cng k thut chuyn mch

Cu 1: cc khi nim c bn s dng trong k thut chuyn mch?

Chuyn mch l mt qu trnh thc hin u ni v chuyn thng tin cho ngi s dng thng qua h tng mng vin thng. Ni cch khc, chuyn mch trong mng vin thng bao gm chc nng nh tuyn cho thng tin v chc nng chuyn tip thng tin. H thng chuyn mch c thc hin ti cc nt mng, trong mng chuyn mch knh cc nt mng thng c gi l h thng chuyn mch (Tng i), trong mng chuyn mch gi thng c gi l thit b nh tuyn (B nh tuyn). Bo hiu l s trao i thng tin gia cc phn t trong mng lin quan ti cc vn nh : iu khin. thit lp cc kt ni v thc hin qun l mng. Cc h thng bo hiu c th phn loi theo c tnh v nguyn tc hot ng K thut lu lng TE : ci thin hiu nng v tin cy ca cc hot ng ca mng Cc gii php ti u ngun ti nguyn mng v lu lng mng cng nh lu lng ca ngi s dng.

Cu 2 : nguyn tc trao i khe thi gian ni TSI

Trong k thut chuyn mch knh, sau khi tn hiu thoi c m ha thnh cc t m 8 bit, cc knh thng tin c xc lp trn cc khe thi gian cch nhau 125 s v c truyn i nh cc h thng truyn dn v chuyn mch. Trn nguyn tc s dng chung ti nguyn, cc thng tin ca ngi s dng c chuyn i cc knh phn chia logic theo thi gian, suwjj khc bit ca khe thi gian c n nh cho ngun tin pha pht v v ngun tin pha thu l mt yu t yu cu c s chuyn i ni dung thng tin t khe thi gian ny sang khe thi gian khc trong cng mt khung, chnh l qu trnh trao i khe thi gian ni TSI. Mt c cu s dng chuyn i TSI c minh ha trn hnh di y v cc khi thit b chnh gm c :

1n

RAM 1

125

Ghi

W n Data 1 11 N TS.C R 11 N CMEM Data 0 n

c 1n

125

15 s

1N n1

1 nPCM vo

125

125
1N 15 n 1 3

s 1 n PCM ra s t

125

125

Cc tuyn PCM u vo v u ra c cu trc khung gm n khe thi gian, yu cu chuyn i ni dung thng tin ca mt khe thi gian bt k t u vo ti u ra. B nh lu m tm thi hot ng theo nguyn tc truy xut ngu nhin c dung lng cha ton b thng tin d liu trong mt khung PCM ( s ngn nh :n, dung lng ngn nh: 8 bit). Khi iu khin CM. ( Control Memory) s dng ghi cc thng tin iu khin chuyn i ni dung khe thi gian b nh lu m (s ngn nh :n, dung lng ngn nh : L=log2n) Khi ng b cho qu trnh ghi c cc b nh c ng b thng qua mt b m khe thi gian TS>C. Khi c yu cu chuyn i ni dung thng tin v ty thuc vo ngun ti nguyn ca h thng, khi x l trung tm s a cc d liu iu khin ti khi iu khin CM nhm sp xp v tr chuyn i ca cc khe thi gian. m bo tc lung thng tin u vo v u ra, trong cng mt khong thi gian b nh lu m phi thc hin ng thi hai tc v ghi thng tin vo v c thng tin ra. Theo nguyn tc

trao i khe thi gian ni TSI, tr ti a ca thng tin trao i k vt qu thi gian ca mt khung Td(max) = ( n-1) TS<125s.

Cu 3 : cu trc chc nng, nguyn l hot ng ca trng chuyn mch khng gian s, thi gian s, nh l clos, trng chuyn mch ghp, nguyn tc la chn khe thi gian trung gian ri.
Chuyn mch khng gian s

cu trc chc nng: Tng chuyn mch khng gian s c cu to t mt ma trn chuyn mch mxn v mt b iu khin khu vc: Ma trn chuyn mch gm : m u vo v n u ra trong , li vo tng ng vi cc hng v li ra tng ng vi cc ct. Ti giao im ca hng v ct l cc tip im chuyn mch (AND hoc logic 3 trng thi). Cc tip im ny c iu khin khu vc ( LOC) qua h thng ng BUS. B iu khin khu vc gm: B m khe thi gian ( TS- COUNT) m cc khe thi gian ng b a vo b chn tn hiu. B chn tn hiu( sel) chn ia ch tn hiu ghi c cho C-MEM. B nh C-MEM lu a ch lin quan ti cc tip im chuyn mch tng ng vi TS cn chuyn mch, c s ngn nh bng s khe thi gian trong chuyn mch PCM. B gii m a ch ( DEC). chuyn i cc tn hiu a ch iu khin t C-MEM. Ti cc tip im chuyn mch. Nguyn tc hot ng: Nguyn tc c bn ca mt c ch chuyn mch ny l chuyn i ni dung thng tin ca mt TS* u vo ti TS* u ra c cng ch s thi gian nhng khc tuyn. Theo nguyn tc ny th tip im chuyn mch cn phi m trong sut qu trnh chuyn thng tin trong khe thi gian , v qu trnh m thng ny s c lp li theo chu k 125s. Tt nhin l khong thi gian cn li trong khung ( cc TS khc) s c s dng cho cc cuc ni khc( theo cc biu thi gian c iu khin ti C-MEM.). C ch ny thay i v mt khng gian ca tn hiu v c th xy ra tn tht ni khi c nhiu hn mt u vo ni tng ng ti mt tuyn u ra.

1n

Cc ma trn s dng thng l ma trn vung kch thc (nxn). Nhn xt: Trng chuyn mch khng gian s mang tnh thi gian nu xt v tnh chu k ca qu trnh ng ngt tip im , tuy nhin chu k ny l c nh cho tt c cc cuc ni qua trng chuyn mch. Nhc im lun tn ti trong cc trng chuyn mch khng gian s l kh nng tc nghn khi c nhiu hn 1 yu cu chuyn mch TS u vo cng mun ra mt cng u ra. Mt ma trn chuyn mch khng tc nghn haofn ton c nh ngha l mt ma trn c kh nng p ng c cc kt ni t cc u vo bt k ti cc u ra bt k. Hin tng tranh chp cng u ra trong ni b trng chuyn mch c gi l hin tng tc nghn ni. gii quyt vn trn, cc trng chuyn mch s thng c kt hp vi cc b m gy tr thi gian trnh tranh chp, gii php ghp ni vi trng chuyn mch thi gian T c s dng ph bin trong c h thng chuyn mch hin nay. Trng chuyn mch thi gian s: Trng chuyn mch thi gian T c hai kiu iu khin: iu khin u vo thc hin qu trnh ghi thng tin c iu khin v c ra tun t; iu khin u ra thc hin ghi thng tin tun t v c ra theo iu khin. trong mc ny ta xem xt nguyn l hot ng ca trng chuyn mch T theo kiu iu khin u ra. Cu trc chc nng: Trng chuyn mch thi gian T c cu to t 2 khi chnh : Khi b nh thoi SMEM( speech memory) v khi iu khin cc b(LOC). Khi b nh thoi SMEM l mt thit b ghi nh truy xut ngu nhin RAM ( s lng ngn nh : n; dung lng ngn nh 8 bit). Nh vy b nh SMEM lu ton b thng tin trong mt khung tn hiu PCM m bo tc lung thng tin qa trng chuyn mch, tc ghi c trn CMEM phi ln gp 2 ln tc lung trn tuyn PCM u vo hoc u ra. Khi iu khin khu vc gm mt s khi nh : b nh iu khin CMEM lu tr cc thng tin iu khin SMEM, s th t ca ngn nh v ni dung d liu trong CMEM th hin cc ch s khe thi gian TS cn trao i ni dung tin. TS.C nhn tn hiu t ng h h thng iu khin cc b chn SEL1, SEL2 nhm ng b ha qu trnh ghi c d liu cho CMEM v SMEM.

1 n 125
s

TS3

SMEM 1 3 TS W R

Add R/W W SEL 2 Data c 1 n n

TS8 125
s

Khi iu khin khu vc LOC Add R/W TS.C SEL 1

CMEM

Clk

n Data

Nguyn tc hot ng : Qu trnh ghi cc tn hiu cha trong cc khe thi gian u vo ca tng chuyn mch T vo S-MEM c thc hin ln lt theo b m khe thi gian. B nh C-MEM c chc nng iu khin qu trnh c thng tin lu m ti S-MEM. B nh chuyn mch tng T c n nh bng s lng khe thi gian trong khung tn hiu PCM s dng ( s khe thi gian trn khung PCM u vo v u ra bng nhau). Trong thi gian ri TS C-MEM iu khin qu trnh c nh tng ng thch hp trong S-MEM. Nh vy hiu qu tr ca tn hiu PCM ca S-MEM c xc nh mt cch r rng bi hiu s gia cc khe thi gian ghi v c tin PCM b nh S-MEM. Trong qu trnh c ra tn hiu thoi, tn hiu ra ng b vi cc thi im iu khin ca TS hay ng b mm vi qu trnh c a ch (ch s nh) ca C-MEM. Trong mt cuc ni, cc th t v chueyenr khe thi gian l khng i, ni dung thng tin c chuyn theo chu k 125s. Cu lnh iu khin nhn c t trung tm x l CC. thc hin iu ny CC s thc hin np s liu v a ch nh phn nh x ca S-MEM vo nh y ca C-MEM. Sau CC giao quyn iu khin cc b cho chuyn mch tng T trc tip thc hin qu trnh trao i khe thi gian theo yu cu chuyn mch. Qu trnh din bin theo tng chu k 125s. Dung lng chuyn mch T tng dn n tn s ghi/c b nh cng phi tng. Nn yu cu thi gian truy nhp b nh nhanh hn. Chuyn mch T vi n TS tng ng vi chuyn mch nxn, chu k tn hiu PCM 125s v dng m 8 bit nh phn, dung lng chuyn mch T(n) nh sau: T =125s*P(bit)/8*A*t Trong : P : s bit song song c trao i ng thi(8 bit) A: thi gian truy nhp trung bnh cho qu trnh trao i 1 TS t : chu k hot ng ca b nh tin. Nhn xt: Dung lng ca chuyn mch T t l vi s bit song song trao i ng thi v t l nghch vi chu k hot ng ca b nh tin v thi gian truy nhp trung bnh trao i 1 TS. V vy tng dung lng ca chuyn mch T(n), tng P hoc gim A,t dng phng php sau: ng highway song song. Gim thi gian truy nhp b nh S dng b nh c tc cao. tr ca tn hiu khi qua trng chuyn mch thi gian ln nht = (n-1)TS. inh l Clos Khi nim : ma trn chuyn mch kt ni 3 tng khng tc nghn khi v ch khi s kt ni trung gian r2n+m-1. trng hp c bit n=m th r2 2n-1.

Trng chuyn mch ghp

Cu trc chc nng : Tng chuyn mch thi gian T1 pha u vo kt ni khe thi gian vo vi mt khe thi gian ri no trong ng Bus dn ti u vo ca trng chuyn mch khng gian S. trong khi , tng chuyn mch thi gian T2 pha u ra kt ni khe thi gian c chn t chuyn mch tng S ti khe thi gian ra theo yu cu. Nh vy cuc gi c kt ni qua tng chuyn mch c th c nh tuyn qua tng S vi bt k khe thi gian thch hp no. Ph hp vi tnh cht v ng dng ca cc lung ghp knh s cao PCM t bn ngoi vo/ra khi chuyn mch TST, cc chuyn mch thi gian tng T1 lm vic theo ch SWRR( ghi ln lt v c ra c iu khin ) cn chuyn mch thi gian T2 ngc li lm vic theo ch RWSR.( ghi c iu khin v c ra tun t) Nguyn l hot ng: Ta chn chuyn mch thi gian tng T1 hot ng theo nguyn tc SWRR v chuyn mch thi gian T2 hot ng theo nguyn tc RWSR, A truyn v nhn thng tin d liu trn TS3, B truyn v nhn thng tin d liu trn TS7, kho thi giant rung gian gia T1-S v T2-S c chn l TS10, thng tin iu khin ti cc CMEM tng T c vit tt di dng a(b) [a l ch s ngn nh+, b l ni dung ngn nh ]. Ni dung thng tin trn cc b nh CMEM c trnh by vn tt nh sau : Hng kt ni t A-B ti T1 SMEM ghi ln lt TS3 ghi vo ngn nh s 3; CMEM l c c iu khin ngha l tai nh s 10 phi c ni dung a ch 3. ti T2 qua trnh ghi vo c iu khin ti CMEM: ti nh s 10 ghi ni dung a ch 7 cn SMEm thc hin qu trnh c ra ln lt.SMEM ti TS7 c ni dung ngn nh s 7.. Hng kt ni t B-A tng t. T ni dung cc khi iu khin chuyn mch T nh hnh v ta nhn thy 2 khi iu khin CMEM 1(T1) v CMEM 1(T2) hon ton ging nhau cng nh CMEM N(T1) v CMEM N(T2) gy lng ph b nh. Vy tit kim s b iu khin ta c th s dng 01 b iu khin s dng iu khin chung., b nh i ngu u im ca trng chuyn mch ghp l tng dung lng gim bt phc tp v s lng thit b, khng b nghn theo chuyn mch khng gian Nhc im l d b tc nghn ni. v c khc phc theo nguyn l clos

SE 1 MM

A T5 ( S)

Cu 4 inh tuyn trong chuyn mch knh

() N

inh tuyn( routing) l qu trnh la chn ng i, ch ra hng ca d liu t ngun ti ch thng qua cc nt trung gian. Mng chuyn mch in thoai cng cng PSTN l h thng, qua trnh nh tuyn cho cuc gi trong mng da trn ia ch ch, cc h thng nt mng thc hin qu trnh nh tuyn thng qua a ch v phng thc bo hiu Cc phng php nh tuyn trong mng chuyn mch knh. - nh tuyn kiu c nh : thng c s dng trong cc kt ni trc tip hoc trong cc mng cp thp, trong phng php ny cc hng kt ni u c ngm nh. B hn ch khi xy ra s c v khng linh hot la chn tuyn dn ti kh nng tc nghn cao khi lu lng khng n nh - nh tuyn lun phin c nh: lu lng gia 2 tuyn A va B c thc hin qua 2 tuyn, tuyn trc tip t A -B v tuyn A-T-B - nh tuyn lun phin ng: trong trng hp xut hin cuc gi gia 2 nt, trung tm qun l mng s xc nh c trng thi cc knh trn cc hng v iu khin chim mt knh ri. y l nguyn tc nh tuyn ng theo trng thi trung k. ngoi ra s lng cc knh cung cp cho cc tuyn cn c th thay i 1 cch t ng ty vo nhu cu s dng tng thi im l vc nh tuyn lun phin theo thi gian

Cu 5 nguyn tc c bn ca chuyn mch gi( nguyn tc ct mnh v to gi, phng thc chuyn mch theo datagram virtual circuit
K thut chuyn mch gi da trn nguyn tc chuyn thng tin qua mng di dng gi. Gi tin l thc th truyn thng hon chnh gm 2 phn: tiu mang cc thng tin iu khin ca mng hoc ca ngi s dng v ti tin l d liu cn chuyn qua mng. cc gi tin s c chuyn giao t cc nt mng ny ti cc nt mng khc trong mng chuyn mch gi theo nguyn tc lu m v chuyn tip, nn mng chuyn mch gi c coi l mng chuyn giao trong khi mng chuyn mch knh c coi l mng trong sut i vi d liu ngi s dng. Mt gi tin gm header v payload, cn c vo cc ch tiu chia nh gi tin - tr . nu tr ngn ( ngha l chia cng nh) th hiu sut di v ngc li - phc tp, s ton ven : tiu cng nhiu, di th cng d qun l nhng ngi ta mong mun tiu ln do tiu cng ngy cng phc tp. ty vo mi trng mng , ty tiu ch m ngi ta chia gi tin cho hp l. C s k thut chuyn mch gi Cho php ni t u ti cui trong qu trnh chia s ti nguyn; gm: - chuyn mch gi ( datagram) - chuyn mch knh o ( Virtual circuit)

trong phng php datagram, mi gi c truyn c lp vi cc gi khc, khng lin quan g n cc gi

c truyn trc . Gi thit l trm A tronh hnh c 3 bn tin 1, 2 ,3 cn gi n E. n truyn tt c cc gi n nt 2 v 4. n c nt E, nt 2 v 4 c th to tuyn gi qua nt 3 hoc 5. v d gi 1 qua 5 gi 2,3 qua 3 tc l cc gi khng c chuyn trn cng mt tuyn. do vy cc gi n ch E khng theo th t. ti E n phi sp xp li c bn tin ban u. nu 1 trong cc gi c li hay mt mt th vic truyn coi nh khng thnh cng. Trong phng php mch o qu trnh truyn thc hin theo ng 3 fa - pha thit lp : + theo kiu c inh PVC ( permament virtual circuit) : khi dng th xut hin, khng dng th ng truyn dnh cho thu bao khc. + theo kiu SVC( switched virtual circuit) linh ng hn so vi PVC p ng c tnh trng ca mng hn - pha truyn : tiu s it hn do tiu ch l ch ra ng i, i bi ng no m khng cn i ch ch ngun. - pha gii phng : ch chim ng truyn khi dng. C uuw im tn dng c c chuyn mch knh v datagram, m bo c thi gian tr, tr l ti thiu nn m bo c thi gian thc u im ca datagram l khng c pha thit lp, do vy khi trm gi s liu ngn th datagram s phn pht nhanh hn. Datagram mm do hn v khi mt phn ca mng c s c th n s t nh tuyn li trnh tc nghn. kiu ny ch c 1 pha truyn thng tin. Nhung nhc im ca n l qu trnh x l ti nt mng qu phc tp. u im ca chuyn mch o l tuyn c thit lp cho tt c cc gi , hu dng ca cc gi cao hn , kiu ny ph hp cho chuyn cc bn tin di.

DCE

Cu 6 cu trc chc nng b inh tuyn

Chuyn tip gi tin : c bn ( xc nhn tiu , thi gian sng, tnh li tng di, tim kim tuyn, phn on, x l trng ty chn). phc tp( phn loi gi, bin dch gi, sp xp th t u tin lu lng) Tin trnh x l nh tuyn ( cc giao thc nh tuyn, cu hnh h thng, qun l b nh tuyn)

Cu 7 kin trc,nguyn l hot ng trong trng chuyn mch gi : chuyn mch phn chia thi gian( chia s Phng tin, chia s b nh), chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian( n ng, ng, h bayan).
Ichuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian: cu trc chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian TDS c nhn nhn nh 1 cu trc truyn thng n chia s ti nguyn cho cc gi tin vo/ra h thng. thnh phn chia s ti nguyn ny c th l Bus, mch vng Ring hoc b nh. Nhc im ln nht ca k thut ny l gii hn dung lng ca cu trc truyn thng ni. tuy nhien cc cu trc ny c th d dng m rng h tr cho cc iu hnh kt ni a hng hoc multicast. Mt s b nh tuyn IP vn s dng kin trc ny v thuc v cc th h u v th h hai ca b nh tuyn. 1. chuyn mch chia s phng tin : cc gi tin ti cng vo c ghp knh theo thi gian v chuyn trn phng tin ( bus hoc mch vng Ring). thng qua ca phng tin chia s ny quyt nh nng lc ca ton b chuyn mch. Nhc im l kch thc trng chuyn mch N b gii hn bi tc b nh, tc chuyn mch khng cao. Trong thc t khi tt c N gi u vo u cng ra 1 cng u ra, FIFO khng th lu ton b N gi tin trong mt khe thi gian nu trng chuyn mch c kch thc ln v tc u vo qu cao. Vic thiu b nh m FIFO s gy tc nghn cc b ti u ra v cc gi tin s b tn tht trong khi cc b nh ti cc cng khc c th cn trng m khng c s dng. nguyn tc hot ng: N u vo chuyn t ni tip thnh song song => truyn => u ra vs AF v FIFO => ti y chuyn t song song => ni tip. iu khin bus theo 3 phng php : - iu khin tp trung s dng th - iu khin phn tn s dng bo hiu gia cng u vo v u ra - iu khin phn tn s dng bus ghp knh theo thi gian. 2. chuyn mch chia s b nh nguyn tc hot ng tng t nh chuyn mch thi gian, ghi vo v c ra b nh chia s di s iu khin ( ghi vo c iu khin bi MUX, cn c ra c iu khin bi DEMUX). u im : c th ti u c b nh khi chia s ti nguyn. Kch thc ca b nh c th t ph hp vi yu cu gi t l mt mt di 1 gi tr chon trc. Nhc im : gii hn lu lng b nh => tc b gii hn.b nh phi duy tr mt khng gian ti thiu ng thi phi mm do p ng s bng n ca lu lng. 3 kiu chia s b nh l chia s hon ton, phn hoch hon ton v phn hoch tng phn..

To t r a i cc oe nd l n

II. chuyn mch phn chia theo khng gian Bao gm : chuyn mch n ng ( ch tn ti mt ng dn gia u vo/ra) c cc kiu chuyn mch Crosbar, chuyn mch kt ni y v chuyn mch banyan. Chuyn mch a ng ( tn ti nhiu hn 1 ng dn gia 1 cp u vo/ra) gm: chuyn mch banyan m rng, chuyn mch clos, chuyn mch a mt v chuyn mch quay vng. Mng banyan hot ng theo nguyn l tra bng( gn cho n tiu mi theo bng) v t nh tuyn. v d: gi tin khi vo c DCBA => tng 1=> cn DCB=> tng 2=> DC => tng 3=> tiu cn D. - Cc c tnh c bn ca mng banyan gm K tng =log2N mi tng c N/2 khi chuyn mch - Mng banyan c kh nng t nh tuyn qua s dng K bit a ch, mi bit dng nh tuyn qua 1 tng. - Lut u ni n gin v tng minh v d nh hon vi, insert do lut u ni khc nhau nn c nhiu loi banyan ( banyan network, baseline network,) banyan l h ring ca chuyn mch.

Cu 8: chin lc s dng b m trong trng chuyn mch ( m u vo, m u ra v m trung tm).

ngha ca b m : c trng c bn ca k thut chuyn mch gi l lu m v chuyn tip, c ch nh tuyn gi tin nm trn chnh tiu gi tin, x l m nhm trnh tranh chp v phn lung lu lng 1. m u vo : Cc trng chuyn mch m u vo gm mt ma trn khng gian b tr cc b m ti tt c cc cng u vo gii quyt vn tranh chp. Cu trc trng chuyn mch gm 3 khi chc nng : B m u vo Khi chuyn mch khng nghn Khi gii quyt tranh chp. Cc gi tin c lu gi u tin ti b m u vo ch cho n khi u ra ri. mng chuyn mch khng tc nghn thc hin chc nng nh tuyn ni b, c th c cu trc t cc ma trn crossbar. Khi gii quyt tranh chp phn b cc cp u vo v cc cp u ra. Mt u im quan trng ca chuyn mch hng i u vo l chuyn mch tc cao c th thc hin d dng, bi v chuyn mch hng i u vo c tc hot ng b m mong mun ( tc ghi/ c b nh) cn bng v xp x vi tc cng. v vy chuyn mch vi c ch m u vo c th tng kich thc tng i d dng. Nhc im l phi i mt vi vn thng qua(58.6) b hn ch bi hin tng nghn u dng HOL( head of line) v vn sp xp cc gi tin trnh tranh chp ti u ra ca trng chuyn mch khng gian. m u ra chuyn mch u ra c thc hin bi 1 ma trn chuyn mch khng gian u vo v mi u ra chuyn mch c trang b 1 b m. cc t bo tranh chp cng 1 u ra s c lu tr tm thi vo trong b m ny. Vi chuyn mch nxn trong trng hp xu nht s c N t bo tranh chp trong 1 khong thi gian t bo. V vy tc mong mun ca b m u ra ln hn N ln tc ng lin kt. chuyn mch m u ra khng bi tc nghn HOL nn hiu nng ca n tt hn so vi trng chuyn mch m u vo. Ln ti 81. 3. m trung tm. B m trung tm( hay cn gi l hng i x cho cc u vo v u ra): c th c truy cp bi tt c u vo v cc u ra. Cc t bo n c lu gi tm thi trong b m v cc u ra s la chon cc t bo c ch ti c ra. Nh vy gii hn ca trng chuyn mch ny l tc truy nhp b nh. thng qua ca trng chuyn mch ny tng ng vi trng chuyn mch s dng b m u ra tuy nhin khng gian nh ca n li nh hn ca trng chuyn mch u ra v b nh c chia s. V tip cn m trung tm tng t nhiw chuyn mch thi gian nn mt vn ng ch l khi cc t bo u vo ti b m trung tm v c chuyn ra ti cc u ra khc nhau, cc t bo s c c ngu nhin( c gk) ti cc vng nh ngu nhin v vy phi c 1 chin lc qun l vng nh. V vn chung l hogging(mt u ni bt k no c th chim ton b khng gian nh trong khong thi gian+> cc t bo khcas khng c c hi chuyn mch trong khong thi gian ny) xy ra trong trng hp lu lng khng ng nht. gii quyt vn ny dng phng n nhm phn hoch vng nh thnh cc vng nh c lp tuy vy pp phn hoch s gy tn tht khi c s lu lng chim 1 ng no ln trong khi cc ng khc khng c hoc c rt it lu lng => gim hiu nng tng th ca chuyn mch.

Cu 9: cc giao thc nh tuyn, thut ton nh tuyn trong k thut chuyn mch gi, nh tuyn QOS.

nh tuyn trong chuyn mch gi l mt tin trnh la chn ng cho thc th thng tin chuyn qua mng. nh tuyn l mt khi nim ct li ca mng chuyn mch gi v nhiu loi mng khc nhau. nh tuyn cung cp phng tin tm kim cc tuyn ng theo cca thng tin m thc th thng tin c chuyn giao qua mng. Mc tiu c bn ca phng php nh tuyn l nhm s dng ti a ti nguyn mng v ti thiu ha gi thnh mng. t c iu ny th k thut nh tuyn phi ti u cc tham s mng v ngi s dng : xc sut tc nghn, bng thng, tr, tin cy, gi thnh Cc phng php nh tuyn trong k thut chuyn mch gi: - phng php trn lt gi :truyn cc gi theo mi ng i c th tr ng va truyn. nhc im ca phng php ny l gy nn ti khng mong mun lm qu ti cho mng. - phng php nh tuyn ngu nhin : gi tin s chn ngu nhin ng i theo xc sut - phng php nh tuyn c nh ( theo danh b): mi 1 nt s c bng nh tuyn ring( danh b ch r ng i cho bt k mt ch no trong mng chuyn mch t mt nt ang xt).tuy vy do bng nh tuyn c xy dng 1 cch nhn cng nn khng thch nghi c tnh trng mng. - Phng php nh tuyn danh b thch ng: c thc hin bng cc giao thc nh tuyn. C 2 thut ton nh tuyn + thut ton bellman ford Dij= Min{ Dikn + djk} Trong : Dik l gi tr ti thiu Dkj l gi tr lin kt k-j + thut ton Dijtra D13 = Min{ D13; D12 +d23} D14 = Min{D14; D13 +d24} Cc giao thc nh tuyn Mi mng c chia thnh nhiu h thng t tr As( autonomous system), mi AS c 1 h thng t tr v d nh VNPT, FPT.... - giao thc nh tuyn ni min (IGP) - giaothc nh tuyn ngoi min EGP - giao thc nh tuyn RIP: chu k c 30s cp nht mng; s dng tnh ton vecto nh tuyn theo thut ton bellman ford - giao thc nh tuyn OSPF( open shortest path firt) l thut ton tm ng ngn nht u tin theo tiu chun m. OSPF cu hnh mng theo nhiu vng, nn c th p dng mng theo kch thc ln; da vo trng thi lin kt nn cu hnh mng biesn i ph hp v pht hin nhanh cc li sai. - Giao thc BGP( border gateway protocol) giao thc cng bin, kt ni mng gia cc quc gia vi nhau. nh tuyn cht lng dch v QOS: Muc tiu: - p ng i hi v QOS ca cc lung d liu: nh tuyn h tr QOS cn phi tm ra 1 ng i t ngun ti ch tha mn yu cu ca lung d liu v bng thng, tr... c ch tm ng l theo yu cu ch khng phi l cu hnh tnh hoc hng lun phin, ngay c khi tn ti vi ng c th s dng th vic chn la ng c th da vo rng buc v chnh sch nh ng i c s nt nh nht hoc chi ph thp nht - ti u s dng ti nguyn mng: tnh tin h tr qos cn phi chuyn hng lu lng theo cch hiu qu nht c th ti a nht tng thng lng qua mng thng thng cc tuyn di s tn nhiu ti nguyn lu lng nn ng ngn nht trong cc ng c th p ng s c chn - hiu nng mng khng b gim ng k khi tc nghn: khi mng trong tnh trng ti ln hiu awnng mng suy gim rt nhanh, v vy nh tuyn h tr qos cn phi a ra hng ti s suy gim ngha l ngay c khi ti nng th thng lng ton b mng cng khng c gim nhiu hn so vi cc nh tuyn thng thng Kh nng thc hin nh tuyn QOS theo kiu nh tuyn: gm 3 kiu: Mt l nh tuyn tp trung Hai l nh tuyn phn tn Ba l phn cp.

Cu 10: chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS( nguyn tc hd,dd k thut, cu trc nhn v hot ng trong cc mt lp 2 #)