Timeline of geology

Timeline of geology: see also geologic time scale.

y

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

y y

c. 1025 - Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī publishes the Kitab fi Tahqiq ma li'l-Hind (Researches on India), in which he discusses the geology of India and hypothesizes that it was once a sea.[1] 1027 - Avicenna publishes The Book of Healing, in which he hypothesizes on two causes of mountains,[2] and proposes the law of superposition and the concept of uniformitarianism. [3] 1556 - Agricola publishes De re metallica. This book acts as the standard mining and assaying text for the next 250 years. 1620 - Francis Bacon notices the jigsaw fit of the opposite shores of the Atlantic Ocean 1669 - Nicolas Steno puts forward his theory that sedimentary strata had been deposited in former seas, and that fossils were organic in origin 1701 - Edmund Halley suggests using the salinity and evaporation of the Mediterranean to determine the age of the Earth 1743 - Dr Christopher Packe produces a geological map of south-east England 1746 - Jean-tienne Guettard presents the first mineralogical map of France to the French Academy of Sciences. 1760 - John Michell suggests earthquakes are caused by one layer of rocks rubbing against another 1776 - James Keir suggests that some rocks, such as those at the Giant's Causeway, might have been formed by the crystallisation of molten lava 1779 - Comte de Buffon speculates that the Earth is older than the 6,000 years suggested by the Bible 1785 - James Hutton presents paper entitled Theory of the Earth - earth must be old 1799 - William Smith produces the first large scale geological map, of the area around Bath 1809 - William Maclure conducts the first geological survey of the eastern United States 1830 - Sir Charles Lyell publishes book, Principles of Geology, which describes the world as being several hundred million years old 1837 - Louis Agassiz begins his glaciation studies which eventually demonstrate that the Earth has had at least one ice age 1862 - Lord Kelvin attempts to find the age of the Earth by examining its cooling time and estimates that the Earth is between 20--400 million years old 1903 - George Darwin and John Joly claim that radioactivity is partially responsible for the Earth's heat 1907 - Bertram Boltwood proposes that the amount of lead in uranium and thorium ores might be used to determine the Earth's age and crudely dates some rocks to have ages between 410--2200 million years 1911 - Arthur Holmes uses radioactivity to date rocks, the oldest being 1.6 billion years old 1912 - Alfred Wegener proposes that all the continents once formed a single landmass called Pangaea that broke apart via continental drift

y y y y y

1913 - Albert Michelson measures tides in the solid body of the Earth 1935 - Charles Richter invents a logarithmic scale to measure the intensity of earthquakes 1953 - Maurice Ewing and Bruce Heezen discover the Great Global Rift running along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge 1960 - Harry Hess proposes that new sea floor might be created at mid-ocean rifts and destroyed at deep sea trenches 1963 - F.J. Vine and D.H. Matthews explain the stripes of magnetized rocks with alternating magnetic polarities running parallel to mid- ocean ridges as due to sea floor spreading and the periodic geomagnetic field reversals 1980 - Physicist Luis Alvarez, his son, geologist Walter Alvarez, and others propose that the impact of a large extraterrestrial object caused the extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous Period, about 65 million years ago.

Geologic time scale

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Diagram of geological time scale.

The geologic time scale is a chronologic schema (or idealized Model) relating stratigraphy to time that is used by geologists and other earth scientists to describe the timing and relationships between events that have occurred during the history of Earth. The table of geologic time spans presented here agrees with the dates and nomenclature proposed by the International Commission on Stratigraphy, and uses the standard color codes of the United States Geological Survey.

Evidence from radiometric dating indicates that the Earth is about 4.570 billion years old. The geological or deep time of Earth's past has been organized into various units according to events which took place in each period. Different spans of time on the time scale are usually delimited by major geological or paleontological events, such as mass extinctions. For example, the boundary between the Cretaceous period and the Paleogene period is defined by the extinction event, known as the CretaceousTertiary extinction event, that marked the demise of the dinosaurs and of many marine species. Older periods which predate the reliable fossil record are defined by absolute age.

Contents
[hide]
y y y y y y y

1 Graphical timelines 2 Terminology 3 History of the time scale 4 Table of geologic time 5 See also 6 External links 7 References and footnotes

[edit] Graphical timelines

The second and third timelines are each subsections of their preceding timeline as indicated by asterisks.

Millions of Years

The Holocene (the latest epoch) is too small to be shown clearly on this timeline.

[edit] Terminology
e h

Units in geochronology and stratigraphy[1]

Segments of rock (strata) in chronostratigraphy Eonothem Periods of time in geochronology Eon Notes

4 total, half a billion years or more 12 total, several hundred million years 21 major and 2 minor 48 total, tens of millions of years Over 100, each spanning millions of years

Erathem

Era

System Series

Period Epoch

Stage

Age

Outside the hierarchy, units cross stage and age boundaries as needed if the strata has good dating characteristics.[clarify] Only in more recent strata; defined by geomagnetic reversal or biostratigraphy

Chronozone

Chron

The largest defined unit of time is the supereon, composed of eons. Eons are divided into eras, which are in turn divided into periods, epochs and ages. The terms eonothem, erathem, system, series, and stage are used to refer to the layers of rock that correspond to these periods of geologic time. Geologists tend to talk in terms of Upper/Late, Lower/Early and Middle parts of periods and other units , such as "Upper Jurassic", and "Middle Cambrian". Upper, Middle, and Lower are terms applied to the rocks themselves, as in "Upper Jurassic sandstone," while Late, Middle, and Early are applied to time, as in "Early Jurassic deposition" or "fossils of Early Jurassic age." The adjectives are capitalized when the subdivision is formally recognized, and lower case when not; thus "early Miocene" but "Early Jurassic." Because geologic units occurring at the same time but from different parts of the world can often look different and contain different fossils, there are many examples where the same period was historically given different names in different locales. For example, in North America the Lower Cambrian is referred to as the Waucoban series that is then subdivided into zones based on trilobites. The same timespan is split into

Tommotian, Atdabanian and Botomian stages in East Asia and Siberia. A key aspect of the work of the International Commission on Stratigraphy is to reconcile this conflicting terminology and define universal horizons that can be used around the world.[citations needed]

[edit] History of the time scale

See the main articles: history of geology and history of paleontology.

Earth history mapped to 24 hours

One of the principles underlying geologic time scales was the principle of superposition of strata, first proposed in the 11th century by the Persian geologist, Avicenna (Ibn Sina). While discussing the origins of mountains in The Book of Healing in 1027, he outlined the principle as follows:[2][3] "It is also possible that the sea may have happened to flow little by little over the land consisting of both plain and mountain, and then have ebbed away from it. ... It is possible that each time the land was exposed by the ebbing of the sea a layer was left, since we see that some mountains appear to have been piled up layer by layer, and it is therefore likely that the clay from which they were formed was itself at one time arranged in layers. One layer was formed first, then at a different period, a further was formed and piled, upon the first, and so on. Over each layer there spread a substance of different material, which formed a partition between it and the next layer; but when petrification took place something occurred to the partition which caused it to break up and disintegrate from between the layers (possibly referring to unconformity). ... As to the beginning of the sea, its clay is either sedimentary or primeval, the latter not being sedimentary. It is probable that the sedimentary clay was formed by the disintegration of the strata of mountains. Such is the formation of mountains." His contemporary, Abū Rayhān Bīrūnī (973-1048), discovered the existence of shells and fossils in regions that once housed seas and later evolved into dry land, such as the Indian subcontinent. Based on this evidence, he realized that the Earth is constantly evolving and proposed that the Earth had an age, but that its origin was too distant to measure.[4] Later in the 11th century, the Chinese naturalist, Shen Kuo (1031-1095), also recognized the concept of 'deep time'.[5]

The principles underlying geologic (geological) time scales were later laid down by Nicholas Steno in the late 17th century. Steno argued that rock layers (or strata) are laid down in succession, and that each represents a "slice" of time. He also formulated the law of superposition, which states that any given stratum is probably older than those above it and younger than those below it. While Steno's principles were simple, applying them to real rocks proved complex. Over the course of the 18th century geologists realized that:
1. Sequences of strata were often eroded, distorted, tilted, or even inverted after deposition; 2. Strata laid down at the same time in different areas could have entirely different appearances; 3. The strata of any given area represented only part of the Earth's long history.

A comparative geological timescale

The first serious attempts to formulate a geological time scale that could be applied anywhere on Earth took place in the late 18th century. The most influential of those early attempts (championed by Abraham Werner, among others) divided the rocks of the Earth's crust into four types: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary. Each type of rock, according to the theory, formed during a specific period in Earth history. It was thus possible to speak of a "Tertiary Period" as well as of "Tertiary Rocks." Indeed, "Tertiary" (now Paleocene-Pliocene) and "Quaternary" (now Pleistocene-Holocene) remained in use as names of geological periods well into the 20th century. In opposition to the then-popular Neptunist theories expounded by Werner (that all rocks had precipitated out of a single enormous flood), a major shift in thinking came with the reading by James Hutton of his Theory of the Earth; or, an Investigation of the Laws Observable in the Composition, Dissolution, and Restoration of Land Upon the Globe before the Royal Society of Edinburgh in March and April 1785, events which "as things appear from the perspective of the twentieth century, James Hutton in those reading became the founder of modern geology"[6] What Hutton proposed was that the interior of the Earth was hot, and that this heat was the engine which drove the creation of new rock: land was eroded by air and water and deposited as layers in the sea; heat then consolidated the sediment into stone, and uplifted it into new lands. This theory was dubbed "Plutonist" in contrast to the flood-oriented theory. The identification of strata by the fossils they contained, pioneered by William Smith, Georges Cuvier, Jean d'Omalius d'Halloy and Alexandre Brogniart in the early 19th century, enabled geologists to divide Earth history more precisely. It also enabled them to correlate strata across national (or even continental) boundaries. If two strata (however distant in space or different in composition) contained the same fossils, chances were good that they had been laid down at the

same time. Detailed studies between 1820 and 1850 of the strata and fossils of Europe produced the sequence of geological periods still used today. The process was dominated by British geologists, and the names of the periods reflect that dominance. The "Cambrian," (the Roman name for Wales) and the "Ordovician," and "Silurian", named after ancient Welsh tribes, were periods defined using stratigraphic sequences from Wales.[7] The "Devonian" was named for the English county of Devon, and the name "Carboniferous" was simply an adaptation of "the Coal Measures," the old British geologists' term for the same set of strata. The "Permian" was named after Perm, Russia, because it was defined using strata in that region by a Scottish geologist Roderick Murchison. However, some periods were defined by geologists from other countries. The "Triassic" was named in 1834 by a German geologist Friedrich Von Alberti from the three distinct layers (Latin trias meaning triad) red beds, capped by chalk, followed by black shales that are found throughout Germany and Northwest Europe, called the 'Trias'. The "Jurassic" was named by a French geologist Alexandre Brogniart for the extensive marine limestone exposures of the Jura Mountains. The "Cretaceous" (from Latin creta meaning 'chalk') as a separate period was first defined by a Belgian geologist Jean d'Omalius d'Halloy in 1822, using strata in the Paris basin[8] and named for the extensive beds of chalk (calcium carbonate deposited by the shells of marine invertebrates). British geologists were also responsible for the grouping of periods into Eras and the subdivision of the Tertiary and Quaternary periods into epochs. When William Smith and Sir Charles Lyell first recognized that rock strata represented successive time periods, time scales could be estimated only very imprecisely since various kinds of rates of change used in estimation were highly variable. While creationists had been proposing dates of around six or seven thousand years for the age of the Earth based on the Bible, early geologists were suggesting millions of years for geologic periods with some even suggesting a virtually infinite age for the Earth. Geologists and paleontologists constructed the geologic table based on the relative positions of different strata and fossils, and estimated the time scales based on studying rates of various kinds of weathering, erosion, sedimentation, and lithification. Until the discovery of radioactivity in 1896 and the development of its geological applications through radiometric dating during the first half of the 20th century (pioneered by such geologists as Arthur Holmes) which allowed for more precise absolute dating of rocks, the ages of various rock strata and the age of the Earth were the subject of considerable debate. In 1977, the Global Commission on Stratigraphy (now the International Commission on Stratigraphy) started an effort to define global references (Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points) for geologic periods and faunal stages. The commission's most recent work is described in the 2004 geologic time scale of Gradstein et al.[9]. A UML model for how the timescale is structured, relating it to the GSSP, is also available[10].

[edit] Table of geologic time

The following table summarizes the major events and characteristics of the periods of time making up the geologic time scale. As above, this time scale is based on the International Commission on Stratigraphy. (See lunar geologic timescale for a discussion of the geologic

subdivisions of Earth's moon.) The height of each table entry does not correspond to the duration of each subdivision of time.
v d e

Geologic time scale[hide]

Stratiographic stage or Faunal Major events stage[12] / Geologic age Start, million years ago[12]

Super eon

Eon

Era

Period[11]

Series / Epoch

Phanero Neogene Cenozoic[13] [13] Holocene zoic

Quaternary

The last glacial period ends and rise of human civilization. Quaternary Ice Age recedes, and the current interglacial begins. Younger Dryas cold spell occurs, Sahara 0.011430 [ Desert forms 0.00013 13][15] from savannah, and agriculture begins, allowing humans to build cities. Paleolithic/Ne olithic (Stone Age) cultures begin around 10,000 BC, giving way to Copper Age

(3500 BC) and Bronze Age (2500 BC). Cultures continue to grow in complexity and technical advancement through the Iron Age (1200 BC), giving rise to many prehistoric cultures throughout the world, eventually leading into Classical Antiquity, such as Ancient Rome and even to the Middle Ages and present day. Little Ice Age (stadial) causes brief cooling in Northern Hemisphere from 1400 to 1850. Also refer to the List of archaeological periods for

clarification on early cultures and ages. Mount Tambora erupts in 1815, causing the Year Without a Summer (1816) in Europe and North America from a volcanic winter. atmospheric CO2 levels start creeping from 100 ppmv at the end of the last glaciation to the current level of 385 parts per million volume (ppmv), causing, according to some sources, global warming and climate change, possibly from anthropogenic sources, such

as the Industrial Revolution[14] Late/Tyrrhenian Stage Middle Early Flourishing and then extinction of many large mammals (Pleistocene megafauna). Evolution of anatomically modern humans. Quaternary Ice Age continues with glaciations and interstadials (and the accompanying fluctuations from 100 to 300 ppmv in atmospheric Carbon Dioxide levels[14]), further intensification of Icehouse Earth conditions, roughly 1.6 MYA[16]. Last glacial maximum 0.126 0.005* 0.500? 1.806 0.005*

Pleistocene

Gelasian

2.588 0.005*

(30,000 years ago), last glacial period (18,00015,000 years ago). Dawn of human stoneage cultures, with increasing technical complexity than previous ice age cultures, such as engravings and clay statues (Venus of Lespugue), particularly in the Mediterranea n and Europe. Lake Toba supervolcano erupts 75,000 years before present, causing a volcanic winter and pushes humanity to the brink of extinction. Pliocene 3.600 Piacenzian/Blancan Intensification 0.005* of present

Zanclean

Icehouse conditions, Present (Quaternary) ice age begins roughly 2.58 MYA; cool and dry climate. Australopithec 5.332 ines, many of 0.005* the existing genera of mammals, and recent mollusks appear. Homo habilis appears. Moderate Icehouse climate, puncuated by ice ages; Orogeny in northern hemisphere. Modern mammal and bird families became recognizable. Horses and mastodons diverse. Grasses become ubiquitous. First apes appear (for 7.246 0.05* 11.608 0.05* 13.65 0.05* 15.97 0.05* 20.43 0.05*

Messinian

Tortonian

Burdigalian

Serravallian Miocene Langhian

Aquitanian

23.03 0.05*

reference see the article: "Sahelanthrop us tchadensis"). Kaikoura Orogeny forms Southern Alps in New Zealand, continues today. Orogeny of the Alps in Europe slows, but continues to this day. Carpathean orogeny forms Carpathian Mountains in Central and Eastern Europe. Hellenic orogeny in Greece and Aegean Sea slows, but continues to this day. Middle Miocene Disruption occurs. Widespread forests slowly draw in

massive amounts of atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, gradually lowering the level atmospheric CO2 from 650 ppmv down to around 100 ppmv[14]. Chattian 28.4 0.1* Warm but cooling climate, moving towards Icehouse; Rapid evolution and diversification of fauna, 33.9 0.1* especially mammals. Major evolution and dispersal of modern types of flowering plants 37.2 0.1 Moderate, cooling 40.4 0.2* climate. Archaic 48.6 0.2* mammals (e.g. Creodonts, 55.8 0.2* Condylarths,
*

Oligocene Rupelian Paleogen e[13]

Priabonian Bartonian Eocene Lutetian Ypresian

Uintatheres, etc) flourish and continue to develop during the epoch. Appearance of several "modern" mammal families. Primitive whales diversify. First grasses. Reglaciation of Antarctica and formation of its ice cap; Azolla event triggers ice age, and the Icehouse Earth climate that would follow it to this day, from the settlement and decay of seafloor algae drawing in massive amounts of atmospheric Carbon Dioxide[14], lowering it from 3800

ppmv down to 650 ppmv. End of Laramide and Sevier Orogenies of the Rocky Mountains in North America. Orogeny of the Alps in Europe begins. Hellenic Orogeny begins in Greece and Aegean Sea. Thanetian Selandian 58.7 0.2* Climate tropical. * Modern plants 61.7 0.3 appear; Mammals diversify into a number of primitive lineages following the extinction of * the dinosaurs. 65.5 0.3 First large mammals (up to bear or small hippo size). Alpine orogeny in Europe and Asia begins.

Paleocene Danian

Indian Subcontinent collides with Asia 55 MYA[16], Himalayan Orogeny starts between 52 and 48 MYA. Maastrichtian Campanian Santonian Upper/Late Coniacian Turonian Cenomanian Albian Cretaceo us 70.6 0.6* Flowering plants 83.5 0.7* proliferate, along with 85.8 0.7* new types of insects. More 89.3 1.0* modern teleost fish 93.5 0.8* begin to appear. 99.6 0.9* Ammonites, belemnites, 112.0 1.0* rudist bivalves, 125.0 echinoids and 1.0* sponges all common. 130.0 Many new 1.5* types of dinosaurs (e.g. 136.4 Tyrannosaurs, 2.0* Titanosaurs, duck bills, and 140.2 horned 3.0* dinosaurs) evolve on land, as do 145.5 Eusuchia 4.0* (modern crocodilians);

Mesozoic

Aptian

Barremian

Lower/Early Hauterivian

Valanginian

Berriasian

and mosasaurs and modern sharks appear in the sea. Primitive birds gradually replace pterosaurs. Monotremes, marsupials and placental mammals appear. Break up of Gondwana. Beginning of Laramide and Sevier Orogenies of the Rocky Mountains. Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide close to present-day levels. Tithonian Gymnosperms (especially conifers, Bennettitales and cycads) and ferns common. Many types of dinosaurs, such as sauropods, 150.8 4.0* 155.7 4.0* 161.2 4.0* 164.7 4.0

Upper/Late Kimmeridgian Jurassic Oxfordian

Middle

Callovian

Bathonian

Bajocian

Aalenian

Toarcian

Pliensbachian

Sinemurian

Lower/Early

Hettangian

carnosaurs, and stegosaurs. Mammals common but small. First birds and lizards. Ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs diverse. Bivalves, Ammonites and belemnites abundant. Sea urchins very common, along with crinoids, starfish, sponges, and terebratulid and rhynchonellid brachiopods. Breakup of Pangaea into Gondwana and Laurasia. Nevadan orogeny in North America. Rantigata and Cimmerian Orogenies taper off.

167.7 3.5* 171.6 3.0* 175.6 2.0* 183.0 1.5* 189.6 1.5* 196.5 1.0*

199.6 0.6*

Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide levels 4-5 times the present day levels (12001500 ppmv, compared to today's 385 ppmv[14]). Rhaetian Archosaurs dominant on land as dinosaurs, in the oceans as Ichthyosaurs and nothosaurs, and in the air as pterosaurs. cynodonts become smaller and more mammal-like, while first mammals and crocodilia appear. Dicrodium flora common on land. Many large aquatic temnospondyl amphibians. Ceratitic ammonoids extremely common. 203.6 1.5* 216.5 2.0* 228.0 2.0* 237.0 2.0* 245.0 1.5* 249.7 1.5*

Upper/Late Norian

Carnian

Ladinian Middle Anisian Triassic Olenekian

Lower/Early ("Scythian") Induan

251.0 0.7*

Modern corals and teleost fish appear, as do many modern insect clades. Andean Orogeny in South America. Cimmerian Orogeny in Asia. Rangitata Orogeny begins in New Zealand. Hunter-Bowen Orogeny in Northern Australia, Queensland and New South Wales ends, (c. 260225 MYA) Landmasses unite into Lopingian supercontinen Wuchiapingian t Pangaea, creating the Appalachians. Permian Capitanian End of PermoCarboniferous Guadalupia glaciation. n Wordian/Kazanian Synapsid reptiles Roadian/Ufimian (pelycosaurs Changhsingian 253.8 0.7* 260.4 0.7* 265.8 0.7* 268.4 0.7* 270.6

Paleozoic

Kungurian

Artinskian

Sakmarian

Cisuralian

Asselian

and therapsids) become plentiful, while parareptiles and temnospondyl amphibians remain common. In the midPermian, coalage flora are replaced by cone-bearing gymnosperms (the first true seed plants) and by the first true mosses. Beetles and flies evolve. Marine life flourishes in warm shallow reefs; productid and spiriferid brachiopods, bivalves, forams, and ammonoids all abundant. PermianTriassic extinction event occurs

0.7* 275.6 0.7* 284.4 0.7* 294.6 0.8*

299.0 0.8*

251 mya: 95% of life on Earth becomes extinct, including all trilobites, graptolites, and blastoids. Ouachita and Innuitian orogenies in North America. Uralian orogeny in Europe/Asia tapers off. Altaid orogeny in Asia. Hunter-Bowen Orogeny on Australian Continent begins, (c. 260-225 MYA). Forms the MacDonnell Ranges. Gzhelian CarbonUpper/Late iferous[17 ] Kasimovian / Pennsylvanian Middle Moscovian Winged insects radiate suddenly; some (esp. Protodonata and Palaeodictyop tera) are quite 303.9 0.9* 306.5 1.0* 311.7 1.1*

Lower/Early Bashkirian

large. Amphibians common and diverse. First reptiles and coal forests (scale trees, ferns, club trees, giant horsetails, Cordaites, etc.). Highestever atmospheric oxygen levels. Goniatites, brachiopods, bryozoa, 318.1 bivalves, and 1.3* corals plentiful in the seas and oceans. Testate forams proliferate. Uralian orogeny in Europe and Asia. Variscan orogeny occurs towards middle and late Mississippian Periods. Large 326.4

Carbon- Upper/Late Serpukhovian

iferous[17 ] / Missis- Middle sippian

Visan

Lower/Early Tournaisian

primitive trees, first land vertebrates, and amphibious sea-scorpions live amid coalforming coastal swamps. Lobe-finned rhizodonts are dominant big fresh-water predators. In the oceans, early sharks are common and quite diverse; echinoderms (especially crinoids and blastoids) abundant. Corals, bryozoa, goniatites and brachiopods (Productida, Spiriferida, etc.) very common. But trilobites and nautiloids decline. Glaciation in East

1.6* 345.3 2.1*

359.2 2.5*

Gondwana. Tuhua Orogeny in New Zealand tapers off. Famennian Upper/Late Frasnian First clubmosses, horsetails and ferns appear, as do the first seed-bearing plants (progymnospe rms), first trees (the progymnosper m Archaeopteris) , and first (wingless) insects. Strophomenid and atrypid brachiopods, rugose and tabulate corals, and crinoids are all abundant in the oceans. Goniatite ammonoids are plentiful, while squidlike coleoids arise. Trilobites and armoured agnaths 374.5 2.6* 385.3 2.6* 391.8 2.7* 397.5 2.7* 407.0 2.8* 407.0 2.8*

Givetian Middle Eifelian

Emsian

Pragian Devonian

Lower/Early

Lochkovian

416.0 2.8*

decline, while jawed fishes (placoderms, lobe-finned and ray-finned fish, and early sharks) rule the seas. First amphibians still aquatic. "Old Red Continent" of Euramerica. Beginning of Acadian Orogeny for Anti-Atlas Mountains of North Africa, and Appalachian Mountains of North America, also the Antler, Variscan, and Tuhua Orogeny in New Zealand. First Vascular plants (the rhyniophytes and their Ludfordian Ludlow/Cay relatives), first ugan millipedes and Gorstian arthropleurids on land. First Wenlock Homerian/Lockporti jawed fishes, Pridoli no faunal stages defined 418.7 2.7* 421.3 2.6* 422.9 2.5* 426.2

Silurian

 2.4* as well as many Sheinwoodian/Tona armoured 428.2 * wandan jawless fish, 2.3 populate the 436.0 Telychian/Ontarian seas. Sea 1.9* scorpions reach large 439.0 Aeronian size. Tabulate 1.8* and rugose corals, brachiopods (Pentamerida, Rhynchonellid a, etc.), and crinoids all abundant. Trilobites and mollusks diverse; graptolites not Llandovery/ as varied. Alexandrian Beginning of Caledonian 443.7 Rhuddanian Orogeny for 1.5* hills in England, Ireland, Wales, Scotland, and the Scandinavian Mountains. Also continued into Devonian period as the Acadian Orogeny, an

above. Taconic Orogeny tapers off. Lachlan Orogeny on Australian Continent tapers off. Invertebrates 445.6 * diversify into 1.5 Upper/Late many new 460.9 other faunal stages types (e.g., * long straight- 1.6 shelled 468.1 cephalopods). Darriwilian 1.6* Early corals, Middle articulate 471.8 other faunal stages brachiopods 1.6* (Orthida, Strophomenid 471.8 Arenig a, etc.), 1.7* bivalves, Ordovici nautiloids, an trilobites, ostracods, bryozoa, many types of echinoderms Lower/Early (crinoids, 488.3 cystoids, Tremadocian * starfish, etc.), 1.7 branched graptolites, and other taxa all common. Conodonts (early planktonic Hirnantian

vertebrates) appear. First green plants and fungi on land. Ice age at end of period. other faunal stages Furongian Paibian/Ibexian/ Ayusokkanian/Sakia n/ Aksayan other faunal stages/Albertan Major diversification of life in the Cambrian Explosion. Many fossils; most modern animal phyla appear. First chordates appear, along with a number of extinct, problematic phyla. Reefbuilding Archaeocyath a abundant; then vanish. Trilobites, priapulid worms, sponges, inarticulate brachiopods (unhinged lampshells), and many other animals numerous. Anomalocarid s are giant 496.0 2.0*

501.0 2.0*

Middle

513.0 2.0

Cambria n

other faunal stages/ Waucoban/Tommot Lower/Early ian/ Atdabanian/Botomi an

542.0 1.0*

predators, while many Ediacaran fauna die out. Prokaryotes, protists (e.g., forams), fungi and algae continue to present day. Gondwana emerges. Petermann Orogeny on the Australian Continent tapers off (550-535 MYA). Ross Orogeny in Antarctica. Adelaide Geosyncline (Delamerian Orogeny), majority of orogenic activity from 514-500 MYA. Lachlan Orogeny on Australian Continent, c. 540-440 MYA. Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide content roughly 20-35

times presentday (Holocene) levels (6000 ppmv compared to today's 385 ppmv)[14] Good fossils of the first multi-celled animals. Ediacaran biota flourish worldwide in seas. Simple trace fossils of possible worm-like Trichophycus, etc. First sponges and trilobitomorphs. Enigmatic forms include many Ediacara 630 +5/soft-jellied creatures shaped like bags, disks, or n 30* quilts (like Dickinsonia). Taconic Orogeny in North America. Aravalli Range orogeny in Indian Subcontinent. Beginning of Petermann Orogeny on Australian Continent. Beardmore Orogeny in Antarctica, 633-620 MYA. Possible "Snowball Earth" period. Fossils still NeoCryogeni rare. Rodinia landmass begins to break up. Late 850[20] proterozoic an Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny in Antarctica tapers [19] off. Rodinia supercontinent persists. Trace fossils of simple multi-celled eukaryotes. First radiation of dinoflagellate-like acritarchs. Grenville Orogeny tapers off in North America. Pan-African Orogeny in Africa. Lake Ruker / Nimrod Orogeny 1000[20] in Antarctica, 1000 150 MYA. Edmundian Orogeny (c. 920 - 850 MYA), Gascoyne Complex, Western Australia. Adelaide Geosyncline laid down on Australian Continent, beginning of Adelaide Geosyncline (Delamerian Orogeny) in that continent. Narrow highly metamorphic belts due to 1200[20] orogeny as Rodinia formed. Late Ruker / Nimrod

Preca mProter[1 brian ozoic[19]

8]

Tonian

MesoStenian proterozoic

[19]

Orogeny in Antarctica possibly begins. Musgrave Orogeny (c. 1080 MYA), Musgrave Block, Central Australia. Platform covers continue to expand. Green Ectasian algae colonies in the seas. Grenville Orogeny in 1400[20] North America. Platform covers expand. Barramundi Orogeny, Calymmi MacArthur Basin, Northern Australia, and Isan an Orogeny, c. 1600 MYA, Mount Isa Block, Queensland

1600[20]

First complex single-celled life: protists with nuclei. Columbia is the primordial supercontinent. Kimban Orogeny in Australian Statheria Continent ends. Yapungku Orogeny on North 1800[20] n Yilgarn craton, in Western Australia. Mangaroon Orogeny, 1680-1620 MYA, on the Gascoyne Complex in Western Australia. Kararan Orogeny (1650- MYA), Gawler Craton, South Australia. The atmosphere became oxygenic. Vredefort and Sudbury Basin asteroid impacts. Much Paleoorogeny. Penokean and Trans-Hudsonian proterozoic Orogenies in North America. Early Ruker [19] Orosirian Orogeny in Antarctica, 2000 - 1700 MYA. Glenburgh Orogeny, Glenburgh Terrane, Australian Continent c. 2005 - 1920 MYA. Kimban Orogeny, Gawler craton in Australian Continent begins. Rhyacian Bushveld Formation formed. Huronian glaciation.

2050[20]

2300[20]

Oxygen Catastrophe: banded iron formations Siderian formed. Sleaford Orogeny on Australian Continent, Gawler Craton 2440-2420 MYA. Archean[ Neoarchea Stabilization of most modern cratons; possible mantle overturn event. Insell Orogeny, 2650 150 MYA. Abitibi

2500[20]

2800[20]

19]

n[19]

greenstone belt in present-day Ontario and Quebec begins to form, stablizes by 2600 MYA.

First stromatolites (probably colonial cyanobacteria). Oldest macrofossils. Humboldt Orogeny in Antarctica. Mesoarche Blake River Megacaldera Complex begins to form in an[19] present-day Ontario and Quebec, ends by roughly 2696 MYA.

3200[20]

First known oxygen-producing bacteria. Oldest definitive Paleoarche microfossils. Oldest cratons on earth (such as the 3600[20] an[19] Canadian Shield and the Pilbara Craton) may have formed during this period[21]. Rayner Orogeny in Antarctica. Eoarchean[ Simple single-celled life (probably bacteria and perhaps 19] archaea). Oldest probable microfossils. 3800

Lower This era overlaps the end of the Late Heavy Bombardment c.3850 Imbrian[19][2 of the inner solar system. 3] This era gets its name from the lunar geologic timescale when the Nectaris Basin and other major lunar basins were formed by large impact events.

Nectarian[1
9][23]

c.3920

Hadean
[19][22]

Basin Groups[19][2
3]

Oldest known rock (4030 Ma)[24]. The first Lifeforms and self-replicating RNA molecules may have evolved on earth c.4150 around 4000 Ma during this era. Naiper Orogeny in Antarctica, 4000 200 MYA.

Cryptic[19][23 Oldest known mineral (Zircon, 44068 Ma[25]). Formation c.4570 ] of Earth (4567.17 to 4570 Ma)

1. ^ International Commission on Stratigraphy. "International Stratigraphic Chart". Retrieved on 2008-06-17. 2. ^ Munim M. Al-Rawi and Salim Al-Hassani (November 2002). "The Contribution of Ibn Sina (Avicenna) to the development of Earth sciences". FSTC. Retrieved on 2008-07-01. 3. ^ Stephen Toulmin and June Goodfield (1965), The Ancestry of Science: The Discovery of Time, p. 64, University of Chicago Press (cf. The Contribution of Ibn Sina to the development of Earth sciences) 4. ^ Scheppler, Bill (2006), Al-Biruni: Master Astronomer and Muslim Scholar of the Eleventh Century, The Rosen Publishing Group, 86, ISBN 1404205128

5. ^ Sivin, Nathan (1995). Science in Ancient China: Researches and Reflections. Brookfield, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing Variorum series, III, 23 24. 6. ^ John McPhee, Basin and Range, New York:Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1981, pp.95-100. 7. ^ John McPhee, Basin and Range, pp.113-114. 8. ^ (1974) Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd ed. (in Russian), Moscow: Sovetskaya Enciklopediya, vol. 16, p. 50. 9. ^ Felix M. Gradstein, James G. Ogg, Alan G. Smith (Editors); A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press, 2005, (ISBN 0-521-78673-8) 10. ^ Cox & Richard, A formal model for the geologic time scale and global stratotype section and point, compatible with geospatial information transfer standards, Geosphere, volume 1, pp 119137, Geological Society of America, 2005 11. ^ Paleontologists often refer to faunal stages rather than geologic (geological) periods. The stage nomenclature is quite complex. See "The Paleobiology Database". Retrieved on 2006-03-19. for an excellent time ordered list of faunal stages. 12. ^ a b Dates are slightly uncertain with differences of a few percent between various sources being common. This is largely due to uncertainties in radiometric dating and the problem that deposits suitable for radiometric dating seldom occur exactly at the places in the geologic column where they would be most useful. The dates and errors quoted above are according to the International Commission on Stratigraphy 2004 time scale. Dates labeled with a * indicate boundaries where a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point has been internationally agreed upon: see List of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points for a complete list. 13. ^ a b c d Historically, the Cenozoic has been divided up into the Quaternary and Tertiary sub-eras, as well as the Neogene and Paleogene periods. However, the International Commission on Stratigraphy has recently decided to stop endorsing the terms Quaternary and Tertiary as part of the formal nomenclature. 14. ^ a b c d e f For more information on this, see the following articles: Earth's atmosphere, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere, Image:Phanerozoic_Carbon_Dioxide.png, Image:65 Myr Climate Change.png, Image:Five Myr Climate Change.png, and Template:DF temperature 15. ^ The start time for the Holocene epoch is here given as 11,430 years ago 130 years (that is, between 9610 BC-9560 BC and 9350 BC-9300 BC). For further discussion of the dating of this epoch, see Holocene. 16. ^ a b MYA = Million Years Ago 17. ^ a b In North America, the Carboniferous is subdivided into Mississippian and Pennsylvanian Periods. 18. ^ The Precambrian is also known as Cryptozoic. 19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n The Proterozoic, Archean and Hadean are often collectively referred to as the Precambrian Time or sometimes, also the Cryptozoic. 20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Defined by absolute age (Global Standard Stratigraphic Age). 21. ^ The age of the oldest measurable craton, or continental crust, is dated to 3600-3800 Ma 22. ^ Though commonly used, the Hadean is not a formal eon and no lower bound for the Archean and Eoarchean have been agreed upon. The Hadean has also sometimes been called the Priscoan or the Azoic. Sometimes, the Hadean can be found to be subdivided according to the lunar geologic time scale. These eras include the Cryptic and Basin Groups (which are subdivisions of the pre-Nectarian era), Nectarian, and Lower Imbrian eras. 23. ^ a b c d These era names were taken from the Lunar geologic timescale. Their use for Earth geology is unofficial.

24. ^ Oldest rock on earth is the Acasta Gneiss, and it dates to 4.03 Ga, located in the Northwest Territories of Canada. 25. ^ http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~valley/zircons/Wilde2001Nature.pdf

[edit] See also

y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y y

Age of the Earth Anthropocene Cosmological timeline Deep time Geological history of Earth Graphical timeline of our universe History of Earth List of fossil sites (with link directory) Logarithmic timeline Lunar geologic timescale Martian geologic timescale Natural history Timeline of human evolution Time line of the geologic history of the United States Timetable of the Precambrian New Zealand geologic time scale Timeline of evolution

[edit] External links

y y y y y y y y y

NASA: Geologic Time GSA: Geologic Time Scale British Geological Survey: Geological Timechart GeoWhen Database International Commission on Stratigraphy Time Scale CHRONOS National Museum of Natural History - Geologic Time SeeGrid: Geological Time Systems Information model for the geologic time scale Exploring Time from Planck Time to the lifespan of the universe

[edit] References and footnotes

List of oil fields

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This list of oil fields includes major oil fields of the past and present. The list is incomplete; there are more than 40,000 oil and gas fields of all sizes in the world[1].

USGS map of countries where oil is located. However, 94% of known oil is concentrated in fewer than 1500 giant and major fields [2] N.B. Some of the items listed are basins that are composed of many fields (e.g. Campos Basin). The largest discovered conventional oil field is the Ghawar Field (75-83 billion); some unconventional oil fields, such as Venezuela's Orinoco tar sands and Canada's Athabasca tar sands, contain even greater reserves. Amounts given are estimated ultimate recoverable resources (proved reserves plus cumulative production) in barrels. Non-conventional sources, such as Oil shale reserves are not included in this chart. Selected oil fields Country The United Arab Emirates Bahrain Iraq Province
[3]

Field Middle East Umm Shaif Field

Ultimate

Rub Al Khali Basin

Zakum Field Greater Ghawar Uplift Awali Mesopotamian Foredeep East Baghdad Field

20 billion 1 billion 11 billion

Basin Kirkuk Field Majnoon Field Rumaila Field West Qurna Field Abouzar Field Aghajari Field Ahwaz Field Azadegan Field Balal Field Darkhovin Field Dehluran Field Dorood Field Esfandiar Field Fereidoon Field Gachsaran Field Marun Field Naftshahr Field Nowrouz Field Salman Field Sirri Field Yadavaran Field Mesopotamian Foredeep Burgan Field Basin Minagish Raudhatain Sabriya Fahud-Huqf Yibal Qatar Arch Maydan Mahzam Bul Hanine Field Greater Ghawar Uplift Dukhan Field Rub Al Khali Shaybah Field Abu Hadriya Field Greater Ghawar uplift Abu-Sa'fah field Abqaiq Field Berri Field Dammam Field Fadhili Field 16 billion 11-20 billion 20.5 billion 11-15 billion 14 billion 17 billion 3-6 billion

Iran

15 billion 16 billion

~6 billion? 66-72 billion 2 billion 6 billion 3.8-4 billion 1 billion 0.550 billion 0.690 billion 2.2 billion 15 billion 6.1 billion 12 billion 12 billion

Kuwait

Oman Qatar

Saudi Arabia

Foroozan-Marjan Field Ghawar Field Harmaliya Field Khursaniyah Field Manifa Field Marjan Field Qatif Field Zuluf Field Mesopotamian Foredeep Safaniya-Khafji Field Basin Yemen Marib al Jawf Alif Field As'sad Al Kamil Masila Camaal Tawilah Sunah Africa Algeria Ghadames Bir Rebaa Ouargla Hassi Messaoud Illizi Djanet Berkine Ourhound Hassi Berkine Angola Lower Congo fan Kizomba Complex Dalia (oil field) Cobo/Pambi Dikanza Girassol Kissanje Nemba Pacassa Takula Xikomba [5] Cameroon Rio del Rey Basin ? African interior-rift Congo M'Boundi oilfield basin The Central African Ubangi river vally[citation Boise 1[citation needed] needed] Republic Boise 2[citation needed] Red Sea rift / Gulf of Egypt Badri Suez The Neutral Zone

71 billion[4]

11 billion

0.5 billion 0.14 billion

9 billion

2 billion 1 billion

? ~ 1 million ~ 0.5 million

Equatorial Guinea

Gabon Libya

Nigeria

Mauritania

Mali Uganda Azerbaijan Kazakhstan

Belayim Belayim Marine July (Oil field) Ramadan (oil field) Ras Budran Morgan (oil field) October (oil field) Niger Delta toe-Thrust Alba (oil field) Zafiro Rio Muni Basin Ceiba (oil field) Oggou Delta Etame Rabi-Kounga Sirte Basin Serir field Sirte Basin Zelten oil field Sirte Basin Waha field Sirte Basin Raguba field Murzuq Basin Elephant field Niger Delta ca 250 fields, total : Agbami Field Johnston Field Bonga Field Mauritanian coastal Chinguetti Field Toif field Banda field Omar field Abdul Field Gao Graben Basin ? Albertine Graben ? Europe and Former Soviet Union South Caspian Basin Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli Shah Deniz Pre-Caspian Basin Tengiz Field Karachaganak Field Kashagan Field Kurmangazy Field Darkhan Field Zhanazhol Field South Torgay Basin Kumkol Field

>1 billion ca. 0.5 billion ca. 0.5 billion ca. 0.5 billion

~ 1 billion

0.8 billion 12.6 billion 2.5 billion

0.7 billion ca 36 billion 0.8-1.2 billion 1.4 billion ~ 120 million [6]

5.4 billion 2.5 billion 6-9 billion 2.5 billion 13 billion 6-7 billion 9,5 billion 3 billion 0.1 billion

Norway

Russia

South Mangyshlak Basin Uzen Field Kalamkas Field Zhetybay Field Nursultan Field Viking Graben (North Ekofisk oil field Sea) Troll Vest Statfjord Gullfaks Oseberg Snorre West of Helgeland Norne (Norwegian Sea) Draugen Western Siberia Samotlor Field Lowlands Priobskoye field Lyantorskoye Field Fyodorovskoye Field Mamontovskoye Field Russkoye Field Vankor Vatyeganskoye Field Tevlinsko-Russkinskoye Field Sutorminskoye Field Urengoy group Ust-Balykskoe Field Vyngapurovskoye Field Yuzhno-Yagunskoye Field Lodochnoye Field Povhovskoye Field Vynga-Yahinskoye Field Salym Group Sugmutskoye Field Muravlenkovskoye Field Holmogorskoye Field Tagulskoye Field Suzunskoye Field

7 billion 3,2 billion 2,1 billion 4,5 billion 3.3 billion 1.4 billion 3.4 billion 2.1 billion 2.2 billion 1.5 billion

20 billion 13 billion 13 billion 11 billion 8 billion 2.5 billion 1.6 billion 1.4 billion 1.3 billion 1.3 billion 1 billion >1 billion 0.9 billion 0.8 billion 0.8 billion 0.8 billion 0.8 billion 0.6-0.8 billion 0.7 billion 0.7 billion 0.6 billion 0.6 billion 0.6 billion

Volga-Ural

Varyeganskoye Field Novogodnee Field Pogranichnoye Field Pokachevskoye Field Kraynee Field Nivagalskoye Field Tazovskoye Field Sporyshevskoye Field Urievskoye Field Payakhskoye Field Kogalym Field Verh-Tarskoye Field Nong-Egan Field Druzhnoye Field Luginetskoe Field Kluchevskoye Field Ety-Purovskoye Field Shaimskoye Field Megionskoe Field Strezhevoe Field Yuzhno-Surgutskoe Field Zapolyarnoye Field Romashkino Field Tuymazinskoe Field] Arlanskoye Field Shkapovskoye Field Ishimbayskoye Field Chekmagush Field Sobolevskoye Field Unvinskoye Field Mishkinskoye Field Mukhanovskoye Field Chutyrsko-Koengorskoye Field Osinskoye Field Kokuyskoye Field Kuedinskoye Field Elabuzhskoye Field

0.5 billion 0.5 billion 0.5 billion 0.4 billion 0.4 billion 0.4 billion 0.4 billion 0.4 billion 0.3 billion 0.3 billion 0.2 billion 0.2 billion 0.2 billion 0.2 billion 0.2 billion 0.1 billion 0.1 billion

16-17 billion 3 billion >2 billion

0.8 billion 0.2 billion

Timan-Pechora Basin

Neftegorskoye Field Buguruslanskoye Field Bavlinskoye Field Syzranskoye Field Ufimskoye Field South-Hilchuy Field North-Dolginskoye Field South-Dolginskoye Field Prirazlomnoe Field West-Matveevskoye Field Haryaginskoye Field Usinskoye Field Varandeyskoye Field Toraveyskoye Field West-Tebuk Field Yaregskoye Field Vozeyskoye Field Yuzhno-Shapkinskoye Field Tadinskoye Field Hilchuy Field Inzyreyskoye Field Yareiyuskoye Field Peschanoozerskoye Field Layavozhskoye Field Odoptu Arukutun-Dagi Piltun-Astokhskoye Field Ayash Field East-Odoptu Field Katangli Kolendo Muhto Mongli Ohinskoye Mirzoev Sabo-West Ekabi Noglikskoye Nabilskoye

3.1 billion 2.2 billion 1.6 billion 1.4 billion 1.1 billion 0.6 billion 0.6 billion 0.5 billion 0.5 billion 0.4 billion 0.3 billion 0.2 billion 0.15 billion 0.1 billion

Sakhalin Islands Sakhalin-I Sakhalin-II Sakhalin-III

14 billion 1 billion 1 billion 1 billion 4.5 billion

1.5 billion

Pre-Caspian Basin

Lena-Tunguska Basin

Nutovskoye Kurmangazy Field Filanovskogo Field Hvalynskoye Field Korchagina Field Pamyatno-Sasovskoye Field Other fields Verhne-Chonskoye Field Talakan Field Yurubchen Field Karabulskoye Field Verhnemanzinskoye Field Troitskoye Field Yaraktinskoye Field Kuyumbinskoye Field Omorinskoye Field Chayandinskoye Field Maykopskoye Field Ahtyrskoye Field Neftegorskoye Field Hadyzhenskoye Field and other Gudermes Field Yastrebinoye Field Oktyabrskoye Field Old-Grozny Field New-Grozny Field Zamankul Field Sernovosk Field and other Zaterechny Field Ozek-Suat Field Velichavskoye Field and other Izberbash Field Verhneviluchanskoye Field Srednebotuobinskoye Field Tas-Yuryakhskoye field Machchobinskoye field Kravtsovskoye field

6-7 billion 0.5 billion 0.2 billion 0.2 billion 0.2 billion ~1.5-2 billion 1.3 billion 1.3 billion 0.4 (8 geo) billion 0.4 billion 0.3 billion 0.3 billion 0.1 billion 0.5 billion

Noth-Caucasus Basin

1.7 billion

0.6 billion

0.6 billion

0.5 billion 0.1 billion 0.3 billion

Lena-Viluy basin Lena-Viluy basin

Baltic Butinge basin

0.05 billion

Germany United Kingdom

Yenisey-Anabar basin Pre-Pacific basin East siberia sea basin Northwest German Basin North sea

search search search Mittelplate Alba oilfield Andrew oilfield Aluk oilfield Scorpion oilfield Beatriss oilfield Brae oilfield Brent oilfield Bruce oilfield Buchan oil field Buzzard oilfield Clair oilfield Claymore oilfield Cormorant oilfield Dunlin oilfield Eider oilfield Forties oilfield Foinaven oilfield Fulmar oilfield Gannet oilfield Goliat ([3]) Harding oilfield Kittiwake oilfield Magnus oilfield Nelson oilfield North Cormorant oilfield Osprey oilfield Piper oilfield (see also Piper Alpha) Rhum gasfield Schiehallion oilfield Shearwater oilfield Tern oilfield Wytch Farm ~ 0.4 billion

1.75 billion

5 billion 0.544 billion

0.48 billion

Romania Argentina Lunlunta Carrizal oilfield, Patagonia Tere de Fuagu Campos Basin including

Ploieşti oil field South America Mendoza City[7] 10 million (?) ~ 10 million ca. 8 billion 1.7 billion 0.5 billion 2.7 billion 5-8 billion 7 billion? 25-40 billion[4] .1 billion ~ 1 billion

Brazil

Colombia

Ecuador

Guyana Venezuela

Dananiel (a) Tere de Fuagu Numerous fields, total : Marlim Albacora Roncador Santos Basin Tupi (oil field) Jupiter field Sugar Loaf field Llanos Cao Limn La Punta Cupiagua/Cusiana Putumayo-Oriente Dorine (oil field) Eden Yutui Palo Azul Sacha Shushufindi Villano Orinoco tar sands (east) West Guyanan Maracaibo Bolivar Coastal Field Boscn Field, Venezuela East Venezuela Orinoco tar sands

ca. 10 million ca. 30 billion 1.6 billion 1.700 trillion (OOIP) 1.700 trillion 3.0 billion 1.0 billion 0.7 billion 0.44 billion 0.3 billion ? 15-20 billion 17 billion 1.5 billion

Canada

Cuba Mexico United States

North America Western Canada Athabasca tar Sands Newfoundland Hibernia Terra Nova Field Hebron-Ben Nevis White Rose Field Garden Hill North Cuba Basin Marti field Campeche Sound Cantarell Field Chicontepec Chicontepec Fields Permian Basin SACROC

Alaska North Slope

Yates Prudhoe Bay Kuparuk oil field Alpine

ANWR 1002 Area Illinois Basin Mid-Continent Cuyama Valley Los Angeles Basin Salinas Valley San Joaquin Valley

No named oil fields Numerous small fields East Texas Oil Field South Cuyama Oil Field Wilmington Oil Field San Ardo Oil Field South Belridge Oil Field Buena Vista Oil Field Coalinga Oil Field Cymric Oil Field Fruitvale Oil Field Elk Hills Field Kern Front Oil Field Kern River Field Lost Hills Field McKittrick Oil Field Midway-Sunset Field Mount Poso Oil Field Ellwood Oil Field Atlantis Oil Field, Thunder Horse Field Knotty Head Jack 2[10] The Great White[11] Tobago[12] Silvertip[13] Asia-Pacific Kingfish Halibut Goodwyn

Santa Barbara County Deepwater Gulf of Mexico

1.5 billion 13 billion 6 billion 0.4 to 1.0 billion (estimates) 7.668 billion mean estimate[8] 4 billion 6 billion 0.25 billion 3.0 billion 0.6 billion 2.0 billion[9] 0.7 billion 1.0 billion 0.6 billion 0.2 billion[9] 1.5 billion[9] 0.2 billion 2.5 billion[9] 0.5 billion 0.3 billion[9] 3.4 billion[9] 0.3 billion[9] 0.2 billion to 2.1 billion 0.6 billion >1 billion 0.2 - 0.5 billion in development in development in development in development ~1.2 billion ~1 billion

Alaminos Canyon

Australia

Bass Strait NW shelf, Carnavon Basin

China

Heilongjiang Bohai Bay Tarim Assam Cambay Barmer (W. Rajasthan) Mumbai offshore Krishna Godavari Gujarat Northwest Java Basin North Sumatra Central Sumatra Basin Asri Basin Kutai Basin

India

Indonesia

Pakistan

Natuna Sea Punjab Karachi coastal

Enfield Wanaea-Cossack Daqing Field Shengli Field Jidong Field Tahe Field Digboi Field Kalol Field Balol Field Several Fields Bombay High Ravva Field Santhal Field Ardjuna Arun Duri Minas Widuri Attaka West Seno Nilam Belida Toot oilfield [14] [15] Missa Keswaal Jinnah oil field Ul-Haq oil field Musharraf oil field Mizra oil field Khan oil field Wasim oil field

16 billion 2.2 billion(?) 8 billion(?)

~ 2 billion

~ 1 billion 0.5 bn ? ~ 0.5 billion 0.4 billion ? 0.4 billion ? 0.3 billion ? ? ?

[edit] See also

y y y y y y

List of natural gas fields List of oil and gas fields of the North Sea Peak oil/Table of largest oil fields Oil Megaprojects OPEC OAPEC

y y

Petrol Giant oil and gas fields

[edit] External Links

y

Interactive Map over the Norwegian Continental Shelf, live information, facts, pictures and videos.

[edit] References
1. ^ Schlumberger World Energy Atlas 2. ^ Ivanhoe, L. F, and G G. Leckie, -"Global oil, gas fields, sizes tallied, analyzed," Oil and Gas Journal. Feb. 15, 1993, pp. 87-91 3. ^ "Oil provinces" are larger than "petroleum systems" and characterized by a stratigraphic sequence and a tectonic stetting. The partition of oil provinces, and their names, can change from source to source. The names used here are from USGS. 4. ^ http://www.saudiaramco.com/ 5. ^ templetonthorp.com 6. ^ offshore-technology.com 7. ^ [1] [2] 8. ^ U.S. Geological Survey Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, 1002 Area, Petroleum Assessment, 1998, Including Economic Analysis 9. ^ a b c d e f g California Department of Conservation, Oil and Gas Statistics 10. ^ "Chron.com-A first: Shell plans to produce at 8,000 feet in Gulf". Retrieved on 200610-26. 11. ^ "http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2006-10/artikel-7207743.asp". Retrieved on 2006-10-26. 12. ^ "http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2006-10/artikel-7207743.asp". Retrieved on 2006-10-26. 13. ^ "http://www.finanznachrichten.de/nachrichten-2006-10/artikel-7207743.asp". Retrieved on 2006-10-26. 14. ^ Canadian Firm to Develop Pakistan Oilfield - PakPositive 15. ^ RIGZONE - International Sovereign Energy Inks Deal for Toot Oilfield