Mot so phng phap ve o th cua ham so co cha dau gia tr tuyet oi.

PHNG PHAP KHAO SAT HAM SO CO CHA

DAU GIA TR TUYET OI
Dng 1

Da vo th hm s (C ) : y = f ( x ) suy ra th hm s

(C1 ) : y1 = f ( x)
y
C
y
y
=
=
(
)
:

1
Ta co: 1
y
Do o o th

Tran Phu Vng

Neu y 0

Neu y 0

(C1 ) : y1 = f ( x)

co 2 phan o th :

+ Phan 1: la phan o th (C ) : y = f ( x ) nam pha tren Ox

+ Phan 2: la phan o th (C ) : y = f ( x ) nam pha di Ox
lay oi xng qua Ox

Dng 2

Da vo th hm s (C ) : y = f ( x ) suy ra th hm s

(C2 ) : y2 = f ( x )
Nhan xet :
Nen

(C2 ) : y2 = f ( x )

la ham so chan

(C2 ) : y2 = f ( x ) nhan Oy lam truc oi xng.

f ( x) = y Neu x 0 (1)
(
)
:
(
)
C
y
f
x
=
=

2
2
Ta co:
Neu x 0
f ( x)
Do o o th

(C2 ) : y2 = f ( x )

co 2 phan o th :

+ Phan 1: la phan o th (C ) : y = f ( x ) nam pha ben phai Oy

( Do (1) ta co)
+ Phan 2: la phan o th 1 lay oi xng qua Oy v ham so chan

Dng 3

Da vo th hm s (C ) : y = f ( x ) suy ra th hm s

(C3 ) : y3 = f ( x)
Nhan xet : Neu M ( x0 ; y0 ) (C3 ) M ( x0 ; y0 ) (C3 )
Nen
Ta co:

(C3 ) : y3 = f ( x) nhan Ox lam truc oi xng.

(C3 ) : y3 = f ( x) = y y3 = y Neu y 0

Tran Phu Vng

Trang 1

THPT Tan Hiep

Mot so phng phap ve o th cua ham so co cha dau gia tr tuyet oi.
Do o o th

(C3 ) : y3 = f ( x)

co 2 phan o th :

+ Phan 1: la phan o th (C ) : y = f ( x ) nam pha tren Ox

+ Phan 2: la phan o th 1 lay oi xng qua Ox .

Dng 4

Da vo th hm s (C ) : y = f ( x ) = u ( x ).v ( x ) suy ra
th hm s

(C4 ) : y4 = u ( x) .v( x)

Ta co:

Neu u ( x) 0
u ( x ).v ( x) = f ( x ) = y
(C4 ) : y4 = u ( x ) .v ( x) =
u ( x).v( x ) = f ( x ) = y Neu u ( x ) 0
Do o o th

(C4 ) : y4 = u ( x) .v( x)

co 2 phan o th :

+ Phan 1: la phan o th (C ) : y = f ( x ) nam tren mien u ( x ) 0

+ Phan 2: la phan o th (C ) : y = f ( x ) nam tren mien u ( x ) 0
lay oi xng qua Ox

Ta hay gap dang n gian sau:

Da vo th hm s (C ) : y = f ( x ) = ( x a ).v ( x )
suy ra th hm s

(C4 ) : y4 = x a .v( x), a

Ta co:

Neu x a
( x a ).v ( x) = f ( x) = y
(C4 ) : y4 = x a .v( x) =
( x a ).v( x) = f ( x ) = y Neu x a

Tran Phu Vng

Do o o th

(C4 ) : y4 = x a .v( x), a

co 2 phan o th :
+ Phan 1:
la phan o th (C ) : y = f ( x ) nam ben phai ng thang x = a
+ Phan 2: la phan o th (C ) : y = f ( x ) nam ben trai
ng thang x = a lay oi xng qua Ox.

Tran Phu Vng

Trang 2

THPT Tan Hiep

Mot so phng phap ve o th cua ham so co cha dau gia tr tuyet oi.

TONG QUAT
T 4 dang o th co cha dau gia tr tuyet oi c ban tren ta co the suy ra
nhieu dang o th co cha dau gia tr tuyet oi khac chang han:

Dng 5

Da vo th hm s (C ) : y = f ( x ) suy ra th hm s

(C5 ) : y5 = f ( x )
e ve

Dng 6

Tran Phu Vng

(C5 ) : y5 = f ( x )

ta lam 2 bc nh sau:

+ Bc 1: ve

y51 = f ( x ) = g ( x)

da vao dang 2

+ Bc 2: ve

y5 = f ( x ) = g ( x)

da vao dang 1

Da vo th hm s (C ) : y = f ( x ) suy ra th hm s

(C6 ) : y6 = f ( x )
e ve

Dng 7

(C6 ) : y6 = f ( x )

ta lam 2 bc nh sau:

+ Bc 1: ve

y61 = f ( x ) = g ( x)

+ Bc 2: ve

y6 = g ( x)

da vao dang 2

da vao dang 3

Da vo th hm s (C ) : y = f ( x ) suy ra th hm s

(C7 ) : y7 = f ( x )
e ve

(C7 ) : y7 = f ( x )

ta lam 3 bc nh sau:

+ Bc 1: ve

y71 = f ( x ) = g ( x)

+ Bc 2: ve

y72 = f ( x ) = g ( x) = h( x)

+ Bc 3: ve

(C7 ) : y7 = h( x)

Tran Phu Vng

Trang 3

da vao dang 2
da vao dang 1

da vao dang 3

THPT Tan Hiep

Mot so phng phap ve o th cua ham so co cha dau gia tr tuyet oi.

MOT SO V DU MINH HOA

V du 1.

Cho ham so y = 2 x 3 x + 1 co o th (C).

1) Khao sat va ve o th (C) cua ham so.
2) Viet phng trnh tiep tuyen cua o th (C) tai giao iem cua (C)
vi ng thang x = 1.
3

2
3) Tm tham so m e phng trnh 2 x 3 x + 2 = m co bon

nghiem phan biet.

Giai

Tran Phu Vng

1) Khao sat va ve o th (C) cua ham so.

TX: D = R
2

y ' = 6 x 6 x ; y ' = 0 x = 0 hoac x = 1

HSB tren khoang ( ;0) ; ( 1; + ). HSNB tren khoang ( 0;1 )
Ham so at cc ai tai x = 0; yC = 1 ; Ham so at cc tieu tai x =1; yCT = 0
y =

xlim

BBT
x

B:
P( 1; 4)
Q(2;5)

+ 0 0 +
1
+
y
C
CT

4
3
2
1
x

-5 -4 -3 -2 -1

y '' = 12 x 6 ; y '' = 0 x = 1/2

x

THS Loi

NX: o th nhan
iem uon I lam
tam oi xng P

1/2
+
0
+
U
Lom
I(1/2;1/2)

-1

3
2
y
=
2
x

3
x
+1
-3
-2
-4
-5

Hnh 1

2) Viet PTTT cua o th (C) tai giao iem cua (C) vi ng thang x = 1
x = 1 => y = f( 1) = 4 => giao iem M( 1; 4)
pttt co dang d: y = f ' ( x 0 ).( x x 0 ) + y 0 .
f '( x0 ) = f '(1) = 12 => pttt d: y

= 12( x + 1) 4 = 12 x + 8 .

Tran Phu Vng

Trang 4

THPT Tan Hiep

Mot so phng phap ve o th cua ham so co cha dau gia tr tuyet oi.
3

3) Tm tham so m e phng trnh 2 x 3 x + 2 = m co bon nghiem

2

phan biet.
3

2
2
Ta co: 2 x 3 x + 2 = m 2 x 3 x + 1 = m 1
3

ay la PT HG cua o th (C1 ) : y1 = 2 x 3 x + 1 va ng thang

d: y = m 1

2 x 3 3 x 2 + 1 neu
x0
y
=

T a co (C1 ) : 1
3
2
2 x 3 x + 1 neu x < 0
=> (C1 ) co 2 phan o th:
Phan I : o th (C) nam ben phai truc Oy (ca iem nam tren Oy)
Phan II : Lay oi xng o th Phan I qua Oy
v ham so y1 la ham so chan
Ve (C1 ) ( Hnh 2)

5
4
3
2

Tran Phu Vng

1
x

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1
-2
-3

y1 = 2 x 3x2 +1

-4
-5
Da vao (C1 ) ta co: 0 < m 1 < 1

Hnh 2

<=> 1 < m < 2

1 4
x 4 x 2 + 3 co o th la (C)
2
a) Khao sat va ve o th (C) cua ham so.

V du 2.

Cho ham so y =

Tran Phu Vng

Trang 5

THPT Tan Hiep

Mot so phng phap ve o th cua ham so co cha dau gia tr tuyet oi.

b) nh m e phng trnh :
biet.

c) nh m e phng trnh :

1 4
x 4 x 2 + 3 = lg m co 4 nghiem phan
2

1 4
x 4 x 2 + 3 = lg m co 8 nghiem phan
2

biet.

Giai
a) Khao sat va ve o th ham so.

TX: D = R.Ham so chan

3

y ' = 2 x 8 x ; y = 0 <=> x = 0 hoac x = 2

Gii han : xlim

y = +

BBT :
x 2 0
2
+
y
0 + 0 0 +
+
3
+
y
CT
C
CT
5
5

Tran Phu Vng

HSB tren khoang (2;0) va (2; + ).

HSNB tren khoang ( ;2) va (0;2)

y '' = 6 x 2 8 ;
y '' = 0 x = 2 3 / 3
BXD y
x
2 3 / 3
2 3 / 3 +
y
+
0

0 +
T
(C) Lom U Loi U
Lom
(2 3 / 3 ;13/9) (2 3 / 3 ;13/9)

o th:
o NX: o th nhan Oy lam truc oi xng
o B: A(3; 15/2), B(3;15/2)

Tran Phu Vng

Trang 6

THPT Tan Hiep

Mot so phng phap ve o th cua ham so co cha dau gia tr tuyet oi.
8 y
7
6
5
4 C

3
2
1

-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1-1
-2
-3
-4

-5
CT
-6
-7

b) nh m e phng trnh :

3
y=

1 4
x 4x2 + 3
2

CT

1 4
x 4 x 2 + 3 = lg m co 4 nghiem phan biet.
2

YCBT <=> 5 < lg m < 3 <=> lg105 < lg m < lg103 105 < m < 103

1 4
x 4 x 2 + 3 = lg m co 8 nghiem phan biet.
2
1
ay la PT HG cua o th (C1 ) : y1 = x 4 4 x 2 + 3 va ng thang
2
d: y = m 1

c) nh m e phng trnh :

Neu y 0

Neu y 0

T a co : (C1 ) : y1 = y =
Do o o th

(C1 ) : y1 = f ( x)

co 2 phan o th :

+ Phan 1: la phan o th (C ) : y = f ( x ) nam pha tren Ox

+ Phan 2: la phan o th (C ) : y = f ( x ) nam pha di Ox
lay oi xng qua Ox
y
5
4

Tran Phu Vng

3
2
1

x
-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1

-2
-3

1
y1 = x4 4x2 + 3
2

-4
-5

Tran Phu Vng

Trang 7

THPT Tan Hiep

Mot so phng phap ve o th cua ham so co cha dau gia tr tuyet oi.
YCBT <=> 0 < lg m < 3 <=> lg1 < lg m < lg103 1 < m < 1000

Ve th hm s

V du 3.

Ta ve o th ham so

x2
(C1 ) : y1 =
x 1

x2
(C ) : y =
x 1
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

Tran Phu Vng

x2
(C) : y =
x 1

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

x
1

-1
-2
-3

x2
(C1 ) : y1 =
Da vao (C) ta co:
x 1

co 2 phan o th :

+ Phan 1: la phan o th (C ) : y = f ( x ) nam ben phai ng thang x = 1

+ Phan 2: la phan o th (C ) : y = f ( x ) nam ben trai
ng thang x = 1 lay oi xng qua Ox.

x2
(C1 ) : y1 =
x 1

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

-1
-2
-3

Tran Phu Vng

Trang 8

x
1

THPT Tan Hiep

Mot so phng phap ve o th cua ham so co cha dau gia tr tuyet oi.

Ve th hm s

V du 4.

Ta ve o th ham so

(C1 ) : y1 =

(C ) : y =

x 1
x +1

x 1
x +1

y
5
4

(C) : y =

x 1
x +1

2
1
x
-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1

-2
-3
-4
-5

x 1
(
C
)
:
y
=
1
1
Da vao (C) ta co:
x +1

co 2 phan o th :

+ Phan 1: la phan o th (C ) : y = f ( x ) nam pha tren Ox

+ Phan 2: la phan o th 1 lay oi xng qua Ox .

y
5

Tran Phu Vng

4
3

(C1): y1 =

x 1
x +1

1
x
-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

-1

-2
-3
-4
-5

Tran Phu Vng

Trang 9

THPT Tan Hiep

Mot so phng phap ve o th cua ham so co cha dau gia tr tuyet oi.

V du 5.

Ve th hm s

Da vao o th ham so

x2
(C5 ) : y5 =
x 1

x2
(C5 ) : y5 =
x 1

x2
(C ) : y =
x 1

v du 3 ta co:

co 2 phan o th :

+ Phan 1: la phan o th (C ) : y = f ( x ) nam pha ben phai Oy

+ Phan 2: la phan o th 1 lay oi xng qua Oy v ham so chan

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

x2
(C 5 ) : y5 =
x 1
-5

V du 6.

-4

-3

-2

-1

Ve th hm s

Da vao o th ham so

-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

Tran Phu Vng

x
1

x2
(C6 ) : y6 =
x 1

x2
(C5 ) : y5 =
x 1

Tran Phu Vng

Trang 10

v du 5 ta co:

THPT Tan Hiep

Mot so phng phap ve o th cua ham so co cha dau gia tr tuyet oi.

x2
(C6 ) : y6 =
x 1

co 2 phan o th :

+ Phan 1: la phan o th

(C5 ) nam pha tren Ox

+ Phan 2: la phan o th (C5 ) nam pha di Ox
lay oi xng qua Ox

8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

x2
(C 6 ) : y 6 =
x 1
-5

-4

V du 7.

-3

-2

-1

Ve th hm s

-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

Tran Phu Vng

x
1

x2
(C7 ) : y7 =
x 1

Da vao o th ham so

x2
(C6 ) : y6 =
x 1

x2
(C7 ) : y7 =
x 1

co 2 phan o th :

v du 6 ta co:

+ Phan 1: la phan o th (C6 ) nam pha tren Ox

+ Phan 2: la phan o th 1 lay oi xng qua Ox .

Tran Phu Vng

Trang 11

THPT Tan Hiep

Mot so phng phap ve o th cua ham so co cha dau gia tr tuyet oi.

7
6
5
4
3
2
1

x2
(C7 ) : y7 =
x 1
-5

-4

-3

-2

-1 -1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7

Tran Phu Vng

Trang 12

Tran Phu Vng

x

THPT Tan Hiep