quanh nm trong khong 40% ~ 70%; (7) Nng kh CO2 phi thp hn 1000ppm; (8) Nng bi bay trong phng phi thp hn 0,15mg/m3; (9) Ting n cng phi nh hn 50 decibel; (10) nh nng mt tri chiu vo mt ngy cn m bo trn 3 ting ng h; (11) Cn lp t thit b h thng chiu sng cung cp nh sng; (12) Nh phi c kh nng phng chng tai nn t nhin; (13) C din tch bnh qun u ngi; (14) Nh phi tin cho vic chm sc ngi gi v ngi tn tt.
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Ngoi nhng iu trn ra, v trong vt liu xy dng c cha rt nhiu vt hu c c hi, nn nh sau khi thi cng cn phi cch mt khong thi gian (t nht 2 tun) th mi c vo , trong thi gian ny phi tin hnh thng gi v cho khng kh c trao i. (Hnh trang 138)
2. TIU CHUN CHT LNG KHNG KH NH Cng vi s tin b x hi v mc sng ca con ngi dn dn nng cao, thi ca con ngi i vi cuc sng bt u chuyn bin. Ch trng cht lng cuc sng, theo ui mc tiu sng lc quan, vui v ang dn tr thnh tro lu chnh ca con ngi hin i ngy nay, cn mi quan h mt thit gia vic hon thin nh vi cuc sng ca mi ngi l mt tiu im c mi ngi v cng quan tm. Giai on hin nay hnh thc nhim do trang tr ni tht v cng nghim trng. Nc ta s ngi t vong do nhim khng kh trong nh mi nm t trn 11 vn ngi. Do nhim mi trng trong nh nguy hi n sc kho gy ra tn tht kinh t n hng t la M. ng thi vi vic con ngi lm p cho mi trng nh , cng cn nhn mnh vic chm sc sc kho v bo v mi trng l v cng quan trng. i din vi tnh hung ny, Cc kim dch kim nghim cht lng Quc gia, Tng c bo v mi trng Quc gia, B y t ban hnh Tiu chun cht lng khng kh trong nh v n nay cng thc thi c vi nm. Tiu chun ny cung cp d liu v cng hu ch cho ngi tiu dng gii quyt vn nhim. Tiu chun ny dn n khi nim cht lng khng kh trong nh , a ra chnh xc yu cu khng kh trong nh khng c, khng hi, khng mi d thng. Trong , cc hng mc trong quy nh c th nh bng sau: Bng tiu chun cht lng khng kh trong phng (S tiu chun: GB/T 18883~2002)
L oi tham s T vt Tham s n v Gi tr tiu chun 22~28 C 16~24 m % 77 40~80 Ma ng Ma h Ghi ch Ma h
Nhit
nh l
Nhng iu cm k trong phong thu trang tr tng i 30~60 Tc lu thng khng kh Lng gi mi SO2 NO2 CO CO2 NH3 O3 T ho C 6 H6 C 7 H8 C8H10 Benzen [a] v B (a) P Cc ht nh c th ht vo PM10 Cht hu c c tnh ta mi T nh phng x Radon
222
Ma ng Ma h Ma ng
0,3 m/s 0,2 M3/h/ ngi Mg/m3 Mg/m3 Mg/m3 % Mg/m3 Mg/m3 Mg/m3 Mg/m3 Mg/m3 Mg/m3 Mg/m3 30a 0,50 0,24 10 0,10 0,20 0,16 0,10 0,11 0,20 0,20 1,0
Gi tr bnh qun mi gi Gi tr bnh qun mi gi Gi tr bnh qun mi gi Gi tr bnh qun mi ngy Gi tr bnh qun mi gi Gi tr bnh qun mi gi Gi tr bnh qun mi gi Gi tr bnh qun mi gi Gi tr bnh qun mi gi Gi tr bnh qun mi gi Gi tr bnh qun mi ngy Gi tr bnh qun mi ngy Gi tr bnh qun mi 8 gi Gi tr bnh qun nm
nh hc
HCHO Benzen
Mg/m3
0,15
Mg/m3
0,60
Rn
Bq/m3
400
78
Nhng iu cm k trong phong thu trang tr T sinh
nh vt
Tng s vi khun
3
Cfu/m
2500
Da my o
theo
Trong : 1. Tham s cht lng khng kh trong phng (indoor air parameter): ch tham s ca khng kh trong phng c tnh vt l, ho hc, sinh vt v phng x c lin quan n sc kho con ngi. 2. Nhng ht nh c th ht vo (particles with diameters of 10 m or less, PM10): ch nhng ht c ng knh ng lng ng lc hc khng kh 10m bay bng trong khng kh. 3. Hp cht hu c c tnh to mi (Total Volatile Organic Compounds TVOC): ch cc cht hu c s dng TenaxGC hoc TenaxTA ly mu, dng que sc ph phi cc tnh (ch s cc tnh <10) tin hnh phn tch, thi gian bo lu mi ca cc cht ny tn ti trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. 4. Trng thi tiu chun (normal state): ch trng thi mi trng khi nhit l 273K, p sut l 101,325kPa. 5. Yu cu lng gi mi gi tr tiu chun, yu cu tham s khc tr nhit v m tng i gi tr tiu chun. 6. Mc hnh ng: tc l mun t c mt mc ny phi s dng nhng hnh ng d phng h thp nng Radon trong phng. Tiu chun cht lng khng kh trong nh v Quy phm khng ch nhim mi trng trong kin trc nh dn dng, Gii hn cht c hi trong mi loi vt liu xy dng hon thin nh c Quc gia cng b trc y cng nhau cu thnh nn mt h thng nh gi v khng ch nhim mi trng nh tng i hon chnh. V ni dung c th, nu bn c c hng th xin hy tham kho cc cun sch ny. (Hnh trang 139)
3. NGUN GC NHIM KHNG KH NH nhim khng kh nh ch yu bt ngun t 3 phng din sau y: 1. nhim cht liu trang tr ni tht
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y l ngun gc ch yu dn ti nhim khng kh nh hin nay. Khi trang tr ni tht c s dng cc loi vt liu c cha cc cht c c Formaldehyde (Metal) HCHO, Benzen C6H6 nh sn tng, tm g dn, vn vn bo p. B cc cht c c ny vo trong nh s gy ra rt nhiu bnh cho ngi sng trong nh bnh v ng h hp, ng tiu ho, ni khoa thn kinh, th lc, th gic, hn na thi k gii phng ca cc cht c ny tng i di. Thi k gii phng ca Formaldehyde (Metal) trong nh l 3 ~ 15 nm. Sau khi hon thin nh, trong mt thi gian ngn s dng bin php thng gi bi tr nhim do cc cht c c sinh ra cng khng pht huy c tc dng. 2. nhim gia dng trong nh gia dng l nhng dng phm quan trng trong nh v trong vn phng lm vic, do cc gia dng hin nay a phn l tm g dn c cha lng ln cht c c, y cng l mt ngun gc dn n nhim khng kh trong nh . 3. nhim thn tng ca vt kin trc Trong khi thi cng xt dng, ngoi vic s dng b tng ra, h cn s dng ph liu, c bit l thi cng vo ma ng, trong thn tng b tng cn s dng cht chng ng m nguyn liu ch yu l ure v amoniac. Cht ph liu c cha lng ln cht amoniac ny trong thn tng cng vi s bin i ca cc nhn t mi trng nh nhit , m m t t gii phng thnh kh amoniac, lm cho nng amoniac trong khng kh trong nh tng cao. (Hnh trang 141)
4. NH VA MI XY XONG KHNG NN NGAY Nh va mi xy xong khng nn ngay trong , bi v trong nh khng ch c nhim Formaldehyde (Metal), m cn c Benzen, Radon, TVOC Sau khi xy dng, sp t dng trong nh xong nn m tt c cc ca ra, trc tin nn trng nh 2 ~ 4 thng. Trong thi gian ny l thi k to mi cp tnh ca cc cht kh c hi, mi rt nng, cn phi duy tr thng gi cc kh nhanh chng c gii phng. Sau 2 ~ 4 thng, ng tt c cc ca li trong vng 12 ting ng h, cm gic mi kh vn khng gim i bao nhiu, iu chng t nng kh c hi trong gia dng v cht liu hon thin nh tng i cao. Lc ny
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nu ch da vo vic thng gi vn khng th gii quyt tt vn . Thi k gii phng ca Formaldehyde (Metal) l 3 ~ 15 nm, thi gian kh di. Tt nht nn mi mt trung tm kim nghim c uy tn n kim tra, t nht phi kim tra nng Formaldehyde (Metal) v Benzen. Nhng kim tra khng phi l mc ch, m ch l phng php. Nu ch tiu vt qu cho php th phi tin hnh x l ngay. nhim d mi mc nh th c th thng qua phng php trng cc loi cy xanh, t than hot tnh hoc thng gi i mi khng kh, hoc cng c th lp my lc khng kh gii quyt vn . nhim d mi mc va v nng th cn phi thng qua x l chuyn nghip gii quyt. Chu k gii phng Formaldehyde (Metal) tng i di, hn na Formaldehyde (Metal) c trong gia dng v vt liu hon thin nh khng ngng gii phng ra, thng gi khng tt hoc hm lng Formaldehyde (Metal) c trong gia dng vt qu ch tiu cho php s c th dn n nhim khng kh trong phng. Phng php c bn nht l tin hnh x l tng hp chuyn nghip vn nhim ny, s dng phng php khng ch s gii phng cc cht nhim v tin hnh x l vt l hoc ho hc cc cht kh c hi gii phng ra. (Hnh trang 142) * Phng php thanh tr d mi trong nh 1. Mi mc hoc mi m mc Khi trong t qun o hoc ngn ko bc ra mi mc hoc mi m mc ch cn t vi cc than hoa vo trong t qun o hoc ngn ko l c. 2. Mi kh chu trong nh v sinh Trc tin dng nc ty ra sch s, sau dng l du gi mi du gi bay ra, mi kh chu ca nh v sinh s t nhin bin mt. 3. Khi thuc v mi khi thuc l t vi chic khn bng t nhiu v tr khc nhau trong nh hoc thp vi ngn nn, khi thuc v mi khi thuc s nhanh chng bin mt, cng c th dng khn nhng vo gim v gi cao quay quay vi ln s ngay tc khc c hiu qu, hoc dng bnh xt xt gim cng c. 4. Mi sn t vi x nc lnh trong nh hoc em hnh ty ct lt th vo trong nc lnh ri t trong nh, mi sn s lp tc bin mt. Phng php ny
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ch c th gii quyt vn trong mt thi gian ngn. Nu mun x l tt hn th cn bin php x l chuyn nghip. (Hnh trang 143)
5. HIN TNG THNG THY V NHIM KHNG KH NH nhim do hon thin nh l mt trong nhng ngun gc ch yu dn n nhim trong nh . Trong nhng vt liu dng hon thin nh nh sn, vt liu sn, tm g dn, nilon dn tng, lt u c cha cc cht c hi nh Formaldehyde (Metal), benzen, Radon. Nhng cht c hi ny chnh l st th v hnh tim n trong khng kh, c mi lm cay mi, cay mt, c mi dn n au u, tc ngc, thm ch trng c mn tnh. L mt ngi dn bnh thng, nhim khng kh nh ca mnh c vt qu ch tiu hay khng chng ta cng kh bit chnh xc, nhng chng ta c th thng qua mt s hin tng thng thy bc u phn on c phi khng kh trong nh mnh nhim hay khng. Nhng hin tng thng gp ny c chia thnh: (1) Vo mi bui sng sm, sau khi thc dy bn cm thy ngt ngt kh chu, bun nn, thm ch hoa mt chng mt; (2) Sau khi mi chuyn nh, bng nhin con vt cng b cht;
(3) Tt c mi ngi trong nh u mc chung mt cn bnh, nhng sau khi ri khi mi trng , triu chng bnh tt s c chuyn bin r rt v tt ln; (4) Ngi trong nh thng c triu chng d ng trn da, hn na d ng cn c tnh pht tn rng theo tng cm; (5) Tuy khng ht thuc l, cng rt t khi tip xc vi mi trng c khi thuc, nhng li thng xuyn cm thy kh chu ni c hng, cm gic c d vt trong hng, h hp khng thng sut; (6) V chng mi ci sng vi nhau thi gian kh di m vn cha c con, hn na tm khng ra nguyn nhn, hoc ph n mang thai trong tnh trng mang thai bnh thng nhng li pht hin ra thai nhi d hnh; (7) Trng cy trong nh khng d sng, l d b vng, kh ho, c bit l mt s loi thc vt c sc sng rt mnh cng kh sinh trng bnh thng;
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(8) Ngi trong nh c bit l tr nh rt d b cm mo, ho, ht hi, kh nng min dch km, tr con khng chu v nh; (9) Vt nui trong nh nh ch, mo, thm ch l loi c nhit i cng cht mt cch v l; (10) Nh mi xy hoc vt dng mi mua c d mi gy kh chu cho mi, hn na sau hn mt nm m nhng mi vn khng bay ht. ng nhin, nu mun a ra nh gi chnh xc xem khng kh mi trng trong nh mnh nhim vt qu ch tiu hay khng th cn phi thng qua c cu kim nh mi trng kim nh mi c th bit c. (Hnh trang 144)
6. MUA DNG GIA NH KHNG C COI THNG YU CU BO V MI TRNG (1) gia dng bng g Chn sn v cht keo dn g ph hp vi tiu chun Quc gia, gia dng bng by cn phi ch hm lng kim loi nng theo yu cu tiu chun Quc gia. Mt s gia dng bng g, c bit l t qun o, t sch c khi cn s dng bng tm g nhn to, cn phi chn tm g nhn to ph hp vi tiu chun Quc gia, ng thi nn tin hnh bt kn v x l v mt. (2) gia dng bng g tm nhn to Ch x l tm bt xung quanh, bao gm nhng mt phng nh ngn ko, tm ngn cch Tm lng, tm ngn cch, tm y ngn ko nht nh phi dng tm 2 mt, ng thi yu cu tm 2 mt c sn xut bi c s sn xut chnh quy. Lng gii phng Formaldehyde (Metal) phi ph hp yu cu tiu chun Quc gia. (3) gia dng bng vi c bit ch n cht lng ca nhi bn trong v cht keo knh, ngay khi mua c th m ra xem, ngi xem c mi g khng. Ch nhim bi khung gi ca cc gia dng , nhng tm g c li hoc tm g dn, g nhn to cht lng thp c th gy nhim Formaldehyde (Metal). Cht liu b mt ngoi cng cn phi ch , hin nay tiu chun an ton ca mt s cc sn phm may dt c yu cu hm lng cht Formaldehyde (Metal) rt nghim khc. (Hnh trang 145 + 146-1)
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7. KHNG C COI NH NHIM FORMALDEHYDE (METAL) Formaldehyde (HCHO) l mt loi th kh khng mu, c mi c tnh kch thch mnh, d tan trong nc, nhit bnh thng l th kh, thng thng xut hin di hnh thc l dung dch nc. im si ca dung dch ny l 190C. Vi nhit trong phng rt d b bay hi, tc bay hi tng theo nhit . N c tc dng l ng cng protein, dung dch nc 35% ~ 40% thng c gi l dung dch Formalin, thng dng lm dung dch ngm tiu bn. Formaldehyde l cht c c tnh tng i cao, trong bng danh sch nhng cht ha hc c c th Formaldehyde (Metal) ng th 2. Formaldehyde trong mi trng nh ch yu c ngun gc t cc sn phm cng nghip ho cht nh vt liu xy dng, vt phm hon thin nh v dng gia nh. ng thi cng bao gm c mt s nhn t th yu l nhin liu t v l thuc l cha chy ht hon ton. Formaldehyde (Metal) c tnh kt dnh mnh, ng thi cn c th tng cng cng, chng n mn, chng mt cho cc vt liu, v th cc loi tm g dn, tm g p, tm si p trn th trng s dng cc loi keo knh, keo nha m thnh phn ch yu chnh l Formaldehyde (Metal), do khng th trnh khi cha Formaldehyde (Metal). Ngoi ra, trong nhng thit b ph tr hon thin cho gia dng kiu mi, tng nh, nn nh u c s dng cht keo dn, v vy nhng ni no dng keo dn th ni s gii phng ra kh Formaldehyde (Metal), gy nguy hi cho mi trng. Vt liu cch nhit nha xp c cha Formaldehyde (Metal) v Ure c tc dng cch nhit rt tt, v th thng c ch thnh kt cu bao quanh vt kin trc nhit trong phng khng b chu nh hng ca nhit bn ngoi. Ngoi ra, Formaldehyde (Metal) cn c th c ngun gc t m phm, cht ty ra, cht st trng, cht kh trng tiu c, cht chng ra nt, mc in, giy vit Chnh v vy, ni mt cch tng th, ngun gc ca Formaldehyde (Metal) trong mi trng nh rt rng. Bnh thng nh mi xy xong, hm lng Formaldehyde (Metal) c th t n 0,40mg/m3, c bit c ni ln n 1,50mg/m3. Hm lng Formaldehyde (Metal) trong mi trng nh c mi quan h mt thit vi cc nhn t: thi gian s dng, nhit , m v tnh trng thng gi trong nh. Trong nhng trng hp bnh thng, thi gian s dng nh cng di th hm lng Formaldehyde (Metal) cn lu li cng t; nhit cng cao, m cng ln th cng c li cho vic gii phng Formaldehyde (Metal); iu lin thng gi cng tt th s gii phng Formaldehyde (Metal) trong cc gia dng, vt liu xy dng cng nhanh, cng c li cho s trong sch mi trng nh . i vi mt ngi nh
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mi xy dng xong, trong trng hp bnh thng, sau 5 thng nng Formaldehyde (Metal) c th thp hn 0,1mg/m3; sau 7 thng hon thin c th gim xung cn 0,08mg/m3 tr xung. Formaldehyde (Metal) c T chc Y t Th gii xc nh l cht c th dn n bnh ung th v gy ra d hnh, l ngun gc ca phn ng bin thi con ngi, cng l mt trong nhng cht tim n gy t bin mnh. Formaldehyde (Metal) c kh nng gy ung th rt mnh v thc y bnh ung th nng thm. Biu hin ch yu nh hng ca Formaldehyde (Metal) n sc kho c th ngi l khu gic d thng, kch thch, d ng, chc nng phi d thng, chc nng gan d thng v chc nng min dch d thng. Khi nng Formaldehyde (Metal) t n 0,06 ~ 0,07 mg/m3, tr nh s b hen suyn nh; Khi hm lng Formaldehyde (Metal) trong khng kh nh l 0,1mg/m3 th s c mi d thng v cm gic kh chu; Khi t n 0,5mg/m3 c th kch thch n mt, gy chy nc mt; Khi t n 0,6mg/m3 c th lm cho c hng kh chu hoc au. Khi nng cao hn na th c th gy bun nn, nn ma, tc ngc, hen suyn; Khi nng t trn 65mg/m3 th gy vim phi, ph thng phi, thm ch c khi dn n t vong. Lu ngy tip xc vi Formaldehyde (Metal) c hm lng thp c th dn n cc bnh mn tnh v ng h hp, dn n ung th mi hng, ung th kt trng, u no, ri lon kinh nguyt, t bin gien nhn t bo, xon chui DNA n, xon DNA v protein, c ch s phc hi tn thng DNA, chng tng hp thai sn, dn n nhim sc th d thng tr s sinh, bnh mu trng, dn n tr nh v tr lc thanh thiu nin gim. Trong tt c nhng ngi tip xc, tr em v ph n mang thai cc k mn cm vi Formaldehyde, v nguy hi cng ln. (Hnh trang 146-2 + 147 + 148)
8. KHNG C X L QUA LOA KHI NNG FORMALDEHYDE VT QU TIU CHUN CHO PHP Phn ln vt liu xy dng nh trong qu trnh ch to v sn xut u s dng lng ln cht keo dn, thnh phn ch yu ca n l nha ure aldehydes. Nhng cht ny sau khi kh s lu li rt lu trong g, cng vi s tng cao ca nhit v m trong phng, tc gii phng ca chng cng tng ln. Hn na, do chu k gii phng ca Formaldehyde kh di 3 ~ 15 nm, v th khi Formaldehyde vt qu ch tiu th khng phi l vi ngy c th gii quyt c vn . Khi gp phi tnh hung ny cn phi mi
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c cu chuyn nghip n tin hnh x l tng hp mi trng nh , khng c x l qua loa.
9. TIU CHUN FORMALDEHYDE C S KHC BIT Trong cng b ngy 1/7/2003 v Formaldehyde trong tm g nhn to quy nh 9mg/100g, tc trong 100g tm g nhn to kh nhiu nht cho php cha 9mg Formaldehyde, nhn b ngoi xem ra nghim khc, nhng ng thi Quc gia cng c mt tiu chun khc, tm g nhn to sau khi x l b mt, hm lng Formaldehyde cho php l 30mg/100g, tiu chun ny c tnh bo h rt mnh i vi nhng nh my sn xut quy m nh. V th, khi chn mua t qun o, lng gii phng Formaldehyde l mt ch tiu khng th xem thng.
10. KHNG C COI NH NHIM BENZEN Benzen l mt dung dch khng mu, c mi thm. Hin nay, na s nh l b nhim Benzen. Cht ny ch yu c hp thu th kh, dch th ny cng c th c hp thu qua da. Chng gy kch thch cho mt, ng h hp v da. Benzen d gy nguy hi cho h thng to mu, c th dn n thiu mu, vim nhim, xut huyt di da. Toluene (c cha nhiu benzen) nhiu ln l ra s lm cho no v thn b tn hi vnh vin. da tip xc vi Xylene s gy ra kh, nt n v sng ty. Da nhiu ln tip xc vi Styrene c th dn n vim da kch thch v tr ngi chc nng thn kinh trung ng v xung quanh. V th c ngi gi chng l st th to hng. (1) Ngun gc v tnh nguy hi ca Benzen Ngun gc ca Benzen trong mi trng nh ch yu l t khi t cy thuc l, dung mi, sn, cht nhum mu, my fax, vi tnh, my in, cht kt dnh, giy dn tng, thm, si t hp v cht ty ra. Trong cng nghip thng gi Benzen, Toluene v Xylene vi ci tn chung l Toluene, trong 3 loi cht ny c tnh ca Benzen l ln nht. H thng cho rng c tnh ca Benzen sinh ra l do thng qua qu trnh trao i cht, cng c ngha l Benzen cn phi thng qua qu trnh trao i cht mi c th gy nguy hi ti s sng con ngi. Benzen c th tin hnh trao i cht trong gan tng v xng ct, cn xng ct l v tr hnh thnh nn hng t bo, bch t bo v huyt tiu bn, nn Benzen i vo c th c th trong bn thn t chc to mu hnh thnh nn cht trao i c c tnh huyt dch. Nu lu ngy tip xc vi Benzen c th gy tn hi n
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xng ct v di truyn, trong s cu to mu c th pht hin bch t bo, huyt tiu bn gim, huyt t bo gim v thiu mu do tr ngi ti sinh, thm ch cn sinh ra bnh mu trng. tng c ngi tin hnh iu tra tnh trng sc kho ca nhng ngi tng tip xc vi Benzen nng thp, kt qu cho thy: s t bo mu vng ngoi tuy trong phm vi bnh thng nhng hin r thp hn nhiu so vi nhm i chiu; T l nhn t bo lim pha ngi tip xc thng xuyn vi Benzen cao hn nhiu so vi ngi khng tip xc, t l nhn t bo lim pha nhng ngi lm vic ti xng sn xut Benzen so vi nhm i chiu khc xa rt r rt; Cng vi s tng ln ca Benzen trong mi trng lm vic, s huyt t bo cng c xu hng gim xung, t l nhn t bo lim pha li c xu hng tng ln. Nhng iu trn chng minh Benzen nng thp cng c hi cho sc kho ca ngi lm cng vic tip xc vi chng, c bit cn ch n tn hi ca chng ti di truyn ca con ngi. Trong thi gian ngn ht phi 4000ppm Benzen tr ln ngoi b kch thch nim mc v phi ra, cn gy tr ngi, c ch cho trung khu thn kinh ca con ngi, ng thi c th km theo cc triu chng au u, nn ma, bc i khng vng, hn m, co rt v nhp tim p lon. Nu ht phi trn 14000ppm Benzen th s lp tc t vong. (2) Ngun gc v tnh nguy hi ca Toluene Toluene ch yu bt ngun t dung mi, nc hoa, cht git ra, giy dn tng, cht kt dnh, sn, lng Toluene sinh ra trong khi ht thuc trong nh cng tng i ln. Toluene sau khi i vo c th ngi khong 48% trong c th c trao i cht, i qua gan tng, no, phi v thn, cui cng c thi ra ngoi c th, trong qu trnh ny sinh ra nguy hi n h thng thn kinh. Th nghim nhng ngi tnh nguyn chng minh khi nng Toluene trong huyt dch ln n 1250mg/m3, tnh lu di ca kh nng nh, kh nng ch v tc vn ng cm gic gim i r rt. (3) Ngun gc v tnh nguy hi ca Xylene Xylene bt ngun t dung mi, cht st trng, bng dnh, cht kt dnh, giy dn tng, sn, my in nh, ch phm g p v thm. Xylene c th hp thu qua ng h hp, da v ng tiu ho, th kh ny bc hi v thng qua ng h hp i vo c th, c mt b phn c thi ra qua ng h hp. Xylene b ht vo trong c th s phn b t chc m v tuyn thng thn l nhiu nht, tip n l ct tu, no, huyt dch, thn v gan. c tnh ca Xylene dng trong cng nghip c cht khc bit, c tnh ny thuc loi thp. Theo bo co, ba ngi cng nhn ht phi Xylene nng 43,1g/m3, sau 18,5 ting ng h mt ngi t vong, khm
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nghim t thi thy phi b t mu v xut huyt no, hai ngi cn li mt tri gic n 19 ~ 24 ting, km theo mt tr nh v chc nng thn c thay i. Ngoi ra, ht phi Xylene nng cao c th lm mt cm gic thm n, bun nn, nn ma v au bng, c khi cn dn n tn thng gan thn nghch tnh. ng thi Xylene cng l mt cht gy t, tip xc nhiu c th lm ri lon chc nng h thng thn kinh. Do Xylene thuc mt cht c mi thm, nht thi lm cho con ngi khng cnh gic v c tnh ca n, v th cn cnh gic cao i vi tnh nguy hi ca n, c bit l nhng nh mi xy dng xong. (Hnh trang 149 + 150)
11. KHNG C COI NH TNH NGUY HI CA AMONIAC Amoniac (NH3) l mt cht th kh khng mu, c mi thi c tnh kch thch mnh, dung gii Amoniac cc cao, nng thp nht l 5,3ppm. Amoniac trong nh ch yu bt ngun t cht ph liu b tng s dng trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng, mt loi l trong qu trnh thi cng xy dng vo ma ng, trong thn tng b tng phi thm vo cht chng ng b tng; loi khc l y nhanh tc ng cng ca b tng phi s dng cht n b tng kim cao v cht ng nhanh. Khi s dng nhng cht ph liu c th tng cng ca b tng v tc thi cng, v phng din ny Quc gia c tiu chun v quy phm k thut rt cht ch. Trong nhng trng hp bnh thng, khng th xy ra tnh trng nhim khng kh nh , nhng khu vc pha Bc vi nm gn y c s dng lng ln cht n b tng kim cao v cht chng ng b tng c cha Ure. Nhng cht ph liu c cha lng ln Amoniac trong thn tng cng vi s bin i ca cc nhn t mi trng nh nhit , m s bin thnh kh Amoniac dn dn gii phng ra, gy cho nng Amoniac trong khng kh nh khng ngng tng cao. ng thi, Amoniac trong khng kh nh cng c th c ngun gc t cc vt liu hon thin nh, v d nh khi sn nh s dng thm cht ph liu v cht tng trng phn ln u s dng nc Amoniac. Trong qu trnh l sy, nc Amoniac ng vai tr l mt cht trung ho v c cc tim git l v thm m vin s dng lng ln. Ngoi ra, cng vi nhn thc ca con ngi v cc cht thuc loi Freon ph hoi tng Ozon ngy cng nng cao, hin nay trn phm vi Th gii cng bt u cm s dng Freon lm cht gy lnh. Trc y tng mt thi s dng cht gy lnh c cha Amoniac nay li b s dng li. y cng l mt ngun gc tim n gy nhim.
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Amoniac l mt cht c tnh kim, c th gy kch thch v n mn da c tip xc vi n, c th hp thu lng nc trong t chc da lm cho protein trong t chc b bin tnh, ng thi lm cho m trong t chc b dm phng ho, ph hoi kt cu mng t bo. Nu c th ngi ht vo di hnh thc th kh, Amoniac i vo phi d thng qua ph nang i vo mu, kt hp vi huyt sc t, ph hoi chc nng vn chuyn oxy. Trong khong thi gian ngn ht phi lng ln khi Amoniac c th xut hin cc triu chng au hng, chy nc mt, ging m, ho, m c mu, tc ngc, ht th kh khn, c th km theo au u, chng mt, bun nn, nn ma, kit sc, ngi b nng c th b ph thng phi hay mc chng tng hp h hp gp gp ngi ln, ng thi c th pht sinh cc triu chng kch thch ng h hp. Khi nng qu cao, ngoi tc dng n mn ra, cn gy phn x li thng qua on cui thn kinh chc ba m dn n tim ngng p v ngng h hp. V th, nhng tn hi ca cht c tnh kim i vi cc t chc trong c th nghim trng hn nhiu so vi cht c tnh axit. (Hnh trang 151 + 152 + 153) * iu nn bit * c t c hiu ng tch lu lu di i vo c th ngi khng d c thi ra, chng tch t trong c th lm cho trng c mn tnh. Nhng cht kiu ny ch yu c: 1. Benzen; 2. Hp cht ch, c bit l hp cht ch hu c; 3. Thu ngn v hp cht thu ngn, c bit l mui thu ngn 2 v hp cht thu ngn hu c dng dung dch.
12. KHNG C COI NH TVOC Nhng cht hu c c tnh ta mi c dng t VOC biu th, y l cch vit tt ba ch ci u ca cm t Votatile Organic Compounds, nhng cng c khi dng cht hu c to mi TVOC biu th. VOC l ch cht hu c c p sut hi bo ho vt qu 133,32pa di nhit trong phng, im si l 500C ~ 2500C, di nhit bnh thng c th tn ti trong khng kh di dng hi; c tnh, tnh kch thch, tnh gy ung th v mi v c trng ca chng s gy nh hng n da v nim mc, gy nguy hi cp tnh i vi c th ngi. TVOC c mi hi thi, c tnh kch thch, hn na c nhng hp cht c c tnh gien. TVOC trong nh ch yu l pht ra t vt liu xy dng, vt liu hon thin trong nh v nhng dng sinh hot v vn phng. Nh tm nhn to, vt liu cch nhit xp, tm cao su trong vt liu xy dng; sn, cht keo dnh, giy dn tng, thm trong vt liu hon thin nh; m phm, cht ty
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ra dng trong sinh hot; dng vn phng ch yu l mc du, my photocoppy, my nh ch; ngoi ra, nhin liu dng trong gia nh, ht thuc, cht thi ra t c th ngi v kh thi cng nghip, kh thi t xe t, nhim quang ho hc cng l nguyn nhn ch yu c cha cht hu c to mi (TVOC) gy nh hng n khng kh trong phng. TVOC c th dn n mt cn bng mc min dch c th, nh hng n chc nng h thng thn kinh trung khu, xut hin cc triu chng au u, hoa mt chng mt, thm ng, kit sc, tc ngc; Ngoi ra cn nh hng n h thng tiu ho, nhu cu n ung gim, bun nn, khi b nng cn lm tn hi n gan tng v h thng to mu, xut hin phn ng bin thi. Trong Tiu chun cht lng khng kh nh c Trung Quc ban b nm 2003, hm lng TVOC trong khng kh nh tr thnh mt hng mc quan trng nh gi cht lng khng kh nh , phng c t tiu chun khng. (Hnh trang 154)
13. NHNG IU CM K KHI LA CHN PHNG PHP X L NHIM NH Phng php x l nhim khng kh nh da trn nguyn l kh tr nhim chia thnh ba loi sau y: phng php phn ng ho hc, phng php thm ht, phng php sinh vt. (1) Phng php phn ng ho hc Phng php phn ng ho hc l da vo c tnh, tnh cht ho hc ca cc kh th c hi, s dng mt s phn ng sinh ra khi kt hp mt cht vi cht kh c hi , t m gim nng ca kh th c hi, chng c phn bit thnh phn ng oxy ho, phn ng ngng kt, phn ng trung ho v phn ng xc tc. V vy, mi mt loi sn phm dng x l mt th kh c hi no u c tnh nhm vo, i vi mt th kh c hi no s dng phng php phn ng ho hc v cng hu hiu v nhanh chng, v d nh cht kh Formaldehyde (Metal), nguyn l ca n l dng mt cht th ho hc chuyn dng no kh Formaldehyde. (2) Phng php thm ht Phng php thm ht ch yu l li dng tnh nng thm ht ca vt cht c nhiu l tin hnh thm ht th kh c hi v c mi kh chu, trong than hot tnh l mt cht thm ht thng dng nht. Than hot tnh
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c kh nng thm ht rt tt i vi nhiu hp cht hu c. Nhng than hot tnh sau khi thm ht cht nhim trong khng kh li tn ti mt qu trnh khuch tn, tc thm ht kh c hi rt chm, hiu qu khng r rt. My lc khng kh hin nay cng thng s dng phng php thm ht lc sch cht kh c hi trong khng kh. (3) Phng php x l sinh vt Phng php x l sinh vt ch yu l s dng dung mi trong vi sinh vt ho gii thnh phn c hi hu c, cn c vo c im ca phn ng sinh ho, i vi nhng thnh phn c c tnh mnh v kh phn gii th cn phi khng ch trong nng cho php. Ngoi ra, do nhit hot tnh sinh vt thng l 100C ~ 400C, v th cn duy tr nhit nht nh, nh vy s thu c s hn ch nht nh. Tm li, x l nhim khng kh trong nh nn s dng sn phm kh nhim tng hp, hu hiu v lu di. Nh s dng phng php ho hc gim nng cht c hi, dng phng php thm ht thm ht cht c hi lu lng nh. Da vo i tng x l chia thnh: phng php x l n nht v phng php x l tng hp. a. Phng php x l n nht Ch yu l tin hnh x l i vi cht kh c hi sn sinh. Trn th trng tng i lu hnh mt s phng php x l nhim khng kh nh nh s dng than hot tnh, xc tc mi gii khng kh, ion m, than trc. Xc tc mi gii khng kh s dng phn ng ho hc, bt k l xc tc mi gii quang hay xc tc mi gii lnh. Cht mi gii l ch TiO2, trong phn ng TiO2 tr thnh cht xc tc, trong khng kh c phn ng vi cht kh c hi Formaldehyde (Metal) v Benzen, cui cng sinh ra CO2 v nc. K thut xc tc mi gii quang c du nhp t Nht Bn vo Trung Quc, c c im hiu qu x l nhanh chng i vi nhim nng, tc dng ca phng php x l xc tc mi gii quang tng i lu di, nhng chi ph cng kh cao. Dng my x l Ozon chuyn nghip s l cng thng gp, phng php ny hiu qu nhanh nht, nhng khng lu di, hn na cn c nh hng khng tt ti nhng vt dng nha, kim loi v cy ci. b. Phng php x l tng hp Phng php x l tng hp l c mt qu trnh, da vo mc nhim trong nh, tnh trng gii phng ngun nhim, v tr t cc gia dng, tnh trng ngun nh sng lm nhng cng vic c th, nh c th cn thit phi tho ri cc gia dng x l bn trong tm g nhn to. Phng php ny ch yu l tin hnh x l ngun nhim.
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u ngun nhim khng d bt l vn ln nht trong hon thin nh ca hin nay. Vt liu hon thin nh ca, gia dng cho d c t tiu chun bo v mi trng th vn tn ti cc cht c hi nh Formaldehyde (Metal), Benzen, Amoniac. Hin nay trong khi hon thin nh ca h thng s dng nhng cht hn hp, v d nh tng sng bng, tnh chng bo mn th cc nh sn xut cn s dng Amoniac, Benzen tin hnh x l cn thit. Sau khi hon thin nh xong, gia dng, nhng tm g u cng nm trong mt khng gian, nh vy cng c li cho vic tng hm lng gii phng cc kh th c hi, v th trong nh rt d sinh ra nhim mi trng. ng l u ngun nhim khng d bt, hin nay trn Th gii cng vn cha c bin php no tt hn c th tuyn truyn rng ri trn din rng, x l khng kh trong phng l phng php tt nht nhng gi l mt b mi lo lm chung. Sau khi hon thin xut hin tnh trng nhim mi trng nh ri th nht nh phi nhn thc chng mt cch khoa hc tm ra phng php x l nhim khng kh, nu vt qu ch tiu nghim trng th cn c qua x l tp trung chuyn nghip th mi c th sng an ton c. C mt s ngi t mua sn phm x l nhim khng kh nh c bn sn trn th trng v t x l, bi v nhng sn phm ny v gi c d c ngi tiu dng chp nhn, nhng nhng sn phm ny ch thch hp vi nhng gia nh b nhim khng kh nh, cn nu nhng gia nh b nhim khng kh trong nh mc trung tr ln th nn chn nhng cng ty x l nhim chuyn nghip n x l. Cng c ngi lo lng, nhng cht kh c hi Formaldehyde, Benzen, Amoniac ny ngy no cng pht ra, sau khi x l c th t c tiu chun Quc gia, c th ngi t nhiu cng ht phi nhng kh ny. C th ngi i vi nhng cht kh c hi ny c phm vi chu ng nht nh, khng c ng nhin l cng tt, nhng nhng cht kh ny ch c th khng ch n mt phm vi nht nh th s khng nh hng trc tip ti c th ngi. Sau khi x l, khng kh c hi trong nh khng th xut hin tnh trng hiu ng ly tch m lm cho nng tng ln c. Bt k l s dng phng php x l no u khng th x l trit cc cht kh c hi ny trong chc lt. i vi nhng cht kh c hi sau khi x l li gii phng ra c th p dng bin php tng ng, nu thng xuyn m ca s thng gi, nh k kh trng tiu c, t than hot tnh c tnh thm ht kh th c hi Trong nh cn c th t cc bn hoa c tc dng lm sch nh cy L hi, iu lan c th gim cc cht kh c hi mt mc nht nh, thm ch thanh tr nhng phn t li khai t do ca cc cht c c c hi hin c trong nh. Nhng cn ch rng, vic gii phng cht nhim do hon thin nh ca dn n khng phn chia ngy m, hn na, khi nh tng i kn hoc nhit tng i cao, v d nh ma thu v ma
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ng, th nhim trong nh cng tr nn nghim trng hn, cn khi mi ngi chm vo gic ng, nhng bn hoa trong nh khng c cch no tin hnh quang hp nn khng th tip tc phn gii cc cht c hi trong nh, y cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm cho tnh nguy hi ca nhim nh vo ban m ngy cng ln. (Hnh trang 155 + 156 + 157)
14. CHNG NNG NH KHNG NN QU DA DM VO IU HO NHIT Ma h l ma Formaldehyde (Metal) gii phng mnh lit nht, nhit trong phng c tng 10C th nng Formaldehyde thot ra khng kh nh t nhng ni nh nn nh, gia dng bng g c th tng ln n 0,15 ~ 0,37 ln. c bit l nh mi xy xong hay mi sa cha xong, sau khi t n mt nhit nht nh th khng kh trong nh vn d khng vt tiu chun nay cng vt qu tiu chun. Khi nhit trong phng tng ln n 340C, m tng ng 50% th nng Formaldehyde gii phng trong khng kh c th vt qu tiu chun n 5,53 ln, con ngi ging nh ang trong mi trng nh khp kn phun thuc st trng vy, c cm gic cay au mt, nga c hng. V th, ma h mi ngi cng nn cao thc phng trnh nhim khng kh trong nh. (1) Nh nn t m iu ho chng chi ci nng c bit l gia nh c ph n mang thai v tr nh, ma h mun chng chi vi ci nng khng nn qu da dm vo my iu ho, bi v iu ho ch c th iu tit nhit trong phng, khng c tc dng thng gi, i mi khng kh. V th, ma h cn m bo phng phi c thng gi, c th gim c nng gii phng cht nhim trong khng kh trong phng mt cch hu hiu. (2) t cy xanh trong nh ht kh c hi Ngy h nng bc, trong phng m iu ho tuy c th gim nhit nhng ng kn ca v ca s s lm tr ngi khng kh lu thng. Chnh v vy, trong nh nn nui mt s chu hoa cnh b tr chc nng c th lm tc dng l my lc khng kh. Phn ln cy ci ban ngy tin hnh quang hp, ht kh Cacbonic, nh kh Oxy, ban m th tin hnh h hp, ht kh Oxy, nh kh Cacbonic, cn mt s loi thc vt nh cy xng rng b (cn gi l cy bn tay tin) th li ngc li. Nhng cy hoa b tr chc nng t cng trong mt phng va c th cn bng hm lng kh Oxy v kh Cacbonic trong phng va c th gi cho khng kh trong phng c trong lnh. Cn phi ch ra rng, nhng chc nng ny ca thc vt ch c
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mc nht nh, tc dng ca chng tng ln nh s lng ca chng tng ln, nu mun lm trong sch mi trng nh m hon ton da vo thc vt th l iu khng th. V th, cn phi thng xuyn m ca s khng kh trong phng c i lu. (3) Thng xuyn m ca s thng gi thong kh Ma h khi ngi thy trong nh c mi kh chu hoc cm gic thy mt b cay au, c hng b nga th nn lp tc m ca s cho thng gi, m bo khng kh c i lu. (4) S dng phng php hp thu vt l Nh s dng than hot tnh, thuc kh nhim khng kh, my lc khng kh Ngoi ra, i vi nhng nh ang c d nh xy mi hay tu sa li nh, khi la chn vt liu, gia dng cn phi la chn nhng cht liu thin nhin. V d nh vn sn g thc, ni chung l c lm t g thin nhin cha t hm lng Formaldehyde (Metal). (Hnh trang 158)
15. KHNG NN M QUNG TIN TNG VO CHC NNG SC KHO CA MY IU HO NHIT Qung co v cc chc nng cu my iu ho ngy cng ln. Nh c thng gia qung co rng, loi my iu ho A c th kh cc cht c hi nh Formaldehyde (Metal), Benzen, trong phn ln sn phm ch l k xo thu ht ngi tiu dng c yu cu v sc kho. Hin nay, nhng ni bn in gia dng xut hin loi iu ho sc kho, v c bn qung co l trao i khng kh, khng ch nhit , kh cc cht c hi, dit vi khun vi trng thu ht s ch ca ngi tiu dng. Trong khi nim iu ho sc kho ang lu hnh trn th trng, va c k thut mang tnh vt l nh: mng lc tinh t, than hot tnh, s dng vt liu thm ht c tnh lc ci thin cht lng khng kh; li cn c k thut mang tn ho hc nh: xc tc mi gii quang, dung mi tan vi khun, vitamin C, li t bc, s dng vt liu phn gii tnh ho hc phn gii cc cht c hi c trong khng kh; Ngoi ra, c mt s loi cn lp thm cc thit b ph nh: thay gi mi, ion m, k thut tng Oxy, c lp trao i kh, tia t ngoi t mc ch sc kho. Sn phm iu ho nhit hin nay nh chc nng hai chiu to nng v to lnh m dn n khi nim sc kho, trn phng din vn dng
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k thut lm trong sch khng kh, kh vi khun c hi trong phng, sn phm my iu ho nc ta (Trung Quc) c xp hng u Th gii, tuy nhin, trong sn phm my iu ho nhit nc ta v phng din thm vo nhng k thut c bit, kh nhng cht c hi trong khng kh (nh Formaldehyde, Benzen) vn cn cha thnh thc. Vi mc k thut nh hin nay, mun hon ton kh c nhng cht c hi c trong khng kh nh Formaldehyde, Benzen, Amoniac, n thit b tnh ho khng kh chuyn nghip cn cha t c tiu chun hung h l my iu ho nhit d. i vi cnh tranh th trng iu ho sc kho hin nay, hy vng bn c rng ri c con mt sng sut, khng nn b cc nh bun bn la gt. Cc nh sn xut iu ho cng nn c thi chn thnh v ch tn, b cng sc u t v phng din k thut a ra nhng sn phm tt cho sc kho, tho mn nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng. (Hnh trang 159 + 160)
16. GIA DNG KHNG NN CHIM DIN TCH QU LN Sn nh, t qun o, gia dng, s nhim ca mi th khng vt qu tiu chun, khi t chng li vi nhau th tnh trng nhim vt qu tiu chun li xut hin tng i ph bin. Trong trng hp bnh thng, nhng nh sn xut vt liu xy dng chnh quy u chp hnh tiu chun Lng hn ch gii phng cht c hi trong vt liu xy dng, hon thin nh m nh nc a ra, v th khi kim tra n nht mt th khng vt qu tiu chun nhim Quc gia quy nh, nhng sau khi t chng li vi nhau li nhim vt qu tiu chun, y chnh l hiu ng cng hng nhim. T l trang tr gia dng trong nh cng cao th kh nng nhim cng ln. l l ny rt n gin, cng ging nh mt t qun o k trong mt cn phng 10m2 v mt cn phng 30m2, hm lng Formaldehyde trong mi trng trong phng chc chn l khng ging nhau. Cc bn c gn xa khi sp xp gia dng trong nh nht nh phi lu n lng chu ti khng gian cn phng, th tch gia dng khng nn vt qu th tch khng gian cn phng. Phi hp mt cch hp l gia dng v nhng vt liu hon thin nh, c bit l trong phng ca tr nh c din tch tng i nh hoc phng ng, th tch gia dng khng nn qu ln, ch phng trnh cc cht c hi trong mi trng nh do gia dng v vt liu hon thin cng hng li gy vt qu tiu chun cho php. (Hnh trang 161)
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17. KHNG NN QU COI TRNG THAN HOT TNH Than hot tnh l s dng than ci, cc loi v qu cng v cht xc tc lm nguyn liu, thng qua mt trnh t dng phng php vt l v ho hc tin hnh nghin nt, sng lc, hot ho cht xc tc, ty ra, hong kh v chn lc m gia cng thnh. Than hot tnh c kt cu l hng, tng din tch ca mi gam than hot tnh c th t n 1500m2. ng nhin than hoa (than ci) ph thng khng th so snh c, nhng hiu qu kh nhim ca than hot tnh cng c gii hn. V s tn pht ca ngun nhim l lu di nn s dng than hot tnh ch l b ng, ch c th dng x l nhim nh, thi hn s dng ca than hot tnh loi tt nht lu nht cng ch l na nm. (Hnh trang 162-1: Than hot tnh) 18. HON THIN PHNG CA TR NH NN N GIN V THC DNG Theo iu tra v nhim phng tr nh ca c cu kim nghim mi trng nh i vi mt khu vc cho bit, 60% nguyn nhn nhim phng tr nh l xut pht t dng. Hin tng nhim phng tr nh ti sao li tng i ph bin, iu ny c mi lin quan trc tip vi dng trong phng qu nhiu m din tch phng li nh. Phng tr nh trong mt gia nh bnh thng ch khong hn chc mt vung, nhng tin nghi trong phng li qu y , ging, t sch, bn hc, t qun o l khng th thiu, nh vy nhng cht c hi vt qu khng gian. Chng ti ngh dng trong phng ca tr nh nn n gin m thc dng, khng cn phi lp sn g, tri thm, t s dng sn mu; gia dng bng g nhn to cng nn ch bt kn cc vin v ton b hai mt. (Hnh trang 162-2)
19. KHNG NN T MUA SN PHM CHT XC TC DUNG MI QUANG Cht xc tc dung mi quang thuc mt loi sn phm nan k thut cao, cn phi do k s chuyn nghip s dng nhng cng c chuyn nghip da vo phng php phun v tc thi cng theo yu cu k thut mi c th m bo tnh ng u, nu khng nm vng k thut ny th s khng c
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hiu qu. Ch khi c nhn vin chuyn nghip thc hin th mi c th cho hiu qu x l tt nht.
20. THN TRNG KHI S DNG MY LM SCH KHNG KH My lm sch khng kh mi xut hin c vi nm gn y, n c chc nng lc bi bn, kh mi v cc cht c hi, dit vi khun, gii phng ion m. My lm sch khng kh cn thng qua m t lm cho khng kh trong phng lu ng tun hon, khng kh b nhim sau khi thng qua b lc trong my, cc cht nhim b kh sch hoc b thm ht, sau i qua my pht sinh ion m lp ch ca gi ra, khng kh khng ngng c ion ho, lng ln ion m sinh ra s b gi nh y ra, hnh thnh nn kh lu ion m, t c mc ch trong lnh ho, tnh ho khng kh. Nhng do th trng my lm sch khng kh nc ta hin nay vn cha thc thnh thc, cha c quy phm. Nhn hng sn phm my lm sch khng kh do quc ni sn xut tuy c nhiu ngi bit n, v cc phng din cht lng, tnh nng, gi c u biu hin ra l u t song cha thy nhiu. Trn th trng hin nay c mt s sn phm, hoc ch c th pht huy th mnh mt phng din no , hoc l d gy tc dng ph khng tt cho c th con ngi. V vy, cn phi nhc nh cc bn c rng, khi chn mua sn phm my lm sch khng kh nn chn nhng sn phm c th kh c c 3 ngun nhim l bi bn, vi khun vi rt v cht kh c hi. Do lng thng gi l nht nh, kh nng kh v thm ht nhng cht nhim ca my cng c hn, hn na cn thng xuyn thay mi li lc, khi nng cht nhim trong phng vt gp hai ln tiu chun Quc gia th tc dng ca my lm sch khng kh s khng r rt na.
21. MA NG KHNG NN COI THNG NHIM RADON Radon l mt loi th kh c tnh phng x t nhin, va nhn khng thy, li ngi khng c m phi cn c my o tr gip mi c th o c. S c mt ca Radon c th lm cho t l pht bnh ung th phi ngi tng ln. Khi nng Radon trong khng kh trong nh l 100Bq/m3 (n v hot tnh phng x) c th lm cho mc nguy him ca ung th phi tng ln 20% ~ 30%. Nng nhim Radon trong phng c lin quan vi cc nhn t kt cu nh , tnh trng thng gi. Nu thng gi khng tt s lm cho nng Radon trong phng tng cao. nhim Radon c tnh theo ma r rt, ma ng l cao nht. nhim Radon ch yu bt ngun t 2 phng din:
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(1) Vt liu xy dng Vt liu xy dng l ngun gc ch yu nht ca Radon trong nh, nh khi xy nh thng s dng cc loi vt liu thin nhin v nhn to, gch x qung, gch x l, qung, xi mng v thch cao, c bit l thin nhin c cha nguyn t mang tnh phng x rt d gii phng ra Radon. (2) Vt liu hon thin nh Khi hon thin gia nh v vn phng lm vic thng s dng vt liu thin nhin, gch men, xi mng, sa thch nu ch tiu tnh phng x vt qu ch tiu c th lm cho hm lng Radon trong phng tng cao. Hin nay phn ln cc gia nh khi hon thin nh ca thng chn dng cc loi gch men, gch hoa lm gch lt nn v trong nh v sinh, phng ng, nu chn loi gch c ch tiu tnh phng x khng t tiu chun s gy nhim Radon nghim trng cho mi trng nh . (Hnh trang 163 + 164)
22. CY TRC VN C TH DNG TH O NHIM NH Nu trong nh b nhim, nhng biu hin nh hng khng tt n sc kho l: cm mo thi gian di, d ng da, rng tc, vim hng mn tnh, nhim nghim trng c th dn n bnh mu trng tr nh, kh nng min dch ca ngi gi gim, ph n c thai b sy thai v c, ng vt cht v c Bo v mi trng tr thnh mt vn nghim trng khng th khng coi trng trong qu trnh hon thin nh ca. Hin nay hin trng bo v mi trng khi hon thin nh ca khng c lc quan cho lm, rt nhiu cn phng, ngi nh va mi hon thin xong b nhim nhng mc khc nhau. Nhng cng ty chuyn cung cp cc dch v hon thin nh ca, li ha quan tm n cht lng bo v mi trng ca h cng ch hn ch cc b phn h lm m thi, cn giai on sau, nhng t qun o, sn nh, g gia dng sau khi chnh thc vo nh th cht lng bo v mi trng c t tiu chun hay khng th ngh l bit ngay. Vy lm th no mi c th bo b mi trng nh mt cch thc s c y? Cc nh thit k hy lm mt tr tnh chung cho vn bo v mi trng i vi cc vt liu s dng trong c qu trnh hon thin nh ca. khng nn lm mt cch m qung, cc cng ty hon thin nh ca nn a ra cho cc nh thit k ny mt khi nim v tnh ton tr tnh chung cho vn bo v mi trng.
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Nhng ti liu c lin quan cho thy, mt cn phng c iu kin v phng din thng gi, nh sng tng i tt, trong khng gian s dng l 100m2, vt liu g cp E1, trn c s lm bt kn, khng vt qu 70 tm (bao gm gia dng v sn nh); g cp E2, trn c s bt kn, khng vt qu 50 tm (bo gm gia dng v sn g); vt liu g cha t n cp E2 th khng nn s dng, bi v, gi tr lng Formaldehyde gii phng ra t g cp E1 nh hn 1,5mg/L, t g cp E2 nh hn 5mg/L. Cng c ngha l, dng mt tm g cp E2 tng ng vi vi tm, thm ch hn chc tm g cp E1, vy th dng mt tm g cp E2 khng t tiu chun cng tng ng vi vi tm g cp E1 khng t tiu chun. Sau khi dng tm g khng t tiu chun HON THIN nh trn nguyn tc m ni th khng nn , rt bt li cho sc kho ca c th ngi sng trong . Nu ch nh mun th tnh trng mi trng trong nh mnh c th t vi cy trc vn nhng v tr khc nhau trong nh. Sc sng ca cy trc vn l yu nht trong cc loi thc vt, nu cy trc sinh trng kho mnh tc l mi trng trong nh khng b nhim, nu trc b kh ho chng t nh b nhim, mc kh ho khc nhau chng t mc nhim khc nhau. (Hnh trang 165 + 166-1)
23. KHNG NN S DNG CHT LM MI KHNG KH X L NHIM TRONG NH Nhng sn phm tng t nh cht lm mi khng kh thc ra l cht kh c tnh kch thch dng mi thm rt m (thng chit xut t hng liu, l ch) che du nhng cht kh c hi lm gim kh nng nhn bit kh c hi ca con ngi, t lm cho con ngi lm tng l cht kh c hi c kh. Nhng trn thc t, nhng thnh phn c hi trong mi trng vn tn ti m khng gim i mt cht no, thm ch cn c th gy c hi cho sc kho con ngi. Chnh v th, nu pht hin trong phng b nhim th khng nn s dng phng php t la ny gii quyt vn nhim khng kh. C th m ni, nn p dng cc bc sau y: (1) M ca s thng gi Sau khi hon thin nh ca xong, nhim chc chn vt tiu chun my ln, mi my ln, thm ch vi chc ln, v th trong 1 ~ 2 tun u, bt k s dng bin php no th hiu qu cng khng cao, phng php tt nht l m ca s thng gi, c gng cho cc cht kh c hi gii phng ra t
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cc ni tht, vt liu hon thin c y ra khi nh, y nhanh s giao lu khng kh trong v ngoi nh, cng c th dng c qut in. (2) t cy xanh trong nh Sau bc u tin, nhim trong phng t vt tiu chun vi ln, vi chc ln, thm ch vi trm ln s gim xung cn vi ln, thm ch khng cn vt tiu chun, lc ny cht nhim pht tn i vo qu trnh gii phng t t, bt k bn c thng gi th no cng khng th kh ht ngay c, lc ny cn chun b duy tr chin u lu di bn nh! Bn c th p dng mt s phng php sau: u tin l trng cc bn cy, bn hoa nh cy lan iu, cy xanh, cy tin nhn cu (cn c gi l cy bn tay tin hay cy xng rng b), nhng loi thc vt ny c tc dng kh cht c hi trong khng kh mc nht nh. ng nhin, giai on ny vn phi thng gi, trao i khng kh. (3) S dng than hot tnh Sau khi x l cc bc trn, v c bn l c th vo , lc ny phng php thng gi v cy xanh vn cn tip tc p dng, ng thi c th s dng thm than hot tnh tip tc kh d mi. Khng phi tt c cc loi than hot tnh u c kh nng thm ht kh th, ch c loi than hot tnh c lng ln l hng ln hn ng knh ca cc phn t kh c hi mi c kh nng thm ht mnh. V th, cn chn loi than hot tnh cht lng tt lm t v cng ca cc loi qu mi c hiu qu thm ht tng i tt i vi khng kh nhim. Cc loi than hot tnh lm t v qu cng loi tt thng c dng ht. (4) Tin hnh x l chuyn nghip Nu x l nh vy sau 2 ~ 3 thng vn ngi thy d mi nhng khng r lm, bn c th mi cc c quan hu quan n tin hnh kim tra, nu vt qu tiu chun th cn phi x l chuyn nghip. Cui cng, do kh c hi trong phng l mt qu trnh gii phng t t, cho d c sn phm lm sch khng kh tt i chng na, con ngi trong phng ng kn qu lu cng c th dn n mt s bnh. Ngi tiu dng khi la chn cc sn phm k trn, c bit l nhng nh mi xy dng, tu sa xong m ni, cn thng xuyn ch m ca s cho thng gi, bnh thng nn tp th dc rn luyn thn th, nh vy mi l ci gc c sc kho tt. (Hnh trang 167)
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24. NHNG SAI LM TRONG KHI X L NHIM NH (1) Dm n bc hi C nhng bn c tng th dng dm n bc hi kh d mi trong nh. Dm n thuc loi cht c tnh axit, c tc dng lm yu v trung ho Amoniac trong khng kh, nhng khng th pht sinh phn ng vi cc thnh phn c hi khc nh Formaldehyde (2) t c ci C ngi cho rng: Trong mi cn phng t vi c ci c th kh c mi sn, phng ln th t nhiu mt cht. C ci c th to mi thm, c tc dng che y mi nht nh nhng khng th phn gii kh cc cht c hi; Hn na, trong c ci cha lng ln nc, sau khi bc hi c tc dng lm tng m, c th dung gii c cht c hi nh Formaldehyde, nhng khi kh i th Formaldehyde li tip tc xng ln. (3) Qu da dm vo thc vt C mt s loi thc vt dng ngm li c th ht c mt s cht kh c c, nh loi cy c th ht c Formaldehyde c cy bn tay tin, lan iu, l hi, thng xun, thin tu (vn tu), hoa cc; hn na ba loi thng xun, thin tu, hoa cc cn c bn lnh ht c Benzen, c th gim c nhim Benzen. Nhng mu cht l tc dng ca chng tng i c hn, i din vi thi k tn pht dy c cc th kh c hi sau khi nh mi xy dng xong th tc dng thm ht yu t ca chng khng nhng khng th kh nhim, thm ch n bn thn chng cn khng th m bo c sng st. (4) t b ch C nhng ngi thm ch trong t qun o v phng ng cng t b ch kh (ch pha sau ly b phi kh), hy vng kh c kh c. H khng h bit rng, v cng hiu phng din ny th b ch kh cng ging nh l cy kh v giy v sinh m thi, dng nh khng h c bt k tc dng thm ht hay phn gii g c. (5) My to Ozon Coi My to Ozon l thit b lm sch khng kh, iu ny l mt sai lm rt ln. Ozon tuy c th dit khun, kh trng tiu c, nhng li cng c hi i vi c th ngi, l kt lun ca Y hc. S dng Ozon kh c ch c th tin hnh trong mi trng m con ngi khng tip xc, cn dng lm sch khng kh trong nh th hin nhin l khng thch hp ri. Thm ch c ngi dng ngun pht x tia t ngoi lm cng c kh
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c, nc ngoi bin php ny sm b o thi ri, mt s ni trong nc ta nh Hng Kng cng o thi bin php ny t trc nhng nm 20. (6) Qu m tn vo vt liu xy dng bo v mi trng Khi s dng nhng vt liu xy dng c tnh bo v mi trng c li cho vic gim cc th kh c hi trong phng, nhng hin nay tiu chun Quc gia ca nhng vt liu xy dng xanh (tn gi khc ca vt liu xy dng c tnh bo v mi trng) nc ta vn cha c l tng. Khi lp ra tiu chun vt liu xy dng bo v mi trng, do e ngi cc hin trng sn xut trnh thp ca a s cc nh my vt liu xy dng trong nc, nn tiu chun ca mt loi vt liu xy dng no hin nay ch c th ni l min cng cho xong, bi v tiu chun hi cao th s c rt nhiu nh my phi ng ca, cc b ngnh gim st qun l c lin quan nhiu ln ngh cch nng cao tiu chun no da vo tiu chun Quc t, nhng u v th m phi hu b. Ngoi ra, cho d ng dng ton b l vt liu xy dng bo v mi trng, cui cng cht lng khng kh t c c th vn l vt qu tiu chun, do phn ln vt liu xy dng bo v mi trng ch l hm lng cht c hi, s tn pht cht kh c hi thp hn mc tiu chun nht nh, nhng khng phi l khng c cha cht c hi, khng phi l khng tn pht ra cht kh c hi. Hn na, mt s nhn t nh thit k, kt cu nh , tnh trng thng gi khi xy dng, hon thin do hiu ng cng hng ca cc cht kh c hi nn vn khng th m bo rng cht lng khng kh trong nh sau khi hon thin xong c th t tiu chun bo v mi trng. (7) Hon ton da dm vo cch x l thng gi X l thng gi l bin php bo v mi trng c bn, c tc dng ci thin nhim trong phng, nhng v phn ln cc cht c hi gii phng mt cch t t, thi gian c th t 3 ~ 15 nm, ch khng phi thng gi vi thng l c th gii quyt vn . Trong thi k tn pht dy c 1 ~ 3 nm, bn cn phi i u vi nguy him gy bnh tt, ung th tng i ln, hn na ma ng h phng Bc Trung Quc cn phi ng kn ca s, a phn nh v vn phng lm vic vic thng gi, trao i khng kh khng c l tng, tc dng thng gi gim i rt nhiu. Ngoi ra, ly Formaldehyde lm v d, n tn ti 3 trng thi l di chuyn t do, thm ht, kt hp. Ch c trng thi di chuyn t do th x l thng gi mi c th kh c, tc gi phi gp 4 ln tc gi bnh thng tr ln. (8) Khi xut hin mi kh c tnh kch thch mnh mi x l Cng ging nh tnh trng sc kho ca con ngi vy, mi trng khng kh trong nh cng c 3 hnh thi: kho mnh, sc kho loi B v mc
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bnh, hn na rt nhiu kh c c hi l khng mu khng mi; Cng ging nh vic i x vi bnh tt, mi trng khng kh nh cng cn c d phng, bo v v cha tr; Cng ging nh bc s bo v sc kho vy, cng ty bo v mi trng nh chuyn nghip thng qua cung cp cc dch v x l v bn, v ngi tiu dng m to nn mt mi trng nh kho mnh. X hi con ngi ang bc vo thi i thng tin, s chuyn hnh ca cuc sng lm cho thi gian con ngi chng ta trong mi trng nh ngy cng nhiu, v th cht lng khng kh nh c t tiu chun hay khng tr thnh vn v cng quan trng, m hon thin nhn t ch yu gy nh hng n cht lng khng kh nh ang ngy cng c quan tm hn. Tt c nhng iu l thc hin mong c mi trng nh c kho mnh. Hon thin nh cn phi i theo con ng sc kho con ngi, khng ch tt nhim do hon thin nh ca gy ra, ch c nh vy cuc sng ca chng ta mi thc s kho mnh v hnh phc. (Hnh trang 168 + 169 + 170)
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CHNG IV: NHNG IU CM K KHI CHN MUA GIA DNG, VT LIU HON THIN NH
1. NGUYN TC SP XP GIA DNG (1) Ch tnh thc dng ca gia dng
Khi mua gia dng khng nn ch ch trng kiu dng m khng xem hiu qu s dng. V th, khi mua gia dng v cn phi xem xt n nhu cu sinh hot thc t ca gia nh mnh. (2) Thn trng khi chn mu gia dng
gia dng gam mu nht thch hp vi nhng cn phng nh hoc nhng cn phng hng Bc c iu kin nh sng khng c tt, nhng cn phng c nh sng tt c th chn gia dng gam mu sm, c th biu hin ra khng kh c knh, trang nh. (3) Khng nn coi thng i tng s dng
Ngi ln tui khng thch chy theo mt m mua nhng chic t cao, ln, tuy t cao tit kim c khng gian nhng tro cao ly th khng thun tin. (4) Nn nhn xa mt cht
Nhng i v chng mi ci i mua gia dng khng nhng chn kiu dng mi m, m cn ch trng n cuc sng sau khi sinh con. V d, lp ca gng knh vo chic t thp c th tr thnh mc tiu cng kch ca tr nh, v th tt nht nn chn ca g. (5) Cn ch c im mi trng
gn ni c ng khi ca nh my, bi bn tng i nhiu, kiu dng gia dng nn n gin, nu khng lc lau chi bn s phi mt mt lng ln thi gian qu bu. Hn na, trong nhng cn phng tng i m t khng nn dng nhng gia dng c bc gc. (6) Cn gi li mt khong trng
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gia dng trong phng chim khong 45% din tch l thch hp nht, nn mt khong trng cn t cc dng sinh hot khc nh thit b in v gi treo m o (7) Ch kch thc gia dng
Kch thc gia dng phng hay lp din cn phi n khp vi cao, din tch cn phng phng trnh gia dng mua v ri li khng t c trong phng hoc ph v b cc b mt m mnh ngh t trc. (8) Ch khi phi hp quy cch, mu sc gia dng
Ngoi nhng gia dng ng b, trong nh chng ta cn phi phi tr cc gia dng khc nh bn gh n, tr k. V th, u tin cn tm hiu cch phi tr mu sc, kiu dng v quy cch ca n chic mt, trnh sau ny kh phi hp. (9) gia dng c d dng chuyn vo trong phng khng
Mu cht l ng cho di nht ca gia dng khng c ln hn li i hoc ng cho ln nht ca gc ngot cu thang. ng nhin, khi thit k nh mi ngi cng nghin cu kch thc kin trc ngi nh xy, nhng mt s ngi trong nhng ngi nh kiu c th nn ch n nhn t ny. (10) Thn trng khi mua gia dng thnh hnh Kiu dng gia dng cng thnh hnh th cng d li mt, ngc li, kh nng cm nhim ca gia dng truyn thng th rt lu bn. (Hnh trang 172 + 173-1)
2. NHNG IU CN CH KHI MUA GIA DNG i vi khng t ngi chun b chuyn sang nh mi m ni, do khng hiu vic la chn gia dng li l mt vic cc k au u, c rt nhiu ngi mua gia dng v nh ri li khng va , c nhng gia dng b ngoi th p mt nhng cht liu ca n th cha rt nhiu cht c c hi, cng c nhng nhn p nhng dng khng tt, mua v mt thi gian khng lu th hng. Vy chng ta nn mua gia dng nh th no? gia dng nh th no th khng nn mua? (1) C mi c tnh kch thch mnh khng
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C mt s gia dng nh t qun o, khi mua th rt ngn ko ra, m ca t ra lin c mt mi c tnh kch thch mnh lm cho chy nc mt, gp tnh trng nh vy chng t hm lng Formaldehyde c trong vt qu tiu chun mt cch nghim trng. gia dng kiu ny c hi rt ln n sc kho c th, ngh khng nn mua dng. Nu v iu kin hn ch, mua dng kiu ny v ri th nn t ch rm mt mt thi gian ri mi nn s dng. (2) Bt vin c bng phng, chc chn khng
Nhn t gc an ton m ni, vic x l cnh vin gia dng lm t tm g nhn to l v cng quan trng, c bit l gia dng dng tm vn vn bo p phi yu cu bt vin ton b, nh vy c th hn ch s gii phng cht c hi trong tm nhn to. Nhng hin nay rt nhiu nh xng v tit kim vt liu nn ch bt vin cc b, nhng gia dng nh vy tt nht khng nn mua. Ngoi ra, bt vin khng phng, chng t tm bn trong b m t, ch vi ngy l vin c th b bong. Vin bt cn cn phi l gc trn, khng c gc nhn. Vin dng g bt rt d b m hoc nt. gia dng dng tm g dn ba lp bc, ch bc dng inh c nh li, cn ch xem mt inh c phng khng, ch mt inh v cc ch khc mu sc c ng nht khng. Thng thng ch mt inh li c dng sn quang du bt li, cn ch xem sn quang du c b ni cc ln khng, nu ni ln l khng phng, dn dn sn s ri ra mt. (3) Cht liu g c mc hay mt khng
Bnh thng m ni, cht liu g m b mc hay b mt th tng i mm, ngi mua c th dng ngn tay cy ln, nu thy cc ri xung th chng t g b bin cht mc hoc mt. (4) Khung gi c kin c khng
Quan st t m kt cu khung gi, mt s gia dng ch c dng inh c nh li, kt cu gi lng lo, khng vng, sau mt thi gian s dng c th xut hin hin tng gy, ngi tiu dng khi chn mua cn phi ch . Nhng gia dng nh khi chn mua c th ko i ko li c trn nn xi mng, nh nhng, m thanh trong v gin, chng t cht lng tt; nu khng pht ra ting, hay c ting tp m c khng u, chng t kt cu khng chc chn. Bn, bn lm vic c th dng tay lc qua lc li xem c vng khng. Gh sofa c th ngi th, lc qua lc li, nu khng lung lay, khng b mm, khng c ting ct kt, chng t kt cu vng chc, nu ngi xung m gh pht ra ting ku ct kt, lung lay th l dng inh ng, dng s khng c bao lu. Chn ca bn vung, bn di, gh nn c 4 chic kp
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hnh tam gic 4 chn, nh vy mi c tc dng c nh, nu khng c, thi gian dng lu mt cht th c th b bung ra. (5) T l cha nc ca cht liu g cao hay thp
T l cha nc cao, g d b cong vnh, bin hnh. T l cha nc ca gia dng khng nn vt qu 12%, bnh thng khi ngi tiu dng chn mua gia dng thng khng c my o, c th p dng phng php dng tay s, dng tay s vo nhng ni khng sn nh mt di hoc mt trong, nu cm thy m th t l cha nc c th trn 50%, v c bn l khng th dng. Cn mt cch khc l c th vy mt cht nc ln ch khng sn, nu thm chm hoc khng thm chng t t l cha nc cao. Khi chn tm g nhn to m c hin tng bin hnh, phng cnh, gia li lm chng t t l ht nc ca chng rt cao. (6) Mt dn c chc chn, bng phng khng
Chn gia dng c mt dn, bt lun l dn tm g n, PVC hay dn giy sn cn phi ch cc hin tng nh: dn c bng phng hay khng, c ch phng rp khng, c ni c kn khng Khi kim tra cn nhn tht gn, khng nhn gn s khng th nhn ra. (7) Gng c b bin hnh khng
Khi chn gia dng c km theo gng nh bn trang im, gng thay , t qun o cn phi th soi xem c b bin hnh hay i mu sc khng, kim tra xem lp thu ngn pha sau gng c giy v tm m hay khng, nu khng c tm m th khng t tiu chun, khng c giy cng khng c, nu khng thu ngn rt d b bong ra. (8) Mu sc c u khng
Nhn qua lp sn bn ngoi, b mt gia dng t tiu chun l nhn v mu sc, vn ca chng phi r nt, mu sc ca tng chic so vi c b phi thng nht, khng nn c hin tng mu sc cc b b phai, hn na b mt phi bng phng. (9) Phi kin ng kim c ton din khng
Nu kim tra thy kho khng trn nhy; t ln cn lp 3 nm ko th ch lp c 2 chic; nn bt 3 c th ch bt c mt; y chnh l hin tng n bt nguyn liu, cha dng sp hng. V th khi mua cn ch . (10) mm cng ca sofa, ging m c u v thch hp khng Khi chn gh sofa v ging m nn ch b mt cn bng phng ch khng c ch cao ch thp; mm cng phi ph hp, va khng
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c qu cng, khng c tnh n hi, nhng cng khng c qu mm, va ngi ln xung. Phng php la chn l dng tay n th xem c phng khng, l xo c ku khng, nu l xo sp xp khng hp l s lm cho l xo n mc vo l xo kia v s pht ra ting ku. Tip theo cn ch xem c si may no b t khng, mt ng may c hp l khng (Hnh trang 173-2 + 174 + 175 + 176)
3. NHNG CM BY TIU TIN THNG GP KHI MUA GIA DNG Mua nh mi, mua gia dng, vn d l mt vic lm cho con ngi rt vui sng v thch th, nhng khi i mua gia dng thc s th c bit bao cm by tiu tin m bn khng th lng trc c. (1) i ng cp nhn mc che mt khch hng
Hin tng trong cc ca hng gia dng by bn loi sn phm nh hng cao cp, hng t tiu chun, hng t tiu chun bn chy, hng loi II l rt thng gp, vic cn lm ca ngi tiu dng l phi cao cnh gic, khi ca hng chuyn v n nh bn cn kp thi m ng gi ra kim tra xem c chuyn n c ng l ci m bn chn ti ca hng khng; Khi tr tin nht nh phi yu cu ca hng vit ho n, trn ho n phi ghi r loi hng ho, ng cp hng ho, mu m hng ho tin gii quyt khi xy ra vn , khng nn nh d tin vo nhng ca hng gim gi, khuyn mi v h c th i gi tht ln rt cao ri gim gi i cho bn. (2) Cn thn trng khi mua gia dng d hnh
ng thi vi vic cc ca hng bn gia dng ng b ra, h cn mong mun khch hng s mua ging m i km c bn trong ca hng, h ly l do l ang thnh hnh trn Th gii dn dt khch hng t nhng b ging d hnh kim cht li nhun. Hin nay, phn ln ging m trn th trng c kch thc quy cch l di 2m, nu mua ging d hnh th c th s b nh i rt nhiu, hn na dng trn ging km theo c khi b lch lc, khng c cm gic ng b, rt kh mua. (3) Nhng loi g qu t c th c gi
Trn th trng sn g, sn g thc (g thin nhin) thu ht c s ch ca phn ng ngi tiu dng, tuy nhin do lng tham li nhun ca cc ca hng nn thng xy ra hin tng hng loi II thay hng loi I kim li nhun cao. Theo iu tra, gi sn g thc cao hay thp tu thuc vo
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cht lng g, g cht lng cao c g n hng , g tch, g t n Sn nh bng g tch ch yu nhp t Mianma, Indonexia, trong sn phm cht lng cao nht l hng nhp t Mianma. n hng ch yu mc Nam M, c tn gi Vua ca cc loi g, gi c th trng l trn 300 nhn dn t (NDT) /m2 (tng ng vi hn 600.000 Vit nam ng (VN) (VN) /m2). Nhng, v kim li nhun cao, hin nay khng t nh kinh doanh s dng cc loi g khc gi l sn g cht lng cao lm t g n hng , g tch, gi thp hn g tht khong 100 nhn dn t (NDT) (tng ng 200.000 VN). G n hng sn phm thng hng nht l nhp t Brazil, nhng c nh kinh doanh s dng g n hng ca Indonexia mo danh. i vi vn ny, cc chuyn gia nhc nh rng, khi mua sn phm sn g thc cht lng cao nht nh phi lu , trnh nhm mo danh, c th chn mt s nh cung cp tn tui, c uy tn, cht lng tng i c m bo. (Hnh trang 177 + 178)
4. NHNG VN CN CH KHI MUA GIA DNG (1) La chn nhng nh cung cp c Hip hi ngi tiu dng chng nhn, lm va lng khch hng hoc phc v sau mua c uy tn. (2) Khi la chn nh cung cp nn ch xem sn phm ca nh cung cp c ng du ca Ban kim nghim cht lng hay khng. (3) Khi in n t hng sn phm, cn ch ghi r yu cu c bit ca mnh i vi sn phm. (4) Nu cn t lm mt hng no th nn k hp ng vi nh cung cp v c ng du ca nh cung cp . (5) Cn tm hiu r tn, a ch, ngi lin h, s in thoi khi xy ra vn g c th kp thi lin h gii quyt. (6) Khi tr tin mua hng cn ch xem k li mt hng, pht hin c g khng ng vi hp ng th cn t cu hi hoc tr li hng. (Hnh trang 179)
5. MUA GIA DNG KHNG NN THIU THC K HP NG

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Vi nm tr li y, cc thnh ph ln lin tc m ra cc ch gia dng, va cc nh cung cp m rng con ng tiu th, ng thi cng thun tin cho ngi tiu dng. Nhng ch ny tin hnh kinh doanh qua phng thc cho cc nh cung cp thu a im trong ch, ngi m ch chu trch nhim qun l. i mt vi tnh trng ny, lnh o cc a phng cng ln lt a ra nhng php quy c lin quan bng vn bn a cng vic kinh doanh ca cc ch ny vo mt quy phm nht nh, phc v cho quyn li, li ch hp php ca ngi tiu dng. Nhng phng thc kinh doanh ca nhng ch ny kh m bo c cht lng sn phm, o c ngh nghip ca nhn vin kinh doanh, kh trnh khi hin tng xm phm quyn li, li ch hp php ca ngi tiu dng. Hin tng xm phm quyn li th hin mt s phng din sau: (1) Tuyn truyn gi di
thu ht khch hng, mt s nhn vin tip th trong khi qung co v sn phm khoa trng qu nhiu, thi sn phm bay ln chn tng my, n khi ngi tiu dng mua hng v nh mi pht hin ra v em tr li, nhn vin tip th li lt mt khng tha nhn lm cho ngi tiu dng khng c bng c g, c kh m kh ni, nh phi ngm ngi nut ng nut cay quay v. (2) Trao hng khng hp ng
Khi bn hng khng k kt hp ng gia ngi bn v ngi mua, ch bng mt t ho n trao cho ngi mua lm cho hai bn khng th tin hnh kim nh cht lng sn phm, t h trn trnh trch nhim. (3) in hp ng khng da theo quy phm
Cho d c vn bn hp ng quy phm, nhng mt s nh cung cp khi in hp ng th trnh n trnh kia, i vi mt s iu khon quan trng nh cht lng sn phm, tiu chun bo v mi trng, trch nhim hoc l khng in, hoc l dng t ng mp m in, n khi xy ra vn h cn c ca sau thot him. (4) Hp ng khng ng du m bo ca ch
Mt sau trn vn bn hp ng mua bn gia dng do B qun l chnh ph lp ra, ngoi v tr hai bn k tn, ng du ra, cn c v tr dnh cho ban qun l ch ng du, y l bng c quan trng chng minh trch nhim qun l gim st ca ch i vi giao dch, ch khng nhng c ngha v ho gii cc tranh chp, bo v quyn li, li ch hp php ca ngi tiu dng, ng thi cn phi chu trch nhim lin i tng ng. V vn ny, rt nhiu ngi tiu dng khng hiu r nn coi thng khu quan trng ny, cn cc ch v ngi tip th do nguyn nhn mun trn trnh trch
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nhim, trn trnh qun l nn khng ni r ngha v cho ngi tiu dng bit, lm cho mt s ngi tiu dng trong khi tranh chp ri vo trng thi mng lung, kh gii quyt c vn . i mt vi hin tng trn, cn nhc nh ngi tiu dng rng: khi mua gia dng cn phi c thc k kt hp ng vi nh cung cp, bt k l mua hng c sn hay t hng nht nh phi kim tra k hp ng, cn in t m mt s iu kin quan trng nh cht lng sn phm, yu co v bo v mi trng, thi gian giao hng, trch nhim khi vi phm, khi nghe gii thiu v sn phm khng nn tin vo nhng li ha ming ca nhn vin tip th, cn k kt hp ng, sau th ng qun i hi con du ca ch trong hp ng. (Hnh trang 180 + 181-1)
6. MUA GIA DNG KHNG NN CH CH TRNG M QUAN Tm lng yu ci p, ai ai cng c. Tiu chun ca p l g? T c ch kim cha tng c nh ngha v b tr gia dng cng nh vy. Cc chuyn gia xin nhc nh ngi tiu dng: Thc dng cao hn m quan. (1) Sofa cng ln cng och
Sofa nu t trong mt cn phng khch rng ri th och v cng, nhng ng thi vi vic ch nh ngh ti th hin th din nh th no th li qun mt mt mu cht quan trng --- chnh l gh sofa c vo c trong nh hay khng, hin nay kch thc ca phng thng khong 85cm, nu sofa qu ln th chiu ngang s khng th qua c hoc c th b vng mt chn, lm rch mt ming da, sofa nh vy cho d c vo c nh, sa sang li th cng khng cn p na. (2) Khi mua ging, trng kiu dng hn cht lng
C mt s ngi tiu dng khi i mua ging, vic u tin l phi chn kiu dng, sau mi chn ging, thm ch c ngi ch quan tm n kiu dng m thi, thc ra mt chic ging tt quan trng nht l ging m, cht lng tt xu ca chic ging l v cng quan trng. S pht trin ca chic ging u tin l ging g cng, m xp, n ngy nay l m l xo, m cao su, ging in, cng ngy cng th hin mc tiu d nhn vi bn (ly con ngi lm chnh), gip con ngi thoi mi v chm sc sc kho cho con ngi. Chnh v vy, khi i mua ging m, nht nh phi xem k bn trong ging m xem c chc chn, cn thn, t tiu chun hay khng.
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(3)
Trang tr nh bp p l chnh
Nh bp kiu thong mt v cc loi kiu dng thi thng ang dn c thnh hnh. Nhng nh bp cng li mt th dng li cng tt. V d nh t bp sn, nhn b ngoi sng bng nh sn kim loi ca t, c bit l nhng t bp c mu sc rc r, cng hin ra v p v cn c th soi gng, nhng thi quen n rn ca ngi dn lm cho trong bp c mt lng ln khi du, qua mt thi gian di phi chu khi du th mu sc ca t bp cng dn b bin i, hn na nu khng cn thn s lm xc, nhng vt xc va kh coi va kh phc hi. (4) Mua gia dng kiu Trung Quc c r
Cng vi tro lu phc c, trong nh c mt b gia dng ng b kiu Trung Quc c, hoc c mt hai vt trang tr kiu Trung Quc c s th hin ra phm v v s thch ca ch nh. Nhng gi c gia dng thi Minh Thanh cn tr nhu cu mua sm ca rt nhiu ngi, mt chic gh trn bng g t n bnh thng phi mt vi chc triu VN, mt chic gh bng g l vng cng khong trn di 20 triu VN, chn gia dng bng g g gi r tht khng n gin. Nu mun mua c sn phm tht, cht lng tt, tt nht nn dn theo mt ngi trong ngh i tham mu.
* TNG TIO2 BIT H HP Vn dng loi gch tng ny l k thut xc tc mi gii quang tin tin nht hin nay, lm cho tng vch ca kin trc c th tin hnh phn ng quang hp ging nh thc vt vy, thng qua hp thu kh cacbonnic, nh ra kh oxy, chng c tc dng l trong sch khng kh, hiu qu tng i tt. Theo nghin cu, 1000m2 tng TiO2 tng ng vi hiu qu lm trong lnh khng kh ca 70 cy bch dng. (Hnh trang 181-2 + 182 + 183)
7. KHNG NN COI THNG KCH THC GIA DNG C T TIU CHUN HAY KHNG Trong cuc sng thng nht, mi ngi u cm nhn c rng: Bn n qu cao, gh khng ng b s lm cho ngi ta cm thy ngi khng c thoi mi; Bn vit qu cao, gh li qu thp, s hnh thnh cho ngi ngi t th b ra, rt ngn khong cch nhn, lu dn s dn n cong vo ct sng v cn th mt. V th, gia dng s dng trong nh nht nh phi t tiu chun.
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i vi chiu cao ca bn gh, Quc gia c quy nh v tiu chun. Trong , tiu chun chiu cao ca bn c 4 quy cch: 700mm, 720mm, 740mm, 760mm; chiu cao mt gh c 3 quy cch: 400mm, 420mm, 440mm. Ngoi ra, Quc gia cn quy nh v kch thc tiu chun bn gh ng b, khong cch cao gia bn v gh khng ch trong phm vi 280 ~ 320mm. Chiu cao bn gh chnh xc l lm cho ngi ngi gi c 2 vung gc c bn: Mt l, khi hai chn t bng trn mt t, i v cng chn phi vung gc vi nhau. Hai l, khi hai cnh tay bung xui t nhin, cnh tay trn v khuu tay c bn vung gc, lc ny chiu cao mt bn va hay tip xc vi mt di ca khuu tay. Nh vy s lm cho ngi ngi gi c t th ngi v t th vit chnh xc. Nu chiu cao bn v gh kt hp khng hp l s nh hng trc tip n t th ngi ca con ngi, bt li cho sc kho ngi s dng. V th, tiu chun Quc gia cn quy nh, chiu cao khng gian di gm bn khng c nh hn 580mm, chiu rng khng gian di gm bn khng c nh hn 520mm, iu ny l m bo khi s dng, chn ngi c th c khng gian hot ng. Kch thc ca gh sofa, tiu chun Quc gia quy nh, chiu rng pha trc sofa n khng c nh hn 480mm, nh hn kch thc ny, cho d c ngi va th cng c cm gic qu cht hp. Chiu su mt gh phi trong phm vi 480 ~ 600mm, nu qu su th cng chn s khng th bung xui t nhin, nu qu nng th s c cm gic ngi khng vng. Chiu cao mt gh nn trong phm vi 360 ~ 420mm, qu cao s ging nh ngi trn gh bnh thng, cm gic khng thoi mi, qu thp khi ng dy s cm thy rt kh khn. V chiu cao ca t treo qun o, tiu chun Quc gia quy nh, khong cch t thanh treo n tm trn t l 40 ~ 60mm, ln hn s lng ph khng gian, nh hn s kh treo mc o; Khong cch t thanh treo n y t, nu treo qun o di th khng c nh hn 1350mm, treo qun o ngn khng c nh hn 850mm. Chiu su ca t ch yu da vo rng ca vai ngi s dng, bnh thng l 600mm, khng nn nh hn 500mm, nu khng ch c treo cho th mi ng c cnh t. V gi sch cng c tiu chun, tiu chun Quc gia quy nh, chiu cao ca mi ngn sch khng nn nh hn 220mm. Nu nh hn kch thc ny th s kh t cc loi sch ph thng. Ch n nhng vt phm c kch c ln nh sch bo, album th mi mt khoang sch nn c chiu cao t 300mm n 350mm. Tiu chun ngnh v tiu chun Quc gia v gia dng coi kch thc lm trng im, ch cn c mt kch thc khng t tiu chun th vt
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phm b coi l khng t tiu chun. Ngi tiu dng khi mua gia dng cng nn tm hiu v kch thc mnh cn mua trnh mua phi hng phi tiu chun, khng ch khng thun tin khi s dng, m cn c th nh hng n sc kho. (Hnh trang 184)
8. TM CHNG LA KHNG BNG PHNG LA Tm chng la thc ra khng bng phng la. T ngha con ch m ni, tm chng la chnh l phng la, rt nhiu ngi tiu dng hiu nhm t ny. Thc ra, cch gi ny khng chnh xc. Bt k vt liu no u khng tn ti ngha phng la, cch gi chnh xc nn l tm chu la. Theo tm hiu, bt k vt cht no b mt c ph Melamine u c tnh nng chu la nht nh. Tm chu la cng cn phi c yu cu v thi gian chu la, la chy mt khong thi gian sau mi sinh ra phn ng ho hc, tc l b than ho. Thi gian chu la ca tm chng la c th t khong 35 ~ 40 giy, trong phm vi thi gian ny, la t ch c th sn sinh ra khi en c lau sch c, khng c phn ng ho hc. ng nhin thi gian chu la ca tm chng la cng di cng tt. (Hnh trang 185)
9. CHN MUA VT LIU CHNG LA TRONG NH Vi nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca nn kinh t, ngnh xy dng cng khng ngng pht trin, mc sng ca ngi dn c nng cao, thm vo s dn th ngy cng tng nhanh, khu vc thnh ph nhanh chng pht trin lm cho nhng vt kin trc c xu th pht trin quy m ngy cng ln, tng lu lp th ho, thit b phc tp ho. Trong tnh trng nhng phng din ny pht trin nhanh chng, s c ho hon ca cc vt kin trc pht sinh cng nhiu, gy tn tht nghim trng n tnh mng v an ton ti sn ca ngi dn. Sau khi pht sinh ra rt nhiu ho hon cc cng trnh kin trc ln trong nc, qua thm tra v phn tch, nguyn nhn gy ho hon hoc ngn la nhanh chng lan rng c mi lin quan mt thit vi vic trong cc cng trnh kin trc c s dng nhng vt liu trang tr d chy. Vt liu d chy ngoi vic cung cp nguyn liu cho ho hon, tr gip ngn la chy to, lan rng, khi c v kh c hi ca nhng vt liu to ra sau khi pht sinh ho hon cng l mt nguyn nhn ch yu e do an ton tnh mng con ngi. ng thi, bo v an ton cng cng, gim thiu t vong tnh mng v nhng tn tht ti sn do ho hon gy ra, s dng nhng vt liu trang tr
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ni tht c tnh chng chy, chu la l con ng u tin trong i sch phng la an ton i vi cc vt kin trc hin nay. Trn quan im , i vi nhng vt liu chng la dng trong trang tr ni tht ca cc vt kin trc, chng ta nn lp ra mt quan nim chnh xc v s dng v ph bin rng ri ng dng hu hiu ca nhng vt liu chng la , trnh thit k khng tho ng v thi cng nhm ln, gy ra nhng lng ph v tn tht khng ng c, gp phn vo vic t mc tiu c bn l gi gn an ton cng cng, gim thiu t vong v tn tht ti sn I. Phn loi vt liu xy dng chng la a. Vt liu khng chy
Giai on u ca ho hon, loi vt liu ny khng d pht sinh hin tng bc chy, cng khng d sn sinh ra khi c v kh c hi. ng thi, loi vt liu xy dng ny di ngn la nhit cao khng c nhng hin tng xu nh bin dng, chy, nt Nhng loi vt liu ny c b tng, gch hoc gch rng tm, , nhn to, ch phm aming, st thp, nhm, knh, si thu tinh, s, ngi, vi v cc vt liu khc. b. Vt liu chu la
Trong giai on u ca ho hon, loi vt liu ny ch c th sinh ra hin tng chy rt t, tc chy cc chm, khng c hin tng xu nh bin dng, tan chy hay nt n Vt liu loi ny c tm xi mng si g, si chu nhit, tm Calcium silicate II. ca a. Tm thch cao chng la Nhng vt liu chng la c th s dng khi hon thin nh
Tm thch cao l vt liu chu la, c th chu nhit 3000C, khi vt qu nhit ny c th b chy, khuyt im duy nht l tm thch cao khng th chu c va p, ng inh, bt c vt s rt d b lng v bung ra. b. Tm Calcium silicate
Tm ny dng chng la rt tt, ng thi cn c tnh chng nc, cng tng i cao, nhng gi c cng tng i cao. c. Tm knh
Ngoi vic cch m ra, bn thn knh cng l mt loi vt liu chng la, khi gp ho hon rt kh chy.
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d. loi:
Cc loi vt liu sn
Hin nay, vt liu sn da vo tnh cht chng la c chia lm 3 Sn chng la kiu gin n: nguyn liu lm t nha cy khng chy kt hp vi bt mu c bit, cht ph gia ch thnh sn cao su clo ho chng la c tnh ho tan, c th cch ly ngn la tip xc vi vt liu bn di lp sn, sau khi ho hon c dp tt, ch vic co b i nhng phn sn b phng rp ra v sn li b mt mi. Sau khi sn ln vt liu, sn s thm hon ton vo nhng l hng li ti trn vt liu, lm cho vt liu xy dng di lp sn khng b chy, m phn b chy ch b than ho. Sn phm chng la dnh ring cho sn phm dt may, vi tng, thm, c th trc tip phun ln b mt t c hiu qu chng la v khng c hi i vi ngi. Nu nh hon chnh hoc thi cng xong m lc u khng tnh ton n chuyn s dng vt liu c tnh chng la th s dng vt liu sn chng la cng l mt phng php khng ti. e. Tm g kp
Hin nay c ngi sn xut ra loi vt liu gc, tm g kp, g thc c th s dng. f. Rm ca s, giy dn tng
Hin nay cng c mt s sn phm c hiu qu chng la, loi sn phm ny phn ln l nhp khu. Tng hp nhng iu trn, ngoi vic ch n vt liu chng chy c bn ra, cn nn cho ngi nh mnh kh nng ng bin khi gp nn v nhng kin thc v phng chy cha chy, bnh thng nn tp dt, lm quen vi cc k xo, k nng cha chy, trnh la, mua thm nhng thit b cha chy cn thit nh bnh dp la, c th x l ng bin kp thi khi ngn la cn nh, cn lu li thot him. Khi chy trnh la, nht thit khng c i thang my. Nhng kin thc phng chy cha chy ny cc bn cn phi hc hi, tm hiu nhiu.
* THNG THC V CHNG CHY TRONG NH (1) Thng thuc mi trng a l ni , m bo li i bt c lc no cng thng sut, khng c vt cn.
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(2) Tm hiu nhng thit b phng chy cha chy ni nh v phng php s dng. (3) Khng c ng in b qu ti, nu cn tng thm thit b in th cn lp thit b t tiu chun. (4) Trong nh khng c cht cha nhng vt phm d chy v nguy him. (5) Cn ch cho nhng thnh vin trong nh bit v tr cu dao ngun in, nu xy ra ho hon phi kp thi ngt ngun. (6) Khi s dng kh t nn c gng m ht ca s phng kh t b r r xy ra s c ngoi mun. Khi khng dng ga na nn ng van tng bnh ga li. (7) nh k kim tra thit b in, ng dy in v kh t, nu pht hin c hng hc phi lp tc sa cha, thay mi. (8) Nu xy ra ho hon nn bnh tnh, lp tc gi in n ban ngnh phng chy cha chy v ch ra chnh xc ngun pht la. (9) Cht chy khc nhau c nhng thit b dp la khc nhau: cht chy l giy, g th s dng thit b dp la thu lc; cht chy l du, nhin liu, xng v cc dung dch lng d chy khc phi s dng thit b dp la bng bt kh hoc bt; cht chy l ng dy in, thit b in th phi s dng thit b dp la bng bt kh hoc anhydrit cacbonnic. (Hnh trang 186 + 187 + 188)
10. CHNG M KHNG BNG CHNG NC Trong quan nim ca rt nhiu ngi, gia chng m v chng nc c th nh du bng. Trn thc t, quan nim l khng chun xc. Tc dng chng m l sinh ra cht chng m thm vo vt liu g. Cc xng sn xut nhn bit d dng tm g chng m vi tm g ph thng, ngi ta thng thm vo vt liu sn xanh hoc lm du hiu nhn bit. Cht chng m khng c bt c nh hng no n tnh nng chng nc ca bn thn tm g . Thc tin chng minh, tm g c cht chng m v tm g khng c cht chng m khi cho ngm trong nc, t l n ca chng l nh nhau. V th ci gi l chng m ch l c tc dng i vi kh m trong khng kh m thi.
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11.NHNG IU CM K KHI CHN MUA G u tin, nn ch n sm nht ca mu sn trn gia dng, nht nh khng c chn g sm mu ng gia dng nht mu. Tip theo, phi xem mu sc ca vt liu g c bnh thng khng, nu c ch b mu vng nht hoc mu trng. g xp, dng mng tay cm vo c chng t g ny b mc, khng th s dng. Ngoi ra, nn chn nhng loi g c ng vn thng. G c ng vn thng khng nhng d bo, d ca, d mi, m sau khi ng thnh gia dng hon chnh chng cn bng p v khng d bin dng. Cng cn ch nn chn g c t khe nt, mu, l cn trng, l inh. Sau khi chn xong nn t ni kh ro, thong gi, khng c nh nng chiu thng vo, sau na nm n mt nm l g s kh t nhin v c th s dng c. (Hnh trang 189)
12.NHN BIT CHNH XC SN NH NHP KHU Hin nay, sn nh nhp khu bn ra trn th trng trn thc t c chia lm 5 tnh trng sau y: Mt l sn phm nhp khu t xng sn xut chn chnh; Hai l sn nh u thc cho nc ngoi sn xut; Ba l nhn hiu c nc ngoi ng k, ni sn xut li l quc ni; Bn l sn phm sn nh hon ton gi mo, nhn hiu ca sn phm ny khng c nc ngoi ng k, sn xut cng trong nc; Nm l sn nh bn nhp khu, ban u sn nh ca hng ny thng qua ph chun nhp khu, sau ct t nhp khu v chuyn sang sn xut trong nc, nhng im tiu th vn ng du nhp khu. gip bn nhn bit, bn c th p dng cc bin php sau: (1) Mua sn nh nhp khu chn chnh, cht lng tt, khi mua bn c th yu cu nh cung cp cho bn xem giy bo quan, nht thit phi l giy bo quan trong vng 3 thng hoc na nm. Nu nh cung cp khng a ra c giy bo quan, vy th sn nh ny c th l c sn xut trong nc. Ngoi ra, bn c th yu cu nh cung cp cung cp cho bn a ch website ca xng sn xut ti nc ngoi (website nhn hiu cha c ng k trong nc) hoc phng thc lin lc vi nh cung cp nc ngoi. Bi v sn nh nhp khu khng phi u l nhn hiu c tn tui, c mt s loi sn nh tuy c nhp khu t nc ngoi nhng cht lng li khng bng so vi sn nh trong nc sn xut. Ch cn sn nh ca nh cung cp
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nhp hng thng qua con ng bnh thng u c th cung cp cho bn nhng thng tin trn. Cn i vi nhng nhn hiu sn phm ng k nc ngoi, ni sn xut li trong nc th nhng t liu nh website s khng y . (2) Nu l sn phm nhp khu, trn ng gi nht nh phi c tn nh sn xut, a ch nh xng, tn thng hiu sn phm ting Trung, vy th nhng ng gi th s, phin m ting Trung khng r rng, khng c tn xng sn xut, a ch nh xng, ch c a ch hoc s in thoi ca i l tiu th sn phm rt c th y l sn phm gi mo. (3) Sn nh nhp khu t Chu u, sch thuyt minh gii thiu sn phm v hp ng gi bn ngoi u phi c cc loi du nh du ca hip hi sn xut sn nh Chu u, du chng nhn tiu chun mi trng cao nht Chu u, du chng nhn cht lng tt nht sn nh g nc c, phiu thu quan, chng nhn thnh vin EPLF, phiu hi quan, chng nhn cht lng, chng minh ni sn xut. (4) Kch thc ca sn nh nhp khu t Chu n u trong khong 1285mm ~ 1380mm, cn kch thc tm sn nh sn xut trong nc l 1220mm x 2440mm, di ca chng c th t 1210mm, dy l 8,3mm, mt sau nhn bng. ng nhin sn nh sn xut trong nc cng c th sn xut tm c kch thc di nhng khng nhiu. (5) Tm sn g cng ho nhp khu t Chu u, hoa vn r rng, mi mt loi hoa vn u c s m bo v bn quyn sn xut, trn th trng s khng c hoa vn no tng ng c. (6) Dy m s trn ng gi bn ngoi sn nh, ba s u ca dy m s sn nh do c sn xut l 400 ~ 440, ba s u ca dy m s sn nh do Trung Quc sn xut l 690.
* GIA DNG BNG G D HT TING N gia dng bng si g c nhiu l, c th ht c ting n. Cc loi g khc nhau th mc ht m cng khc nhau, cht liu g cng xp th hiu qu ht m cng cao nh g thng. gia dng bng g trong nh khng nn qu t, qu t s lm cho m thanh trong phng vang vng. Do nh bnh thng tng i nh hp, cch m thng khng tt, mun cn tr c ting n, thay i phng thc sp xp gia dng cng v cng quan trng. Khi m thanh t nh hng xm qu ln, s nh hng n ngi trong nh mnh, bn c th t t sch ti bc tng st vch vi
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nh hng xm. Phng php ny hiu qu rt r rt, cng c hiu qu cch m nht nh. (Hnh trang 190 + 191 + 192)
13.NHNG IU CM K KHI CHN MUA GIA DNG BNG KIM LOI Chng loi gia dng bng kim loi rt nhiu, c gh m in, ging, tr k, gi treo qun o, chng khng ch sng bng, p mt, kt cu vng chc, c th s dng c lu di, hn na cn tin cho vic tho lp, chim din tch nh, v th thu ht c rt nhiu s quan tm ca ngi tiu dng. Vy th mua gia dng bng kim loi nh th no? Mt m Crm ca gia dng bng kim loi phi sng bng, v tr sn mu sc phi u, sn qut phng, khng vt xc, khng han g, khng bong trc Ch mi hn phi bng phng, khng h ming, khng vt, lp m in khng vt nt, khng c nhng nt chm. Nhng ch cong phi phng, khng c np. Nhng ch c inh phi kin c, vng chc. inh, c vt nhng ch ni phi bng phng, khng lng lo, khng xm xc. Nhng linh kin bng g kt hp vi gia dng bng kim loi nh tm g dn hoc b mt nha ti ch phi bng phng, khng bong keo, khng phng rp. Bn chn chm t ca gia dng phi vng chc, khi tho lp phi linh hot.
14. GIA DNG KIU TM KHNG NN COI THNG BT KN VIN gia dng dng cht liu g ch yu c 2 loi l g thc v g nhn to. G thc chia thnh 2 loi g cng v g mm, tm g nhn to th c vn vn vo p, tm g dn, tm g phc hp, tm g g gia cng Nhng tm g nhn to qua x l p nhit cao khng d b bin dng, c s dng rng ri trong gia dng hin i. Do cht liu g u c vn, nn khi nhit v m thay i tng i ln rt d xut hin hin tng nt n, cong vnh v bin dng. gia dng bng g thc bt k l s dng cht liu g g, khi lm cu k n u u khng trnh khi nhng vn ny. Cn tm g nhn to l em g chia nh thnh tng lt hoc thnh bt g, sau lm li thnh tm g. Bi v ph v kt cu vt l vn c ca g thc nn khi nhit , m bin i tng i ln th bin hnh ca
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tm g nhn to cng nh hn nhiu so vi g thc. Chnh v vy, c th ni cht lng tm g nhn to n nh hn cht lng g thc. Nu gia dng bng g kiu cong th u l g thc c chia thnh tng lt, sau dng keo dn, un cong m thnh. G cong c th un thnh gc tu , tnh bn rt tt, g trong nh bp v phng v sinh nn dng tm g nhn to c tnh chng m, qua cng ngh bt vin k cng nn c th s dng rt lu m khng bin hnh. gia dng dng tm g nhn to ng cn c gi l gia dng kiu tm. gia dng kiu tm tuy c c im khng d b bin hnh, a dng, nhng tm g nhn to c th gy ra nhim mi trng nh , iu ny cng khng c coi thng. i mt vi vn Formaldehyde gii phng ra t nhng sn phm g tm nhn to, S nghin cu tiu chun mi trng thuc Vin nghin cu khoa hc mi trng Trung Quc v Trung tm kim nghim v gim st cht lng g tm nhn to Quc gia cng nhau khi tho ra Yu cu k thut sn phm g tm nhn to t tiu ch mi trng Formaldehyde thp. Trong hn nh phm vi bi thi cht nhim ca sn phm v x nghip sn xu, yu cu cht nhim ca x nghip bi thi ra phi ph hp vi yu cu tiu chun bi thi cht nhim do Quc gia hoc a phng quy nh. Cht lng sn phm g tm nhn to ngoi vic phi ph hp vi tiu chun cht lng tng loi sn phm ra, hm lng Benzen v Halohydrocarbons trong cht keo dn m sn phm s dng phi nh hn 2000mg/kg, lng Formaldehyde gii phng ra trong sn phm phi nh hn t l 0,2 triu. Nhng sn phm g tm nhn to ph hp vi yu cu ny l tm vn vn bo p, tm g dn, g phc hp, tm g g gia cng m bo mi trng trong nh khng b nhim, ngi tiu dng khi chn mua gia dng kiu tm cn ch kim tra cc tm g xem vin tm c bt kn cha, ng thi 6 mt ca gia dng kiu tm u phi c bt kn vin chc chn. (Hnh trang 193 + 194) (Hnh g trang 194: G t n thm c hoa vn)
15.KHNG NN NGH GIA DNG MU THM L GIA DNG BNG G G gia dng bng g g thng c chia lm 3 loi l g g , g hoa l v g gi g, nu gia dng c lm bng g cng c mu thm u gi chung l gia dng g g th l mt cch ni sai lm. gia dng g g chn chnh l loi gia dng khng phi thng qua x l sn mu m chng c ch to t nhng loi g qu c mu thm
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t nhin, c hoa vn p nh g hong n ging hng, hc hong n, t n, g mun, g g brazil. Trong , ging hng hong n v hc hong n c trng pha Nam nc ta, cn li u l g g nhp khu. im chung ca nhng loai g g m gia dng thng dng l mu sc thm, hoa vn p, nng, cng, dai, bng Mt kh kh thng khong 0,85 ~ 0,9 g/m3, tnh n nh tt, khi ca g g ra th s to ra mt mi chua, phoi bo c th lm cho da b mn nga. Vi nm gn y gi ca g g rt t. Ty theo cc loi g khc nhau, mi m3 trong khong 1vn nhn dn t (NDT) cho n vi vn nhn dn t (NDT) (khong 20 triu VN cho n 100 triu VN tr ln), gi ca g hoa l khong 7000 nhn dn t (NDT) /m3 (khong 14 triu VN). G g v g hoa l tng i kh phn bit, c th em vn bo cho vo trong cc thu tinh, nc vo ngm thy c phn ng hunh quang th l g hoa l. Ngoi ra, nc ngm g em t di nh nng mt tri hoc bng in quan st, g hoa l c mu nu, cn g g khng c mu . Trng lng, cng, tnh n nh ca g hoa l u ng sau g g . gia dng gi g u dng loi g tp cng c mu thm hoc trn b mt g tp cng ph thng sn ln mt mu thm, loi g ny d nt, kt cu th, tnh n nh km.
16.CHN MUA GIA DNG CA ITALY KHNG NN THOT LY THC T gia dng ca Italia c gia cng tinh xo, thit k p mt, cht lng ng tin cy nn lm cho ngi tiu dng rt thch, lm rung ng lng ngi. Vy th, lm th no chn mua gia dng Italia cho ng tin? (1) Ni sn xut
Cng l gia dng mang nhn hiu Italia, gi c li rt khc nhau. Ni sn xut khng ging nhau, gi c cng khng ging nhau. Hin nay c rt nhiu gia dng mang nhn hiu Italia nhng trn thc t ch l gia dng gi kiu dng gia dng Italia nhng ni sn xut trong nc. Theo tm hiu, cng c nh sn xut ci tin dy chuyn sn xut ca Italia sn xut ra nhng gia dng c kiu dng ca Italia, nh vy gia dng khng cn np thu quan, ph vn chuyn cng t, gim gi thnh sn phm, nn gi c c th tng i thp. Nhng hin nay nhng nh sn xut ny trong khi tiu th khng ni sn xut, vn bn ra ngoi vi gi cao kim li nhun cao. V th ngi tiu dng trc khi mua cn xc nhn xem c phi l do Italia sn xut khng, xem c ng gi tin khng. (2) Cht liu g
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Cht liu g khc nhau, gi c cng c s chnh lch. gia dng Italia a phn l gia dng kiu tm, tc l trn g tm nhn to dn ln mt trang tr. Bnh thng gia dng lm t g tm thnh hnh gi c l thp nht, ng sau g dn mt cao su v g dn mt giy, gia dng bng g dn mt g gi c cao nht. G dn mt g do ng cp v cng ngh khc nhau, gi c cng c s khc bit rt ln. Ngoi ra, trong gia dng Italia nu s dng g thc gi c s cao ln rt nhiu. (3) Thit k
Thit k c o s lm cho gi c gia dng cao ln rt nhiu. Trong nc Italia, mi nm u c nhng cuc trin lm v bnh chn ln, thit k gia dng tt s c khng nh v c v. gia dng Italia c thit k c o, cht lng ng tin cy tr thnh tng trng cho thn phn v a v, gi c cng tng i cao. gia dng Italia ph hp vi 3 iu k trn c phi l c th yn tm mua khng? Cc chuyn gia nhc nh ngi tiu dng rng, gia dng Italia c 3 loi kch thc: ln, va v nh, khi mua nht nh phi xem xt xem c ph hp vi phng thc sinh hot ca bn khng. gia dng Italia a phn l kch thc ln, thch hp vi chiu cao v th hnh ca ngi Chu u. Khi mua bn cn xem xt din tch, chiu cao nh v tnh trng sinh hot cuc sng nh bn.
* PHNG PHP CHN GCH MEN Khi hon thin nh ca cc bn u cn chn mua gch men, lm th no mua gch ng gi tin m nh mun cng cn phi c nhng kin thc nht nh, ni tm li nguyn tc chn mua gch men l: mt nhn, hai nghe, ba vy nc, bn o trng lng. a. Nhn b ngoi. Gam mu phi ng u, bng v bng phng b mt phi tt, bn cnh u, hnh ho tit hon chnh, t mi thng ly ra 4-5 vin xem c khuyt im nh chnh lch mu sc, bin hnh, st gc b. Nghe m thanh. Dng vt cng g nh, m thanh nghe cng dn th mc s ho cng cao, cht lng cng tt, cng c th dng ba ngn tay ci, tr v gia ca bn tay tri cm mt gc ca vin gch, quay nh xung dui, dng tay phi g nh xung na di vin gch, nu m thanh trong sng, nghe hay l cht lng tt, nu m thanh c, trm th cht lng khng tt.
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c. Vy git nc vo th. Vy vi git nc ln mt sau vin gch, xem thm nhanh hay chm, bnh thng m ni, ht nc cng chm, chng t t trng gch cng ln. Ngc li, ht nc cng nhanh chng t t trng cng t. Phm cht ca gch ht nc chm tt hn. d. Trc lng. tinh xc ca gch cng cao, hiu qu sau khi lt cng tt, mua gch cht lng tt khng nhng d thi cng m cn c th tit kim thi gian v ph liu. Dng thc dy o xem c sai lch gia di cc vin mi vin gch khng, chnh xc cao l hng cht lng tt. Ngoi ra, quan st cng, gch men m c cng tt, tnh bn mnh, khng d v l gch cht lng tt. Ly hai vin gch b st gc vch vo nhau quan st ch xc l nt nh hay ln, l cng hay mm, l li vt xc hay c nhng vn bt ri xung, nu ch li vt xc m khng c vn bt ri xung th l gch tt, c vn bt th cht lng gch km. (Hnh trang 195 + 196 + 197) (Hnh chic bn trang 196: Bn trn g hong n ging hng)
17.CHN MUA SN PHI XEM XT T M a. c im ca sn nh bng
Sn nh bng l vt liu lt nn trang tr kiu tm lm t thch thin nhin thng qua qu trnh gia cng nh khai hoang, ca ct, mi nhn m thnh, sn c c im l kt cu cht ch, cng ln, v th c tnh chu m t, tnh chu mi mn rt mnh. Vt liu thin nhin c rt nhiu u im, nhng cng c khuyt im nh bn thn vt liu dy v nng, gi c t v lt trong din tch nh kh th hin c hiu qu. Trong trang tr gia nh ph thng, phn nhiu c dng k nh v sinh hoc k ca s v ghp hoa cc b nn nh. Nhng vt liu cc gia nh thng dng c hoa cng thin nhin, hoa cng nhn to, cm thch thin nhin v cm thch nhn to. a. hoa cng thin nhin
hoa cng thin nhin l mt loi vt liu tm c khai thc t thch th thin nhin, sau gia cng m thnh, c im ca n l cng cao, chu sc p, chu la, chu n mn, c th dng lt k, bn trong gia nh, nhng gi c t v tng i nng. b. hoa cng nhn to
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hoa cng nhn to l tm c lm t vn hoa cng thin nhin m thnh, c im ca n l chng v tnh bn lu hn hoa cng thin nhin, gi c cng r hn hoa cng thin nhin. c. cm thch thin nhin
c im ca cm thch thin nhin l kt cu cht ch, rn chc, mu sc ti sng, nhng cng khng ln, kh nng chng phong ho km, gi c t, d mt i bng b mt. d. cm thch nhn to
Phng thc t thnh ca cm thch nhn to cng ging nh hoa cng nhn to, gi c cng tng ng nhau. b. a. Nguyn tc chn mua sn Mu sc hi ho
Mu sc ca vt liu thin nhin khng ng u, d xut hin t vt, v th khi chn vt liu phi chn mu sc ng u, ch khi kim tra hng nn chn ra vin p nht so snh. b. Khng c vt nt
Do cng ngh khai thc phc tp, li phi qua vn chuyn ng di, v th phin to d b nt, thm ch v ra, iu ny cng l mt im quan trng cn ch khi chn mua. c. bng v vn
Trong khi chn mua c th dng cm gic ca i tay cm nhn nhn bng ca b mt , xem kch thc c ng tiu chun khng, kim tra vn hoa c r rng khng. d. ng cp ca sn
Cht lng bn ngoi ca cht liu sn ch yu thng qua mt kim tra, sn hng thng ng khng c php c khuyt im v cht lng nh st m, mt gc, vt nt, vt loang l, l Sn ng cp thp hn th yu cu v khuyt im thp hn. e. Ch sai lch
Tm sn loi u, sai lch v di, rng phi nh hn 1mm, sai lch dy nh hn 0,5mm, sai s cho php gii hn mt phng nh hn 0,2mm, sai s gc nh hn 0,4mm.
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f.
Tnh nht qun ca mu sc chnh th
Trn thc t khi chn mua sn cn phi kim tra xem hoa vn, mu sc ca tng tm xem c ng nht vi nhau khng, mi l khng th c s sai lch qu ln v mu sc, nu khng s nh hng n hiu qu sau khi lt.
* NN NH P HN i vi hon chnh nh ca m ni, u t vo vt liu lt nn cng l mt trong nhng vic ln nht trong u t cng trnh, n chim khong 1/5 tng u t. Chnh v th, la chn vt liu lt nn c nh hng n cht lng cng trnh. Chn vt liu lt nn cng l mt nhn t c bn nht nh hng n ton b phong cch trang tr. Mt cng trnh thnh cng, phong cch v mu sc ca tng v gia dng, thm ch l la chn cht liu vi rm ca s u phi tin hnh la chn da trn c s sn nh. V th, khi bn cn cha kho ca ngi nh mi trong tay, bt u t di chn tr ln, u tin l bt u t chn vt liu lt nn. Hin nay, vt liu lt nn m trong cng vic hon chnh nh ca ch yu s dng, v cht liu chia thnh 5 loi ln l gch men, sn g, sn thin nhin, thm v sn nha. Nm loi ny l vt liu thng dng nht trang tr nn nh. (Hnh trang 198 + 199 + 200)
18.KHNG NN COI THNG TM THCH CAO Dng tm thch cao lm tm trn, tng bo n, vch ngn dng nh l sn phm m mi gia nh trong khi hon thin nh ca u cn s dng n. Tuy nhin, do lng dng khng ln nn khng c con ngi chng ta coi trng. Tm thch cao s dng lm vt liu trang tr tng trong c s dng t rt lu, nhng rt nhiu ngi khng c nhn thc ng n v vic s dng tm thch cao. Thc ra, tm thch cao ngoi vic c tc dng trang tr ra, iu quan trng hn l c hiu qu bo n, cch nhit, chng la, chng m, ng thi li nh, c tc dng bo v mi trng, tit kim nng lng. S dng tm thch cao c th nng cao hiu qu tit kim nng lng trong xy dng, cng c th cung cp cho con ngi mt mi trng sng kho mnh, thoi mi.
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Tm trn thch cao c nguyn liu ch yu l thch cao chn thm vo cc cht ph liu v si m thnh, c c im an ton, d chu, nhanh chng, bo v mi trng. An ton ch yu l ch tnh chu la tt, cht thu ho cui cng ca vt liu thch cao khi ho hp vi nc l Calcium sulfate dihydrate, khi gp ho hon, ch cn i ton b nc phn gii ht th nhit mi c th tip tc tng ln trn c s nhit 1400C phn gii t cht ny, lng ln hi nc sinh ra trong qu trnh phn gii c tc dng ngn ngn la lan ra. D chu l ch tnh m v chc nng h hp ca tm thch cao, thch cao l vt liu nhiu l, khi m trong phng cao, chng c th ht nc, khi m trong phng thp, lng nc trong nhng l nh li ti s c gii phng ra, t ng iu tit m trong phng. Nhanh chng l ch tc sn xut thch cao nhanh, hiu qu thi cng cao, bnh thng thi gian ng cng t u n cui ca tm thch cao xy dng l khong 6 ~ 30 pht, tc ng cng ho nhanh hn so vi ch phm xi mng. Chu k tch khun khi sn xut ch phm thch cao mi gi ng h c th t 4 ~ 5 ln, nh s dng cng ngh nung tc cao th thi gian ng cng ho cn ngn hn na. Bo v mi trng l ch vt liu xy dng thch cao tit kim nng lng --- ch bng tiu hao nng lng khi nung xi mng, bng 1/3 tiu hao nng lng khi nung vi; Tit kim vt liu --- so vi tng ngn bng gch t st (cn gi l gch sa mt) tm c 120mm, trng lng ca mi m2 tm thch cao mt giy ch bng 1/10 ~ 1/9, vin xy thch cao ch bng 1/4 ~ 1/5; Tn dng ph thi --- c th tn dng nhng sn phm ph cng nghip nh thch cao dihydrate, thch cao khi, thch cao phospho; C th thu hi s dng --- thch cao xy dng sau khi thu ho li tr thnh thch cao dihydrate. V sinh --- thch cao khng c, v hi i vi c th ngi; Khng nhim mi trng --- qu trnh nung thch cao xy dng l em Calcium sulfate dihydrate kh i nc v tr thnh Semi - water calcium sulfate, cht thi ra l hi nc. T c th thy, vt liu xy dng thch cao khng ch c tnh nng tt m cng l mt loi vt liu xy dng xanh (khng nhim mi trng). Tuy nhin, do hin nay nc ta qun l ngnh sn xut thch cao rt ri lon, hn na rt nhiu ngi tiu dng cha coi trng vt liu xy dng thch cao lm cho sn phm cht lng thp ca mt s x nghip nh my b o thi khi th trng. C nhng nh my thm ch cn s dng thch cao c cha phospho nguy him n sc kho. Hn na, ng cp sn phm thch cao trong nc cha nghim, cha cht ch, v th ngi tiu dng la chn sn phm nhn hiu c tn tui l iu cn thit.
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* SN NH G Da vo cht liu khng ging nhau, sn g c chia thnh 3 loi ln: Sn g thc, sn g phc hp v sn g tng cng. Sn g thc thuc loi vt liu thin nhin, c nhng c im m g phc hp khng th thay th c, khng c, khng v, cm gic chn thoi mi, ng m h mt. Vn ln nht ca sn g thc l kh gi gn. c bit l kh hu phng Bc s bin i kh m tng i ln, nu khng ch bo hnh thng xuyn th d b bin dng cong vnh, b n mn, b mt, nu bn dng sn g thc s phi b ra nhiu cng sc. Lng tiu hao ngun g cng ln, lng cng vic lt nhiu, khng d bo dng v rng tm sn i vi s bin i m s sinh ra s bin i v kch thc tng i ln. B ngoi tm sn g phc hp c vn hoa p nh g thc, d lt v d bo dng, do la chn s dng thit b v cng ngh tin tin, cht lng sn phm cng n nh. Tm g phc hp tp trung tt c cc u im ca sn g thc, gch lt nn, sn da, lt tm sn g phc hp n gin nh sn da, cng nh gch lt nn, hnh dng nh sn g thc, hoa vn, mu sc a dng. N c th chng nc, chng chy, chu sc p, khng cn bo dng u im nhiu n mc dng nh hon thin hon m. Nhng trong cng c ch cha tho ng nh cm gic chn i khng thch bng sn g thc, b mt qu cng v to cm gic nh sn da lm cho ngi s dng cng hi cm thy tic. Vt liu c bn ca tm sn g tng cng l tm si mt trung hoc mt cao v tm vn p vn bo, c tnh n nh kch thc cao, b mt l mt lp giy trang tr c tnh chng mn, m bo tnh nng chng mn cho b mt, chng tn thuc l, chng xc v chng nhim mi trng. Chnh v nhng u im nn tm sn g tng cng c dng nhiu lt nn trong nh v nhng ni cng cng. (Hnh trang 201 + 202)
19.KHI CHN MUA MY TN NHIT KHNG NN CH XEM B NGOI My tn nhit c th c lm t nhiu cht liu: phc hp ng nhm, thun ng, st, nhm, khng t ngi tiu dng phn nh, kiu dng, nhn hiu sn phm, mu sc, loi hnh ca my tn nhit nh hin nay qu nhiu, chn hoa c mt, nht thi khng th a ra la chn c. Cc chuyn gia
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trong ngnh ch ra rng, khi chn mua my tn nhit khng c ch chn b ngoi p mt m cn phi xem xt loi hnh ca my c ph hp vi h thng si m ca nh bn hay khng, im ny cng rt quan trng. c im ca my tn nhit ch to bng st: Ngoi hnh p, to hnh ngh thut khoa trng, nhng s oxy ho, phi p dng bin php x l chng n mn, cn c bo dng thng xuyn. c im ca my tn nhit ch to bng nhm: trng lng nh, gi r, hiu qu cao, to hnh a dng, s n mn tnh kim, phi p dng bin php x l chng n mn. c im ca my tn nhit ch to bng ng nhm phc hp: ng c ch to lm ng nc chng n mn, ng l tn nhit tt, hiu qu chng n mn tt, to hnh n nht. c im ca my tn nhit ch to bng ng, thp khng g (inox): hiu qu chng n mn tt, gi c tng i cao. a. My tn nhit ch to bng phc hp ng nhm
My tn nhit ch to bng phc hp ng nhm c kh nng chu p lc cao, chng n mn, hiu qu tn nhit tt, khng b hn ch bi h thng si m, gi c cng thuc loi trung bnh. Lng tn nhit ca my tn nhit hai ng ng nc lp th cao hn 80% so vi my tn nhit loi ng ng nc n truyn thng. Khng gian i lu u vit, lm cho lng tiu hao gim, gim tiu hao nguyn liu. b. My tn nhit ch to bng st
My tn nhit ch to bng st vn chim lng ln trn th trng, nhng c yu cu nht nh i vi h thng si m, nu pht hin h thng si m khng t c yu cu th khng c s dng loi sn phm ny. c. My tn nhit ch to bng ng
My tn nhit ch to bng ng rt tit kim khng gian, c th dng loi mt hng ng ng trn hoc hai hng ng ng trn, tn nhit tt, thch hp vi cc loi h thng si m, nhng gi c tng i t. V d, mt cn phng 20m2 nu lp my tn nhit bng ng hai hng ng ng trn th cn c 10 tm vi lng tn nhit l 166 Ot/ tm, v cn chi tr vi s tin khong 2000 Nhn dn t (NDT) (khong 4 triu VN). Nu trong nh c ngi gi, tr nh th cn tng s tm ln. d. My tn nhit ch to bng phc hp ng ch
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My tn nhit ch to bng phc hp ng ch thuc loi my tn nhit kiu tm dt di v nh, tuy tit kim khng gian nhng do tm my tn nhit tng i cao nn cn p lc nc tng i ln, l hi si m s rt kh t yu cu, v vy, gia nh c h thng si m khng nn chn my tn nhit loi hnh ny. Sau khi ngi tiu dng chn c loi hnh my tn nhit, v tr lp t, kch thc, ln nh v s tm hoc s t hp tm c th xc nh thng qua vic nh nhn vin chuyn nghip o tiu chun lng tn nhit da theo quy nh Quc gia. V d, Quc gia quy nh trong phng mi m2 cn t n 80 Ot, nu mua tm tn nhit mi tm l 270 Ot, mt cn phng 20m2 th cn 6 tm. Ngoi ra, da theo tnh trng ng ng cp kh nng sn c trong nh bn quyt nh ln nh ng knh ng, da theo v tr lp t c th xc nh kch thc. Cn phi nhc nh cc bn rng, khi bt u u vo ma cn si, khi chuyn gia th nc trong nh nht nh phi c ngi li m van nc vo v nc hi; xem xt gi kh nng trng thi ng hay m; khng c lung lay ng ng, khng ng ng b chu sc p; khng phi nhn vin chuyn ngnh th khng c t tho lp, sa cha kh si; van cp kh si khng nn thng xuyn ng m, van ch c trng thi ton m hoc ton ng; khi xut hin tnh trng d r nc phi lp tc ng van nc vo v van nc hi; sau khi ht nng trong 3 ngy dng tay s vo ch ni ng ng kim tra xem cc u ni ng c b r nc khng, nu c r nc phi lp tc nh nhn vin chuyn ngnh n kim tra v sa cha. (Hnh trang 203 + 204 + 205-1)
20.T QUN O MI MUA KHNG NN NG LT Formaldehyde trong qun o vt qu tiu chun s nguy hi n sc kho, l s thc khng cn tranh ci na. Tuy nhin, khng ch qun o mi d c Formaldehyde, m qun o c t trong nh cng c th b nhim Formaldehyde. Bi v, trong khi hon thin nh ca hoc gia dng c s dng nhng tm g nhn to, phn ln l s dng cht keo, cht kt dnh c cha Formaldehyde, phn t Formaldehyde di chuyn t do khng ngng c gii phng ra khng nhng gy nhim trong nh , ng thi cn trc tip nhim sang qun o trong t, c bit l qun o ng bng cotton, qun o tr em v ni y c sc thm ht mnh. Th nghim chng minh, qun o t trong t c Formaldehyde th hm lng Formaldehyde trong qun o s vt qu rt nhiu so vi lng Formaldehyde khi sn xut. Lm th no phng trnh cho qun o khng b nhim Formaldehyde do gia dng gy ra? u tin, khi mua gia dng phi t
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tiu chun Quc gia; gia dng mi mua khng nn chuyn vo nh mi ngay; Khi s dng t qun o mi c gng khng nn t ni y, qun o ng v qun o tr em; Ma h, chn, thm v qun o thu ng t trong t s ht mt lng ln Formaldehyde, khi s dng nht nh phi phi nng hoc git li; Cn ch quan st tnh trng s dng gia dng mi, nu pht hin tnh trng c mi kh kh chu c tnh kch thch, cay mt, ng thi pht hin ngi trong nh, c bit l tr nh thng xuyn xut hin triu chng bnh nh d ng da, tinh thn bt an, n ung km, ho lin tc th phi ngh ngay n kh nng nhim c Formaldehyde, cn c gng sm mi nhn vin chuyn ngnh mi trng n o v kim tra, ng thi p dng cc bin php x l hu hiu. (Hnh trang 205-2 + 206)
21.NHNG IU CM K KHI CHN MUA N NH TM Bng n ca n nh tm rt sng, ch cn mt thi gian rt ngn l nhit trong nh tm tng nhanh. Song, tm lu di bng n nh tm, nh sng mnh rt d lm bng mt. nh sng mnh s gy nhim nh sng. Thng xuyn s dng n nh tm thi gian di s xut hin cc triu chng hoa mt chng mt, mt ng, sc ch khng tp trung, n ung gim, l do nh sng bng n rc r lo mt gy nh hng n chc nng thn kinh trung ng ca i no ngi. Cn c ti liu cho thy, nhim nh sng s lm suy nhc chc nng th gic ca tr nh, nh hng n s pht trin th lc ca tr. Chng ti a ra ngh, hy chn dng nhng loi n nh tm bng n c tia t ngoi m. So vi tnh nng ca bng n loi ph thng, loi bng n ny khng nhc mt, khng thng hi n th lc, cn c th bo v da khng b kch thch bi nh sng mnh, lu thng mch mu. Ngoi ra, khi s dng n nh tm, mt khng c trc tip nhn thng vo bng n, c gng gim tip xc. (Hnh trang 207-1)
22.CM K MUA NH TM, NH V SINH B TH TRNG O THI a. Bn cu c kt cu x nc kiu thng ng dn ln trn, c km thng nc di thp.
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Khuyt im ch yu ca ph kin thng nc loi ny l: Mt l, vn ng ca tay n x nc v qu cu bt ng nc x khng ng nht nn rt d b d r nc; Hai l, h thng nc vo lp ngc d gy nn nhim ng nc; Ba l, m thanh nc vo ln (trn 60 decibel), khng c thit b b sung nc, iu kin v sinh km. b. Vi hoa sen kiu nng h xoy c
Ming m kn (giong) ca loi vi hoa sen ny rt d hng, lm cho ng khng c kht gy ra d r nc. Ngoi ra, cng ngh sn xut ny lc hu, thn van ch to th, van d b n mn, dn n cht lng x nc km. c. mt nc Thng nc x ca bn cuu c van nc vo thp hn so vi
Khuyt im ln nht ca loi thng nc ny l: thit b chng hin tng xi phng ca van nc vo khng ng tin cy, d lm cho nc ca thng nc chy ngc li v ng ng nc vo, lm nhim ngun nc.
23.NHNG IU CN CH KHI MUA SN KEO Trong khi hon thin nh ca, vt liu sn tng l khng th ri ra. Vt liu sn thng chia thnh sn nc v sn du, ch yu c dng sn tng trong v ngoi nh. Hin nay trn th trng sn keo m hoc i mt con ngi, nhn hiu, quy cch, ng cp, cng dng v mu sc rt a dng. V gi c, thng 5 lt khong t vi chc nhn dn t (NDT) n bn nm trm nhn dn t (NDT) (khong t vi chc nghn n 1 triu VN); V chc nng, t chu c c ra, bt c vt nt n chng mc, chng li vi khun, sn keo li cng ton din hn; V mu sc, cam vng lc lam chm tm, bn mun c mu g c my trn mu s gip bn. i vi ngi tiu dng m ni, bt k l khi chn mua hay khi sn qut u rt mt nhiu thi gian. Phm cht, bo v mi trng, gi c u rt tn cng sc ca bn. Ci ngi tiu dng quan tm nht vn l gi c v bo v mi trng, vic ny cn phi i kho st th trng kim nghim v so snh. Ch s bo v mi trng ca sn keo quan trng nht l hm lng hp cht hu c c tnh tn pht (VOC). Tiu chun Quc gia quy nh, hm lng VOC trong mi lt sn keo khng c vt qu 200g. Theo iu tra
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cho thy, hin nay tnh nng bo v mi trng ca sn keo v c bn l t tiu chun. Cn vn gi c m ngi tiu dng quan tm, nhng khng phi gi cng cao ch tiu tnh nng cng tt. Trn th trng, gi c sn keo chnh lch kh ln, mi lt gi c c th t 7 NDT n 117 NDT (khong 14.000 ~ 234.000 VN). em so snh mu ca hai loi sn keo, mt loi gi 117 NDT/lt v mt loi gi 63,5 NDT/lt, kt qu kim tra cc tnh nng gm tnh bo v mi trng, kh nng che ph, tnh chu bn (do bn t, du m), tnh chng mc khun khng c s khc bit ln. Hai loi sn phm v n gi chnh lch nhau rt ln nhng ch s tnh nng mi loi c mt u th ring ca chng. mua c loi sn phm cht lng tt, nht nh phi ch 3 im sau: a. Mt nhn, hai nhc, ba m
Mt l nhn ng gi bn ngoi v ch tiu bo v mi trng. Bnh thng mt chnh ca bao b u ghi r tn sn phm, tn cng ty, trng lng tnh, thnh phn, phng php s dng v nhng iu cn ch . Ch ngy sn xut v hn s dng, thi hn s dng ca sn keo thng l 1~5 nm, mi loi khng ging nhau, c gng mua sn phm c ngy sn xut gn nht. Hin nay, sn keo thng c i km phiu kim nghim tnh nng bo v mi trng. Ngi tiu dng cn xem k phiu kim nghim tm hiu r tnh nng bo v mi trng ca loi sn , kt qu kim nghim hmlng VOC, Formaldehyde t do v hm lng kim loi nng u c tiu chun, v d, hm lng Formaldehyde t do, mi kg sn keo khng c nhiu hn 0,1g. Hai l nhc ln th xem phn lng. Bnh thng m ni, sn keo c cht lng t tiu chun, mi thng 5 lt khong 7kg; thng 18 lt khong 25kg. C mt phng php th n gin l nhc ln, sn keo nhn hiu chnh quy nhc ln lc khng nghe thy ting, nu lc m thy pht ra ting chng t dnh ca sn khng . Ba l m np ra kim tra. Sn keo cht lng tt tng i c, mu trng sa, khng vn cc, sau khi khy ln thy u, khng c d mi, nu khng nh vy chng t sn keo c vn v cht lng. Cng c th bi u mt lp ln ngn tay, sau vi pht kt mng kh, kt mng c dn u l vt liu sn ng yn tm. b. Mu sc rc r nn ch
Hin ny mu sc sn keo khng ch mu trng n sc nh trc kia, rt nhiu ngi tiu dng mun s dng mu sc rc r t im, thp sng
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cho cuc sng. Trn bng mu v thng sn, mu sc m ngi tiu dng nhn thy khng nht nh ng nht vi mu khi sn ln tng. Bi v, mu ca vt liu sn khng ch chu nh hng ca tia sng, m cn chu nh hng ca khu vc qut sn. Khi mt mu m sn mt din tch ln th nhn mu s m hn, nh th bn c th chn mu nht hn mt cht. c. c im chc nng cn r rng
Ngi tiu dng cn da vo chc nng ca tng cn phng chn sn c c im tng ng. V d nh nh v sinh, tng hm tt nht nn chn sn phm c tnh nng chng m mc tt; Nh bp, nh tm nn chn sn phm c tnh nng chu c st v chu bn tt. Ngoi ra, la chn loi sn c tnh n hi nht nh, c hiu qu tt khi bt vt nt, bo v mt tng.
* SN CARBON Sn Carbon L mt loi sn nc dng carbon ethylene lm nguyn liu chnh, n bt ngun t Chu u, hin nay ng th nh, chim 34% tng lng tiu tr trn th trng sn xy dng ca Chu u. Sn carbon thc hin s ho hp hon m gia tnh nng bo v sc kho, mi trng xut sc v tnh nng mng sn u vit ca vt liu sn tng trong, khng mi, khng Formaldehyde, tuyt i an ton, c tnh nng chu ch xt, c ra rt tt. Ngoi ra, vt liu sn tng ngoi c tnh chu nc tt v kh nng chng li nhng vt bn c tnh du m, c th c t ra sch nh nc ma. (Hnh trang 207-2 + 208 + 209 + 230)
24.HNG DN CHN MUA GIA DNG BNG G THNG Cy thng thuc loi cy l kim, t l bao ph rng cao, chu k sinh trng di, vn tui dy c, cht g do v dai, lng cha du ca g thp, mu sc khng u. G thng c nt ring bit l mc mc, cht phc, khng ph trng, vn g nh sng, mu sc n thun, p , c th trang im mi trng trong nh thanh tao, tinh khit, ho nhp vo t nhin v hi ho, yn tnh, v th gia dng bng g thng c B nhn vn Lin Hp Quc cng nhn l gia dng bo v mi trng. a. c im ca gia dng bng g thng
gia dng bng g thng c nhng c im sau:
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a. Mu sc t nhin, gi c bn sc t nhin ca g thng, vn g r v p; b. c. To hnh chn thc, cng tng thm nt p ring bit; Tnh thc dng cao, bn;
d. Tnh n hi v tnh thu kh mnh, tnh nng dn nhit tt, bo dng n gin. b. Phn loi gia dng bng g thng
gia dng bng g thng c th chia thnh 2 loi ln: a. gia dng bng g thng kiu truyn thng, vt liu chn dng l g thng thun khit, thit k tot ra v t nhin, to hnh mc mc c xa, phong cch chn thc m nghim khc, trong thi i mi vn khng mt i v c in trang nh. b. gia dng bng g thng kiu hin i l s kt hp gia g thng, vi ngh thut v kim loi, v t hp mu sc cng gi c mu sc vn c ca cht liu g, lm tot ra v hin i ca gia dng. M cm v chc nng u ton din, thc dng, cng c th to cm gic thoi mi trong ngi nh hin i. gia dng bng g thng bt k l truyn thng hay hin i u theo ui mt phong cch chn tht, trong sng thun phc, n gin, thc dng. Lm cho bn thn gia dng kin c, bn b, ngi tiu dng chn dng gia dng bng g thng thun tu, ng thi vi vic gim cng thng cng vic trong cuc sng hin i, cn gip chng ta thot khi cuc sng th cht chi v phc tp, tr v vi t nhin, tr v vi xu th tm l c lm chnh mnh. c. Chn mua gia dng bng g thng
gia dng bng g thng l mt loi gia dng bng g thc, khi chn mua nn ch cc im sau y: a. n nh vo cc im chu lc ca gia dng nh chn, ngn ko hoc ch c gi xem c vng chc khng. b. c bit ch nhng ch ni nn c bt vt chc chn.
c. Kim tra trn (khi ko ra ko vo) v nh v ca ngn ko, m tt c cc cnh m bo chng c lp ng v chc, khng gy kh khn, vng vu khi s dng.
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d. Dng ngn tay s th b mt gia dng xem c phng nhn khng, xem c vt no th ra d mc vo lm rch qun o khng. e. d. Xem vn g c r rng khng. Bo dng gia dng bng g thng
a. Thng xuyn dng vi mm thun theo chiu ca vn g lau sch bi trn gia dng, trc khi lau nn phun ln vi mt cht nc lau chuyn dng. b. Khi s dng c gng s dng tm m lt k di vt ng nng, phng thc n, canh, tr c th trn ra ngoi lm bn hoc hng mt bn. c. C gng trnh mt gia dng tip xc vi nhng dch th c tnh n mn, cn, sn mng tay
* BA C IM NI BT CA GIA DNG BNG TRE TRC Nguyn liu dng lm gia dng bng tre trc l nam trc cht lng tt nh trc tng phi, tre qu Qua kim tra, cng chu ko thun theo vn, cng chu p gp 2 ln g anh o, gp 2,5 ln g samu. Phng thc gia cng l trc tin l tc v bn ngoi, ct thnh on nh 3x4cm, sau qua cng ngh p, ln keo c bit ch thnh nhng tm g bn ln. C qu trnh ny phi qua trn 30 cng on. Tm g sau khi x l chng mi mt s khng b nt, bin dng, bong keo, cc tnh nng vt l tng ng vi g tp cng loi cao cp. Ngoi nhng iu ni trn, gia dng bng tre trc cn c nhng c tnh sau y: Mt l ng m h mt, do c tnh t nhin ca cy tre trc, tnh nng ht m, ht nhit cao hn nhng cht liu g khc, nn vo ma h nng bc ngi trn chic gh tre trc s cm thy mt, thm m hi; vo ma ng li c cm gic m. Hai l c li cho mi trng, tre trc mc 3~4 nm l c th em dng, sau khi cht cn c th ti sinh, i vi mi trng nc ta ang ngy cng xu i, lng rng thin nhin ngy cng gim m ni, tre trc c th l loi vt liu thay th rt tt. Hn na, khi dn li vi nhau dng loi keo c chng s trnh c nguy hi ca Formaldehyde i vi c th.
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Ba l tr v vi ci chn thc, gia dng bng tre trc gi c ng vn vn c ca tre trc, mang li cho con ngi cm gic c in, mc mc cht phc. Cc chuyn gia hu quan d tnh: gia dng bng trc do ngun nguyn liu di do, gi c thp, hn na thit k tinh xo, trc tin ngun ti nguyn g ton cu ang ngy cng khan him, trong tng lai khng xa gia dng tre trc c th tr thnh qun ch lc ca gia dng tng lai. (Hnh trang 211 + 212)
25.HNG DN CHN MUA GIA DNG BNG MY My thc ra l mt loi thuc h tru, c, nhng bn ngoi ging nh cy thn leo, nh cc l my c gai, ng knh ca thn cy ch khong 3 ~ 5mm, tnh c gc cy c th di ti 200m. Khu vc sinh trng ca cy my rt rng, Chu Phi, n , ng Nam , Indonexia u c. gia dng ch to bng cy my l mt trong nhng gia dng c xa nht trn th gii. Trc y rt lu, ngi dn dng cy my ch to ra a chng a dng gia dng khc nhau nh: bn, gh, ging, t ct gi Ngy nay, cng ngh ch to gia dng bng my m chng ta s dng c pht trin t th k 19 m ra, khi , trong vn hoa hoc trn ban cng hay t gia dng bng my l rt ph bin. n th k 20, gia dng bng my c xut hin trong phng khch. a. a. b. c im ca cht liu cy my Dy dn li do dai, vng chc, d un thnh hnh; Khng s chen chc, khng s p, mm do li c tnh n hi;
c. Kh nng ti sinh mnh, my l mt loi thc vt sinh trng nhanh chng, chu k sinh trng thng l 5 ~ 7 nm. b. c im ca gia dng lm t cy my
gia dng lm t cy my c cc u im mu sc trang nh, to hnh p, kt cu nh, ngoi quan cao nh, cht liu do dai, thun khit t nhin, thng dng ngi ngoi ban cng, trong vn hoa, trong phng tr, phng c sch, phng khch c. Chn mua gia dng bng my
Khi chn mua gia dng bng my cn ch vi vn sau:

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a. La chn gia dng bng my ca nhng nh cung cp hoc cc ca hng c danh ting, mt s xng ch to gia dng bng my chuyn nghip nhp khu vt liu my cht lng tt, sau qua x l dit khun, kh trng nhit cao, dng my ko nguyn liu my thnh nhng si c di ngn, to nh khc nhau theo tng quy cch, c cc cng nhn lnh ngh ch to da theo nhng mu thit k ca cc k s thit k, k s cng ngh, sau khi thnh hnh li phun ln mt loi du polyester cao cp chuyn dng cho gia dng bng my. b. Sau khi la chn c sn phm, bn cn t mnh ngi ln th xem c lung lay hay pht ra ting ko kt do phi chu sc nng khng. c. d. Kim tra nhng ch ni c chc chn khng. Bo dng v lau chi gia dng bng my
gia dng bng my nu c bo dng ng cch, hp l th c th gi c b ngoi c m nh mi. Phng php c th nh sau: a. Dng bn chi hoc my ht bi lm sch gia dng bng my b. Thng xuyn dng khn t v nc ty ra lau. c. Nht nh khng c t gia dng bng my gn ng ng dn kh nng, nu khng nhng ch c keo dnh s do chu nng m b kh i, tr nn yu. d. Trnh nh nng mt tri trc tip chiu vo trnh my b mt mu, b kh cng.
* GIA DNG BNG ST NGH THUT TRN Y SC SNG G, kim loi, nha l ba nguyn liu chnh m th gii dng sn xut gia dng. Nhng nm gn y, gia dng bng st ngh thut bt u xut hin, trong sinh hot gia nh ca chng ta li xut hin thm mt nn vn ho gia dng na. Theo ti liu nghin cu hu quan ca nc ngoi cho thy, gia dng th gii bt u t thi i g bc sang thi i kim loi, nguyn nhn ch yu ca n l c im ca cht liu kim loi: sch s cao, tnh chu un ln, chc chn bn b, thch hp vi yu cu tm ci mi, ci khc bit ca cc x nghip sn xut hin i.
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Trong khng gian m gia dng ch th ch to bng g, t thm tr k, bn n knh, gh th gin, k hoa c ch to bng st, mang phong cch Chu u cng s l trang sc tinh xo, p mt cho cn phng ca bn. gia dng bng st ngh thut rt c kh nng biu hin, va chn thc va sang trng, trn y sinh kh v sc sng, th hin tnh thm m ca con ngi. (Hnh trang 214 + 215)
26. GIA DNG BNG KNH LUN C COI TRNG a. gia dng bng knh v khoa hc k thut cao
gia dng s dng knh khc cng cao i vo d vng. c trng ca gia dng bng knh loi mi hin i l hnh th nh xinh, tinh xo, mt mt, hnh thi t nhin, c s bin i, li chim din tch nh. Hin nay, nhng gia dng bng knh thng thy trn th trng c: t ru, tr k, bn ung nc, k ti vi, dn m thanh l chnh. Vt liu ch yu ca gia dng bng knh l knh c cng cao v khung gi kim loi, trong sut ca knh cao hn knh ph thng 4 ~ 5 ln, v th dng gia dng c dng knh trong cao dy 20mm, thm ch 25mm l lnh a mi ang c ngnh trang tr gia dng khai thc. Knh cng ho cng cao kin c, bn dng, c th chu c cc lc nh p, g, va p, dn dn thu ht c s ch ca ngi tiu dng, hn na phong cch va truyn thng va lng mn m gia dng knh kt hp vi cng ngh khoa hc k thut cao th hin ra cng thu ht ngi tiu dng. gia dng bng knh lin tc i mi cng l mt nhn t quan trng nhn c s coi trng ca ngi tiu dng. b. gia dng bng knh v ngh thut
Bn thn knh trong sut mang mt tnh thng thc ngh thut nht nh, hin nay, sn phm gia dng bng knh nhiu a phn l kt hp vi gi bng g hoc kim loi nh hp kim nhm, inox, ng thp m lm cho chng c mt hnh thi lp th, mang tnh tng trng. So snh vi gia dng bng g, gia dng bng knh a dng hn, ngha tng trng ca chng cng thu ht c s quan tm ca ngi tiu dng, v th m n l mt loi trang tr ni tht mang phong cch hin i. Ngoi ra, b mt knh cn c th dng cc phng thc mi to ra hnh th, vn hoa, lm cho kh nng cm nhim ngh thut trn ngp khp cn phng. C ngi tng miu t rng, gia dng bng knh di s chiu x ca nh sng ging nh
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ngh thut chm khc bng ng nh hin ra khp cn phng. Con ngi t b ngoi trong sut ca n m c th nhn thu nhng m ngh v vt trng by bn trong n, tt c u trang nh v sinh ng, dng nh tr thnh mt trin lm ngh thut, con ngi v vt trang tr chung sng hi ho v c th i thoi vi nhau, th hin cuc sng hin i khng cn l khp kn, m thm, m l sng lng, thu sut. gia dng kt duyn cng ngh thut, th hin ra mt phong cch hin i m lng mn. c. gia dng bng knh ang tr thnh thi thng
Sn phm gia dng bng knh ch yu nhp t Hng Kng, i Loan, Singapo vo ni a, cao nh, mi m. Cho d gi c tng i cao, nhng vn c s cho n ca ngi tiu dng. Hin nay, trong nc bt u sn xut loi sn phm ny, cht lng khng km so vi sn phm cng loi ca nc ngoi, gi c cng r hn mt cht. * iu nn bit * Cc chng loi knh thng c dng trang tr trong gia nh c: knh phng ph thng, knh ti nhit, knh dn, knh phun ct, knh hi ho mu, knh iu khc, gch thu tinh, knh bc x thp, knh mu, knh thng minh, knh h hp, knh chn khng, knh ti, knh bn ti (ti na), knh ct thp, knh ni, knh p hoa, knh trng m (Hnh trang 216 + 217)
27.HNG DN CHN MUA KHO Kho c tc dng rt quan trng i vi mi gia nh, kho tt khng ch bo v an ton ti sn v sinh mnh con ngi m n cn l nt nhn ca cnh ca nh. a. Phn loi kho
Cng vi s pht trin ca thi i, h hng nh kho cng sinh ra nhiu chc nng khc nhau tho mn nhu cu trong sinh hot ca con ngi. Hin nay, da vo chc nng s dng m kho c chia ra lm 4 loi ln, tc l kho ca nh, kho ca phng, kho nh tm, kho l xo. Kho ca nh: l kho ca chnh ca ngi nh, c tc dng bo v, v th kho ca chnh cn c gi l kho bo him hay kho chng trm. Kho ca phng: L ch kho dng cho phng ng, do yu cu tnh t mt, v th bn trong kho phi c cht bo v, bn ngoi mun m cn phi c cha kho.
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Kho nh tm:l ch kho c tnh cht phi kim loi dng kho bn trong. Kho l xo: l kho ch c tc dng ko, dp, khng c tc dng bo v, v th thch hp dng cho nh bp, nh n, phng khch, phng ct , phng tr nh, ch yu l d m, thun tin. Da vo ngoi hnh, kho c th chia lm 2 loi: kho hnh cu v kho tay cm. Kho hnh cu c th dng rt nhiu loi vt liu lm nh g, nhn to, kim loi, nha Cn kho tay cm thng c lm t ng, inox, hp kim gia cng thnh. b. Chn kho da vo ca
Khi la chn mua kho, u tin cn la chn kho ph hp vi hng m ca, nh vy c th ng m thun tin. Tip theo cn ch n rng hp ca khung ca, trong trng hp bnh thng, kho hnh cu v kho tay cm khng th lp trn ca nh hn 90mm, rng khung gi vin ca phi 90mm tr ln n 100mm, khi nn chn kho hnh cu ph thng c li kho l 60mm. Nu vin ca trn 100mm c th chn kho c li kho 70mm. Ngoi ra, kho phi ph hp vi dy ca cng l mt im rt quan trng. Tm li, cn phi da vo ca m chn kho. V la chn cht liu c th p dng phng thc xem, nhc, nghe. Xem bng b mt kho xem c nhn bng hay c vt. Nhc xem trng lng, dng cm gic tay cm nhn trng lng ca kho, kho cng nng chng t cht liu li kho cng dy, chu c n mn. Ngc li, kho nh th cht liu li kho mng, d hng. Nghe m thanh m kho phn on linh hot ca l xo li kho. (Hnh trang 218 + 219-1)
28.NHNG IU KING K KHI LA CHN KIU DNG CA Hin nay, ca nh trn th trng da vo cht liu v cng ngh chia lm 4 loi ln: a. Ca g thc
Sn xut c kh ho n gin, s dng cht liu g thng, g liu, g samu, trn th trng c coi l sn phm cao cp v trung cp, ng nhin v phm cht m ni, dng ca cng d bin dng, ch ni d b tch, li ca d b lm
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Ca g thc cha t l nc khng c vt qu 12%, nhng ch tip xc vi tng xy bng , b tng u phi tin hnh x l chng n mn, yu cu phi lp kin c, ng m linh hot, ng phi kn, khng c hin tng long cnh, cong vnh, b mt phi sch, khng c c vt bo, du ba. b. Ca g p
Ca g p l do hai tm li lm v si g mt cao gi vn g p thnh hai mt ca cnh ca, g thc lm khung ngoi, b phn tm rng bn trong c nht nhiu vt liu. b phn ghp tm ca g, khung ngoi v vt liu nht bn trong c qut mt lp keo chng nc, nc keo sau khi kh l xong ca. Tm g, nc keo ca loi ca ny phi t tiu chun bo v mi trng, nu khng s nh hng n sc kho c th. c. Ca kim loi
Vt liu dng hp kim nhm hoc tm thp, phi kin c th chn dng thp khng g, inox hoc cht liu m km, b mt dn PVC. dy ca ca kim loi phi ph hp vi yu cu thit k, yu cu lp t phi ngay ngn, vung vc, gia ca v thn tng phi c mt khe h nht nh, b mt dng keo bt li, sch s, bng phng, nhn bng, mu sc ng nht, khng han g, khng vt xc, giong phi c lp chc chn, khng c tut ra khi rnh. d. Ca phc hp g thc
Ca phc hp g thc ang l tro lu chnh ca th trng ca nh u M, vin ca dng g thng, cc loi g thc t, qu c dng n bn trong vin ca , b mt cng c y bng tm g thc t tin m qu, ng g to hnh cng dng nhng loi g thc t, tm li ca s dng tm vn vn bo p c xuyn l v tm si g mt trung. Ca phc hp g thc ly g thc lm vt liu chnh, v g t nhin lm b mt ca, sn xut trn dy chuyn lu thu c kh ho, s dng cng ngh phc hp g thc. n nh lu di, khng bin dng, nt n, ngoi quan trang nh t nhin nh ton g thc, cht liu v kiu dng a dng cho bn la chn, l loi sn phm thuc hng cao cp v trung cp. (Hnh trang 219-2)
29.NHNG IU KING K KHI CHN MUA N TRN
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n trn kiu c nh l loi n thng c chn dng nhiu ni nh trong gia nh, vn phng hay ni vui chi gii tr Khi chn mua, u tin phi xem xt n cht lng an ton ca n, sau l xem xt n cc phng din to nh ca cn nh, cao, chc nng. a. Ba nhn khi chn mua
Mt nhn tiu ch sn phm c y khng, tiu ch sn phm chnh quy thng tng i nm trong quy phm, cc tiu ch nh: Thng hiu v tn nh cung cp, quy cch m s sn phm, in p ngch nh, tn sut ngch nh, cng sut ngch nh. Hai nhn ng dy in ca n c c chng nhn an ton CCC khng, din tch ti dy dn bn ngoi phi 0,75 mm2. Ba nhn b phn in km theo ca n c b l ra ngoi khng, ngun nh sng sau khi lp n, ngn tay khng c c th chm n u n kim loi ca b phn in km theo. b. Chn loi n c tnh bo v chng git cao
Da vo kiu bo v chng git, n trn c th c chia thnh cc loi: loi 0, loi I, loi II, loi III. Tnh an ton ca n loi 0 tng i km, nn c gng chn mua n loi I, II hoc III. n loi 0 da vo cch in c bn bo v chng git, khi cch in c bn ht hiu lc th s rt d xy ra nguy him git in. n loi I, bo v chng git khng ch da vo cch in c bn m cn c km theo phng thc an ton, tc l b phn d git v dn in c ni vi dy tip t bo v, lm cho b phn d git v dn in khi cch in c bn mt hiu lc th cng vn khng c in. u tip t ca n loi I c k hiu tip t, iu cn ch l v ngoi kim loi ca n nn tip t c hiu qu, nu khi thay bng phi chm vo chn lu th chn lu cng cn tip t c hiu qu. n loi II, bo v chng git khng ch da vo cch in c bn m cn km theo bin php an ton nh cch in tng cng, khi cch in c bn mt hiu lc cn c th da vo cch in b sung. n c v ngoi bng nha thng l loi 0 v loi II, tt nht nn chn dn loi II. n loi III, bo v chng git da vo ngun in c in p thp c bit an ton, bn trong n khng th sinh ra in p cao hn in p thp c bit an ton . (Hnh trang 221)
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30.PHNG THC SP XP GIA DNG Bnh thng m ni, sp xp gia dng c th chia thnh 3 phng thc: a. Hnh ch I
Nu a hnh trong phng l hnh chnh phng, mt bn tng trong phng tng i di, th sp xp thun theo pha tng nh t t hp, pha tng i din t bn, gh sofa hoc t thp, ca m vo 1/3 tng rng, vy th 2/3 tng rng c th k bn vit hoc bn trang im, hoc trn tng treo gng to cm gic cn phng sng hn, rng hn. b. Hnh ch L
a hnh trong phng l hnh ch nht, ca nh gia, nu tng hi di i din vi ca s, c th t t t hp kiu thp hoc bn vit ngay pha di ca s, bn pha tng rng t gh sofa, bn cn phng vn lu c mt khong khng gian ln. Nu pha tng cn li di c th t gia dng, tt nht l bn gh kiu c th gp gn li c. c. Hnh ch U
Phng ng, phng khch u c th s dng phng thc sp xp ny, nh ging t pha cui, gia, hai bn t t qun o. T sch, t dn m li trong phng khch cng c th sp t theo hnh thc . Pha di ca s t gh sofa, nh vy c th trang tr rm ca s v gh sofa sao cho ng nht s c cm gic p tuyt vi. (Hnh trang 222)
31.NHNG KIN THC CN BIT PHN BIT G BCH N THM a. c im c bn ca g bch n thm
a. G bch n thm thng c mu nu vng hoc mu nu sm, thi gian di th mu cng hi sm, bng p, cng, cm gic tay rt thch, mt kh kh l 0,87 ~ 0,97 g/cm3, vn thng hoc hi ln sng, vng sinh trng r rng hoc khng r rng. b. Mi thm nng, lu cng khng mt, nhng s khng r rt lm, khi ly dao gt lp bn ngoi i mi thm nng li tr li. C mt s ngi
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dng nc thm nhn to ngm hoc xt nc hoa gi mi g n thm, mi thm thng r rt nhng khng gi c lu. Cht liu g ca mt s loi thuc h n thm khng th so snh c vi n thm trng ti n v Indonexia. G bch n thm cht lng tt nht c xut x ti n , tip theo l Indenixia. Bnh thng, trn th trng th gii thng dng cc loi g khc thuc loi n thm, hoc khng thuc loi n thm nhng bn ngoi li rt ging n thm gi lm g n thm, sau ngm nc thm nhn to hoc xt nc hoa mi n thm, thng dng ch to qut, tng pht, trng ht v cc sn phm iu khc khc. b. Bn chng loi g bch n thm
a. Mi thm n : sn xut ti n , thng l cy ln, thng, b mt nhn bng, thm thun khit. b. thm nh. Mi thm c: c sn xut Australia, hnh di hi nh, mi
c. Mi thm Timo: sn xut ti Indonexia v ng Timo, nhiu ch cong, c nhnh, c t. d. Mi thm Tuyt L: sn xut ti Australia hoc o quc Nam Thi Bnh Dng. G n thm tuyt l thng c vn chuyn t Hng Kng vo ni a. (Hnh trang 223)
32.NHNG IU KING K KHI CHN GH S PHA Nhng nm gn y, sofa cng ngy cng c mi ngi yu thch. Khi la chn gh sofa cn ch mt vi im sau: a. Khung gi phi kin c
Hai tay nm ly hai bn gh sofa dng lc lc qua lc li, nu cm gic tt chng t khung gi kin c. Sau cn thng lng vi ch ca hng c th m mt gc vi pha di ch ngi xem, nu l g tp cng nhn bng, khng c mi mt, khng vt so, khng c v cy hoc vn g, ch ni khng phi dng inh ng m l nh s n khp cc mt li vi nhau, ri dng keo dn kin c li th khng c vn g. b. Lp m bn trong khng c mm
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Hin nay, gh sofa thng khng dng l xo thp m s dng m xp. Qu trnh to bt xp rt quan trng i vi cht lng xp. Cht liu to xp u dng lining, cn xng chnh quy u dng xp chn lnh nhit thp, loi xp ny to bt di iu kin nhit thp, bt kh to nn tt, to nh u nhau, mt ln, tnh n hi s tt, tnh bn cao, nhng tay s vo cm gic hi cng. Mt s nh sn xut gim gi thnh xung thp thng gim s dung dch xp, thay i nhit to bt Nh vy nhng bt xp c to ra rt nhanh lo ho, tnh n hi km, nhng khi dng tay s vo li c cm gic rt mm lm cho ngi mua nhm tng li ny s dng thoi mi hn, c tnh n hi cao hn loi trn, thc ra gh sofa loi ny dng lu s xut hin hin tng lm, lm mt m quan. c. Cn quan st k cht liu b mt
Gh sofa da tht c chia lm 2 loi: gh sofa ton da v gh sofa na da. Mi chic gh sofa ton da phi dng mt da ca khong 10 con b, gi c rt t, tnh thot kh tt. Gh sofa na da l lng gh, y gh v nhng ch kn khc c dng vt liu khc thay th, cn nhng ch m chng ta trc tip chm vo vn l da b tht, t cng gim gi thnh sn phm. Gh sofa bng da li chia thnh da b vng v da b nc, da vo s lp li chia thnh da mt lp, da hai lp v da ba lp, da vo ni sn xut li chia thnh da ni a v da nhp khu. Khi chn mua gh sofa, b mt da phi nhn bng, khng vt, ng vn tht nh, dng ngn tay ko cng mt ch ln s cm thy dai, ngi vo np nhn s mt i hoc khng r na, da nh vy l da tt, cao cp. Khi chn mua gh sofa vi cn ch , mt gh ngi v lng gh phi c kt cu ng b, sofa cao cp thng dng vi cotton lt trong, nhng ch d bn c th thay ra git. Cht liu mt gh sofa phi tng i dy, trng lng khong 300g/m2 l tng i bn dng, hn na cn m bo b mt b ma st trn 12000 ln m vn khng b ni bng. Cht liu vi b mt gh sofa cng c chia thnh hai loi ni a v nhp khu. Hng nhp khu cht liu cao cp thng c kh nng chng nhim, b mt cn c x l c bit, cht liu nhp khu cao cp cn c kh nng tnh in, chng chy. Khi chn mua gh sofa phi cn la chn cht liu bng p, khng b ko si, ng may phi u xem nhng ch ni c kn khng d. Ch lm m ngi khng nn qu su hoc qu nng
m ngi gh sofa cao cp phi s dng xp c n hi cao v mt trn 30kg/m3, m lng cng phi s dng xp c n hi cao v mt trn 25kg/m3. khi nm ngi c thoi mi, c mt s loi xp c x l lm mm di tin l khng gim mt , c mt s loi c thm l xo kiu ng bn trong m ngi, lm cho gh sofa c tnh n hi cao v tnh
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nng chng lo ho. Trong nhng trng hp bnh thng, sau khi ngi ngi xung m ngi ln xung khong 10cm l tt. (Hnh trang 224 + 225)
33.NHNG IU KING K KHI CHN MUA THIT B THNG GI PHNG BP Thng gi phng bp l xut pht im ca vic hon thin thit k nh bp hin i ho. Do khi lm vic trong phng bp, s sinh ra mt lng kh nh du, hi, khi c hi cho sc kho, v th, thng xuyn duy tr thng khi phng bp, kt hp vi thit b ht du khi tng ng l mt iu kin cn c ca mt cn bp hin i. Trc kia thit b ht du khi c 2 loi l qut x gi v mt ht du khi. u th ca qut x gi l kt cu n gin, d dng ra mi lc, tho lp nhanh chng thun tin, sc gi cng khng nh, thng c chia thnh hai lot l qut x gi n hng v qut x gi song hng. i vi vn khi trong nh bp m ni, lp t qut x gi song hng l l tng nht, do th tch nh, khng chim nhiu din tch, lp t ng cong khng cn chuyn mn, v th m c ngi tiu dng hoan nghnh. My ht du khi l thit b x khi kiu ng lc, u th ca n l sc gi rt ln, hiu qu x khi tt. Thng c a chc nng nh khi ng t ng, bo ng, chiu sng, ng du. Khuyt im l do cu to phc tp, kh ra, lp t cn c chuyn mn, ra cng cn c chuyn mn. S dng my x khi loi ny cn phi da vo v tr bp, v tr lp t, s thch ca ngi ch v kt cu ngi nh.
* CHN MUA MY UN NC NNG CHY BNG KH T NH TH NO Khi chn mua my un nc nng bng kh t cn ch vi im sau y: (1) Xc nh chng loi kh t m nh bn s dng, ngun kh dng cho my un nc bng kh t m bn mua nht nh phi ging vi chng loi kh t m nh bn ang s dng.
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(2) Hin nay, my un nc bng kh t c kiu ng khi, kiu cn bng, kiu x kh mnh. Kh thi m my un nc bng kh t kiu ng khi v kiu cn bng sn sinh ra di sc ht t nhin c x ra khi nh thng qua ng khi, kh nng khng gi tng i km; kh thi m my un nc nng bng kh t kiu x kh mnh thi ra c y ra khi nh di tc dng ca ngoi lc, kh nng khng gi tng i mnh. (3) S lt ca my un nc bng kh t l ch lng nc ra mi pht khi nhit lc nc ra cao hn 250C so vi khi nc vo, chn dng loi 8 lt tr ln mi c th tho mn yu cu tm ra vo ma ng ca bn. (4) Khi chn mua my un nc nng bng kh t cn ch phm vi iu chnh nhit v p sut nc thch hp. (Hnh trang 226) * iu nn bit * Trong khi hon thin phng bp, khng c t bp ga trn t sn bng g, cng khng c van tng bnh ga nm trong t sn g. V nh vy, khi t sn b chy, van tng ga s kh lng m ng li c, hu qu s kh lng.
34.NHNG IU KING K KHI CHN MUA MY HT KHI DU Hin nay, my ht khi du trn th trng vi nhn hiu v hnh dng lm cho ngi tiu dng hoa mt khi la chn. Lm th no chn mua c mt chic my ht du vi tnh nng v gi c hp l? Vi kin sau y s gip bn tham kho: a. La chn kiu dng phi thc dng
Ngi tiu dng nn da vo ln nh ca phng bp nh mnh v nhiu t khi du la chn my ht khi du thch hp. My ht khi du kiu nng, dung lng ti tch khi khng ln, thch hp cho cn bp hin i khng gian tng i ln, tn sut s dng khng cao, du khi nu khng qu nhiu; My ht khi du kiu su c u im l lng gi ln, dung lng ti tch khi ln, thch hp vi nhng cn bp c khng gian ln v lng khi du nhiu. b. Khng c ch chn ci cng sut ln
Khi chn mua c th dng tay cm nhn xung quanh my c b lt gi khng, nu khng lt gi v lng gi mnh chng t kh nng ht du
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khi tt. Cng sut ca my cng ln th lng gi cng cng ln, lng hao in cng ln tng ng, yu cu i vi tnh nng ng c s dng cng cao, t dn n tnh chnh th ca my ht du m gim. V th, cng sut v lng gi ca my ht du m cng nh cng tt. c. Ch tiu ch, kt cu, vn hnh
Khi chn mua my ht du m cn ch n tiu ch, kt cu v tnh trng vn hnh. a. Tiu ch
Trn my ht du m nn c ghi m s, tn nh sn xut hoc nh cung cp, in p ngch nh, cng sut u vo ngch nh, chng nhn 3C. Nu my ht du m c bng n chiu sng th trn n hoc gn n c ghi cng sut ln nht ca bng. Ngoi ra, trn thit b khng ch v cng tc ca my u c dng ch hoc s ghi tc dng ca n. ng thi, mi chic my u c km theo cun s hng dn s dng gip ngi tiu dng an ton khi s dng. b. Kt cu
Thng thng my ht du m c t c nh trn tng, v th n cn c linh kin thch hp c nh c trn tng, ng thi linh kin ny phi c ch to bng kim loi khng d b dch chuyn hoc khng d b bin dng. c. M my vn hnh
Sau khi m my phi lng nghe m thanh ca n, phi khng c m thanh chi tai. Dng tay s thn my, phi khng c cm gic rung t xut. My ht du khi c cng tc mnh, nh, khi vn hnh cc mc mnh nh khc nhau th tc ng c chy phi c s khc nhau r rt. (Hnh trang 227)
35.NHNG IU KING K KHI CHN MUA KIU DNG BN TM Bn tm l mt trong nhng thit b khng th thiu c ca nh tm. Nhng do din tch ca nh tm c hn nn khng t ngi khng thch tm ngm, v th ngoi bn tm truyn thng ra, hin nay cn xut hin cc loi bn tm mt xa, bung tm v h thng mt xa thu lc c nhn v phng tm xng hi gia nh.
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a.
Bn tm truyn thng
Do din tch nh tm gia nh tng i nh, v th m bn tm s dng trong gia nh thng c xu hng nh. Di tin khng nh hng n s dng, bn tm tng i thp v nh nhn c s hoan nghnh ca rt nhiu ngi tiu dng. Nhng do iu kin kinh t gia nh ngy cng ci thin, mi nh c hai nh tm tr ln th bn tm ln li mt ln na c quay tr li vi cc gia nh. b. Bn tm mt xa
Bn tm mt xa c th mt xa thu lc nh h thng nc tun hon, nhng cn s dng ngun in. C mt s bn tm mt xa c cc chc nng nh c th sinh ra bt kh, duy tr nhit nc nht nh. Nhng ngoi vic gi c tng i cao ra, th tch bn tm loi ny tng i ln, hn na yu cu thi cng lp t cng rt cao. Bn tm mt xa thit k kiu mi gim thiu din tch chim t, v th cng c i vo trong cc gia nh. c. Bung tm
Nhng ngi khng thch tm ngm, khi hon chnh nh tm thch chn dng bung tm. Do chim din tch tng i nh nn cng nhn c s nh gi tt ca ngi tiu dng. d. H thng mt xa thu lc c nhn
Vi phun tm truyn thng ch c mt chic, cn h thng mt xa thu lc c nhn ny li c vi chic vi phun v c tc dng mt xa. Nhng thit b tm ny khng nhng nh tm cn c din tch tng i ln, m nhng yu cu v thu p, in lc cng rt cao. H thng mt xa thu lc a chc nng kt hp bn tm v h thng mt xa thu lc nhiu vi phun, v gip con ngi tn hng s thch th tt cng khi tm. Ngoi ra, gi c ca h thng mt xa thu lc ny cng tng i t. Hin nay, trong nc cng c nh my bt u th nghim sn xut loi sn phm ny. e. Phng tm xng hi gia nh
Phng tm xng hi gia nh thuc loi hng xa x, tuy mt s gia nh c s dng phng tm xng hi gi nh gi c khng cao lm, nhng rt t gia nh c ch sp t chng. Hn na, vn bo dng v an ton hin nay cng ang l mt vn lm au u ngi tiu dng.
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* LM TH NO CHN MUA BN CU (1) Ch o chun khong cch gia mt tng v tm ming ng: Ch o chun xc khong cch vung gc t tm ming ng nc thi ca bn cu n mt tng. 30cm l nc chy xung gia, 20 ~ 25cm l nc chy xung pha sau, khong cch l trn 40cm l nc chy xung pha trc. (2) Ch chn phng thc x nc khng ging nhau: Bn cu da vo phng thc x nc c th chia thnh cc loi: kiu x nc thng, kiu x nc thng ht xi lanh, kiu x nc xoy ht xi lanh. Kiu x nc thng v x nc thng ht xi lanh lng nc khong 9 lt, kh nng bi mnh, ch c iu khi x nc ting n ln; kiu x nc xoy mi ln dng nc khong 13 ~ 15 lt, hiu qu m thanh tt. ng nhin, hiu qu x nc l ch tiu chc nng ch yu nht. (Hnh trang 229 + 230)
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CHNG V: NHNG IU KING K KHI THIT K V THI CNG HON THIN 1. NHNG VN THNG GP KHI HON THIN NH V I SCH i vi vic hon chnh nh ca m ni, vn cht lng chnh l vn ln nht. gip cc bn sp sa hon thin ngi nh ca mnh gii quyt nhng kh khn trong vn cht lng, chng ti lit k ra di y mt s kh khn thng gp nht trong qu trnh hon thin nh v i sch gii quyt. Nm vn ln d xy ra nht trong qu trnh hon thin nh ca: (1) Vn v cht lng mi trng nh
Ch yu l nhim mi trng nh do vn thit k, cng ngh v vt liu gy ra. (2) Vn cht lng cng trnh sn v vt liu sn
Ch yu l qut sn tng b st, nt tng v qut sn trn g, ca g b st. (3) Vn phng din cng trnh sn g
Ch yu l phng mt sn vt qu tiu chun v rng ca cc khe ni cc tm sn vt qu yu cu. (4) Vn phng din cng trnh gch tng v gch nn
Ch yu l khong trng bn vin v gc tng, ng thi phng b mt v khe ch ni gia gch nn v tng vt qu tiu chun, nghim trng hn l xut hin gch tng bong mt mng ln. (5) Vn an ton cng trnh in nc
Biu hin vic cng trnh in nc khng ph hp vi yu cu tiu chun Quc gia. m bo cht lng cng trnh ton din trong khi hon thin nh th phi nm gi ba khu: nh gi d on, gim st hin trng, kim tra nghim thu. a. Cn tin hnh nh gi d on
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Bao gm nh gi v 3 phng din: mi trng nh , vt liu hon thin, thm tra phng n thit k v tit kim nng lng. Khu ny l khu quan trng m bo cht lng cng trnh nh cn hon thin, khng ch nhim mi trng trong nh, cng l c s m bo cht lng cng trnh. b. Cn tin hnh gim st hin trng Ch yu l gim st kim tra i vi hin trng thi cng nhng giai on khc nhau trong khi tin hnh cng trnh, v cn phi tin hnh kim tra i vi cng ngh thi cng v cng trnh n. Ngoi ra cn phi kim tra v gim st cc hng mc thm ca cng trnh. c. Tin hnh kim tra nghim thu chuyn nghip Bao gm da vo tiu chun mi trng nh Quc gia v tiu chun khng ch cht lng cng trnh sa cha hon thin tin hnh nghim thu cht lng mi trng nh v cht lng cng trnh i vi cng trnh ang hon thin. (Hnh trang 234 + 235)
2. KHNG NN COI THNG VN AN TON KHI HON THIN NH (1) Khng c tho d tng chu lc
Khng c thi d ci to tng chu lc, khng c tu khoan l trn tng chu lc, c bit l tng lc b tng ct thp, khng c m ca hay ca s trn tng chu lc, nu khng kt cu chu lc ca thn tng s b bin i, ng truyn lc ca kt cu vn c b ph hng, kt cu khng ngoi lc ca ngi nh b thay i, h thng an ton ca kt cu vn c s gim mnh, nghim trng hn cn xut hin nt thn tng, c th c nhng nguy him tim n, hu qu kh tng tng. (2) Khng c lm tn hi n kt cu thp trong tng
Khng c ph hng ct thp trong thn tng, nu so snh kt cu ngi nh vi c th ngi, ct thp trong thn tng chnh l gn ct ca con ngi. Nu khi chn ng ng lm hng kt cu thp s nh hng n kh nng chu lc ca tng v trn, rt d lm cho thn tng v trn b nt gy hu qu nghim trng. (3) Khng c tu tng ph ti tnh
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Khng c tu tng ph ti tnh cho nn v trn, nh tu tng dy b tng nn hoc tng gch mi xy, s c th gy ra nguy him do vt qu ph ti, hu qu kh tng tng. (4) Khng c lm trn qu ph ti
Khng c tu tho b tm trn, tng ph ti trn, lp n c ln v qut trn, nu khng s tng n ho s c. (5) Khng c ph hng tng chng nc
Khng c ph hng hoc tho b sa cha tng chng nc nn nh v sinh, nh tm, nh bp. Nu ph hng s lm cho tng di b ngm nc. V th khi thay vt liu nn, nht nh phi ch khng c lm hng tng chng nc. Nu sau khi lm hng phi lm li, sau khi lm li xong phi th nghim thm nc 24 ting, nu sau 24 ting m khng b thm nc th mi t tiu chun. (6) Khng c trc tip chn dy in
Khng c trc tip chn dy in vo tng hoc nn khi cha xuyn vo ng. ng in trong tng hoc nn nht nh phi c xuyn vo ng chng chy ri mi chn, nh vy mi c th phng trnh dy in tn hi do ma st m dn n d in gy nguy him. (7) Khng c tho sa cc loi ng h
Khng c tu lm hng hoc tho sa ng h kh ga, ng h nc v ng in tng vo nh, cn phi c s ng ca b qun l v mi cc nhn vin thi cng chuyn nghip ti tin hnh x l, cng nhn xy nh v c nhn ch nh khng c t tho d, lp t. (8) Khng c tho tng phi trng
Khng c tho tng thp vin hnh lang. Bnh thng trn tng gia phng v hnh lang u c 1 ca v 1 ca s, nhng ca ny u c th tho ra, nhng tng t pha di ca s tr xung khng nn ng vo. on tng ny gi l tng phi trng, n ging nh qu cn c tc dng gnh hnh lang ln. Tho i mt on tng ny s lm cho kh nng chu sc nng ca hnh lang gim xung d dn n hnh lang b tt. (9) Khng c t xy nh v sinh, nh bp
Khng c sa cn phng khng c yu cu chng nc hoc hnh lang thnh nh v sinh, phng bp, nu khng d xy ra hin tng r r nc, thm nc.
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(10) Khng nn ton dng cm thch lt nn Trong khi hon thin nh ca cn ch , nn ca cn phng khng nn lt ton bng cm thch. Trng lng ca cm thch nng hn gp vi ln so vi gch nn v sn g, nu nn lt ton bng cm thch th c th lm cho nn tng chu gnh nng rt ln, c bit l t tng hai tr ln, trng lng ca vt liu lt nn khng nn vt qu 40kg/m2. Ngoi ra, nn nh v sinh v hnh lang cng nn c gng chn loi vt liu c ph ti nh, bi v hnh lang vt qu ti s gy ra nguy him. (Hnh trang 236 + 237)
3. MU SC
NHNG IU CM K THNG GP KHI S DNG
iu phi mu sc cn phi c nghin cu v mu sc, hn na nhng ngi c nghin cu v chc nng sinh l c th ngi mi c th s dng cc loi mu sc bn cnh mnh, nu khng ch c th tng s phin nhiu, li lng ph tin ca, ng l t chuc kh vo thn. Nhiu nm tr li y c rt nhiu ngi do hiu k v mu sc, nhng li thiu kin thc v b tr mu sc, dn n gia nh bt ho, cng vic khng thun li, qu nhiu t kh trong nh, tht l ng thng. c bit l vi nm gn y, t l ly hn ng lm ngi ta kinh ngc, iu ny c lin quan rt ln vi mu sc trong nh mt hi ho v b tr trong nh khng hp l. Cng c khi gy ra cc hin tng nh tnh tnh con ci qui d, lm cho gia nh khng yn n, mc bnh t k. Di y tc gi xin tng kt mt s nh hng thng gp ca mu sc i vi con ngi: (1) Mu xanh sm
Trong nh ton mt mu xanh sm, thi gian lu ngy, trong nh s sinh ra mt kh m rt nng, ngi sng trong nh thng xy ra nhng s c ngoi mun, tnh cch tr nn tiu cc (2) Mu tm
Trong nh phn nhiu sn mu tm s sinh ra cm gic nhc mt, d lm cho ngi trong nh lun c cm gic khng bit phi lm g i vi mi vic. (3) Mu hng
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Trong nh sn mu hng, y l mu i hung nht, mu hng d lm cho tinh thn ca con ngi lun nng vi, hp tp, d sinh ra ci v, tranh ginh th phi c bit l v chng mi ci, iu tit khng kh trong phng, to ra trong mt mi ngi mt cm gic Romantic, nhng sau mt thoi gian, tnh tnh ca hai ngi d nng ny mt cch v c, kh hiu, d sinh ra ci nhau, cui cng l ly hn. T l ly hn trong x hi hin nay ng lm cho ngi ta phi kinh ngc, iu ny cng c quan h vi nhn t trn. V th, cc nh thit k nn ch iu ny, tt nht l khng dng mu ny, mu ny c th gy ra nhng cn bnh v thn kinh. (4) Mu xanh l cy
Trong nh phn nhiu sn bng mu xanh l cy, cng c th lm cho con ngi dn mt ht tr. Khng phi nh mi ngi thng ni l mt nn tip xc nhiu vi mu xanh l cy l tt, trn thc t, mu xanh l cy y l ch mu xanh t nhin, ngha l mu cy c, hoa l, ch khng phi l mu xanh do phi ch vt liu m ra, v th, kh trnh sinh ra t kh trong nh, khng c sinh kh. Chnh v vy, khng nn sn nh mu xanh. (5) Mu vng
Trong nh phn nhiu c sn mu vng, tm tnh con ngi s bun chn, bt an, c nhng cm gic s hi, lo u khng th ni ra, v th lm cho thc thn kinh no con ngi y nhng o gic. V th, trong nh v nhng ni c hot ng tt nht nn trnh s dng nhng dng, gia dng mu vng kim. (6) Mu
Trong nh qu nhiu mu cng khng phi l tt, ngi Trung Quc lun cho rng mu l mu ca ct tng, may mn, nhng theo tp tc ca ngi Hn Quc li cho rng dng vi mu l thng bo rng trong nh c ngi qua i. Nhng iu ny u l nhng thi quen tp tc sinh hot ca con ngi m thi. Khi tip xc qu nhiu vi mu s sinh ra tinh thn lo lng v b p lc lm cho ngi mt mi, cm thy nh khng cn sc lc. V th, trong nh hoc trong phng c sch nn trnh s dng qu nhiu mu . Nhng ni n cha, nh miu li khng ging nh nh , li c th s dng mu . Mu sc s dng trong nh tt nht l mu trng sa, mu ng voi, mu trng, ba mu ny thch hp nht vi thn kinh th gic ca con ngi, bi v nh nng mt tri thuc h mu trng, i din cho nh sng, tri tim, nh mt ca con ngi cng phi sng iu ho, hn na, mu trng trong nh rt d phi hp gia dng, mu trng l i din cho hy vng.
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Nhng cng nn ch , khng c v th m nghn c b cm. Vi nm gn y, cc nh khoa hc v nh tm l hc cc nc tin hnh nghin cu v mu sc v pht hin, ch cn mu sc trong nh khng qu n iu, sp xp dng sinh hot v gia dng nhiu mu sc l c li cho sc kho con ngi, cng l mt loi cht dinh dng c ch cho sc kho. Nu mu c th kch thch v hng phn h thng thn kinh, tng phn tit tuyn t thng thn v tng tun hon mu. Mu cam c th to ra sc sng, kch thch nhu cu n ung, gip cho vic hp thu canxi, c li cho vic hi phc v duy tr sc kho. Mu vng c th kch thch h thn kinh v tiu ho, tng cng t duy logic. Mu xanh l cy c ch cho tiu ho, thc y c th cn bng v c th c tc dng trn an tinh thn, i vi ngi hiu ng v tinh thn b p lc. Mu xanh lam c th gim nhp mch p, iu chnh cn bng trong c th, trong nh s dng mu xanh lam c th lm gim tinh thn cng thng, gip gim au u, st, chong, mt ng. Mu tm c tc dng c ch i vi thn kinh vn ng, h lim pha v h tim mch, c th duy tr cn bng kali trong c th, c th thc y cm gic yn tnh, tnh yu v s quan tm ngi khc ca con ngi. Mu chm c th iu ho c tht, gim thiu hoc ngng chy mu, c th nh hng ti th gic, thnh gic v khu gic, c tc dng gim nh nhng cm gic au n ca c th. (Hnh trang 237 + 238 + 239) * iu nn bit * Gim st theo di cng trnh: l ngi thng xuyn qun l cht lng cng trnh v tin cng trnh. Nhng ngi ny, c ngi l sinh vin sau khi tt nghip i hc li hc tip chuyn ngnh ny, c ngi l cng nhn k thut hoc k s n t nhng cng ty xy dng ln, cng c nhng ngi l vn l nhn vin k thut lm vic trong nhng i thi cng, nhng ngi ny phn ln u c kinh nghim qun l thi cng nht nh v k nng thi cng nht nh.
4.
KHI HON THIN NH NN CH PHNG CHY
Trong qu trnh hon thin nh ca, bn cn xem xt cng nhiu hn l lm th no ngi nh c p, thoi mi, v ch hn v tnh an ton chng la. lm cho ngi nh p, sang trng cao nh, a to hnh, bn chn dng rt nhiu vt liu d chy v c th t lm ni bt hiu qu thit k. V d nh dng nhiu vi trang tr, dng gia dng a phn bng g, thm tri sn, mua cc loi n ch to bng g hoc nha rt p nhng d chy, song gia nh bn li khng lm cng tc phng chy.
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Trong rt nhiu vn an ton trong qu trnh hon thin nh ca, vn phng chy ngy cng nghim trng. Do trong khi thi cng hon thin nh, bn ch nhiu n tnh m quan nn chn s dng lng ln gia dng bng vt liu d chy nh g, vi, nh vy l li n ho ho hon rt ln, cn gia dng bng in nh n s dng khng thch hp cng c th dn n ho hon. Hn na, bn li thiu thc phng chy, khng coi trng vic x l phng chy, nh vy l chn n ho uy hip tnh an ton ca cn nh v con ngi. Tuy khng nht nh s pht sinh ra ho hon, nhng bng nhin xy ra th lc hi hn cng khng kp na, nh th hu hoi ht ti sn, nng thi nguy him n an ton tnh mng con ngi. V vn phng chy trong khi hon thin nh ca, nht nh bn cn nm r vi phng din sau y m bo an ton cho ngi nh. (1) ng i cn thng sut Khi thit k cn phi xem xt k n vn phng chy, ng i trong nh khng c qu hp, khng c treo thm, vi, rm ngang trn li i. (2) Dng nhng vt liu chng chy Trong khi hon thin nh ca ch s dng nhng vt liu chng chy, khng chy hoc kh chy nh , kim loi, knh thu tinh Nhng gia dng, dng c trong bp ch to t nhng vt liu ny thng khng c n ho ho hon. Nu ngi nh c m p, chn bng g th phi chn nhng vt liu g c qua x l chng chy. Trong khng gian m thng xuyn c ngi t tp, hot ng nh phng khch, nn ch s dng rm, vi, m ngi c qua x l chng chy. (3) cao ngha thot him, trnh nn Khi lp ca ra vo, ca s chng trm cn xem xt n vic thot him khi gp lc nguy cp, dng vt liu cho li thot him cng nn chn loi kh chy hoc khng chy hoc lng pht chy rt nh. (4) Dng in an ton Ch thi cng ng in v lp thit b in, c bit l cn ch n cht lng in v nhng linh kin km theo, tt nht nn dng loi n cao cp. (Hnh trang 240 + 241)
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5. NHNG CM BY D MC NHT KHI HON THIN NH CA Do ngi tiu dng ch yu l thiu kin thc v kinh nghim chuyn ngnh, v th b mt b phn cng ty hon thin nh ca m hoc, mc la. Trc khi hon thin nh ca, nht nh phi m to mt, ng mc phi nhng cm by sau: (1) Nh d c tin vo nhng qung co khng trung thc
Khng t ngi ln u hon thin nh ca, trc khi hon thin th khng quan tm lm n cng ty chuyn hon thin, trang tr nh ca, n lc cn th li tm li qung co, xem cng ty no tt th la chn cng ty , m rt t i tm hiu thc h ni dung qung co. Trn thc t, khng t ngi dn v xem c qung co ca mt s cng ty khng c uy tn nn b mc la. Bt k mt cng ty no lm qung co u cn mi chuyn gia lm qung co n nh bng ting tm cng ty mnh, c th ni bt k qung co no cng u c li cho cng ty. i vi ngi tiu dng m ni, cn tin hnh kho st i vi tnh chn thc v ni dung ca qung co. Nu ni dung qung co ph hp vi thc t th c th tin, cn khng th khng ng tin cy. (2) Tin mt cch m qung vo nhng ci gi l cng ty ln
Cng c vi loi cng ty nhn c s tn nhim ca ngi tiu dng, mt l cng ty lm mt s cng trnh kin trc ln mang tm c Quc gia; hai l t ming mnh ni khoa trng cng ty mnh l cng ty cp I, cp II c t cht Quc gia; ba l trong qung co t phong cho mnh l cng ty ln. Ngi dn khi tm nhng cng ty c gi l cng ty ln thng thng u b thit thi, v th trc khi xc nh cng ty trang tr v hon thin nh ca mnh nn chn th nht nh phi xem phn cng ca cng ty : Giy php kinh doanh, chng nhn t cht, hn na cn phi xem bn chnh; Nu l b phn con ca cng ty ln, nht nh phi xem bn chnh giy u quyn php nhn; ng tin vo bn ph t, bi v c th l mo danh, lm gi giy pho kinh doanh, giy chng nhn t cht ca cng ty khc; Ngoi ra, cn cn xem quy m kinh doanh ca cng ty nh th no, t cht nhn vin lm vic ra sao. C nhng iu kin ny, ci gi l cng ty ln s rt nhanh b l din. (3) Nh d c tin vo nhng gian nh mu
Cng ty hon thin nh lm mt hoc vi gian nh mu, cho ngi tiu dng tham quan mim ph, rt nhiu ngi tham quan xong cm thy rt
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hi lng, k ngay hp ng ti ni tham quan, sau khi hon thin nh ca xong ngi tiu dng mi pht hin ra cht lng hon thin nh mnh km xa so vi gian nh mu, vy l mc la. Thc t rt t ngi dn bit xem gian nh mu. C nhng gian nh mu l do cng ty khc lm, ngi dn c dn n u u c cng ty gii thiu l tc phm do cng ty mnh lm, hn na v thit k khng ging nhau nn cng c s khc bit, ngi tiu dng chn cn nh mu phi chn cn nh no c din tch, kiu dng, v tr tng i ging vi cn nh ca mnh, nh th tin so snh. Ngoi ra, khi la chn cng ty hon thin nh phi xem gian nh mu nhng cng cn gim st hin trng thi cng. Mt l phi xem hin trng thi cng, nh vy s c th tm hiu c cht liu, bn thnh phm v t cht qun l v cng nhn cng ty. Hai l phi xem ni bn giao cng trnh, bi n c th phn nh trnh ca cng ty, c th nhn ra s khc bit gia ni thi cng v gian nh mu. (4) Nh d c tin vo ngi quen gii thiu
Cho d y l vn thng xuyn c ni n, nhng vn l mt vn thng xuyn xy ra. C mt s ngi trong khi hon thin nh ca c nh bn b quen bit gii thiu, thm ch tm mt s ngi lnh o chuyn mn nh cy, cui cng a n mt cng ty hon thin nh chm ngt, khng nhng gi c cao, cht lng km, m cn ko di thi gian thi cng. Sau khi xy ra nhng tranh chp, ngi quen, bn b cng khng thm ng ngng ti, ngi tiu dng tr thnh b ng. Ngi dn khi hon thin nh ca c gng khng tm ngi quen, bn b, trong khi m phn th phi xc nh r thit k v gi c, sau nh chuyn gia t vn, so snh. Nu l cng ty do ngi quen gii thiu cng c nhng cng cn lm nhng th tc chnh quy cn thit, hp ng, d ton, bn v cng khng c thiu, khi xy ra vn cn c d gii quyt, c da vo php lut duy tr quyn li ca mnh. (5) Gi r
Cng ty hon thin nh lm cho ngi tiu dng sp by nhiu nht l bo gi. Cng ty tt th bo gi r rng, minh bch, v gi c khng c thm thm bt bt. Nhng cng ty c ha gim xung 20% so vi bo gi cho ngi tiu dng, cng ty ny chc chn ngh ra k v vt liu hoc cng ngh, hoc tit kim vt liu hoc gim cht lng. Mc u i ca mt cng ty bnh thng ch nm trong khong 5% ~ 15% m thi. Trc khi hon thin li ngi nh nht nh cn nh v cho mnh, lp cho mnh mt quan nim tiu tin ng tin ng ca. V gi c, gia cc cng ty vi nhau c nhiu s chnh lch, mc v quy m, qun l, vt liu, cng ngh u c nh hng n gi c, v th iu cn ch trng l so snh
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gi c vi cht lng, ch khng phi l gi c n thun. Ngoi ra, ngi tiu dng trong khi tho gi cng nn nm bt chng mc, gi c khng phi cng r cng tt, m cng nn cho cng ty kim li nhun mt cch hp l th mi c th m bo c cht lng cng trnh. (Hnh trang 243 + 244)
6. CA
CNH GIC CM BY HP NG HON THIN NH
Cc chuyn gia nhc nh ngi tiu dng rng cn phi lu tm, mt b phn cng ty hon thin nh li dng c im tin tng vo hp ng v khng hiu su sc chuyn ngnh ca ngi tiu dng m ging by ngi tiu dng. Ch yu biu hin : (1) Vt liu ln ln, bo gi chung chung
Khi k kt hp ng, mt s cng ty hon thin nh bo gi ln ln mt s vt liu no , do hai bn trong hp ng khng ni r rng n tng mt hng vt liu thuc sn phm no, t tiu chun hay khng, ca hng no.., nn n khi thi cng xut hin vn l bn thi cng chn dng nhng loi vt liu cng loi nhng km cht lng thay th. V vy, nht nh trong hp ng phi ghi r rng tng loi vt liu, m s, nhn mc, thm ch mu sc, gi c (2) iu khon khng thc, gii thch li mnh
Mt s cng ty trong cc iu khon hp ng, thng xuyn s dng nhng cu t c th hiu theo hai ngha, mt s iu khon khng c th v nhiu kiu gii thch. n khi bng nhin xy ra tranh chp, h gii thch theo hng li bn thn, hi ngi tiu dng trn trnh trch nhim. (3) t bo d ton thu chi, la k hp ng
t bo d ton thu chi cng trnh c 2 loi: Mt l t bo khon d ton thu chi, khi lp phng n thit k c trnh n hoc t bo lng cng trnh, bn cm thy r m nhanh chng k hp ng. n khi tng kt li th mi tnh chi tit c th; Hai l c tnh t lng cng trnh tng hng mc ngi tiu dng cm thy tuy nhiu hng mc nhng n gi li r, thc t nu nh vy th khng th hon thin c cng trnh. (4) nh bng ci trang, kim gi chnh lch
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Trn hp ng k kt nhng loi vt liu cao cp, cht lng cao, nhng trn thc dng ch l nhng vt liu ph thng gi c thp, qua mt ln ci trang nh bng kh lm cho ngi ta pht hin. D rng bn c nghi vn mun kim nh li, ph dng kim nh cao li l mt tr ngi cho bn. (5) Ly loi II gi loi I, cht lng khc xa
C nhng cng ty hon thin nh trong khi k kt hp ng c lp l kim li, v d nh quy nh Trong khi hon thin nh ca cho bn A, nu nhng vt liu c ghi trong hp ng khng cn hng th bn B c th thay th sn phm cng loi khc, nhng trn thc t loi sn phm thay th ny cht lng km xa so vi cht lng sn phm k kt trong hp ng. (6) Khi nim ln ln, tnh thm ph dng
Cng trnh xy dng nh ca c rt nhiu thut ng, mt s cng ty hon thin nh li dng c im khng hiu bit ca ngi ngoi ngnh nh tro khi nim kim thm li. K hp ng phi nm c 4 nguyn tc: u tin, trong hp ng cn ghi r yu cu c th v thi gian hon cng; Tip theo, trong hp ng cn ghi r tn, nhn hiu hoc m s, k hiu c th ca tng loi vt liu trnh b cng ty la ly loi II, III gi loi I; Th 3, trong khi tin hnh cng trnh, nu c s tng gim hng mc cng trnh nht nh phi vit n phiu thay i/ thm bt cng trnh v i km theo giy t hp ng; Th t, trong hp ng c nhng iu khon c lin quan n bo dng, bo hnh th cng cn phi hon tt, trch nhim hai bn r rng. (Hnh trang 245) * iu nn bit * Phng thc thanh ton: Hin nay hp ng hon thin nh ca c nhiu phng thc thanh ton, trong phng thc c s dng rng ri nht l thanh ton theo 3 giai on, tc: Sau khi k hp ng tr phn tm ng, khon tin ny l 55% tng bo gi cng trnh; sau khi qu na cng trnh tr tin ln th hai l 40% tng bo gi cng trnh; on cng nghim thu thanh ton hp ng, tr nt s tin cn li tc l 5% tng bo gi cng trnh. Nu trong khi thi cng c s tng gim hng mc th s thanh ton tng gim s tin hng mc thm bt vo ln thanh ton th hai.
7. NG
KHNG NN HON THIN NH CA VO MA THU
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V khng kh ma thu ng tng i kh ro, vt liu g cha hm lng nc thp, hn na thi tit li mt m, khng nng nc kh chu nh ma h, chnh v th m khng t ngi thch chn ma ny xy dng, sa cha nh ca. Nhng mi ngi khng bit, nhit ma thu ng cng ngy cng thp, cht nhim sinh ra trong khi hon thin nh ca khng d pht tn. Khi vo ma xun thu nm sau, chnh l lc kh c hi pht tn mnh m nht. Lng pht tn cht nhim nh Formaldehyde c lin quan rt ln ti nhit , khi nhit trong phng thp hn 200C, hiu qu tn pht kh c hi trong nh ra ngoi qua thng gi ca s gim mnh; Khi nhit trong phng thp hn 100C, dng nh tt c cc cht kh nhim sinh ra trong qu trnh hon thin nh ca u tch t trong phng, khng th gii phng ra ngoi; Cho d c ngy c m ca s thng gi, hiu qu tn pht nhim cng dng nh khng c bao nhiu. Ngoi ra, xy dng, sa cha, hon thin nh ca vo ma thu ng, do cht c c hi gii phng ra ngoi t, cho d vt liu khng t tiu chun bo v mi trng, th mi c tnh kch thch cng khng r rt, v th rt nhiu ngi coi thng vic nhim mi trng nh khi hon thin nh ca.Sau khi vo nh , trong nh c dng my si, iu ho, nhng th kh c hi lc y mi dn dn gii phng ra v tch t trong khng kh trong nh. Cho d c i n ma xun h nm sau mi vo th cng vi s tng ln ca nhit t nhin cng chnh l lc cc cht kh c hi gii phng ra mnh m nht. Chnh v th, xut pht t gc cht c hi tn pht ra nhanh chng, nn ma thch hp nht hon thin nh ca l ma h. i vi nhng gia nh m nh ca hon thin, thng qua vic s dng my iu ho nhit trao i khng kh, my lc khng kh, ng thi trng vi chu cy xanh trong nh c th gim thiu c nhim trong nh, c th trng mt s loi cy nh trc, lan ui h v l hi, c th ht c mt phn cht kh c hi trong nh.
* VT LIU SN TNG DIATOMITE Loi tng ny c th ht lng nc, gim m, duy tr khng kh trong nh kh ro khi m trong nh qu cao. Cn khi nhit gim xung, m qu thp, n li c chc nng nh ngc li: lng nc ht vo li c gii phng ra m trong nh lun duy tr khong thch hp 60%. Nguyn liu ch yu ca loi vt liu sn ny l diatom ( to ct) nhp t Hockaido - Nht Bn, theo nghin cu cho thy, loi diatomite ny c kh nng ht m, phng m cao gp 3 ln so vi vt liu diatom (to ct). (Hnh trang 246 + 247)
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8. KHNG NN COI THNG CHNG M KHI HON THIN NH CA VO MA H Thi tit m t nh hng tng i ln n vic hon thin nh ca, nhng ngi sa cha, hon thin nh ca vo ma ny cn phi ch . Bi v a phn mi ngi hiu bit rt t v thi cng hon thin nh ca, li c tm l vi vng mun vo nh mi v th rt quan tm n tin thi cng. Chnh v th m nhng ngi nh c hon thin vo ma thi tit m t rt d c vn v cht lng. Do , lit k nhng vn d sinh ra khi hon thin nh ca vo ma thi tit m t tin cho mi ngi tm hiu, c th giao lu vi i thi cng, gip cht lng cng trnh nh mnh c m bo. (1) Duy tr thng gi trong phng tt
Khi tri ma, khng ch khng kh m t m kh p thp, v th trong khi thi cng cn m toang tt c cc ca, ca s m bo ngi nh c thng gi tt. Nh vy, khng ch c li cho sc kho ca nhn vin thi cng m cn gip cho tng nh, nn nh v g nhanh kh hn. (2) Ngy ma khng nn qut sn
i vi cc sn phm g khng nn sn vo ngy ma. Bi v, b mt g vo ma ma c th b ngng t mt lp hi nc, khi ny nu qut sn th hi nc s chui vo sn lm cho mu sn b mt g b c, khng trong. Ngoi ra, vo ngy ma m sn tng nh hng cng khng ln, song cn ch ko di thi gian cho lp sn th nht kh. Bnh thng m ni, khong cch gia 2 ln sn khong 2 ting, ngy ma c th tu theo tnh trng khng kh ko di thi gian. (3) Bn no ko di thi gian kh
Bn no l loi vt liu lt tng, loi vt liu ny c tc dng chng nc, chng m, chng bt ho, chng mc. Trc khi sn tng nn dng bn no qut qua, bnh thng cn qut 1 ~ 3 ln, thi gian kh bnh thng l 1 ~ 2 ngy. Nhng nu qut bn vo ngy ma th trc tin nn dng vi kh lau sch hi nc trn tng, c gng gi cho mt tng kh ro. ng thi cng cn da theo tnh trng thc t ca thi tit c gng ko di thi gian cho bn kh, bnh thng khong 2 ~ 3 ngy l c. (4) phng ch phm g do b m m bin dng
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Khi thi cng nh ca vo ma ma iu quan trng nht l phng trnh cho g b bin dng. Phng thc bo v c th nh sau: khi ca ra vo, ca s bng g thnh hnh nhng cha sn, c th dng vt nng, phng ln trong thi gian khong 1 tun gip ca ra vo v ca s gi n nh c kt cu c bn, nh vy s trnh c bin dng do b m. (5) Ngy ma khng nn lt sn g
Bt k l lt sn g thc hay sn g phc hp hy c gng khng nn tin hnh vo ngy ma. Bi v ngy ma nn nh s b m t, c bit l tng trt, lc ny lng hi nc bc ln chm, keo s kh chm, nu thi cng trong tnh trng ny th sn g s rt d b bin dng hoc xy ra hin tng phng ln. Song, trong nhng ngy tri rm m m khng kh khng qu ln th vn c th tin hnh lt sn g, nhng cn ch lt cht mt cht, nu khng n ngy tri nng, sau khi lng nc b bc hi bt i s lm cho sn g b co li to ra k h qu ln. (6) Lt gch nn khng nn xi mng b m
Khi tin hnh lt nn m gp phi tri ma, tt nht nn y ln xi mng mt lp ni lng hoc giy xi mng, ng thi c gng trnh xa ngun nc trnh b m hoc t gy bn cc. Nhng vi xi mng trn xong th s b nh hng ca khng kh m t lm cho tc ng cng b gim. V th sau khi lt xong nn gch khng c lp tc gim ln ngay m nn t mt tm g ln trn lm li i. (7) phng dy in do m m b on mch
Khi hon thin nh ca vo ma ma nn ch thao tc c quy phm khi ci to ng in, c bit l nhng ni d b dnh nc ma nh ngoi hnh lang, nht nh phi bc kn u dy ng b l ra ngoi trnh on mch khi b m t. c bit l nhng dy in xung quanh nhng dng bng g cng cn ch im ny. Nu khng thn trng rt d gy ra ho hon, nguy him n an ton tnh mng con ngi. (Hnh trang 248 + 249 + 250)
9. TRONG NH KING DNG GCH S LT NN TRN DIN TCH LN Gch s va p li va sch s, l la chn u tin ca ngi tiu dng khi hon thin nh ca, nhng dng nh rt t ngi bit rng gch s lm t cc nguyn liu thin nhin nn chng c tc dng bc x.
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Trong cng ngh ch to gch s, tng bng b mt tin li khi lau dn, trnh b n mn, cc nh sn xut qut ln b mt mt lp men (v th gch s cng c gi l gch men, gch trng men), y l mt loi vt liu gm s, trong c thm ct zircon lm cht lng ng, m hm lng nguyn t c tnh phng x t nhin trong ct zircon tng i cao. Tnh cht ca bc x gch men v bc x ca vt liu v bn cht khng c g khc nhau. Con ng bc x ca gch men n con ngi th nht l xut pht t nhng bc x tia v tia ca nguyn vt liu, th hai l t bc x ca nguyn t Radon, ngoi ra, nhng bi men t gch men qu tui th s dng hoc sau khi b v ri ra cng nguy him n s kho con ngi. Trong tt c cc loi gch men, bc x ca gch qu trng nh qu trnh nh bng cng mnh, t l gii phng nguyn t Radon c tnh phng x trn b mt gch men mu cao hn so vi gch men ph thng. Ti nhng nc pht trin, gch men thng ch s dng trang tr nh bp, nh v sinh, nh tm, phng thay . Nhng nc ta, gch men li ph bin dng phng khch, phng ng, thm ch c vn phng, thi gian con ngi tip xc tng i di cng d gy ra nhim cht phng x trong phng, t gy nguy hi n sc kho con ngi. V vy chng ti kin ngh rng, ngi tiu dng khi chn mua gch men cn ch mt vi im sau y: Mua sn phm c nhn hiu ng tin cy ti cc ch, ca hng bn vt liu xy dng chnh quy; yu cu ngi bn hng bo co tnh hnh kim nghim tnh phng x ca sn phm, ch quan st kt qu kim nghim (loi A l tt nht, loi B l trung bnh, loi C l km nht); phng tr hm lng cht c tnh phng x trong nh qu cao, tt nht sau khi hon thin ngi nh xong, trc khi vo hy mi chuyn gia n tin hnh kim nghim tnh phng x; Khi hon thin nh cn phi hp s dng vt liu mt cch hp l, tt nht khng nn lt gch men trn din tch ln gim thiu nhim tnh phng x trong nh. (Hnh trang 251)
10. NHNG IU KING K KHI HON THIN NH CA LM MT HIU QU THM M Cho d tnh thm m ca ngi nh l loi c tnh ho v tinh thn ho, nhng vn tn ti mt s quy lut chung. Bn c l khng bit ngi nh ca mnh s c hiu qu trang tr nh th no, nhng cn phi bit mt s iu king k sau y trnh lm mt tnh thm m ca ngi nh: (1) King k trn treo qu nng, qu dy, qu cht, mu sc qu m
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Hin nay nhng ngi nh vn d tng cao nhng ho ra thp, to cho ngi cm gic b chn p, chen chc v kh th. Qu l ho hoa ph qu s dn n khuynh hng phng khiu v ho (sn nhy ho), lm ri lon ngi nh yn tnh, mt i ci p m cng ca ngi nh. (2) gia dng King phi hp mu sc sn nh khng hi ho vi mu sc
Phn ln din tch cng mt gam mu, nht nh phi hi ho. Nu mu sc m nht khc bit qu ln s nh hng n hiu qu thm m ca ngi nh. (3) King k khuynh hng qu ho hoa hoc khch sn ho
Tiu tn rt nhiu tin vo bn bc tng khoa trng thn phn ca mnh khng nhng lo lot, m cn lm ph v khng kh yn tnh ca ngi nh. (4) l Trong cng mt cn phng khng nn c qu nhiu mu sc, nhng cn phng khc nhau th c th trang tr cc mu sc khc nhau, trnh ngi nh qu lo lot, mu sc ri mt. (5) King k gia dng ln t trong cn phng nh King k mu sc trang im qu ln xn, phi hp khng hp
Nu trong mt cn phng t mt gia dng to ng, cao ngt ngng, hn na mu sc li thuc gam mu m, mt l ph v tnh hon chnh chnh th to hnh ca cn phng; hai l lm cho cn phng mt cn bng; ba l lm c ch th gic ngi nhn.
11. KHI HON THIN NH CA KHNG NN DY IN CHNG CHT a phn nhng ngi nh phi hp ng dy in khng t tiu chun quc gia quy nh, ngi tiu dng khi mua nh v hon thin nh u thiu hiu bit v nhng cng trnh n nh ng in kh v th m tn ti nhng n ho nguy him n an ton hay pht sinh s c in v chy ng in kh. V d nh c ngi thun tin nn t ng dn khng theo quy nh, hn na li cn vt ng in trn dy thp, lc li mc qua inh st, treo vt lung tung, thi gian lu ngy, v cch in ca dy s b dy thp hoc inh st n mn lm hng, rt d gy ra r in v git in. Li v d,
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c ngi tit kim tin, khi mua dy in khng tnh lu lng ti an ton, trong nh c loi dy in no th dng loi dy , thm ch trn cng mt dy in lp nhiu thit b in, pha trc khng c bo v nng chy, gia li c rt nhiu u ni, nh vy khi bng xy ra s c on mch th s lan rng s c, thm ch dn n ho hon. iu ny trch nhim ca cc doanh nghip khai thc nh t khng th thoi thc bi v h khng coi trng ch tiu phi lp ng in. Mt s doanh nghip khai thc nh t khi gii thiu vi ngi tiu dng v ng in kh nh c tnh gii thiu mt cch s lc, n gin, lm cho nhng khac nim c lin quan tr nn m h, khng r rng, t che y chn tng l tiu chun ng in kh thp hn tiu chun a phng, thm ch thp hn tiu chun quc gia t c mc ch kim tin li cao phng din ny. S b tr ng in l sau khi hon cng hoc hon thin nh xong, bn thi cng phi lu li bn s ng in, s thi cng cho ch nh, phng khi cn kim tra sa cha cn c ci tham kho. Do ng in kh thuc cng trnh n, sau khi hon cng m khng cung cp s in kh th s li n ho nguy him n an ton sinh hot cho ch nh. Ngi tiu dng thiu nhng kin thc v in kh nh cng l mt nguyn nhn khng th coi thng. a s ngi tiu dng khi c mun mua nh u hiu bit rt m h v ng in kh ca ngi nh mun mua. c bit l v mt s ni dung ca kin thc in kh c lin quan mt thit n an ton in kh nh: cht lng ngun in, s lng mch phn hi, ti din ng dy vo nh v cht liu ng dy dn in, a s ngi tiu dng c nhn thc m h. B tr ng in trong khi hon thin nh ca cn c gng xem xt n tnh an ton, tnh chc nng, tnh thch hp khi lp t thit b in trong nh tho mn nhu cu sinh hot v nhu cu pht trin lu di. Cch lm c th c: (1) Tho dy v thay dy
c bit l khi sa cha nh c, trc y thng s dng u l dy nhm, phi tho b thay dy ng bc nha, i vi c ng in m ni, s lng mch phn hi phn nhnh cng khng nn qu t, thng th n i mt ng, iu ho nhit i hai ng, cm i 3 ~ 4 ng. Li ch ca cch lm ny l khi bt k mt ng in no xy ra on mch hoc vn khc th phm vi phi ngt in nh, khng nh hng n s lm vic bnh thng ca cc ng in khc. (2) Chn dy v ni dy
Khi b tr ng in thng s dng bin php chn trong rnh trn tng. Khi b tr ng in cn s dng ng ngm lp, dy in trong
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ng ngm khng c c u ni hoc xon ri vo nhau, khng c cho dy in chn trc tip vo trong vi va, bi v nh vy khng ch khng c li cho vic thay dy in v sau m cn khng an ton. Trong qu trnh b tr ng in phi tn trng nguyn tc dy la vo cng tc, dy mt vo u n, ni cm phi theo nguyn tc tri mt phi la, ni t bn trn; khi tin hnh ni dy in, khng c ch n gin dng bng dnh cch in qun hai dy li vi nhau, nht nh ch ni phi bi mt lp thic, ri dng km kp cht ch li, nh vy mi c th trnh dy in do chu ti khng u m dn n lo ho dy thm ch gy ho hon. (3) S lng cm
Khi b tr ng dy in, cn cn thn trng xem xt s lng cm nn cn bao nhiu, nu s lng qu t, ngi dng nhiu khi nh phi ko thm dy c nhiu cm, nh vy d gy nguy him. V th, cn tnh ton s lng cm trong nh. (4) Tng hp s b tr ng in ca cc thit b in trong nh
Chuyn gia trong ngnh nhc nh ngi tiu dng rng khi vo ngi nh mi hon thin cn phi yu cu c cung cp s in t pha nh t hoc t pha thi cng tin cho vic nm bt ng in, la chn thit b ph hp, an ton dng in cho my chc nm sinh hot v sau. Ngoi ra, khi la chn dy in nn chn dy ng, khng nn dng dy nhm, v tnh dn in ca dy nhm km hn nn trong khi s dng in c th b nng, u ni lng ra gy ho hon. (Hnh trang 252 + 253)
12. NHNG IU KING K KHI LA CHN PHNG THC THI CNG HON THIN NGI NH Hin nay, ngy cng nhiu ngi tiu dng khi xy dng nh ca u la chn phng thc khon cng vic. Bi v iu h lo lng nht l i thi cng n bt nguyn vt liu, ly ci xu i ci tt, v th h t chu kh mt cht, t tay mnh i mua nguyn vt liu mi yn tm. Theo ngi trong ngnh cho bit, gi c hon thin nh bao gm ph nguyn vt liu, ph my mc nhn cng, li nhun, ngoi ra cn c ph vn chuyn, ph qung co, ph thit k, tin m khch hng tr ch c 60% l tiu vo cng trnh hon thin nh ca m thi. i vi th trng xy dng, hon thin nh ca hin nay, phng thc thi cng ch yu c 3 loi sau: (1) Khon cng vic
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Khon cng vic ch yu p dng cho nhng i thi cng nh hoc nhng cng ty xy dng, hon thin nh ca quy m nh. i thi cng ch cung cp nhn cng v cong c my mc thi cng, cn ton b nguyn vt liu u do ch nh t mua. Theo iu tra, phng thc ny hin nay chim trn 80%. Vi phng thc ny ch nh tr tin theo s gi lao ng ca i thi cng. Khon cng vic tng i thch hp vi nhng gia nh c nhiu thi gian rnh ri, c nhiu kin thc v vt liu xy dng, c con ng mua vt liu d dng, tin cy. Nhng s thc th, do a s phng n thit k khng chnh th, an dp khng mu, cng an cng ging, trc khi xy dng khng bit cn thit phi mua nhng nguyn vt liu g, cng khng r s lng l bao nhiu, v th m hao tn tng i nhiu nguyn vt liu so vi s thc s cn thit, c khi cao n 10% ~ 20%. Ngoi ra, nu mi nhng i thi cng n khon cng vic, trong khi thi cng tranh ci khng dt, thi cng xong hai bn li khng nht tr, cht lng thi cng v dch v bo dng sa cha khng c m bo, li mt ln th hai sa cha, ci to. (2) Khon lao ng, khon nguyn vt liu
Khon lao ng khon nguyn vt liu c hai kiu l khon ton b v khon lao ng bao ph liu. Trong , khon lao ng bao ph liu l phng php ngi ch t mua vt liu chnh, cn n v thi cng chu trch nhim v nhn cng, cng c my mc thi cng v nhng ph liu khc; Khon ton b l n v thi cng chu trch nhim mua ton b nguyn vt liu, cung cp nhn cng v nhng cng c my mc thi cng. Hin nay, cc loi vt liu chnh nh sn g, gch tng a phn cc nh cung cp u thc hin mt gi bn l thng nht, bt k ai mua th gi c u nh nhau, nu c chnh lch th cng khng ln. V phng din ph liu, do mua hng vi s lng nhiu, mt phn li nhun ca nh cung cp nguyn vt liu c chuyn cho cng ty xy dng hon thin nh ca, y l mt phn li nhun ca cng ty. ng thi cng ty xy dng hon thin nh ca c c mt b phc v m bo bao gm tu sa bo dng sau khi hon thin, thu ph cao hn khong 20% so vi khon cng vic. Khon cng vic bao ph liu l khch hng t mua vt liu chnh, c th trnh c bn thi cng ng chn ng tay thm bt i chc vt liu thi cng, nhng khng nht nh l tit kim c tin. Khon ton b cn la chn n v thi cng tng i ng tin cy, s dng phng thc ny th ph dng tng i cao, nhng c th tit kim c thi gian v sc lc cho mnh, ng thi cn c th m bo c cht lng nguyn vt liu. Do c
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thit k hon chnh nn c th r rng v chng loi v s lng nguyn vt liu, ch cn d tnh chnh xc, lit k ra nhn hiu, kiu dng, gi c, s lng, ng cp ca tng loi nguyn vt liu, ngi ch c th tin hnh gim st kim tra cht lng nguyn vt liu, m bo hng tht ng gi tin. Ngoi ra, nu c tin trn th khon lao ng khon nguyn vt liu hoc khon lao ng bao ph liu u tit kim c thi gian, sc lc. (3) Lp t chuyn nghip vt liu xy dng
Hin nay, sn nh, vt liu sn, kh nng, t qun o, in, gia dng u c nhng dch v chuyn nghip v chim lnh th trng ca cc cng ty hon thin, trang tr nh ca, ngi tiu dng nh m c nhn nhng dch v chuyn nghip, v th m trnh c nhng vn do cng nhn cc cng ty hon thin nh lm khng tt gy ra. Trong nhng dch v chuyn nghip ny, cc sn phm nh vt liu sn, rm ca cn c cung cp dch v min ph, iu ny rt d b xem nh, nh vy nhng dch v m h cung cp va chuyn nghip li tit kim c khng t ph thi cng cho ch nh. Hin nay cc thng gia v vt liu xy dng c cung cp nhng phc v chuyn nghip trnh c cho ngi tiu dng mc phi nhng vn v cht lng do thi cng khng tt gy ra. Nhng ngi tiu dng khi mua sn phm vt liu xy dng nn n nhng ni chnh quy chn nhng nhn hng sn phm m bo cht lng v dch v sau mua, khi k kt hp ng cn ch n iu khon dch v sau mua. Qua so snh cc phng thc thi cng xy dng, hon thin nh ca, ngi tiu dng c th xem xt tnh trng ca bn thn la chn phng thc thi cng cho ph hp vi mnh nht. (Hnh trang 255 + 256) * iu nn bit * Vt liu ch yu khi hon thin ngi nh: Bnh thng m ni l ch gch tng, gch nn, sn nh, sn v vt liu sn, dng v sinh, cc loi n, kim loi trang tr v cc loi ca Nhng vt liu ny trong qu trnh hon thin nh ca c th nh hng n hiu qu chnh th ca ton b cng trnh
13.
KHNG NN NH D C TIN VO S HIU QU
Hin nay rt nhiu ngi tiu dng u yu cu cng ty xy dng hon thin nh ca cung cp s hiu qu, iu ny khng ch v s hiu qu
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c th trc tip ti hin li hiu qu thi cng m cng c th nh gi c thc lc ca nh thit k. S hiu qu v bng tay v s hiu qu 3D v bng vi tnh l hai loi s hiu qu ph bin nht thng dng hin nay. Hai loi s hiu qu ny u c ng dng trong thc t t rt lu, bt lun l s hiu qu theo hnh thc no th cng trc tip ti hin hiu qu xy dng, gip ngi tiu dng tm hiu trc c kt qu thi cng trnh thi cng mt cch m qung. C th v ra bn s hiu qu loi no th cng khng th chng t trnh ca nh thit k cao hay thp, l ngi tiu dng cn bit r rng rng s hiu qu khng hon ton n khp vi thc t cui cng. Thng thng, nh thit k thng dng tay v bn s hiu qu, nh vy s tin hn trong vic trao i vi ngi tiu dng. Nh thit k c th va trao i vi ngi tiu dng va v s ra giy, nh vy c th nng cao tnh chnh xc ca thit k. Nhng s hiu qu bng tay li ch c th ni khi qut v mu sc, cm gic khng gian, kch thc khng tht chun xc, c th c s th ra tht vo so vi hiu qu thc t sau ny, ch nh cn phi c bit ch n nhng bn v thi cng c th khc. Thi gian v ra s hiu qu 3D tng i di, gi thnh tng i cao, trnh t phc tp, ch nh c bt k mt kin nh no cng u mt mt thi gian rt lu nh thit k sa cha bn v trong my vi tnh. Nhng, s bn v in t c th lm ging ht nh tht, gip ch nh trc tip nhn thy r hiu qu xy dng, c mt s phn mm cn c th gip ch nh th kt hp dng trong nh. ng nhin cng c im cn ch , trong my vi tnh c th thy t v nh sng, hnh nh rt c bit, khng kh rt m cng, nhng khi thi cng trn thc t khng nht nh s t c hiu qu v th gic ging nh vy. V im ny, ch nh nht nh cn chun b trc tm l. (Hnh trang 257)
14. SINH
BA LI LN D GP NHT TRONG NH TM, NH V
Dng nh mi gia nh sau khi hon thin nh ca u li mt iu g ng tic hoc khi thit k suy ngh khng thu o hoc xem nh khi hon thin nh ca m li di chng v sau. c bit l nh tm, nh v sinh ng coi thng ni ny, nu khng c mt thit k hon chnh th sau ny nht nh s li rt nhiu di chng. Trong nh tm, nh v sinh chng bnh d xut hin nht ch yu bao gm 3 phng din sau:
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(1)
Ci to ng in nc vn cn li nhng n ho phi tu sa
Trc khi khi cng suy ngh khng chu o, trong qu trnh thi cng nhiu ln phi sa cha lm cho ng in nc khi ci to khng c s thit k tra, sau vn c tip tc thi cng v trc sau g cng li nhng n ho nguy him. Thng thng, cng ty xy dng hon thin nh ca u v ra mt b s thit k cho ch nh, trong bao gm s hiu qu chnh th, s thi cng tng b phn v s ci to ng in nc. Nhng do mt s ngi ch nh trc khi tin hnh khng trao i thu o vi nh thit k, m cng vi qu trnh thi cng mi a ra kin sa cha thit k vn c, nh vy va thi cng va sa cha, sau khi hon cng nhng cng trnh n nh ng in nc mi pht hin ra khng c s tm, nhng vn tip tc thi cng, vy l li li n ho nguy him. V vy ngh ngi tiu dng khi tin hnh ci to ng in nc trong nh tm, nh v sinh, tt nht nn trao i vi nh thit k v ra mt bn s ci to ng nc, nu trong qu trnh thi cng c s thay i, ngi tiu dng cng nn trao i li vi nh thit k v li s ci to, sau mi bt u thi cng, tt nht khng c va thi cng va sa cha trnh sau ny khi thi cng thn tng lm hng n ng dy in, c th gy ho hon. (2) La chn sn phm nh v sinh, nh tm khng thch hp
Ngi tiu dng khi chn mua sn phm nh v sinh, nh tm khng xem xt n lp t, sau khi mua v ri mi pht hin ra khng ph hp vi nh mnh, s dng cng khng thun tin. Do vi nm tr li y ngi tiu dng ngy cng coi trng trang tr nh tm, nh v sinh, hn na, ngoi vic thi cng ra, cng on sau cng c u t mt khon tin kh ln. Do cc sn phm nh tm, nh v sinh hin nay tng i a chng loi, nhiu mu m, gi c cng c s chnh lch kh ln, ngi tiu dng khi mua phi chn hoa c mt, sau khi mua v nh ri mi pht hin chng khng thch hp vi ngi nh mnh. V th, tt nht trong giai on thit k cn phi ngh n vic cn mua sn phm loi no, khi thi cng c th da theo yu cu lp t v tham s k thut c th ca sn phm d tnh lu li mt khong khng gian, ci to ng ng, to iu kin lp t, m bo qu trnh hon thin c hon thnh, sn phm lp t v s dng bnh thng. (3) Sai lch thi cng dn n phi lm li
Thit k kh sa i, trong thi cng c s sai lch dn n phi lm li mt lot. T l xut hin chng bnh ny trong nh tm, nh v sinh tng
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i ln. V d nh, sau khi lt xong gch men mi pht hin ra ng x nc b r r, lc ny thit b v sinh cng lp t xong, vy l v sau ngy ngy u phi chu ng nc dnh dang sau mi ln tm ra. V th chng ti xin nhc nh ngi tiu dng trc khi mua sn phm nh tm, nh v sinh cn xem xt n phng n thit k hin c, tnh kh thi thi cng v lp t nh th no. V d nh vi hoa sen cn phi chn ng nc ln sao cho thch hp, bn tm cn phi lu li mt khong khng gian lp t, bn cu cn tnh c ly cch tng, phng tm th cn c tng chu lc, ni thot nc thch hp Nhng iu kin ny cn phi lm tt trong khi thi cng, nu khng sn phm nh tm, nh v sinh sau khi mua v kh m lp t s dng c. (Hnh trang 258 + 259)
15.
KHNG NN COI NH THI CNG CHNG NC
Trong khi thi cng hon thin nh ca, thi cng chng nc b xem thng s li nhng n ho nguy him v sau. Nh v sinh, nh tm thng xuyn xut hin tnh trng thm nc khng ch lm tn tht n gia nh m cn gy nh hng n hng xm. Mi mt khu thi cng chng nc u cn cht ch, nn nh khng bng phng, thi cng khng t m, nghim thu khng quy phm u c th gy ra thm nc nh v sinh, nh tm. Lp chng nc trong nh ging nh ti nilon vy, lp chng nc tng v nn u l mt chnh th hon chnh. (1) Sa sang li nh ca phi sa sang li h thng chng nc
Khi xy dng ngi nh mi, nn nh v sinh, nh tm v nh bp u phi c lp chng nc ng tiu chun quy phm, ch cn khng lm hng lp chng nc th s khng th b thm nc. Nhng trong khi hon thin li tng thm mt vi thit b tm ra hoc tin hnh ci to ng nc rt d lm tn hi n lp chng nc vn c, v th, cn sa cha hoc lm li lp chng nc trnh xy ra hin tng thm nc, khi ng ng nc, ming cng thot nc i xuyn qua trn nh cn phi lm k lp chng nc xung quanh ch . c bit l khi lt li nn nh v sinh, nh tm, nht nh phi dng b tng xi mng san phng nn. Trc khi lm chng nc cn phi v sinh sch s nn trnh lp chng nc do dy mng khng u nhau m gy ra thm nc. (2) Chng nc tng nh phi cht ch
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Nu tng nh khng c lp bo v chng nc th rt d b m t v sinh mc, v vy trc khi lt gch tng cn lm tt lp chng nc. cao x l chng nc ca tng nh v sinh, nh tm v nh bp thng l 0,3m ~ 0,6m, i vi tng nh hoc khu vc tm ra nn lm chng nc vi ton b thn tng, cao lp chng nc thn tng t nht phi cao 1,8m. Trong thn tng nu c ng ng nc cn phi lm rnh to ng knh ln, rnh phi c x l nhn, trong rnh cng cn c lp chng nc, lm ng thi vi thn tng. (3) Chng nc t nht phi lm 3 ln
Qu trnh thi cng chng nc cn lm nghim khc, khng c lm qua loa, xn b cng vic. Trong trng hp thn tng v nn nh bng phng, sch s, trong vng 6 ting lm 3 ln chng nc (c cch 1 ~ 2 ting lm chng nc 1 ln). Cch lm c th l: Ln th nht qut lp vt liu sn dy 1mm; Khi lm chng nc ln th hai, nhng ch gc tng, nn v cui ng ng qut lp vt liu chng nc dy 3mm; Ln th ba qut li mt lp sn chng nc bnh thng. Cui cng tin hnh th nghim tch nc, trnh t l: bt ming ng thot nc li, nc vo nn cao 2cm, sau 24 ting quan st xem c thm nc khng. Mt nc nu khng c s gim xung r rt tc l chng nc t tiu chun, nu nc gim mt cch r rt chng t cng trnh chng nc cn thi cng li, sau nghim thu li. (Hnh trang 260 + 261) * iu nn bit * 1. Dy in cng mt ng nn xuyn vo cng mt ng, nhng tng s dy in trong ng khng c vt qu 8 dy, tng tit din ca dy in (bao gm c v ngoi cch in) khng c vt qu 40% tit din trong ng; 2. Khong cch song song gia dy in v ng ng kh nng, nc nng, kh ga khng c nh hn 300mmm, khong cch cho nhau khng c nh hn 100mm; 3. Bng cm in ca ti vi, in thoi, ngun in trong cng mt phng nn cng t trn cao ngang nhau, sai s chiu cao di 5mm; 4. cm ngun in phi cch t 300mm (t nht khng c thp hn 200mm), ca cng tc nn cch t 1400mm; 5. Nh bp, nh tm, nh v sinh nn lp cm chng bn nc, cm nn lp trn tng pha bn m ca.
16.
IN GIA DNG NN NH RT PHCH CM
Cng vi s tin b v pht trin ca khoa hc k thut, in gia dng ngy cng a dng ho, thng minh ho, cng v th m ni, con ngi
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ngy cng li i. Ngi trn u ging vi tay cm chic iu khin ti vi, iu ho, DVD, dn m thanh, ch cn n nt mt ci l c th tt bt nh . Chnh v th m ti vi, iu ho nhit , DVD, dn m thanh, thm ch n vi tnh, bnh nc nng, bnh ung nc, my git cng khng cn lc no dng th cm in, lc khng dng th rt ra nh trc y na. Nh vy con ngi tit kim c rt nhiu thi gian, nhng in gia dng v b ngoi m ni, khi khng dng na ch cn n nt l t tt. Nhng mi ngi li khng h bit rng, nhng in gia dng v d nh ti vi khi thit k, c mt s cng tc ngun in c thit k bn cnh my bin p ngun in, khi bn tt ti vi bng iu khin, my bin p vn c in, tuy in lu thng qua n rt nh nhng nu c in lin tc trong thi gian di th in lu s lm cho my bin p ngun in tip tc tng nhit , vng dy ca my bin p ngun in c th bc chy do on mch v lo ho, hoc gp phi st s lm cho on mch ca in gia dng b qu ti m dn n s c chy n. Do , ngh cc bn khng nn v tit kim thi gian, sau khi s dng in xong hy rt phch cm ngun in ra phng s c xy ra. (Hnh trang 262)
17. KHNG NN COI TRNG CHNG TRM M COI NH CHNG CHY V vic hin nay cc h dn thng lp ca chng trm, ca s chng trm, li chng trm cho ngi nh ca mnh, c bit l c mt, li hi ca lp li chng trm, trn tin tc ca mt s t bo, ti vi trin khai tho lun v vn ny. c bit c mt s khu vc do lp li chng trm m nh hng n ng thot thn, thot him khi xy ra s c ho hon, thng vong v mt s vn x hi khc, v th li gy ra nghi hoc cho ngi dn: lp li chng trm c thc s an ton khng?, iu ny cn c s coi trng cao ca mi ngi. Khch quan m ni, chng trm v chng chy i vi ngi dn m ni u rt quan trng, nhng cn c th t trn di, khng phi l mi nngi thng ni trm cp mt na, chy mt hon ton sao? Trm cp nhng khng th ly cp ht ton b ti sn ca bn c, nhng mt khi ho hon xy ra th khng cn g ni na. Mi ngi cng nhau tham gia bo v trt t tr an th vn phng chng trm cp khng phi l kh gii quyt. ng thi, cho d bn c lp thit b chng trm i na cng khng th nht mnh trong ci lng st mi c. Nu nh bn cho rng cn phi lp thit b chng trm th cng ng qun li cho mnh mt li thot him phng khi s c xy ra, v d cha kho ca ca chng trm phi t mt ni c nh
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khi c s c xy ra cn d tm thy, trn ca s chng trm hay li chng trm nn b mt mt l m ngi c th chui qua c
18.
NHNG IU KING K KHI SA CHA HNH LANG
C mt s ngi m rng din tch s dng trong nh lin tin hnh sa cha hnh lang, y phng khch rng ra ngoi hnh lang, lm cho hnh lang tr thnh mt phn ca phng khch, nh th c th lm cho phng khch rng ri hn, sng sa hn, nhng cn phi ch m bo kt cu an ton. Do hnh lang l b phn th ra ngoi ca ngi nh, kh nng chu trng lc c hn, v th khi sa cha cn tnh ton cn thn, hn na khng nn t nhng vt nng nh t, gh sofa, hn non b phn vn d l hnh lang, bi v nhng vt nng c th lm cho hnh lang b qu ti, t gy nguy him n tnh an ton kt cu ca hnh lang. Sau khi sa cha hnh lang, ch nn t nhng vt nh ch hnh lang th s khng nh hng n s an ton, ng thi cn c th duy tr s thong mt ca khng gian vn c ca hnh lang. Hnh lang sau khi sa cha thnh phng khch, tng ngoi khng nn qu thp, c ngi li thch dng knh lm tng ngoi, h cho rng nh vy nhn phong cnh bn ngoi cng p, nhng li khng h bit nh vy l mt i k trong phong thu hc gi l tt h h khng, ngha l ngi ngoi c th nhn thy pha di u gi ca ngi trong nh, b cc nh vy s lm cho ca ci trong nh b tri ht ra ngoi, nh him ngi. Di thc trn h, y chnh l yu ch ca phong thu hc, nn c gng trnh l ra pha di u gi. Cch lm c th p dng l 1/3 pha di tng l tng thc, 2/3 pha trn tng l ca s knh, nh vy s khng b phm phi tt h h khng trong phong thu. Nu hnh lang vn d c tng ngn ngoi ton bng knh, kh sa cha c, vy th, phng php b p hiu qu nht l t mt chic t thp ngay di chn tng knh cho i, coi nh l vt thay th tng thp. T thp m qu ngn th t hai chu cy cnh hai bn lp khng gian trng, nh th va p li va ph hp vi phong thu. Kt cu kin trc ngi nh bnh thng, gia hnh lang v phng khch thng c mt dm ngang, sau khi sa cha hai ci kt hp li thnh mt th dm ngang ny s tr ngi n n tng v tn hi n phong thu. Cch x l dm ngang ny l c th dng trn gi lp vo cho bng. Nu mun tng thm hiu qu th trn trn bn phn hnh lang treo n chiu chiu sng. Ngoi ra, di dm ngang khng nn t vt ct tng nh tam tinh Phc Lc Th, chm sao thn ti trnh tn hi n vt ct tng. (Hnh trang 263 + 264)
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* COI TRNG NGNG CA Ngng ca vn ch g nm ngang di chn ca, nhng ngi nh Trung Quc c xa, ca ra vo thng c ngng, mi ng i ra i vo u phi bc qua ngng ca, c tc dng nh du mt bc ngot, cn tr ngoi lc bn ngoi. Ngng ca thi c xa cao v gn bng u gi, ngng ca ngy nay khng cao nh vy. Ngoi vic c lm bng g ra, cng c th dng hp v di, t c nh trn t gia ca v tm chn thp. Ngng ca cn l phn cch nh vi th gii bn ngoi, ng thi, ngng ca va c th chn gi chng bi, li c th ngn c nhng loi cn trng b vo nh, v th gi tr thc dng ca ngng ca rt ln, c tc dng ngn chn nhng nhn t bt li bn ngoi v phng trnh ti kh lt ra ngoi, c tnh quan trng i vi phong thu nh . Lp ngng ca cn ch : Mu sc ngng ca phi ng mu vi ca v khng c nt v, ngng ca nu b nt v cng nh dm ngang trong nh b nt vy, bt ct. Ngng ca hon chnh th trch kh thng, nt v th vn kh ngng tr, v th nu ngng ca b nt v th cn phi thay ngay.
19.
KHNG NN CHT NGOI HNH LANG
Trong cc gia nh, c mt s c khng n b i hoc thng xuyn s dng n, v th m phng ct v hnh lang tr thnh kho tch tr nhng vt phm tp nham ca gia nh, thm ch nhng d chy d n nh sn, xng du cng t ngoi hnh lang, lm cho hnh lang tr thnh ni n ch nguy him ho hon. Di nh nng mt tri ma h trc tip chiu vo, hnh lang tr thnh o la ca gia nh, khi t pho, bn pho hoa hay tr con nghch la u l con ng dn ti ho hon ngoi hnh lang. c bit l vo ma xun, dng nh trung tm phng chy cha chy ca mi thnh ph u nhn c thng bo s c ho hon ngoi hnh lang do t pho, bn pho hoa gy ra. ng thi, nhng gia nh hin i hu nh u c thit b chng trm, khi bng xy ra ho hon, con ng thot him b tr ngi, hnh lang cng l mt con ng thot him rt tt ca mi ngi. V th, ngh cc bn ng bin hnh lang nh mnh thnh kho cha . * iu nn bit *
178
Nhng ph liu cn thit trong khi hon thin nh ca: Phm vi ph liu cn thit khi hon thin nh ca rt ln, va bao gm xi mng, ct, cng bao gm g v cc ch phm, bt sn quang du, xi mng trng, bt thch cao, inh c vt cng c coi l ph liu; Cn c ng ng nc v linh kin s dng cho hng mc nc, dy in, ng dy in, hp in s dng cho hng mc in trong nh cng c coi l ph liu.
20.
NHNG IU KING K KHI THIT K PHNG BP
Chc nng ch yu ca phng bp l nu nng, ra , c khi kim lun c chc nng ngi n ung, y l ni s dng nhiu nht, tp trung nhiu nht cng vic nh. V th, khi xy dng hon chnh nh bp cn tnh n tnh thc dng, an ton v v sinh. Da vo chc nng ca phng bp m vic hon thin phng bp cn c xem xt t 3 kha cnh sp xp cho hp l: (1) Khng gian thao tc phi rng
Trong phng bp l ni ra v phi ch thc phm, nu nng, phi by cc dng c nh bp, bn n, thc n chn v th phi m bo khng gian thao tc rng. Sn xut dng c nh bp hin i i theo xu hng t hp ho, nn c gng sp xp hp l m bo phng bp gia nh mang y chc nng ton din. (2) Khng gian tch tr rng ri
Mt phng bp gia nh bnh thng c gng s dng t gn tng, gi treo tng kiu t hp, s dng hp l tt c khng gian c th cha . T bp t hp thng dng ngn thp nht cha nhng vt nng nh chai l, bnh, go, pha bn di bn thao tc, t, gi ng gia v (nh du, tng, mui, mm, ng), bp ga, bn nc cng c th tn dng cha . Phng bp thit k tinh t mt cht c th gip bn ct , ly mt cch thun tin. (3) Khng gian hot ng y
B cc trong phng bp sp xp thun theo qu trnh thao tc ct gi thc phm, chun b, ra, nu, nn sp xp 3 dng chnh l bp, t lnh, bn ra thnh mt hnh tam gic. Trong thut ng thit k kin trc gi y l tam gic thit k, bi v chc nng ca chng thng thng phi kt hp vi nhau v th cn sp xp khong cch hp l tit kim thi gian v sc lc. Tng ba cnh ca tam gic khong 4,57 ~ 6,71m l thch hp nht, qu di hoc qu ngn u nh hng n thao tc. Khi thao tc, bn rn nht l t bn ra ra
179
bp v ngc li, v th khong cch gia bn ra v bp hp l nht l khong 1,22 ~ 1,83m. thun tin khi s dng, tn dng khng gian c hiu qu, gim thiu vic i li, nn t lnh ng thc n, cng c dao, nc ra bt xung quanh bn ra, ly bn ra lm trung tm, hai bn bp phi lu mt khong khng gian rng tin cho vic t ni, bt a, tht (4) B tr khu lm vic hp l
i vi vic b tr khu vc lm vic ca phng bp nn da theo thit k ln nh, hnh dng ca nh bp. Thi quen ca mi ngi thng l: ly , ra ry, ct thi, ch bin, nu, cho ra ng v cui cng l a ln mm, ln bn. V th khu vc lm vic nn theo hnh ch I, ch U hoc ch L. (5) Thit b chiu sng thch hp
Phng bp v ni n ung cn c ch v nh sng. nng cao chiu sng trong phng bp c th nh vo cc loi n khc nhau. nh sng di t treo tng v pha trn bn thao tc nn dng n nht quang. Ni bn n c th dng n in sng trng chiu sng, nh sng tng i m du. (6) Gam mu nn lnh, khng nn nng
Mt phng bp khoa hc, hp l, thoi mi, thun tin phi p v sch s. V th gic, sng sa, sch s l quan trng nht. S dng mu g cho hp l cng rt quan trng, tng dn t, tng gch s mu nht v mu trng vn c s dng nhiu nht, iu ny c li cho vic ty ra. Mu sc t bp cng nn tao nh, n gin. Mu xanh l cy mt du, mu g tinh khit, mu tro bc tinh xo, mu lam tm cao nh, mu trng tao nh u l nhng mu nn chn. C gng s dng gam mu lnh, hn na l dng loi mu nht. Bi v nh bp l im nng nn nu s dng gam mu nng th lun cm thy nhit trong phng dng nh tng ln, c bit l vo nhng ngy h oi bc. Ngoi ra, thng gi cng l mt yu cu khi thit k phng bp, bi v l iu kin quan trng m bo v sinh trong nh, cng l mt bin php cn thit duy tr sc kho v s an ton cho ngi sng trong nh. Qut thng gi hoc my ht khi du l thit b khng th thiu. My ht khi du thng thng c lp pha trn bp khong 0,7m. La chn my ht khi du xin tham kho ni dung c lin quan trong cun sch ny. (Hnh trang 266 + 267 + 268)
21.
NHNG IU KING K KHI THIT K PHNG NG

180
Phng ng l khng gian ring t nht trong ngi nh, bn hon ton c th da theo cch nhn ca mnh thit k, khng cn xem xt n kin ca ngi khc. Mt phng ng thun tu l khng gian ngh ngi v thay , nhng ni mt cch chnh xc nht, phng ng l khng gian hon ton thuc v ch nhn, y ch nhn ca n c th c sch, hc bi, xem ti vi, vit th, ung tr, khi bn khng mun b ngi khc lm phin th bn c th trn vo trong . V th, khi thit k phng ng u tin cn xem xt xem bn c cm thy thoi mi, thun tin v yn tnh khng. (1) Mu sc chiu sng
bn c th xo b ton b nhng mt mi sau mt ngy di lm vic, v th trong nhng trng hp bnh thng, mu sc tng, gia dng v n nn l mu m p. Ct li ca thit k phng ng l ging v t qun o, gia dng khc thm vo, sp xp theo thi quen ca mnh. n phng ng nn chn loi c th iu chnh nh sng, bi v c ngi thch ng di nh sng m nht, c ngi li thch c sch bo di nh n m du. (2) Sp xp ni b
Ging l b phn ch yu nht ca phng ng, la chn ging v ga ging s nh hng rt ln n c thit k phng ng, ni mt cch tng i, ga ging c th thay i phong cch ca c cn phng ng. Ging 4 chn l thng gp nht. Ly ging lm trung tm sp xp dng khc cn c gng n gin m thc dng. Khi din tch ca phng ng khng ln lm, ging c th k ni gc tng; Khi din tch phng tng i ln c th t ging gia phng, nhng u ging phi da tng. V tr k ging khng nn gn ca s, bi v ma ng s tng i lnh, ma h th li qu nng, hn na cng bt tin khi ng m ca s. Bnh thng m ni, ging nn t ni khut nh sng. T qun o ln dng ng qun o v ct nhng vt dng trn ging. T u ging n, ng h, in thoi v mt s dng nh tin cho ngi nm trong chn c th th tay ra ly. Nhng gia dng khc nh bn vit, gi sch c th thm bt tu theo nhu cu s dng thc t. Trong con mt ca rt nhiu ngi cho rng, trong phng ng nn tri thm khi bc i c cm gic m p v thoi mi. Nhng tri thm li gy kh khn cho cng vic v sinh, ng thi vic git gi v ct gi thm vo ma h cng rt phin phc. Trn thc t, phn ln phng ng u s dng sn g ging nh phng khch, pha trc ging t mt tm thm len nh thay cho tri thm ln c phng. Rm ca s trong phng ng thng di xung st t, cht liu hi dy, nh sng bui sng khng th lt qua m chiu vo ngi ang say gic trn ging, cng khng th b gi thi tung. (Hnh trang 269 + 270)
181

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Nhng iu cm k trong phong thu trang tr

500 IU CM K TRONG PHONG THU TRANG TR

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Nhng iu cm k trong phong thu trang tr

Nhng iu cm k trong phong thu trang tr

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(Hnh trang 51)

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