G.H.

RAISONI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, NAGPUR Department: -Electronics & Communication Engineering Branch: -3rd Semester[Electronics & Telecommunication] Subject: - Electronic Measurement List of Experiments
CYCLE-1. 1. Measurement of medium resistance by using voltmeter ammeter method. 2. Measurement of medium resistance by using whetstone bridge method. 3. Measurement of low resistance by using Kelvin bridge method. 4. Measurement of high resistance by using loss of charge method. 5. Measurement of unknown inductance by using Hays bridge method. CYCLE-2. 6. Measurement of unknown inductance by using Maxwell bridge method. 7. Measurement of unknown capacitance schering bridge method. 8. Measurement of 3-phase power by the one-watt meter method. 9. Measurement of 3-phase power by the two-watt meter method. 10. To study DC potentiometer.

Experiment No-01 Aim:- Measurement of medium resister by the voltmeter and ammeter method. Apparatus:- DC ammeter(0-500mA)
DC Voltmeter (0-5V) Dc power supply (0-30V) Variable Resistance -100 ohm. Connecting wires.

Circuit Diagram:-

Observation Table:Volt(voltage) Current(Amp) Resistance (calculated) Resistance (measured)

Two types of the connections are done one employed for the ammeter voltmeter method as shown in the figure voltmeter and ammeter are connected in series, where ammeter measures the total current flowing through the circuit and voltmeter measures the voltage across the unknown resistance .The voltmeter should have ideally infinite resistance and ammeter should have ideally zero resistance so that it will measure total current flowing through the unknown resistance. But practically it is not possible and measured value Rm of the resistance is the sum of resistance of ammeter and actual resistance. Rm=R1+Ra Where R1=Actual resistance. Ra=resistance of the ammeter.

Theory: -

It is clear from the expression that the value of measured resistance is equal to actual resistance when ammeter has zero resistance.

Procedure:1) 2) 3) 4)

Make the connections as per circuit diagram. Switch on the supply and note down the readings of ammeter and voltmeter. Calculate the value of the unknown resistance by ohms low. Perform the procedure for the other case similarly. found .

Result: - Hence we study the measured and the actual vale of the unknown resistance is Viva Questions:-

1) What are the resistance values required for ammeter and voltmeter? 2) What are the disadvantages of this method?

Aim: - Measurement of the medium resistance by using whetstone bridge method. Apparatus: - Power supply,
Resistor: - 10K -1no,5K -1no,11K -1no Unknown resistor=100 , Pot =1K-1no. Wheat stone bridge kit. Digital multimeter-1no, Patch codes.

Experiment No.-02

Circuit Diagram:-

Observation Table: P (ratio arm resistor) Q (ratio arm resistor) Standard resistor S R measured value R actual

TheoryA very important device used in the measurement of medium resistances is the Wheat stones bridge .it is an accurate and reliable instrument .The wheat stone bridge is an instrument based on the principle of null indication and comparison measurements . The basic circuit of a wheat stone bridge is shown in fig . it has four resistive arms, consisting of resistances P,Q,R and S together with a source of emf and a null detector , usually a galvanometer G or other sensitive current meter is used. The current through the galvanometer depends on the potential difference between points b and d .The bridge is said to be balanced when there is on current through the galvanometer or when the potential difference across the galvanometer is zero. this occurs when the voltage from point b to point a equals the voltage from point d to point a or by referring to other battery terminal , when the voltage from point d to point c equals the voltage from point b to point c. For bridge balance; I1 P=I2 R I1 =I3 =E/P+Q I2 =I4 =E/R+S E=emf of battery. . (.1) (2) (3)

P/P+Q=R/R+S (4) QR=PS (5) Equ . (5) Shows the balance condition of wheat stone bridge. If three of the resistances are known then fourth may be determined by formula R=S*P/Q Where R is the unknown resistance, S is called the standard arm resistor and P and Q are called the ratio arms.

Combining equ (1) and (2) we get

Procedure: -

1) Connect the patch cord as per the circuit diagram. 2) Note the resistance of P and Q using multimeter. 3) Adjust the resistance of P, Q, R, S 4) Switch on the power supply and adjust the resistance S such that galvanometer shows the zero deflection. 5) Now calculate R, R=P*S/Q

Result:- Hence we have studied the low resistance by using whetstone bridge. Viva Questions: 1) What are the other methods used for measurement of medium resistance? 2) Why we use this method for measurement of medium resistance?

Aim: - Measurement of the low resistance by using Kelvin Double bridge method. Apparatus: - Regulated dc supply-1no
Standard resistance coil-1no Kelvins double bridge kit. Digital multimeter-1no, Patch codes.

Experiment No:-03

Circuit Diagram: -

Kelvins bridge is a modification of whetstones bridge and always used in measurement of low resistance. It uses two sets of ratio arms and the four terminal resistances for the low resistance consider the ckt. As shown in fig. The first set of ratio P and Q. The second set of ratio arms are p and q is used to connected to galvanometer to a pt d at an Approx. potential between points m and n to eliminate the effects of connecting lead of resistance r between the known std. resistance s and unknown resistance R .The ratio P/Q is made equal to p/q. under balanced condition there is no current flowing through galvanometer which means voltage drop between a and b, Eab equal to the voltage drop between a and c, Eamd. Now Ead=P/P+Q ; Eab=I[R+S+[(p+q)r/p+q+r]] -------------(1) Eamd= I[R+ p/p+q[ (p+q)r/p+q+r]] --------------------------(2) For zero deflection->

Theory: -

Eac=Ead (3) Now, if Then equa (3) becomes [ P/P+Q]I[R+S+{(p+q)r/p+q+r}]=I[R+pr/p+q+r] ---P/Q=p/q R=P/Q=S -

(4) Equation (4) is the usual working equation. For the Kelvins Double Bridge .It indicates the resistance of connecting lead r. It has no effect on measurement provided that the two sets of ratio arms have equal ratios. Equation (3) is useful however as it shows the error that is introduced in case the ratios are not exactly equal. It indicates that it is desirable to keep r as small as possible in order to minimize the error in case there is a diff. between the ratio P/Q and p/q. R=P/QS

Observation Table: P (ratio arm resistor)

Q (ratio arm resistor)

Standard resistor S

R measured value

R actual

Procedure: 1) 2) 3) 4)

The circuit configuration on the panel is studied. Supply is switched on and increased upto 5v. The unknown resistance is connected as shown . The value of P,Q was selected such that a. P/Q=p/q 5) S was adjusted for proper balance and balance value of s was balanced. 6) The value of known resistance was calculated.

Precautions-

1) Check all the connections before turning ON the power supply. 2) Do not exceed the value of 5v. 3) Note the readings accurately.

Result- The observed value of unknown resistance is Viva Questions:1)Why this method is called as double bridge method?
2)Can this method be beneficial for measurement of low value of resistance or not?

Aim:- Measurement of the high resistance by using loss of charge method. Apparatus:- Multimeter 1no
Ammeter-(0-200ma)-1no Voltmeter (0-30v)-1no Capacitor-10uf-1no Resister-100K-1no Power supply-(0-30v)-1no

Experiment No-04

Circuit Diagram:-

Observation Table:S. NO. Time (sec) V(without R) V(with R) Log10(V/v) without R Log10(V/v) with R

In this method the resistance which is measured is connected in parallel with the capacitor C and the electronic voltmeter V. The capacitor is the charged up to some suitable voltage by means of the battery having the voltage V and is then allowed to discharge through the resistance. The terminal voltage is observed over the considerable period of the time during discharge. Let , V=initial voltage on the charged capacitor . .v=instantaneous discharging voltage. I=the discharging capacitor current through the unknown resistor at time t. Q=the charge still remaining in the capacitor.

Theory:-

I=dq/dt=-cdv/dt V/R+C dv/dt=0 1/RC dt+1/V.dV=0 integrating both sides t/RC+logev+K=0 K is const. of integration At initial condition When T=0 , v=V from equ. (2) K=-logeV now equ. (2) becomes t/RC+logev-logeV=0 therefore. Loge (v/V)=-t/RC v/V=e-t/RC v=V*e-t/RC Taking log on both sides logev=logeV+logee-t/RC R=t/C*loge(V/v) R=0.4343*t/C*log10(V/v)

since[I=V/R] (1) (2)

Procedure:1) Connections is make as per the circuit diagram. 2) Close the switch s and keep s2 open the capacitor charge by own leakage method. 3) New open reading and voltmeter .as its own resistance. 4) Note down the reading of the voltmeter Vs equal interval of the time

Result:- High resistance of the resistance is calculated by using loss of charge method. Viva Questions:- 1)Why this method is called as loss of charge method?
2)What errors occur while performing this practical?

Aim:- Measurement of the unknown inductance by using Hays bridge method. Apparatus:- Multimeter
LCR meter Hays bridge kit, Patch cords.

Experiment No :-5

Circuit Diagram:-

Theory:The hays bridge is the modification of the Maxwell Bridge. This bridge uses a resistance in series with the standard capacitor. The bridge has four resistive arms in which the arms one is consists of the resister R1, Lx .The arm 2 is consists of the variable resistance R3.The low value of the resistance is obtain by the low resistive arms of the bridge. The value of R4 and C4 is the standard value of the capacitor and resistance. By using the unknown inductance having a resistanceR1. R2, R3,R4-is the known non-inductive resistance and C4 is standard value of the capacitor. The unknown value of inductance and Quality factor of the Bridge is obtained by formula. Lx = (R2R3C4) /(1+2R42C42)_ Quality factor (Q)=(1/2R42C42) Basic AC bridges consist of four arms, source excitation and a balanced detector. Commonly used detectors for AC bridges are: (1) Head phones (2) Vibration galvanometers (3) Tunable amplifier detectors

Vibration galvanometer is extremely useful at power and low audio frequency ranges. Vibration galvanometers are manufactured to work at various frequency ranging from 5 KHZ to 1 KHZ. But one most commonly used between 200HZ.

Advantage-1) This Bridge gives very simple expression for unknown for High Q coil. 2) This bridge also gives a simple expression for Q factor. Disadvantage-1)The hays bridge is suited for the measurement of the High Q inductor. 2)It is used to find the inductor having the q value of the smaller then 10.

Procedure:1) Study the circuit provided on the front panel of the kit. 2) Connect unknown inductance LX1 in the circuit. Make all connections to complete the bridge. 3) Put the supply ON 4) Set the null point of galvanometer by adjusting variable resistance R3. 5) Note value of R2, R3, and C4 by removing connection by patch cords. 6) Calculate theoretical value of LX1 using L=R2R3C4 7) Measure value of LX2 by LCR meter and compare it. 8) Repeat process for LX2.
be___

Result:- The unknown inductance is measured using Hays bridge and is found to

Viva Questions:-

1)What is the Q factor of the coil? 2) Which bridges are used for measurement of inductances?

Experiment no 6 Aim:- Measurement of the unknown inductance by using Maxwell bridge method. Apparatus:Digital multimeter, Patch cords. R2=100=1M, R3=9.97K, C4=1f LX1=318mH LX2=73 mH

Circuit Diagram:-

Theory:-

The Maxwells bridge is used an inductance is measured by comparison with a standard variable capacitance. One of the ratio arms has a rsistance and the capacitance in the parallel. In this bridge at the balance in condition there is no current is flow in the galvanometer.henced the balance equation for the bridge using the admittance of the arm 1 instead of the impedance. ZX=(Z2* Z 3*Y1) Where the Y1 is the admittance of the arm-1. Z2=R2 Z3=R3 Y1=(1/R1+j) By separating the real and imaginary term the unknown value of the resister (Rx) and the unknown value of the capacitor (Cx) has given below. Rx=(R2*R3/R1). LX= (R2*R3*C1)

Advantage-

Disadvantage-

1) This bridge is very useful for measurement of a wide range of a inductance at the power and audio frequencies. 2) The frequency does not appear in any of the two equations.

1) This bridge requires a variable standard capacitor, which may be Vary expensive if the calibration to a high degree of the accuracy. 2) The bridge is limited the measure the low Q value.

Procedure:-

1) Study circuit on kit from panel. 2) Connect unknown inductance LX1 in circuit. Make all possible connections to complete the network. Switch the supply on. 3) Set null point of galvanometer by adjusting variable resistance R3 4) Note values of R2, R3, C4 by removing their connections. Calculate theoretical values of LX using L1=R2R3C4. 5) Measure actual value of LX1 using LCR meter. Compare this value with calculated. also calculate Q factor by using above equation. LX1=____

Result:- Unknown inductance measured using Maxwells bridge is found to be Viva Questions:1) What are the limitations of this bridge? 2) What is the difference between this method and Hays bridge method?

Experiment no-7 Aim:- Measurement of the unknown capacitance sharing bridge method. Apparatus:- Sharing bridge kit
digital multimeter, patch cords,

Circuit Diagram:-

The schering bridge one of the most important ac bridge is used the extensively for the measurement of capacitors. In the schering bridge the arm 1 now contains a parallel combination of the resistor and the capacitor and standard arm contain only one capacitor. The standard capacitor is usually a standard high quality mica capacitor. in the balance condition of the bridge the sum of the phase angles of the arms 1 and 4 is equal the sum of the phase angle of arms 2 and 3.at the balance in condition there is no current flow in the galvanometer. The balance equation is derived in the usual manner, and by substituting the corresponding impendence and the admittance the value of the unknown capacitor and the resister is find as given below. Cx=C3(R1/R2). Rx=R2(C1/C2)

Theory:-

Procedure: -

1) Study the circuit provided on the front panel on the kit. 2) Connect the unknown capacitance of the position given. 3) Set the null point of galvanometer by adjusting the variable 4) Calculate the value of unknown capacitance by formula given

Result: -The values of unknown capacitance is measured by shearing bridge Viva Questions1)What is the Q factor of the coil? 2) Which bridges are used for measurement of inductance 3) What is the range of Q?

Aim-. Measurement of the 3phase power by the one watt meter method. Apparatus:Three phase variable load. Wattmeter (0-5A)-, 300v-1no Ammeter (0-10A)-1no Voltmeter (0-600v) , (0-300v)-1no Three phase variance. Circuit Diagram:-

Experiment no-8

In this method the total power is consumed is calculated by using the one wattmeter . This method is used only if the load is balanced The ammeter is connected in between the coil to the same size and line. The other terminal is connected by the two lines. In this method the wattmeter is first connected with the R phase and then the B phase The rating of these two conditions are summed by the total power consumed Here-V1=V2=V3=V & I1=I2=I3=Iline &V13-V12=V23=3V Reading of wattmeter when connected to phase R P1=V12*Il*(30-A) P1=VI3cos(30-A) Reading of wattmeter when connected to phase B P2=V12IL(30+A) P2=3Vicos(30+A)

Theory:-

Sum of two conditions P=P1+P2 P=3Vi{cos(30-A+cos(30+A)} P=3VicosA This equation gives total power consumed by load.

Observation Table:Sr no Voltage Current Power 3 phase watt

Procedure:1) 2) 3) 4)

Make the arrangement as per the circuit diagram. Increase the dimmerstat reading Note the corresponding values of voltmeter ,ammeter and wattmeter. Take consequent 3 readings.

Result:- Hence in that way calculated the 3phase Power by one watt meter method. Viva Questions:-

1) Explain the short how the wattmeter is connected in the circuit to Measure the power delivered to the Load and the Line. 2) Explain How the Resistive Power is measured by the Wattmeter Method

Experiment no- 9 Aim:- Measurement of the 3phase power by the two watt meter method. Apparatus:Ammeter (0-5A)- 1no. Voltmeter (0-600v) 1no Rheostat (100-5A)-1no Resister -100K-3nos.

Circuit Diagram-

Here two wattmeter are connected to measure power in 3 phase circuit. Let V1,V2,V3 be rms values of phase voltage and i1,i2,i3 be rms values of line current Phase voltage=V1=V2=V3=V Line voltage=V13=V23=V12=3V Power factor=cos Reading of P1 wattmeter =V13i1cos(30-) = 3Vphiphcos(30-) Reading of P2 wattmeter= V23i2cos(30+) = 3Vphiphcos(30+) Sum of two wattmeter readings=P=P1+P2 = 3Vphiph[cos( 30-)+cos(30+)] =3Vicos

Theory:-

Observation Table:Sr no Voltage Current Power 3 phase watt

Procedure:-

1) Make the arrangement as per the circuit diagram. 2) Adjust supply voltage to 100v take the reading when the wattmeter is connected between the R and Y phase. 3) Repeat previous for the different reading of the voltage. 4) Also note the corresponding current. 5) Now connect wattmeter between R and B phase . 6) Repeat the previous procedure which will give by the total power consumed by the load.

wattmeter method.

Result:- Hence it is found that the calculated power and the measured power by the two Viva Questions:-

1)What do you mean by the 3phase wattmeter? 2)Explain the short how the wattmeter is connected in the circuit to measure the power delivered to the Load?

Experiment no-10 Aim:- To study of DC potentiometer. Apparatus:Power supply,(0-50v) Battery,(0-30V) Resister-100

Circuit Diagram :-

The potentiometer although not consider a bridge has circuit that using a simple circuit thermo becomes identical to the whetstone bridge. The potentiometer is a device for measuring the voltage while presenting a very high impedance to the voltage source under the Test. The variable resister R1 is the precision device that can be set to an accurate value. the resister is adjusted so that no current is flow through the galvanometer. which is the similar to balancing the bridge. At this point the zero current flow several important characteristics of the potentiometer cab be determine.

Theory:-

Result:- To study the working of the DC potentiometer. Viva questions:1) What is the importance of std.cell of the Dc potentiometer? 2) How the Unknown emf is calculated by the Dc Potentiometer.