Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Danda Pani Chapagain Dr. Pramod Aryal
Pramod Niraula (lecturer of Animal
Gopal Karki Biotechnology,
Mukesh Maharjan SANN College, Gaihridhara)
Ujjwal Bhushal
Prem Bhat
Bijaya Sharma
The design and construction of new proteins or enzymes with novel or desired functions
by modifying amino acid sequences by using recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid
technology(RDT).
Biochemical
Thermodynamics
Structure
Folding
Methods of protein engineering :
¾ Site Directed Mutagenesis (rational design)
¾ Random Mutagenesis (direct evolution)
¾ DNA Shuffling
¾ Fusion proteins
¾ Glycosylation
¾ PEGylation
Detailed knowledge of the structure and function of the protein is used to make
desired changes.
This has the advantage of being generally inexpensive and easy, since site‐directed
mutagenesis techniques are well‐developed.
For the rational design we should have detailed knowledge of gene sequence and
protein structure .
However, there is a major drawback in that detailed structural knowledge of a protein
is often unavailable, and even when it is available, it can be extremely difficult to
predict the effects of various mutations.
• Computational protein design algorithms seek
to identify amino acid sequences that have low
energies for target structures.
1) To alter a single amino acid residue by
mutating the codon that encodes for that
amino acid.
ATG GCC GGA GAC GAG ACT ACT AAA
ATG GCC GGA GTC GAG ACT ACT AAA
translates to…..
Medicine
Example:
• Effectiveness of Ribonuclease (RNase) used in
anti tumor therapy can be improved by this
site directed mutagenesis.
Native Monomeric
Human Pancreatic
RNase Engineered Dimeric human
pancreatic RNase
Gln
Lys+
Arg Leu
Arg Cys cys
Cys Cys
Asn
Leu
Lys+
Dimerization
After Protein Engineering
By site directed mutagenesis
2) To create a new restriction site for manipulation of DNA without
introducing an amino acid change.
AAT TCG CAT TCT ATG GGT ACC
Asn‐ Ser ‐ His ‐ Ser ‐ Met ‐ Gly ‐Thr
NcoI
AAT TCG CAT T(CC ATG G)GT ACC
Asn‐ Ser ‐ His ‐ Ser ‐ Met ‐ Gly –Thr
New restriction site, no change in amino acid sequence.
TCT = Ser, TCC = Ser
• Possible without knowledge about
sequence/structure
• Generation of mutant libraries
• efficient screening
Random mutagenesis is applied
selection regime is used (for protein)
variants
Further rounds of mutation and selection are then applied
produces superior results to rational design
Error prone PCR:
• based on the principle that Taq polymerase is
capable of annealing incompatible base‐pairs
to each other during amplification under
imperfect PCR conditions.
• Error prone PCR:
Error prone PCR:
• 7 mM MgCl2
• add H2O to 100 μl
• 1 μl Taq 4°C
• 2 μM Primer as 72°C 10 min
• 2 μM Primer s 72°C 3 min
• 100 ng Template 58°C 45 s 30 x
• 0,2 mM dATP
94°C
• 0,2 mM dGTP
95°C 3 min
• 1 mM dCTP
• 1 mM dTTP
• 0,5 mM MnCl2
• 20 mM Tris (pH 8.4)
• 50 mM KCl
restriction
In vitro homologous recombination of pools of selected
genes by random fragmentation and polymerase chain
reaction reassembly
% sequence
similarity
Chimeric DNA
sequences
Alpha interferons (IFN‐s) are members of the diverse
helical‐bundle superfamily of cytokine genes.
• The human IFN‐s (Hu‐IFN‐s) are encoded by a family of over 20 tandemly
duplicated nonallelic genes that share 85–98% sequence identity at the amino
acid level.
• The most active engineered IFN‐, IFN alfacon‐1, is a consensus of 13 wild‐type
Hu‐IFN‐ genes that is currently used in hepatitis C therapy.
• A novel protein engineered by fusing the
protein coding sequence of one gene to the
protein coding sequence of a different gene.
Can be used to direct toxins to a target site.
(IL‐2 + Diptheria toxin)
Denileukin diftitox (Ontak) ‐ FDA approved for cancer
30% patients have 50% reduction in tumor burden
CTCL = cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma
Ontak IL‐2 + diptheria toxin
fusion protein
Ontak binds to surface of lymphoma
cells via IL‐2
receptor
Once internalized, diptheria toxin
kills cell.
•Add/remove glycosylation sites
•Change biochemical feature/activity of the protein
•Improve stability
Altering Glycosylation Sites :
• Use site‐directed mutagenesis to introduce new
glycosylation sites.
• Erythropoietin as an example
¾ direct relationship between carbohydrate content
(sialic acid) and its serum half life and biological
activity in vivo
¾ Inverse relationship with receptor binding (i.e.,
more glycosylation means poorer binding)
• Hypothesis was:
the more glycosylation ‐‐> longer half life
‐‐> more activity
‐‐> reduced binding affinity
• Hyperglycosylated EPO (Aranesp)
• In vivo
¾ no loss of drug function
¾ increased serum half‐life (3‐fold longer)
¾ reduced frequency of administration
• FDA approved 1/30/03 for anemia
• Similarly, PEGylation (monomethoxypolyethylene
glycol ) is also in use to improve the protein stability
and activity.
• Protein drugs have:
¾ relatively short half‐lives
¾ wide tissue distribution
¾ potential for immunogenicity
• It is used to design the novel protein that has
the enhanced activity.
• Protein engineering is the combination of
science, mathematics and management.
• It can be applied in the fields like‐ medicine,
industries,agriculture etc…
• Since it is very tough task, many researches is
still done.
• Glick.B,R, Pasternark,j,j, Molecular Biotechnology, Principles in Applications of
Recombinant DNA,IIIrd edition ,ASM press washington D.C.
• http://www.w3.org
• http://nar.oxfordjournals.org
• http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed
• http://www.upei.ca