LESSON 1 Vibrations and Waves

Introduction A wave is produced by a source of vibration. Mechanical waves need a material medium or their propagation. Examples of mechanical waves include water waves ,sound waves, shock waves as in earthquakes and waves in strings, springs and rods. Electromagnetic waves do not need a material medium for their propagation. Examples of electromagnetic waves are radio waves , light waves , infra-red (IR) and ultra-violet ( UV). As a wave travels through a medium, there is no transfer of matter but only transfer of energy from a vibrating source. Common terminology of vibrations Vibration: A periodic motion where the system performs a repeated to-and-fro motion about an equilibrium position. Equilibrium position:

The maximum displacement of the objects from their equilibrium position.

Period, T The time taken for one complete oscillation. The S.I. unit is second (s) T= t n of oscillations Frequency, f The number of complete oscillations per second. The S.I. unit is Hertz (Hz) f = 1 T or f =n t t = time n = number

The position of the object where is no resultant force acts on the object. One oscillation: To-and-fro motion from the equilibrium position.

Graph displacement-time

Example 1 A pendulum makes 20 complete oscillations in 24.0 s. Calculate Amplitude (a) the period (b) the frequency

Solution

Oscillation of a pendulum Oscillation of a spring hang with a mass Oscillation of a jigsaw blade fixed with plasticine ball

Example 2

Transformation of energy in a vibration system.

Based on he graph above, determine the (a) amplitude (c) frequency Solution (b) period

Natural Frequency The frequency of the free oscillation of a system without any external forces are exerted to the system. Factors affecting the natural frequency of the vibration systems. What is meant by Resonance? A phenomenon that occurs when the frequency of forced vibrations on an object matches the objects natural frequency and a dramatic increase in amplitude results.

Vibration system

Factors affecting

Formul a
2

Experiment to show a phenomenon of resonance

exactly the natural frequencies of the instrument are picked out and magnified. Example 5 : The another example of useful resonance is the tuning circuit on a radio set. Radio waves of all frequencies strike the aerial and only the one which is required must be picked out. This is done by having a capacitanceinductance combination which resonates to the frequency of the required wave . The capacitance is variable; by altering its value other frequencies can be obtained. Example 6 : Microwave ovens use resonance. The frequency of microwaves almost equals the natural frequency of vibration of a water molecule. This makes the water molecules in food resonate . This means they take in energy from the microwaves and so they get hotter. This heat conducts and cooks the food. Example 7 : The picture showing the insides of the body was produced using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our bodies contain a lot of hydrogen , mostly in water. The proton in a hydrogen spins . A spinning charged particle has a magnetic field, so the protons act like small magnets. These are normally aligned in random directions. Placing a patient in a strong magnetic fields keeps these mini magnets almost in line. Their field axis just rotates , a bite like a spinning top. This is called precessing. Damping Damping is a word used to describe how movement and vibrations are reduced or slowed down. Damping is a process whereby oscillations die down due to a loss of energy to friction forces. When a system is damped , the amplitude of the of oscillation decreases slowly until the system stops oscillating. Damping is usually caused by external frictional forces such as air resistance . It can also be caused by internal forces , where energy is lost from the system in form of heat.
3

The pendulum B ( driver pendulum) is pulled well aside an released so that it oscillates in plane perpendicular. All the pendulums oscillate but with different amplitudes. The pendulum D whose length equals that of the driver (pendulum B) has the greatest amplitude because its natural frequency of oscillation is the same as the frequency of the driving pendulum. Examples of Resonance in Everyday Life Example 1: A car or a washing machine may vibrate quite violently at particular speeds. In each case ,resonance occurs when the frequency of a rotating part ( motor, wheel, drum etc.) is equal to a natural frequency of vibration of the body of the machine. Resonance can build up a vibration to a large amplitude. Example 2: The story is told of an opera singer who could shatter a glass by singing a note at its natural frequency. Example 3: The wind ,blowing in gusts, once caused a suspension bridge to sway with increasing amplitude until it reached a point where the structure was over-stressed and the bridge collapsed. Example 4: Wind instruments such as flute, clarinet, trumpet etc. depend on the idea of resonance. Longitudinal pressure waves can be set up in the air inside the instrument. The column of air has its own natural frequencies at which it can vibrate. When we blow, we use the mouthpiece to start some vibrations. Those which happen to match

One oscillation is counted when it oscillating from A B C D 2 A to B A to C A to C and back C to B A to C and back C to A

The figure shows a bob of a simple pendulum is swinging between point P and point Q. It takes 13.8 s to swing from P to Q and back to P twenty times

In daily use ,e.g. shock absorbers in cars cause oscillations to die down after a car has gone over a bump in the road. For another example, damping is introduced intentionally in measurement instruments such as galvanometer , spring balance etc. to overcome the problem of taking a reading from an oscillating needle.

What is the period of the pendulum? A C E 0.69 s 1.45 s 276 s B D 1.38 s 27.6 s

3 The figure shows a pendulum is swinging. The time taken from the rest position M to its maximum displacement N is 2.0 s.

TUTORIA
1 The figure shows a bob of a simple pendulum is swinging between point A and point C. What is the period of the pendulum? A C E 2.0 s 6.0 s 10.0 s B D 4.0 s 8.0 s

A child on a swing makes 20 complete swings in 30 seconds. What is the frequency of the oscillation? 8 A C E 1 Hz 3 2 Hz 3 2 Hz B D 1 3 Hz 2 Hz 2 The figure shows P,Q,R and S are four pendulums of different lengths and masses of the bob.

Which pendulum swings the slowest? A C Base on the figure above, which distance represents the amplitude? 6 The diagram shows how displacement varies with time. 9 P R B D Q S

Pak Abu has a pendulum clock as shown in the diagram below.

Which of the following is true? Amplitude/ m Frequency / Hz A B C D 7 0 .1 0.2 0.1 0.2 Period / s 0.50 0.50 0.25 0.50 2 1 4 2

Every day it was observed that the clock was slow about 2 minutes. To correct the clock Pak Ali A B C D raised the position of the bob lowest the position of the bob increased the mass of the bob decreased the mass of the bob

The period of oscillations of a simple pendulum increases when the ________________________ increases.

10 The figure shows a simple pendulum.

A length of the pendulum B mass of the bob of the pendulum C acceleration due to gravity D amplitude of the oscillations of the pendulum
5

Which of the following is true?

A The amplitude of oscillation is 20 cm B The period of oscillation is the taken to move from A to C C The frequency of oscillation increases when the length of pendulum decreases 11 Which of the following arrangements of springs produces the highest frequency? [ All the springs are identical ]

B C D

the stiffness of the jigsaw blade the mass of the plasticine ball the acceleration due to gravity

14 What energy changes take place when a load hang at the end of a spring is displaced downwards and released to make vertical vibrations? A Gravitational Potential Energy Kinetic energy Elastic Potential Energy B Kinetic energy Gravitational Potential Energy Elastic Potential Energy C Gravitational Potential Energy Kinetic energy Gravitational Potential Energy D Elastic Potential Energy Kinetic energy Elastic Potential Energy 15 The figure shows a pendulum is swinging.

12 A spring is loaded with a weight of 40 g takes 0.6 s to make a complete swing. What is the time of a complete swing of the spring , when the spring is carried out to the surface of the Moon? ( g earth = 1 g moon ) 6 A C E 0.1 s 3.6 s 10.0S B D 0.6 s 4.2 s

At which point does the bob of the pendulum have both of kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy? 16 The figure shows a simple pendulum of length 40 cm. A metal rod R is clamped at R to make OR = 20 cm.

13 The vibration frequency of a piece of jigsaw blade with plasticine ball at its end is not depends on A the length of the jigsaw blade
6

A C

frequency amplitude

B D

period acceleration

20 A spring vibrates at a natural frequency 50 Hz. Resonance occurs when the frequency of forced vibrations on the spring is A C Which of the following is not true when the bob is displaced and released ? A At point B ,the bob has the highest velocity B The time taken to move from to A to B same as from B to C. C The gravitational potential energy at A same as at B D The gravitational potential energy at A same as the kinetic energy at B 0 Hz 50 Hz D B 25 Hz 100 Hz

21 The figure shows the arrangement of the apparatus to show the phenomenon of resonance but the resonance not occurs.

To improve the experiment , A the pendulums are oscillated with a maximum speed the iron rod is replaced by a string increase the mass of the bobs

18 The figure shows five pendulums that are hung from th wire MN. The pendulum P is displaced and released.

B C

22 Which of the following phenomenon is not caused by resonance ? A B C D The violent vibrations of a washing machine at some spin speeds The tuning circuits in TV and radio sets work at the frequency of the station you select The wind instruments produce sound by forcing the air inside the tube The shock absorbers in cars cause oscillations to die down after a car has gone over a bump in the road

Which of the pendulums will oscillate with the highest amplitude? A C Pendulum W Pendulum Y B D Pendulum X Pendulum Z

23 A system is oscillating at its natural frequency without damping. What happens to the total energy of the oscillating system? A B C
7

19 Which of the following physical quantities has a maximum value when resonance occurs?

It remains constant It decreases It increases

24 As the amplitude decreases the ______________ decrease. A period C energy oscillations B D frequency number of

25 The figure shows a mass hanging from a spring is immersed in water.

Which of the following graph shows the vibrations the spring while the water droplet drop from the hole?

Which of the following graph shows the vibrations the spring ?

27 Figure shows a simple pendulum which consists of a bob of mass 40.0 g at the end of a light inelastic string of length 20.0 cm. The pendulum makes 20 complete oscillations in 5.0 s.

26 The figure shows a paper cone filled with water attached to spring. The paper cone has a hole at its end.

(a) By using the letters A,B and C in the figure above state the meaning of (i) equilibrium position
8

..................................................... .................... (ii) period ..................................................... .................... (b) What is the frequency of the oscillations of the pendulum ?

(g) State the form of energy when the pendulum (i) at B ........................................................... ....................... (ii) between B and C ........................................................... ....................... 28

(c) What is the frequency of the oscillations of the pendulum when a bob of mass 50.0 g is used?

(d) What happens to the frequency of the oscillations of the pendulum when the length of the pendulum is 80.0 cm ? ........................................................... ...................... (e) After a while the pendulum stops to oscillate . (i) Explain why? ........................................................... ...................... ........................................................... ...................... ........................................................... ...................... (f) Plot a graph displacement time to show why the pendulum stops to oscillate.

A trolley rests on a horizontal frictionless surface and is connected to two walls by two steel springs. The trolley vibrates with its natural frequency when it is pulled aside and released. (a) What is meant by the natural frequency ? ........................................................... .......................
(b) What will happen to the nature

frequency of the both springs when (i) the steel springs are replaced by the cooper springs. ..................................................... ..................... (ii) the number of trolley is increased. ..................................................... .................... (iii) the experiment is conducted at the surface of the Moon. ..................................................... ....................

(c) When the amplitude of the vibrations remain constant, draw, using the same axes shown below, two displacement- time graphs to compare the vibrations of the springs with one trolley and then with two trolleys are used.

0.5 64.0 0.6 70.0 (a) Complete the table above. (b) Base on the graph paper above plot a graph T2 against

29 A student carries out an experiment to find out the relationship between mass, m and the oscillation period, T of a piece of jigsaw blade. The jigsaw blade is clamped at one end and a plasticine ball with mass, m is fixed at the other end as shown in figure below.

(c) Based on your graph state the relationship between T and m. ........................................................... ........................ The jigsaw blade is displaced horizontally to one side and then released so that it oscillates. The time for 20 oscillations ,t is taken by a stop watch. The experiment is repeated by using plasticine balls with different masses. The results of the experiment are shown in the table below. Mas Time for 20 Perio T2 / s, oscillations, t d s2 m /k /s T/s g 0.1 28.0 0.2 40.0 0.3 50.0 0.4 56.0
10

(d) Determine the value of (i) m when T = 2.2 s

(ii) T when m = 0.72 kg.

(e) State one precaution that should be taken during this experiment.

30 Each figure below shows a boxer punches the punch-ball with two different sizes. The big punch-ball vibrates more slowly than the small punch-ball.

State one appropriate hypothesis for an investigation. (c) With the use of apparatus such as spring, slotted mass and other apparatus , describe an experimental framework to test your hypothesis. In your description , state clearly the following: (i) Aim of the experiment (ii) Variables in the experiment (iii) List of apparatus and materials (iv) Arrangement of the apparatus (v) The procedure of the experiment which include the method of controlling the manipulated variable and the method of measuring the responding variable. (vi) Way you would tabulate the data (vii)Way you would analysis the data
(b)

Observe the vibrations of each of the punch-ball. Based on the observations:

(a)

State one suitable inference that can be made.

11