OPTICAL COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKS

KITs College of Engineering, Kolhapur Department of Electronics & Telecommunication

INDEX CLASS: TE (E&TC) - I Sr. No. SUB: Optical Communication and Networks Date Performed Date 1 Setting up fiber optic analog link Setting up fiber optic digital link Intensity modulation system using analog input signal Intensity modulation system using digital input signal Frequency modulation system Pulse width modulation system Study of propagation loss in optical fiber Study of bending loss Study of Characteristics of Fiber Optic Communication Link Measurement of Numerical Aperture Submitted Date Marks Sign

Name of Experiment

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

Ms. G. R. Kamte Subject In-charge

Mr. N. B. Sambre H.O.D

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EXPERIMENT-1

SETTING UP FIBER OPTIC ANALOG LINK

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this experiment is to study a 650nm fiber optic analog link and the relationship between the input and output signal

THEORY: Fiber optic links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals. Basically a fiber optic link contains three main elements, a transmitter, an optical fiber and a receiver. The transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical form and then transforms it into optical (light) energy to the receiver. At the receiver light is converted back into an electrical form with the same pattern as originally fed to the transmitter.

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the power supply to the board. 2. Ensure that all switches faults are off. 3. Make the following connections (as shown in diagram).
y y y

Connect the 1 KHz sine wave output to emitter 1s input. Connect the fiber optic cable between emitter output and detectors input. Detectors 1s output to AC amplifier 1 input.

4. On the board, switch emitter 1s driver to analog mode. 5. Switch ON the power supply. 6. Observe the input to emitter 1(tp5) with the output from AC amplifier 1(tp28) and note that the two signals are same.

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OBSERVATION

CONCLUSION

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EXPERIMENT -2

SETTING UP FIBER OPTIC DIGITAL LINK

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this experiment is to study a 650 nm fiber optic digital link and to study relationship between input and received signal.

THEORY: Fiber optic links can be used for transmission of digital as well as analog signals. Basically a fiber optic link contains three main elements, a transmitter, an optical fiber and a receiver. The transmitter module takes the input signal in electrical form and then transforms it into optical (light) energy to the receiver. At the receiver light is converted back into an electrical form with the same pattern as originally fed to the transmitter.

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect the power supply to the board. 2. Ensure that all switches faults are off. 3. Make the following connections (as shown in diagram). y Connect the 1 KHz square wave output to emitter 1s input. y Connect the fiber optic cable between emitter output and detectors input. y Detectors 1s output to AC amplifier 1 input. y Comparator 1s output to AC amplifier 1s input. 4. On the board, switch emitter 1s driver to digital mode. 5. Switch ON the power supply. 6. Monitor both the inputs to comparator 1(tp13 & 14).Slowly adjust the comparators bias preset, until DC level on the input (tp13) lies mid way between the high and low level of the signal on the positive input(tp14). 7. Observe the input to emitter 1(tp5) with the output from AC amplifier 1(tp28) and note that the two signals are same.

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OBSERVATION

CONCLUSION

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EXPERIMENT -3

STUDY OF INTENSITY MODULATION TECHNIQUE USING ANALOG INPUT SIGNAL

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this experiment is to obtain intensity modulation of the analog Signal, transmit it over a fiber optic cable and demodulate the same at the receiver to get back the original signal. THEORY: Modulation: In order to transmit information via an optical fiber communication system it is necessary to modulate a property of the light with the information signal. This property may be intensity, frequency, phase with either digital or analog signals. The choices are indicated by the characteristics of optical fiber, the available optical sources and detectors, and considerations of the overall system. Intensity modulation: In this system the information signal is used to control the intensity of the source. At the far end, the variation in the amplitude of received signal is used to recover original information signal.

analog input signal

LED driver LED

Fiber optic link

PIN
Diode

analog output Amp signal

Emitter

Detector

The audio input signal is used to control the current through an LED which in turn controls the light output. The light is conveyed to the detector 1 circuit by optic fiber. The detector is a photo transistor which converts the incoming light to a small current which flows through a series resistor. The Analog Bias Voltage: There are two problems using amplitude modulation with an analog signal. The first is to do with the signal itself. If you glance at the figure you will see that analog wave form moves positive &negative of the zero line. The second problem is that it is the shape of the wave form which carries the information. Ideally the emitter characteristics would lose the negative going half cycles as shown.

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The answer is to superimpose the sinusoidal signal on positive voltage called the bias voltage so that both halves of the incoming signal have an effect on the light intensity. The combination of linear characteristic would be ideal but the real characteristic is not completely straight. However it does have a straight section that we can use if we employ a suitable value of bias voltage.

PROCEDURE 1. 2. Connect the power supply to the board. Make the following connections. y Connect the FG output marked 1 kHz sine wave to input if emitter 1. y Plug in a fiber optic link from output of emitter 1 LED to the photo transistor of the detector 1. y Detector 1 output tp 10 to input of Amplifier tp 27.

3. In the emitter 1 block switch the mode select to analog. 4. Turn the 1 kHz present in function generator block to fully clockwise (maximum amplitude) position. 5. Switch ON the power supply. 6. With the help of dual trace oscilloscope observe the input signal at emitter 1 tp 5 also observe the output from the detector 1. It should carry a smaller version of the original 1 kHz sine wave, illustrating that the modulated light beam has been reconverted back into an electrical signal. 7. The output from detector 1 further amplified by AC amplifier 1.This amplifier increases the amplitude of the received signal, and also removes the DC component, which is present at detector output. Monitor the output of amplifier 1 tp28 and adjust the gain 1 present until the monitored signal has same amplitude as that applied to emitter 1 input tp 5. 8. While monitoring the output of Amplifier 1 tp 28 change the amplitude of modulating sine wave by varying the 1 kHz preset in the function generator block. Note that as expected, the amplitude of the receiver output signal changes.

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OBSERVATION

CONCLUSION

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EXPERIMENT -4

STUDY OF INTENSITY MODULATION TECHNIQUE USING DIGITAL INPUT SIGNAL

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OBJECTIVE: To obtain intensity modulation of digital signal, transmit it over fiber optic cable and demodulate the same at the receiver end to get back the original signal. THEORY: Digital Modulation: With digital modulation, discrete changes in light intensity are obtained (i.e. ON-OFF pulses). Fig shows a block schematic of a typical digital optical fiber link.
ENCODER LED DRIVER PHOTO TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER

FIBRE CABLE DIGITAL INFORMATION SOURCE

DIGITAL OUTPUT

DECODER

Initially, input digital signal from the information source is suitably encoded for optical transmission. The LED drive circuit directly modulates the intensity of light with encoded digital signal. Hence, a digital optical signal is launched into the optical fiber cable. The photo transistor used as a detector is followed by an amplifier to provide gain. Finally signal obtained is decoded to give the original digital information.

PROCEDUR:
1. Connect the power supply to the board. 2. Make the following connections (as shown in the diagram 4)
y

Connect the 1 KHz square wave socket in function generator block to emitter 1 input. Connect an optic fiber link between emitter 1 output & detector 1 input with the help of connector provided. Detector output to comparator 1s non-inverting (+ve) input.

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3. Switch the mode switch in emitter block to digital mode. This ensures that signal applied to the drivers input cause the emitter LED to switch quickly between ON & OFF states. 4. Examine the input to emitter 1 tp 5 on an oscilloscope. This 1 KHz square wave is now being used to amplitude modulated emitter 1 emitter LED. 5. Examine the output of detector 1 tp 10. This should carry a smaller version of original 1 KHz square wave illustrating that the modulated light beam has been reconverted into an electrical signal. 6. Monitor both inputs to comparator1, at tp 13 and tp 14 and slowly adjust the comparator bias 1 preset until the dc level on the negative input tp 13 lies midway between the high & low level of the signal on the positive input tp 14. This DC level is comparators threshold level.

OBSERVATION

CONCLUSION

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EXPERIMENT-5

FREQUENCY MODULATION SYSTEM

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this experiment is to study Frequency Modulation. THEORY: In the traditional form of FM the carrier frequency is changed or modified by the amplitude of an analog signal. This is not feasible in fiber optic system since both our light sources, the LED and the LASER, are fixed frequency devices. In fiber optic systems FM is achieved by using the original analog input signal to vary the frequency of a train of digital pulses.

FREQUENCY MODULATOR

EMITTER

Analog I/P Signal

Fiber Optic Link

Analog O/P Signal

DETECTOR COMPARATOR PLL DETECTOR LOW PASS FILTER AMP

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect power supply to the board. 2. Ensure that all switched faults are OFF. 3. Make the following connections
y Connect Function Generator 1kHz sine wave signal to frequency modulator input. y Frequency modulator output tp2 to the emitter 1 input at tp5. y Connect the optic fiber between the emitter 1 circuit and the detector 1 circuit. y Detector 1 output tp10 to comparator 1 input at tp14. y Comparator 1 output tp15 to the PLL detector input at tp23. y PLL detector output at tp26 to the low pass filter 1 input at tp19. y Low pass filter 1 output tp20 to AC amplifier 1 input at tp27.

4. Switch emitter 1s driver to digital mode. This ensures that fast changing digital signal applied to the drivers input causes the emitter LED to switch quickly between ON & OFF states.

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5. Turn the 1 kHz preset in the function generator block to fully anticlockwise (zero amplitude) position. 6. Switch ON the power supply. 7. Monitor the output voltage controlled oscillators (VCO) in the frequency modulator block tp2. Note that the frequency of this digital signal is at present constant, since the modulating 1 kHz sine wave has zero amplitude. 8. Examine the output of detector 1 (tp10 and check that the transmitted digital pulses are successfully detected at the receiver) 9. With the help of dual trace oscilloscope monitor both inputs to comparator 1. Now adjust the bias 1 preset until the bias input at tp13 is halfway between the top and bottom of the square wave on tp14. You will remember that the function of the comparator is to clean up the square wave after its transmission through the optic fiber link. 10. The output of comparator 1 drives the input of the PLL detector which produces a signal whose average level is proportional to the frequency of the digital steam. This average level is then extracted by low pass filter 1, and amplified by AC. Amplifier 1 to produce the original analog signal at the amplifiers output tp28. Examine tp28 and note that the output voltage is zero. This is expected since there is currently no modulating voltage at the transmitter. 11. While monitoring the input to the frequency modulator block tp1 and the output nom AC amplifier 1 tp28 turn the 1 kHz preset to its fully clockwise maximum amplitude position. Note that the modulating 1 kHz signal now appears at the amplifiers output. If necessary, adjust the amplifiers gain adjust 1 preset until the two monitored signals are equal in amplitude. 12. In order to fully understand how this frequency modulation transmitter/ receiver system works, examine the inputs and outputs of all functional blocks within the system, using an oscilloscope. OBSERVATION:

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CONCLUSION:

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EXPERIMENT-6

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION SYSTEM

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this experiment is to study pulse width modulation of digital signal in accordance with fiber optic communication. THEORY: Pulse width modulation (PWM) is an alternative to frequency modulation. They are both digital transmission. In FM, we remember, the incoming analog signal is used to change the frequency of the digital stream. In pulse width modulation the width of the pulse is changed by the amplitude of the analog signal to be transmitted. It is an extremely simple system of modulation. Assume an input signal at zero volts. The digital stream and the average voltage level would be shown in the fig. 1. If the input voltage moves to a positive value, the pulse width will increase and since the waveform is ON longer than it is OFF, the average value increases similarly, if the input signal goes negative the width of the pulse will decrease. The average value of the digital voltage now decreases. You will now appreciate that the average voltage level is increasing and decreasing in accordance with the input voltage. At the far end of the transmission system the digital pulses are cleaned up by the comparator and then simply passed through a low pass filter. The filter removes the square waves but the average level remains to from the output signal. At this stage, the output signal is increasing and decreasing in the step with the input, but you will remember that the 0 V input signal produced a DC level at the output. This DC level must now be removed. We do this by means of blocking capacitors at the input to the final amplifier. Waveform A

Waveform B

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Pulse width modulation

Analog I/P Signal

Emitter
Fiber optic link

Analog O/P Signal

DETECTOR

COMPARATOR

LOW PASS FILTER

PROCEDURE:1. Connect power supply to board. 2. Ensure that all switched faults are set to off. 3. Make the following connections (as shown in the diagram).
y y y y y y

FGs 1KHz sine wave signal to the pulse width modulator input TP 3 Pulse width modulator output TP4 to emitter 1 input TP5 Connect the optic fiber between the emitter 1 circuit and detector 1 circuit. Detector 1 output TP 10 to comparator and input at TP 14 Comparator 1 output TP 15 to LPF 1 at TP 19 LPF 1 output TP 20 to AC amplifier 1 input at TP 27.

4. Switch emitter 1s driver to digital mode. This ensures that fast changing digital signals applied to the drivers input because the emitter LED to switch quickly between ON and OFF states. 5. Turn the 1KHz preset in the function generator block to fully anticlockwise(zero amplitude) position 6. Switch ON the power supply. 7. Monitor the output of the pulse width modulator block TP4. Note that the pulse width of this digital signal is at present constants, since the modulating 1 KHz sine wave has zero amplitude. 8. Examine the output detector TP 10 and check that the transmitted digital signals are successfully detected at the receiver. 9. Monitor both inputs comparator 1 to TP13 and TP14 and if necessary, slowly adjust the comparators bias preset, until the DC level on the negative input TP 13 lies midway between the high and low level of the signal on the positive input TP 14.

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10. The average level of comparator 1s output is extracted by LPF 1 and then amplified by AC amplifier which also removes the DC off set. Since the average level of the comparator output is proportional to the pulse width, the original analog signal appears at the amplifiers output TP28. Examine TP28 and note that output voltage is zero. This expected since there is currently no modulating voltage at transmitter. 11. While monitoring the input to the pulse width modulator block TP3 and the output from AC amplifier 1 TP28 turn the 1KHz preset to its fully clockwise (maximum amplitude position). Note that the modulating 1 KHz signal now appears at the amplifiers output. If necessary, adjust the amplifiers gain adjust 1 preset until the two monitored signals are equal in amplitude. 12. In order to fully understand how this pulse width modulation transmitter/receiver system works, examine the inputs and output of the all functional blocks within the system using an oscilloscope. OBSERVATION:

CONCLUSION:

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EXPERIMENT -7

STUDY OF PROPAGATION LOSS IN OPTICAL FIBER

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this experiment is to measure propagation or attenuation loss in optical fiber THEORY: Attenuation is loss of the power. During transit light pulse lose some of their photons thus reducing their amplitude. Attenuation for a fiber is usually specified in decibels per km. For commercially available fibers attenuation ranges from 1 dB/ km for premium small-core glass fibers to over 2000 dB/ km for a large core plastic fiber. Loss is by definition negative decibels. In common usage, discussions of loss omit the negative sign. The basic measurement for loss in a fiber is made by taking the logarithmic ratio of the input power (Pi) to the output power (Po).

(dB) = 10 log  Where is Loss in dB per meter

PROCEDURE:1. Connect power supply to board. 2. Make the following connections ( as shown in the diagram )
y

Function Generator 1 KHz sine wave output to input 1 socket of emitter 1 circuit via 4 mm lead. Connect 0.5 m optic fiber between emitter 1 output and detector 1 input. Connect detector 1 output to amplifier 1 input socket via 4 mm lead.

y y

3. Switch ON the power supply. 4. Set the oscilloscope channel 1 to 0.5 V/dV and adjust 4-6 Div amplitude by using the X1 probe with the help of variable pot. In function generator block at the input 1 of emitter 1. 5. Observe the output signal from detector TP10 on CRO. 6. Adjust the amplitude of the received signal same as that of transmitted one with the help of gain adjust Pot in AC amplifier block. Note this amplitude and name it V1.

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7. Now replace the previous FG cable with 1 m cable without disturbing any previous setting. 8. Measure the amplitude at the receiver side again at the output of amplifier 1 socket TP 28. Note this value end name it V2. Calculate the propagation (attenuation) loss with the help of following formula. = e- (L1 + L2) Where is loss in nepers / meter

1 neper = 8.686 dB L1= length of shorter cable (0.5 m) L2= length of longer cable (1 m)

OBSERVATION:

CONCLUSION:

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EXPERIMENT-8

STUDY OF BENDING LOSS

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this experiment is to study of bending loss. THEORY: When ever condition for angle of incidence of the incident light is violated the losses are introduced due to refraction of light. This occurs when fiber is subjected to bending. Lower the radius of curvature more is the loss.

PROCEDURE: 1. Connect power supply to board. 2. Make the following connections ( as shown in the diagram )
y

Function Generator 1 KHz sine wave output to input 1 socket of emitter 1 circuit via 4 mm lead. Connect 0.5 m optic fiber between emitter 1 output and detector 1 input. Connect detector 1 output to amplifier 1 input socket via 4 mm lead.

y y

3. Switch ON the power supply. 4. Set the oscilloscope channel 1 to 0.5 V/dV and adjust 4-6 Div amplitude by using the X1 probe with the help of variable pot. In function generator block at the input 1 of emitter 1. 5. Observe the output signal from detector TP10 on CRO. 6. Adjust the amplitude of the received signal same as that of transmitted one with the help of gain adjust Pot in AC amplifier block. Note this amplitude and name it V1. 7. Now replace the previous FG cable with 1 m cable without disturbing any previous setting. 8. Wind the FO cable on the mandrel and observe the corresponding AC amplifier output on CRO. It will be gradually reducing showing loss due to bends. OFC MANDREL

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OBSERVATION:

CONCLUSION:

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EXPERIMENT -9

STUDY OF CHARACTERISTICS OF FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION LINK

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this experiment is to study Vin (AC) versus Vout (AC) PROCEDURE: 1. Make the following connections
y

Function Generator 1 kHz sine wave output to input socket of emitter 1 circuit via 4mm lead Connect optic fiber between emitter 1s output and detector 1s input. Connect detector 1 output to amplifier 1 input socket via 4 mm lead

y y

2. Switch on the power supply. Set the amplitude of the function generator to 2 Vp-p. 3. Observe the transmitted signal and received signal on CRO. Vout (output voltage) should be in the same order as Vin (input voltage). 4. Next set Vin to suitable values andnote the values of Vout. 5. Tabulate and plot a graph Vout versus Vin & compute Vo/Vin.

OBSERVATION:

CONCLUSION:

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EXPERIMENT -10

MEASUREMENT OF NUMERICAL APERTURE

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this experiment is to measure Numerical Aperture of optical fiber. THEORY: Numerical aperture refers to the maximum angle at which the light incident on the fiber end is totally internally reflected and is transmitted properly along the fiber. The cone formed by the rotation of this angle along the axis of the fiber is the cone of acceptance of the fiber. The light ray should strike the fiber end within its cone op acceptance else it is refracted out of the fiber. PROCEDURE: 1. Connect power supply to the board. 2. Connect the frequency generators 1 kHz sine wave output to input of emitter 1 circuit. Adjust its amplitude at 5 Vp-p. 3. Connect one end of fiber cable to the output socket of emitter 1 circuit and the other end to numerical aperture measurement jig. Hold the white screen facing the fiber such that its cut face is perpendicular to the axis of the fiber. 4. Hold the white screen with 4 concentric circles (10, 15, 20 &25mm diameter) vertically at a suitable distance to make the red spot from the fiber coincide with 10mm circle. 5. Record the distance of screen from the fiber end L and note the diameter W of the spot. 6. Compute the numerical aperture from the formula given below NA = W (4L 2 + W2) = sin
max

7. Vary the distance between screen and fiber optic cable and make it coincide with one of the concentric circles. Note the distances. 8. Tabulate the various distances and diameter of the circles, made on the white screen and compute the numerical aperture from the formula given above. OBSERVATION:

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CONCLUSION:

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