Experiment 10

OP AMPS

Introduction The operational amplifier is possibly the most widely used analogue device; the applications in science, technology, medicine and engineering fields are myriad. Ideally, the op amp is considered to have 1. Infinite gain in the open-loop configuration 2. Infinite input impedance which ensures that the signal source is unaffected by the amplifier, and that no current flows into the input terminals 3. Zero output impedance which ensures that the amplifier is unaffected by the load and is capable of delivering whatever current is required. In addition, it enables the amplifier to operate as a zero-impedance source for a subsequent stage of amplification. 4. Zero response time which ensures that the frequency response is perfectly flat and the bandwidth infinite. 5. Zero voltage and current offset which ensures that when the input signal voltage is zero the output signal will also be zero, whatever the source resistance, Likewise, when the voltages on the two inputs are the same there is no output. For a number of simple applications, the ideal behaviour of op amps may be assumed. However, in practice the actual parameters are typically (with variations depending on the precision and cost of the device and the application for which it is intended): Open loop gain: Input impedance: Output impedance: Frequency response: Voltage offset: Current offset: 105-106 Between inputs > 105 Between input and ground > 108 < 100 Decreasing linearly with frequency Adjustable and < 5mV without adjustment <50nA

Complete specifications for the device you are using are available in the manufacturers specification data sheet.

Your device is an operational amplifier type commonly referred to as a 741: this is packaged as an 8-pin Dual-in-Line (DIL) component.

Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Description Offset terminal Inverting input Non-inverting input Negative voltage supply (-15V) Offset terminal Output Positive voltage supply (15V)

In circuit diagrams, op amps are usually shown as in Fig 1, V+ inverting input 2 Non inverting input 3 4 VFigure 1 6 1 5 6 output

Usually the bias and offset connections are omitted as being understood. Q1. Study the detailed circuit diagram for the operational amplifier in the manufacturers data sheet and try to determine qualitatively how the device works. In particular, discuss how the desirable features of the op amp can be accounted for. The Inverting Amplifier An inverting amplifier is typically constructed as shown in Fig 2. Zf Vi Zi _ + Figure 2 vo

The ideal voltage gain of this configuration is given by Zf vo = vi Zi where Zf and Zi are the feedback and input impedances respectively. A= Construct the amplifier shown in Fig 2, choosing Zf = 10k and Zi = 220k (the offset connections may be ignored for the present applications). Calculate the expected gain for this configuration. Then apply a 1kHz sine wave input from your oscillator. Measure the input and output voltages and calculate the actual gain. How does this compare this to the expected (ideal) value. Comment on any differences. Increase the amplitude of the input signal and determine the maximum allowable amplitude at the output for which the amplified signal is not distorted? Q2 Q3 Why does the output waveform distort at high amplitudes? Why is the circuit called an inverting amplifier?

Measure the frequency response by taking gain measurements for a range of input frequencies. Use a 1-2-5 sequence from 10Hz to 106 Hz. Also, for each frequency, measure the phase shift between the input and output signals Construct a Bode plot from the results (log10|A(f)| versus log10 (f in Hz)). Plot the phase shift as a function of log(f). Q4 For an ideal amplifier, the frequency response should be constant. From your Bode plot, is the dependence what you would expect? For an ideal amplifier, the phase shift between the input and output would be zero for all frequencies. What causes the phase shift between the input and output signals?

Q5

The Non-Inverting Amplifier

Connect up the circuit shown in Figure 3. Rf = 1M Ri = 22k vi _ + Figure 3 vo

Using the ideal op amp equations, describe how this circuit works and predict its gain. Use the oscillator to investigate the characteristics of this amplifier. What is the actual gain for a 1kHz input? Q6 What happens if you make a non-inverting amplifier with Rf=Ri = 0? What would be the purpose of such a circuit?

Op Amp Adding Circuit Consider the circuit shown in Fig 4. if vA vB vC vD ia ib ic id Rf vv+ _ + Figure 4 vo

As usual v- v+ 0 and input impedance in terminal is infinite. Therefore if = ia + ib + ic + id v v v v v and o = A + B + C + D Rf R A R B RC R D

If (for example) Rf=RA=RB=RC=RD, then vo = [v A + v B + vC + v D ] Hence this circuit is an adder to within a change in phase angles. By choosing different ratios for the feedback and input resistances we can weight each input and, for example, have vo = [v A + 2v B + 3vC + 4v D ] Construct an adder circuit as above, using Rf = 1K and appropriate input resistances to sum two input signals, such that vo = [2v A + 5v B ] Apply the same signal to both inputs and verify that the gain is -7. Rebuild the inverting amplifier and connect it in between the oscillator and one of the adders inputs (so the output from the oscillator is on input A and the inverted output from the oscillator on input B. Measure the gain and compare to the expected gain of +3. Explain any differences.