ZIGBEE

Under

Wireless Communication

By KULKARNI SUBODH MOHAN (T.E. E&TC) Roll no: 44 S.I.T.( Lonavala) UNDER GUIDANCE OF : Prof. GHOLAP S.B.

CONTENT
4 5 6 Introduction: What is wireless technology? What is zigbee technology? In depth of zigbee

7 8 9

Zigbee network General characteristic Security system

10 Benefits 11 Application 12 Summery 13 Conclusion 14 References

ABSTRACT
Wireless technology has shrinked the WORLD IN OUR HAND. Today wireless technology forms the basis of almost every industry including

Home Automation, Industrial Automation, Remote Metering, Automotive Networks, Interactive Toys, Active RFID or asset tracking and Medical as well. There are multitudes of standards like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi that provide high data transfer rates for voice, PC LANs, video, etc. However, until now there hasnt been a wireless network standard that meets the unique needs of sensors and control devices. Sensors and control dont need high bandwidth but they do need low latency and least energy consumption for long battery lives and for large number of devices. +ZigBee is the only wireless standards-based technology that addresses the unique needs of remote monitoring & control, and sensory network applications. ZigBee offers unique advantages for wireless applications, including low-cost radios, mesh networking, a basis in standards, low power consumption, reliability and security. This paper provides an introduction to ZigBee, presenting key aspects of ZigBees architecture and operation as they relate to implementation options including example application for office lighting. It gives an insight into the strengths and challenges of this emerging technology, comparing it with the other wireless standards that will help the reader to decide which path is best suited to specific application and needs.

INTRODUCTION
What is Wireless technology ?

A Communication from one point to another point without any wire or cable is known as wireless Communication. Different Techniques available in Wireless Communication are as fallows: IR,Blue Tooth, Wi-Fi,Wi-Max and different topologies and LAN,WAN & MAN but one more is involve is that ZigBee.

Origin Name Of ZigBee :The Domestic honeybee, a colonial insect, lives in a hive that contains a queen, a few male drones, and thousands of worker bees. The survival, success, and future of the colony depends upon continuous communication of vital information between every member of the colony. The technique that honey bees use to communicate new found food sources to other members of the colony is referred to as the ZigBee Principle. Using this silent, but powerful communication system, whereby the bee dances in a zigzag pattern, he is able to share information such as the location, distance, and direction of a newly discovered food source to its fellow colony members, instinctively implementing the technology.

What is ZigBee :The name "ZigBee" is derived from the erratic zigging patterns many bees make between flowers when collecting pollen. This is evocative of the invisible webs of connections existing in a fully wireless environment. ZigBee is designed to provide highly efficient connectivity between small packet devices. ZigBee devices are actively limited to a through-rate of 250Kbps, compared to Bluetooths much larger pipeline of 1Mbps, operating on the 2.4 GHz ISM band, which is available throughout most of the world.

ZigBee has been developed to meet the growing demand for capable wireless networking between numerous low-power devices. In industry ZigBee is being used for next generation automated manufacturing, with small transmitters in every device on the floor, allowing for communication between devices to a central computer. This new level of communication permits finely-tuned remote monitoring and manipulation. In the consumer market ZigBee is being explored for everything from linking low-power household devices such as smoke alarms to a central housing control unit, to centralized light controls. The specified maximum range of operation for ZigBee devices is 250 feet (76m).Due to its low power output, ZigBee devices can sustain themselves on a small battery for many months, or even years, making them ideal for install-and-forget purposes, such as most small household systems.

ZigBee Basics:ZigBee is the product of the ZigBee Alliance, an organization of manufacturers dedicated to developing a new networking technology for small, ISM-band radios that could welcome even the simplest industrial and home end devices into wireless connectivity. The ZigBee specification was finalized in December, 2004, and products supporting the ZigBee standard are just now beginning to enter the market. ZigBee is designed as a low-cost, low-power, low-data rate wireless mesh technology. The ZigBee specification identifies three kinds of devices that incorporate ZigBee radios, with all three found in a typical ZigBee network (Figure 1).

Technology

The goal of the ZigBee is to create a specification defining mesh, peer-to-peer, and cluster tree network topologies with data security features and interoperable application profiles. The ZigBee specification provides a cost-effective, standards-based wireless networking solution that supports low data rates, low power consumption, security and reliability. ZigBee is the only wireless standards-based technology: 15 That addresses the unique needs of remote monitoring & control, and sensory network applications. 16 Enable broad-based deployment of wireless networks with low cost, low power solutions. 17 Provides the ability to run for years on in expensive primary batteries for typical monitoring applications. Infra red technology needs line of sight to function and offers only single direction point-to-point connectivity. It operates within a distance of 10metres, unlike ZigBee (up to 1.6 kilometers). Secondly, most infra red devices (like your TV remote) are based on proprietary technology (that is why one TV remote cant be used with another TV brand), unlike ZigBee which is based on open standards. So the cost of the product is cheaper. Wi-Fi technology again operates within short distance and is quite expensive. ZigBee is much cheaper than Bluetooth. The cost of a Bluetooth system sometimes is more than the cost of the product in which it is to be embedded. According to Aitbee, a ZigBee operating system is a quarter of the cost of a Bluetooth operating system. Hence ZigBee provides a better alternative implementation of Bluetooth.

In Depth of ZigBee
One of the keys to longer battery life in a wireless connection is very fast connection time. A medical heartbeat sensor with a transmitter provides an example of how ZigBee compares to Bluetooth regarding increased battery life. The three key pieces in this design are the transmitter, MCU, and the sensor. The heartbeat sensor is capable of generating an interrupt signal for the MCU and the sensor is in a multi-sensor environment where all sensors are assigned guaranteed timeslots (GTS) for communications. Park mode is a status option for Bluetooth created by the master to communicate with a slave to extend the battery life if the slave for applications that only need to communicate periodically. Beacon duration can range from 0 to 40.9 seconds. In contrast, ZigBee beacons may be transmitted by ZigBee devices to establish time synchronization The minimum ZigBee beacon interval is 15.36 milliseconds and expandable to just over 251 seconds. Since the Bluetooth devices must wake up more frequently, it cannot stay in the sleep mode as long as the ZigBee devices and, consequently, consumes more battery power. If based on Bluetooth, the transmitter here has a constant expected battery life of 33 days. The beacon technique allows the ZigBee-based transmitter to operate as long as 750 days depending on the beacon rate that is chosen. The ZigBee creators claim that users in typical monitoring situations can expect near shelf life operation from their batteries.

Zig Bee Network:The NWK layer supports multiple network topologies including star, cluster tree, and mesh, all of which are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3: ZigBee network model

In a star topology, one of the FFD-type devices assumes the role of network coordinator and is responsible for initiating and maintaining the devices on the network. All other devices, known as end devices, directly communicate with the coordinator. In a mesh topology, the ZigBee coordinator is responsible for starting the network and for choosing key network parameters, but the network may be extended through the use of ZigBee routers. The routing algorithm uses a request-response protocol to eliminate sub-optimal routing. Ultimate network size can reach 264 nodes (more than we'll probably need). Using local addressing, you can configure simple networks of more than 65,000 (216) nodes, thereby reducing address overhead.

Basic Network Characteristics with ZigBee

18 65,536 network (client) nodes 19 1 fully functional network coordinator (master) 20 Optimized for timing-critical applications 21 New slave enumeration: 30 ms (typical) 22 Sleeping slave changing to active: 15 ms (typical) 23 Active slave channel access time: 15ms (typical)

General Characteristics
24 200m free space range approx 25 2.4GHz IEEE 802.15.4 / ZigBee RF module 26 FCC / CE compliance planned

27 Integral antenna 28 External antenna and screening can options 29 Output power 1mW / 0dBm 30 Consumes just 20mA (Rx), 18mA (Tx) 31 2.1V - 3.6V supply 32 wide temperature range -40c to +85c 33 Data rates of 250 kbps and 20 kbps 34 Star topology, peer to peer, cluster tree possible 35 255 devices per network 36 Extremely low duty-cycle (<0.1%) 37 Range: 10m nominal (1-100m based on settings)

Security
ZigBee uses MAC (Medium Access Control) layer security to secure MAC command, beacon, and acknowledgement frames. ZigBee may secure messages transmitted over a single hop using secured MAC data frames, but for multi-hop messaging ZigBee relies upon upper layers (such as the Network layer) for security. The MAC layer uses the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) as its core cryptographic algorithm and describes a variety of security suites that use the AES algorithm.

ZigBee Benefits
In all of its uses, ZigBee offers four inherent characteristics that are highly beneficial:

38 Low cost
The typical ZigBee radio is extremely cost-effective. Chipset prices can be as low as

Rs.600/- each in quantities as few as 100 pieces. Design-in modules fall in the neighborhood of Rs.1200/- in similar quantities. This pricing provides an economic justification for extending wireless networking to even the simplest of devices.

39 Range and obstruction issues avoidance

ZigBee routers functions both as input devices and repeaters to create a form of mesh network. If two network points are unable to communicate as intended, transmission is dynamically routed from the blocked node to a router with a clear path to the datas destination. This happens automatically, so that communications continue even when a link fails unexpectedly. The use of low-cost routers can also extend the networks effective reach; when the distance between the base station and a remote node exceeds the device range, an intermediate node or nodes can relay transmission, eliminating the need for separate repeaters (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Heavy lines show a signal from a reduced function end device passing through multiple routers to reach a gateway functioning as a coordinator; lighter lines show possible alternative signal paths 40 Multi-source products
As an open standard, ZigBee provides customers with the ability to choose among vendors. ZigBee Alliance working groups define interoperability profiles to which ZigBee-certified devices must stick, and certified radio will interoperate with any other ZigBee-certified radio bonding to the same profile, promoting compatibility and the associated competition that allows the end users to choose the best device for each particular network node, regardless of manufacturer.

41 Low power consumption

Basic ZigBee radios operate at 1mW RF power, and can sleep when not involved in transmission. As this makes battery-powered radios more practical than ever, wireless devices are free to be placed without power cable runs in addition to eliminating data cable runs.

Application: Office lighting

To minimize power consumption and promote long battery life in batterypowered devices, end devices can spend most of their time asleep, waking up only when they need to communicate and then going immediately back to sleep. ZigBee envisions that routers and the coordinator will be mains powered and will not go to sleep. To illustrate how these components interrelate, consider ZigBee networking in office lighting. Several manufacturers are currently developing inexpensive sensors for fluorescent tubes that let lights be turned on and off by battery-powered wall switches, with no wires between switch and fixture. The light switch is the end device, powered by a button cell battery that will last for years; the switch wakes up and uses battery power only when flipped on or off to transmit the new state to the fluorescent tubes. As fluorescent tubes are already connected to the mains, routers there are not concerned with battery conservation. Any one of the fluorescent tubes can contain the coordinator. The implications are enormous for new office construction no more electrical runs for lighting, and the ability to reconfigure lighting controls at almost zero cost. ZigBee extends similar benefits to a wide range of industrial automation and control applications.

Further ZigBee applications can be enlisted as:

Automatic Meter Reading Wireless smoke and Co detectors Heating control Home security Environmental controls Medical sensing and monitoring Universal Remote Control to a Set-Top Box which includes home control, industrial and building automation

Comparison General comparison between ZigBee and Bluetooth: ZigBee features

Very low duty cycle, very long Static and dynamic star and primary battery life. mesh networks>6500 nodes, with low latency available. Ability to remain quiescent for Direct Sequence Spread long periods without communications. Spectrum allows devices to sleep without the requirement for close synchronizations.

Bluetooth features
Moderate duty cycle, Very low, guaranteed Quasi-static star network up secondary battery lasts same as

to seven clients with ability to participate in more than one network. With Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum it is extremely difficult to create extended networks without large

Statistical comparison table:

STANDARDS Applications

ZIGBEE Monitoring & control

GPRS/GSM Wide area voices & cuts 15MB 1-7 1 64-128+ 1000+

WI-FI Web, Email, Video. 1MB+ 5-6 32 1100+ 1-100

BLUETOOTH Cable replacement. 250KB+ 1-7 7 720 1-10+

System resources Battery life (days) Network size Bandwidth(KB) Transmission range (meters) Summary:

4KB-32KB 100-1000+ Unlimited(2^n) 20-250 1-100+

42 ZigBee networks are primarily intended for low duty cycle sensor networks (<1%). 43 ZigBee applications benefit from the ability to quickly attach information, detach, and go to deep sleep, which results in low power consumption and extended battery life. 44 The capabilities of ZigBee will result in the availability of a technology specifically for the low power, low cost, and low complexity applications in the industrial and residential sectors, today and in the future. 45 ZigBee and Bluetooth are two solutions for two different application areas.

References:
i. Computer networks - by Andrew S. Tannenbaum ii. Electronic communication systems by George Kennedy iii. Computer networking by James F. Kurose & Keith W. Ross iv. Websites: www.cirronet.com., www.blueooth.org. , www.bluefiresecurity.com.