I. OLYMPIC HA H C VI T NAM OLYMPIC HA H C SINH VIN VI T NAM 2005 (B ng A): Ion Fe(SCN)2+ c mu n ng b ng ho c l n h n 10-5M. H ng s i n li c a n l 10-2. 3+ 1. M t dung d ch ch a v t Fe .

Thm vo dung d ch ny m t dung d ch KSCN 10-2M (coi th tch khng i). Xc nh n ng t i thi u c a Fe3+ dung d ch xu t hi n mu . + -2 2. M t dung d ch ch a Ag 10 M v Fe3+ 10-4M. Thm dung d ch SCN- vo t o k t t a AgCN (coi th tch khng i). Xc nh n ng Ag+ cn l i trong dung d ch khi xu t hi n mu . Bi t -12 TAgSCN = 10 3. Thm 20cm3 dung d ch AgNO3 5.10-2M vo 10cm3 dung d ch NaCl khng bi t n ng . L ng d Ag+ c chu n b ng dung d ch KSCN v i s c m t c a Fe3+. i m t ng ng (khi 3 -1 b t u xu t hi n mu ) c quan st th y khi thm 6cm dung d ch KSCN 10 M. Tnh n ng c a dung d ch NaCl. BI GI I: 1. Fe3+ + SCN Fe(SCN)2+ -2 N ng cn b ng: Co x 10 x x = 10-5 10 5 ! 10  2 Ta c: 3 2 5 Fe (10  10 ) 3+ [Fe ] = 10-5M Co = 2.10-5M 2. Khi xu t hi n mu th: [Fe(SCN)2+] = 10-5M. V y n ng Fe3+ cn l i l: 9.10-5M Ta c: 10 5 ! 10  2 SCN  9.10  5

SCN  ! 1,1.10  3 M Ag  ! 9,1.10 10 M 3 n(Ag+) = n(AgCl) + n(AgSCN) 20.10-3.5.10-2 = 10.10-3C + 6.10-3.10-1 C = 4.10-2M K THI CH N H C SINH GI I QU C GIA N M 2002 (B NG A) Dung d ch X g m Na2S 0,010M, KI 0,060M, Na2SO4 0,050M. (a) Tnh pH c a dung d ch X. (b) Thm d n Pb(NO3)2 vo dung d ch X cho n n ng 0,090M th thu c k t t a A v dung d ch B. i Cho bi t thnh ph n ho h c c a k t t a A v dung d ch B. ii Tnh n ng cc ion trong dung d ch B (khng k s thu phn c a cc ion, coi th tch dung d ch khng thay i khi thm Pb(NO3)2). iii Nh n bi t cc ch t c trong k t t a A b ng ph ng php ho h c, vi t cc ph ng trnh ph n ng (n u c). BI GI I: a) Tnh pH c a dung d ch Na2S p 2 Na+ + S20,01 0,01 KI p K+ + I0,06 0,06 Na2SO4 p 2Na+ + SO420,05 0,05 S2+ H2O  HS- + OHKb(1) = 10-1,1 (1) -12 2(2) SO4 + H2O  H SO4 + OH Kb(2) = 10 Kb(1) >> Kb(2) nn cn b ng (1) quy t nh pH c a dung d ch:

? A

[]

S2- + (0,01 -x)

H2O

HS- + OHx x

K = 10-1,1

x2 ! 10 1,1 p x 2  0,0794 x  10  3,1 ! 0 0,01  x

= 8,94. 10-3 p [OH-] = 8,94.10-3 p pH = 11,95 2+ 2-1 Pb + S p PbS q (Ks ) = 1026. 0,09 0,01 0,08 p PbSO4 q (Ks-1) = 107,8. Pb2+ + SO420,08 0,05 0,03 Pb2+ + 2 Ip PbI2 (Ks-1) = 107,6. 0,03 0,06 Thnh ph n h n h p: qA : PbS , PbSO4 , PbI2 Dung d ch B : K+ 0,06M Na+ 0,12M Ngoi ra cn c cc ion Pb2+ ; SO42- ; S2- do kt ta tan ra. tan c a px b) bI 2 : 3 10 7, 6 / 4 ! 10 2, 7 Pb 4 : B i v tan c a PbI2 l l n nh t nn cn b PbI2q ! Pb2+ + 2IKs Do [Pb2+] = 10-47 = 2 x 10-3M v 107,8 2= 5. 105,8 = [SO4 ] = 3 2 v 10 [S ] =
2-

bS : S ! 10 ! 10 ! 10 ! 10  3,9 ng ch y u trong dung d ch l cn b ng tan c a PbI2.

-7,8

-26

13

[I-] = 4.10-3M. 7,9.106M << [Pb2+]

1026
3

2 v 10 Pb2+, nh v y n ng Pb2+ do PbS v PbSO4 tan ra l Cc n ng SO42-, S2- u r t b so v i n ng khng ng k nn cch gi i g n ng trn l hon ton chnh xc.  Nh n bi t cc ch t c trong k t t a A: PbS; PbSO4; PbI2. Cho k t t a ho tan trong NaOH d : q PbS khng tan, c mu en. Dung d ch c PbO22-, SO42-, I-, OHPbSO4 + 4 OHp PbO22- + SO42- + 2 H2O PbI2 + 4 OH p PbO22- + 2 I- + 2 H2O Nh n ra ion SO42-: cho BaCl2 d : c k t t a tr ng BaSO4, trong dung d ch c PbO22-, OH-, Ba2+, I. Nh n ra I-, Pb2+: axit ho dung d ch b ng HNO3 d s c k t t a vng PbI2 xu t hi n: OH + H+ p H2O PbO22- + 4 H+ p Pb2+ + 2H2O Pb2+ + 2 I- p PbI2q

5. 1024 << [Pb2+]

K THI CH N H C SINH GI I QU C GIA N M 2003 (B NG A)

1. Trong phng th nghi m c cc dung d ch b m t nhn: AlCl3, NaCl, KOH, Mg(NO3)2, Pb(NO3)2, Zn(NO3)2, AgNO3. Dng thm m t thu c th , hy nh n bi t m i dung d ch. Vi t cc ph ng trnh ph n ng (n u c). 2. Dung d ch bo ha H2S c n ng 0,100 M. H ng s axit c a H2S: K1 = 1,0 x 10-7 v K2 = 1,3 x 10-13. a) Tnh n ng ion sunfua trong dung d ch H2S 0,100 M khi i u ch nh pH = 2,0. b) M t dung d ch A ch a cc cation Mn2+, Co2+, v Ag+ v i n ng ban u c a m i ion u b ng 0,010 M. Ho tan H2S vo A n bo ho v i u ch nh pH = 2,0 th ion no t o k t t a. Cho: TMnS = 2,5 x 10-10 ; TCoS = 4,0 x 10 21 ; TAg2S = 6,3 x 10-50 BI GI I: 1. C th dng thm phenolphtalein nh n bi t cc dung d ch AlCl3, NaCl, KOH, Mg(NO3)2, Pb(NO3)2, Zn(NO3)2, AgNO3. * L n l t nh vi gi t phenolphtalein vo trong dung d ch. - Nh n ra dung d ch KOH do xu t hi n mu ta. * L n l t cho dung d ch KOH vo m i dung d ch cn l i: - Dung d ch AgNO3 c k t t a mu nu Ag+ + OH p AgOH q ; (ho c 2Ag+ + 2OH p Ag2O + H2O) - Dung d ch Mg(NO3)2 c k t t a tr ng, keo Mg2+ + 2OH p Mg(OH)2 q - Cc dung d ch AlCl3, Pb(NO3)2, Zn(NO3)2 u c chung hi n t ng t o ra k t t a tr ng, tan trong dung d ch KOH (d ). Al3+ + 3OH p Al(OH)3 q ; Al(OH)3 q + OH p AlO2 + 2H2O Pb2+ + 2OH p Pb(OH)2 q ; Pb(OH)2q + OH p PbO2 + 2H2O Zn2+ + 2OH p Zn(OH)2 q ; Zn(OH)2q + OH p ZnO2 + 2H2O - Dung d ch NaCl khng c hi n t ng g. - Dng dung d ch AgNO3 nh n ra dung d ch AlCl3 do t o ra k t t a tr ng Ag+ + Cl p AgCl q - Dng dung d ch NaCl nh n ra dung d ch Pb(NO3)2 do t o ra k t t a tr ng Pb2+ + 2 Cl p PbCl2 q - cn l i l dung d ch Zn(NO3)2. 2. a) Tnh n ng ion S2 trong dung d ch H2S 0,100 M; pH = 2,0. CH2S = [H2S] = 0,1 M H2S (k)  H2S (aq) [H2S] = 10-1 H2S (aq)  H+ + HS K1 = 1,0 x 10-7 -2 + 2[H+] = 10 HS  H +S K2 = 1,3 x 10-13 H2S (aq)  [S2- ] = 1,3 x 10-20 x 2H+ + S2 H  S2 K = = Kl. K2 ?H 2 SA 101
2 2 2

?H 2 SA
H
 2

= 1,3 x 10-20 x

10

= 1,3 x 10-17 (M)

b) [Mn2+] [S2- ] = 10-2 x 1,3 x 10-17 = 1,3 x 10-19 < TMnS = 2,5 x 10-10 khng c k t t a [Co2+] [ S2- ] = 10-2 x 1,3 x 10-17 = 1,3 x 10-19 > TCoS = 4,0 x 10-21 t o k t t a CoS + 2 2-2 2 -17 21 -50 [Ag ] [S ] = (10 ) x 1,3 x 10 = 1,3 x 10 > TAg2S = 6,3 x 10 t o k t t a Ag2S

K THI CH N H C SINH GI I QU C GIA N M 2004 (B NG B) 1. Dung d ch A g m Ba(NO3)2 0,060 M v AgNO3 0,012 M. a) Thm t ng gi t K2CrO4 vo dung d ch A cho n d . C hi n t ng g x y ra? b) Thm 50,0 ml K2CrO4 0,270 M vo 100,0 ml dung d ch A. Tnh n ng cc ion trong h n h p thu c. 2. Trnh by s nh n bi t v ph ng trnh ion c a cc ph n ng x y ra khi nh n bi t cc cation trong dung d ch X g m Ba2+, Fe2+, Pb2+, Cr3+, NO3-. Cho: BaCrO4q + H2O Ba2+ + HCrO4- + OH - ; K = 10-17,43 Ag2CrO4 + H2O 2Ag+ + HCrO4- + OH - ; K = 10-19,50 pKa c a HCrO4- b ng 6,50.

BI GI I: 1. a) Hi n t ng: C k t t a BaCrO4 v Ag2CrO4. Xt th t xu t hi n cc k t t a: b t u c BaCrO4 q :

2 4

b t

u c Ag2CrO4 q :

 CrO 2 4

"

K s ( Ag 2CrO 4 ) C 2 Ag 
CrO42-

tnh tch s tan Ks c n t h p cn b ng : BaCrO4 q H2O CrO4 C Suy ra

2-

Ba2+ + H
+

+ OH
-

+ H

HCrO4

BaCrO4 q + H2O
.
w

Ba2+ +

HCrO4- + OH -

K= Ks1 . Kw . Ka-1
s1

10 17 , 43.10 6 ,50 ! 10  9, 93 14 10

Ag2CrO4 q H2O CrO42C K = 10-19,50

s2

2 Ag + + HCrO42 Ag + +

CrO42-

H + + OH HCrO4- + OH

H+

Ag2CrO4 q + H2O 10 19 ,50.10 6 ,50 ! 10 12 14 10

"

s( a r a

2

4)

(1)

(2)

Ks1 Kw Ka-1

Ks2 Kw Ka-1

T (1)

C
C

CrO 2 4

109 ,93 " ! 1,96.109 M 0,060

10 12 " ! 6,94.10 9 M 2 (0,012)

T (2)

CrO 2 4

xu t hi n tr hi n.

b) Sau khi thm K2CrO4:

2 4

Ag2

0,270 x 50,00 ! 0,090 M 150,000 0,0120 x100,00 ! ! 0,0080 M 150,000 !

CrO420,090 0,050 CrO420,050 0,046 Ag2CrO4 q BaCrO4 q

Cc ph n ng: Ba2+ + 0,046 2 Ag + + 0,0080 -

Thnh ph n sau ph n ng : BaCrO4 q ; Ag2CrO4 q ; CrO42- (0,046 M ). Ag2CrO4 q 10-12 2 Ag + + CrO4222+ 10-9,93 Ba + CrO4 BaCrO4 q N ng CrO42C 0,046 (0,046 x ) x2 ! 10  7 ,5 0,046  x x x CrO42- d kh l n, c th coi n ng + H2O HCrO4- + OH CrO42- do 2 k t t a tan ra l khng ng k . Kb = 10-7,5

?A

CCr

24 ( aCr

4)

<

CCr

24 (Ag2Cr

4)

nh ng khng nhi u, v v y s c hi n t n k t t a vng nu c a Ag2CrO4 (

ng k t t a vng c a BaCrO4

c m t t, sau

g ch ) v BaCrO4 vng cng xu t

Ba

2

0,060 x100,00 ! 0,040 M 150,000

x = 3,8.10-5 << 0,046; CrO 2 - ! 0,046 M 4

?Ag A!


10 12, 0 ! 4,66.10  6 M; 0,046

 9 ,93 9

?Ba A! 10,046 ! 2,55.10 0

2

[Ba2+] v [Ag+] u << [CrO42- ], ch ng t n ng V y trong dung d ch c: [Ba2+] = 2,55.10-9M ; [CrO42-] = 0,046M [K+] = CK+ = 0,18M 2. Dung d X ( a2+, e2+, Pb2+, Cr3+, ch +
2 4 3 -

CrO42- do 2 k t t a tan ra l khng ng k .

[Ag+] = 4,66.10-6M ; [OH-] = 3,8.10-5M

; ;

[H+] = 2,63.10-10M;

! 0,088M.
)

Pb

Cr3+, e2+ + a
2-

+ a

d-

2 2

PbO2

Fe(OH)3

CrO4

2-

K ta tr t ng

2SO4, OH - K ta n t u

Dung d mu vng ch

+ Pb Ba2+ + HSO4Pb2+ + HSO4H+ + OH PbSO4q + 4 OH

-

K ta tr (ho + H2S cho k ta PbS mu t ng c t en) BaSO4q + PbSO4q + H+ H+

H2O PbO22- + SO42- + H20 PbSO4q + Cr(OH)3q CrO2- + 2 H2O 2 CrO42- + 4 H2O 2 H2O PbSq en + 2 H2O )

PbO22- + SO42- + 4 H+ ( PbO22- + 2 H2S Cr3+ + 3 OH Cr(OH)3q + OH 2 CrO2- + 3 H2O2 + 2 OH-

Fe2+

+ 2 OH -

Fe(OH)2q Fe(OH)3q

2 Fe(OH)2 + H2O2

K THI CH N H C SINH GI I QU C GIA N M 2005 (B NG A) B ng dung d ch NH3, ng i ta c th lm k t t a hon ton ion Al3+ trong dung d ch n c d ng hydroxit, nh ng ch lm k t t a c m t ph n ion Mg2+ trong dung d ch n c d ng hydroxit. Hy lm sng t i u ni trn b ng cc php tnh c th . Cho bi t: Tch s tan c a Al(OH)3 l 5.1033; tch s tan c a Mg(OH)2 l 4.1012; h ng s phn ly baz c a NH3 l 1,8.105. BI GI I: Tnh h ng s cn b ng K c a ph n ng k t t a hidroxit: 3v NH3 + H2O Al(OH)3 Al3+ + 3 NH3 + 3 H2O T ng t nh v y, NH4+ + OH Al
3+

; KNH = 1,8.105
3

+ 3 OH

; KS,

Al(OH)3

= 5. 1033
3 KNH3 = 1,17.1018

Al(OH)3 + 3 NH4+ ; K =

i v i ph n ng:

KS;Al(OH)3
2 KNH3 = 81

Mg2+ + 2 NH3 + 2 H2O

2+

Mg(OH)2 + 2 NH4+ ; K =

KS;Mg(OH)2
Ph n ng thu n ngh ch, Mg khng k t t a hon ton d i d ng magie hidroxit nh Al3+. K THI CH N H C SINH GI I QU C GIA N M 2005 (B NG B) 1. Tnh i n li c a ion CO32 trong dung d ch Na2CO3 c pH =11,60 (dung d ch A). 2. Thm 10,00 ml HCl 0,160 M vo 10,00 ml dung d ch A. Tnh pH c a h n h p thu c. 3. C hi n t ng g x y ra khi thm 1 ml dung d ch bo ho CaSO4 vo 1 ml dung d ch A. Cho: HCO3 + H+ ; K 1 = 106,35 CO2 + H2O a  2 + HCO3 ; K 2 = 1010,33 H + CO3 a tan c a CO2 trong n c b ng 3,0.102 M. Tch s tan c a CaSO4 b ng 105,04; c a CaCO3 b ng 108,35 + H2O  HCO3 + OH ; Kb1 = 10-14/10-10,33 = 103,67 ( H2O.CO2) + OH ; Kb2 = 10-14/10-6.35 = 107,65 Kb1 >> Kb2 , cn b ng (1) l ch y u. CO32 C [ ] + H2O  HCO3 + OH ; 102,4 102,4 103,67 C C  102,4 (2) (1)

BI GI I: 1. CO32

HCO3 + H2O 

10  C  10

 2,4 2  2, 4

= 103,67

C = 102,4 + (10-4,8/10-3,67) = 0,0781 M

E 2.

CO3

2

102,4v 102 = 5,1 % 0,0781

C Na2CO3 = 0,0781 = 0,03905 M CO2 + 0,03905 H+ + HCO3 ; x [H+] = 1,9.103 106,35 (do Ka1 >> Ka2) H2O

CHCl = CO32 [] 0,03905

0,16/2 = 0,08 M ; + 2 H+ 0,08 1,9. 103

C CO > L CO 2 2 CO2 + H2O C 3,0 v 102 3,0 v 102  x



1,9. 103 1,9. 103 + x

x(1,9. 10 x) = 106,35 2 3,0 v 10  x

V y pH =  lg 1,9. 103 = 2,72 3. C CO 2 = 0,0781/2

3

CaSO4

CO32 C []

0,0391 0,0391  x

CO3 CO3

K t lu n: c k t t a CaCO3 II. OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T : OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 28:

x = 7,05.106 << 1,9. 103

= 0,03905 $ 0,0391 + x SO42 ; KS1 = 105,04 CCa2+ = (10-2,52/2) = 102,82 103,67 (do Kb1 >> Kb2)

Ca2+ x

x = (KS1)0,5 = 102,52 + H2O HCO3 + OH ; x x

x2 ! 10  3,67 x ! 2,89.10  3 0,0391  x

2 = 2

0,0391  2,89.103 = 0,0362 M

. CCa2+ = 0,0362 v 102,82 = 5,47.105 > 108,35

Kali dicromat l m t trong nh ng tc nhn t o k t t a c s d ng r ng ri nh t. Nh ng cn b ng sau c thi t l p trong dung d ch n c c a Cr(VI) pK1 = 6,50 HCrO4- + H2O  CrO42- + H3O+. 2pK2 = -1,36 2HCrO4  Cr2O7 + H2O 1. Tch s ion c a n c KW = 1,0.10-14 Tnh h ng s cn b ng c a cc ph n ng sau: a) CrO42- + H2O  HCrO4- + OHb) Cr2O72- + 2OH-  2CrO42- + H2O 2. Tch s tan c a BaCrO4 l T = 1,2.10-10. Ba2Cr2O7 tan d n dng trong n c. Cn b ng c a ph n ng (1b) s d i chuy n theo chi u no khi thm cc tc nhn sau vo dung d ch t ng i m c c a kali dicromat? a) KOH b) HCl c) BaCl2 d) H2O (xt t t c cc cn b ng trn). 3. H ng s phn ly c a axit axetic l Ka = 1,8.10-5. Hy tnh tr s pH c a cc dung d ch sau: a) K2CrO4 0,010M b) K2Cr2O7 0,010M c) K2Cr2O7 0,010M + CH3COOH 0,100M 4. Hy tnh n ng t i cn b ng c a cc ion sau trong dung d ch K2Cr2O7 0,010M + CH3COOH 0,100M. a) CrO42-. b) Cr2O72-. BI GI I: 1) a) H ng s cn b ng: K = [HCrO4-][OH-]/[CrO42-] = [H+][OH-]/([H+][CrO42-]/[HCrO4-]) = K /K1 = 3,2.10-8 b) H ng s cn b ng: K = ([CrO42-][H+]/[HCrO4-])2/([HCrO4-]2/[Cr2O72-])/([H+][OH-])2 = 4,4.1013. 2) a) ph i b) Tri c) BaCl2 d i cn b ng qua ph i do ion cromat lin k t t o thnh h p ch t kh tan: Ba2+ + CrO42- = BaCrO4 d) H2O d i cn b ng qua ph i do khi thm n c vo dung d ch dicromat d n n vi c lm long dung d ch v lm cho cn b ng phn ly c a ion dicromat qua bn ph i. Theo bi th pH c a dung d ch ph i b h n 7. V i s pha long ny th pH c a dung d ch s t ng ln nn cn b ng ph i chuy n d ch v bn ph i. K = 3,16.10-8. 3) a) CrO42- + H2O = HCrO4- + OHCCr = [CrO42-] + [HCrO4-] + 2[Cr2O72-] } [CrO42-] [HCrO4-] } [OH-] Nh v y [OH-]2/CCr = K [OH-] = 1,78.10-5M nn [H+] = 5,65.10-10. V y pH = 9,25 K = 1/K2 = 4,37.10-2 b) Cr2O72- + H2O = 2HCrO4K = K1 = 3,16.10-7. HCrO4- = H+ + CrO42CCr = 2,0.10-2M = [CrO42-] + [HCrO4-] + 2[Cr2O72-] } [HCrO4-] + 2[Cr2O72-] [H+] } [CrO42-] = x = (K1[HCrO4-])1/2


K2 = [Cr2O72-]/[HCrO4-] = (CCr x)/2x2 i u ny d n n ph ng trnh: 2K2x2 + x CCr = 0 Gi i ph ng trnh trn ta thu c: x = 1,27.10-2M [H+] = 6,33.10-5M V y pH = 4,20 c) Trong CH3COOH 0,10M th [H+] = (KaC)1/2 = 1,34.10-3 pH = 2,87 y l tr s c n thi t. So snh tr s ny v i pH c a dung d ch dicromat 0,1M cho trn (b) cho th y nh h ng c a K2Cr2O7 trn pH c th an tm b qua c. 4) C th tnh b ng hai cch: Cch 1: a) [HCrO4-] = 1,3.10-2M (3b) [CrO42-] = K1[HCrO4-]/[H+] = 3,0.10-6M b) CCr = [CrO42-] + [HCrO4-] + 2[Cr2O72-] [Cr2O72-] = 3,7.10-3M ho c [Cr2O72-] = K2[HCrO4-] = 3,9.10-3M Cch 2: a) [CrO42-] = x; [HCrO4-] = x[H+]/K1 [Cr2O72-] = K2[HCrO4-] = x2K2[H+]2/K12. CCr = [CrO42-] + [HCrO4-] + 2[Cr2O72-] = 2K2[H+]2/K12x2 + (1 + [H+]/K1)x K1 = 3,16.10-7; K2 = 22,9; [H+] = 1,34.10-3. 8,24.108x2 + 4,24.103x 2,0.10-2 = 0 x = 3,0.10-6M b) [Cr2O72-] = K2 [HCrO4-] = K2[H+]2/K12[CrO42-] = 3,7.10-3M OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 28: Cc ph ng php o hi u th v quang ph c s d ng r ng ri xc nh cc n ng cn b ng v h ng s cn b ng trong dung d ch. C hai ph ng php th ng xuyn c dng k t h p xc nh ng th i nhi u ti u phn. Dung d ch n c axit ha I ch a m t h n h p FeSO4 v Fe2(SO4)3, v dung d ch n c II ch a m t h n h p K4[Fe(CN)6] v K3[Fe(CN)6]. N ng c a cc ti u phn c ch a s t tho mn cc quan h [Fe2+]I = [Fe(CN)64-]II v [Fe3+]I = [Fe(CN)63-]II. Th c a i n c c platin nhng trong dung d ch I l 0,652V (so v i i n c c hydro tiu chu n), trong khi th c a i n c c platin nhng trong dung d ch II l c so v i 0,242V (so v i i n c c hydro tiu chu n). h n tr m truy n x c a dung d ch II o dung d ch I t i 420nm b ng 10,7% (chi u di ng truy n quang l = 5,02mm). Gi thi t r ng ph c h p th mol I(Fe(CN)63-) = [Fe(CN)64-] Fe3+(aq); Fe2+(aq) khng h p th nh sng t i 420nm. 1100L/mol.cm t i b c sng ny. Th kh chu n c a Fe3+/Fe2+ l 0,771V. Y u t ghi tr c logarit th p phn c a ph ng trnh Nernst b ng 0,0590 (v ghi tr c logarit t nhin l 0,0256). Gi thi t r ng t t c cc h s ho t u b ng 1. 1) Vi t ph ng trnh Nernst c a h th ng oxy ha - kh c a: a) Dung d ch 1. b) Dung d ch 2 (ngo i tr ph c xiano, b qua m i d ng khc c trong dung d ch) 2) n v c a y u t ghi tr c logarit trong ph ng trnh Nernst c n v l g? 3) Tnh t s cc h ng s b n v ng F(Fe(CN)63-)/F(Fe(CN)64-) 4) Kho ng bi n thin tuy t i trong l n (bin ) c a cc tham s v t l sau l bao nhiu. a) truy n x (T)% b) M t quang (A) %. 5) Tnh n ng c a 3+ a) Fe trong dung d ch I b) Fe2+ trong dung d ch I BI GI I:

1) 2) 3)

4) 5)

h ng trnh Nernst: a) EI = Eo(Fe3+/Fe2+) + 0,0590lg([Fe3+]/[Fe2+] b) EII = Eo(Fe(CN)63-/Fe(CN)64-) + 0,0590lg([Fe(CN)63-]/[Fe(CN)64-]) Volt (V) EII = Eo(Fe(CN)63-/Fe(CN)64-) + 0,0590lg([Fe(CN)63-]/[Fe(CN)64-] = Eo(Fe3+/Fe2+) + 0,0590lg(F1/F2) + 0,0590lg([CN-]6/[CN-]6) + 0,0590lg([Fe(CN)63-]/[Fe(CN)64-]) = 0,242 Trong F1 v F2 l n l t l cc h ng s b n v ng c a [Fe(CN)64-] v [Fe(CN)63-]. [Fe(CN)63-]/[Fe(CN)64-] = Fe3+/Fe2+ nn E = EII EI = 0,059lg(F1/F2) = 8,90.106. a) T 0 n 100% b) T 0 n g a) Dng nh lu t Bouger Lambert Beer A = I.l.C = I.l.[Fe(CN)63-] = 0,971 [Fe(CN)63-] = [Fe3+] = 1,76.10-3M b) Dng ph ng trnh Nernst: EI = Eo(Fe3+/Fe2+) + 0,0590lg([Fe3+]/[Fe2+]) = 0,652V T : [Fe3+]/[Fe2+] = 9,62.10-3M [Fe2+] = 0,183M

OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 29: HIn l m t ch t ch th c tnh axit y u: Hin + Na+OH-  Na+In- + H2O nhi t th ng, h ng s phn li axit c a ch t ch th ny l 2,93.10-5. Tr s b c sng d i h p th (cuvet 1,00cm) cho cc dung d ch 5,00.10-4M (mol.dm-3) c a ch t ch th ny t ng cc dung d ch axit m nh v ki m m nh c cho trong b ng sau: Tr s b c sng d i h p th pH = 1,00 pH = 13,00 P (nm) 400 0,401 0,067 470 0,447 0,050 485 0,453 0,052 490 0,452 0,054 505 0,443 0,073 535 0,390 0,170 555 0,342 0,342 570 0,303 0,515 585 0,263 0,648 615 0,195 0,816 625 0,176 0,823 635 0,170 0,816 650 0,137 0,763 680 0,097 0,588 1) D on mu c a: a) D ng axit. b) D ng baz c a ch t ch th . 2) Knh l c c mu no l thch h p nh t phn tch b ng quang k ch t ch th ny trong mi tr ng axit m nh?. Bi t knh l c c t gi a ngu n sng v m u ch t ch th .

3) Kho ng no c a b c sng l thch h p nh t phn tch b ng quang k ch t ch th ny trong mi tr ng baz m nh? 4) Cc dung d ch c a ch t ch th ny c pha ch trong dung d ch HCl 0,1M v trong dung d ch NaOH 0,1M. xc nh c cc bi u th c hon ton tuy n tnh gi a b c sng d i h p th v n ng t i 490nm v 625nm cho t ng mi tr ng t ng ng trn. l n c a h ng s phn li axit cho th y r ng ch t ch th ny hon ton khng phn li trong HCl 0,1M m l i phn li hon ton trong NaOH 0,1M P490nm P625nm HIn (M-1.cm-1) 9,04.102 3,52.102 In-(NaOH) 1,08.102 1,65.103 Hy tnh b c sng d i h p th (cuvet 1,00cm) hai b c sng trn c a m t dung d ch khng ch a ch t m c a ch t ch th ny c n ng 1,80.10-3M BI GI I: 1) Mu quan st c l mu k t h p v i mu c a s h p th t i a a) i u ki n axit (pH = 1): M u h p th 490 s 25 (xanh lam - l c) v nh v y s truy n mu k t h p v c mu vng cam (625 s 25 nm) b) i u ki n baz (pH = 13): M u h p th 625 s 25 (vng cam) v nh v y s truy n mu k t h p v c mu xanh lam - l c (490 s 25nm). 2) Knh l c cn truy n mu m m u s h p th hi u q a nh t. M u axit h p th m nh nh t trong kho ng xanh (490 s 25nm) v nh v y m t knh l c mu t ng t s thch h p nh t cho s phn tch b ng quang k c a m u th . 3) Kho ng b c sng c dng v i nh y cao nh t s t ng ng v i b c sng m m u th h p th m nh nh t. h p th t i a trong d ng baz c a ch t ch th trong dung d ch x y ra 625 s 25 nm v y l b c sng thch h p nh t cho s phn tch. 4) H ng s i n li c a ch t ch th l: H  In  Ka ! (1) ?HInA Ta l i c: [H+] = [In-] (2) [HIn] + [In-] = 1,80.10-3M (3) Thay (3) v (2) vo (1) ta c [In-] = 2,15.10-4M [HIn] = 1,58.10-3M Khi y ta c th tnh cm t quang hai b c sng l: A490 = 1,45 A625 = 0,911 OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 31: PH N A: M t axit hai ch a H2 A tham gia vo cc ph n ng phn li sau: H2A  HA- + H+ K1 = 4,50.10-7 2+ HA  A + H K2 = 4,70.10-11. M t m u 20,00mL dung d ch ch a h n h p Na2A v NaHA c chu n v i axit clohydric 0,300M. Qa trnh chu n c th c hi n v i m t pH - k i n c c th y tinh. Hai i m t ng ng trn ng cong chu n nh sau: pH S mL HCl thm vo 1,00 10,33 10,00 8,34

? A A ?

1) Khi thm 1,00mL HCl, ti u phn no ph n ng tr c h t v t o s n ph m g? 2) L ng s n ph m t o thnh (mmol) cu 1 l bao nhiu? 3) Vi t cn b ng chnh c a s n ph m cu 1 tc d ng v i dung mi 4) L ng (mmol) Na2A v NaHA c m t lc u? 5) Tnh t ng th tch c a HCl c n thi t t n i m t ng u ng th hai. PH N B: Cc dung d ch I, II v III c ch a ch t ch th pH HIn (KIn = 4,19.10-4) v cc tc nhn khc ghi trong b ng. Cc ga tr h p th t i 400nm c a cc dung d ch c o trong cng m t cuvet c ng c -5 cho trong b ng. Ka c a CH3COOH l 1,75.10 . Dung d ch I Dung d ch II Dung d ch III -5 -5 N ng ton ph n c a 1,00.10 M 1,00.10 M 1,00.10-5M HIn Cc tc nhn khc 1,00M HCl 0,100M NaOH 1,00M CH3COOH h p th t i 400nm 0,000 0,300 ? 6) Hy tnh h p th t i 400nm c a dung d ch III. 7) Ngoi H2O, H+ v OH- cn c t t c nh ng ti u phn no c m t trong dung d ch thu c t s tr n l n dung d ch II v dung d ch III theo t l th tch 1:1 8) h p th t i 400nm c a dung d ch cu 7 l bao nhiu? 9) truy n x t i 400nm c a dung d ch cu 7 l bao nhiu? BI GI I: PH N A: 1) Ti u phn ph n ng tr c h t l: A2S n ph m l HA2) S mmol s n ph m = 1,00.0,300 = 0,300mmol. 3) HA- + H2O  H2A + OH4) T i pH = 8,34 = (pKa1 + pKa2)/2 t t c A2- u b proton ha thnh HA-. Do s mmol A2- c m t trong dung d ch lc u = 3,00mmol T i pH = 10,33 h l m t dung d ch m v i t l [A2-]/[HA-] = 1. Nh v y: [HA-]lc u + [HA-]t o thnh = [A2-]lc u - [HA-]t o thnh Nh v y s mmol HA lc u = 3,00 0,300 0,300 = 2,40mmol. 5) VHCl = [(2.3,00) + 2,40]/0,300 = 28,00mL PH N B: 6) Dung d ch III l dung d ch ch th t i 10-5M trong dung d ch c ch a CH3COOH 1,0M. c c h p th hay m t quang c a dung d ch, c n thi t ph i tnh n ng d ng cn b ng c a ch t ch th tu thu c vo [H+] c a dung d ch [H+]III = (Ka.C)1/2 = 4,18.10-3M H  In  + T HIn  H + In ta c: K a ! ?HInA  K In ! In ! 0,100 (1) ?HIn A H  Ta l i c: [HIn] + [In-] = 10-5 (2) T (1) v (2) ta tnh c [In-] = 0,091.10-5M 0,091.10 5 .0,300 ! 0,027 h p th c a dung d ch III = 1,00.10  5 7) CH3COOH, CH3COO-; Na+; HIn; In-.

? A A ?

? A

? A

8) Khi cc dung d ch II v III c tr n l n theo t l th tch 1:1 thu c m t dung d ch m g m CH3COO 0,05M/CH3COOH 0,45M ?CH 3 COOH A ! 15,75.10 5 H  ! Ka CH 3 COO  K 10 3,38 In  V v y: (3) ! In ! ! 2,65 ?HIn A H  15,75.10 5 Ta l i c: [HIn] + [In-] = 10-5 (2) T (2) v (3) ta tnh c [In-] = 0,726.10-5M 0,726.10 5 .0,300 ! 0,218 h p th c a dung d ch = 1,0.10  5 9) truy n x c a dung d ch = 10-( h p th ) = 0,605 OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 32: Transferin (Tf) - m t lo i huy t thanh - l m t n protein c ch c n ng chnh l tham gia qa trnh v n chuy n s t (III) trong c th ng i. M i phn t transferin c th v n chuy n hai ion Fe3+ theo ph n ng: FeIII + Tf p (FeIII)Tf K1 = 4,7.1020M-1. III III III Fe + (Fe )Tf p (Fe )2Tf K2 = 2,4.1019M-1. phn t (FeIII)2Tf 2 ion Fe3+ lien k t t ng t nhau nh ng khng cng m t pha v 2 phn t s t monotransferin (FeIII)Tf c th c bi u th b ng {FeIII.Tf} v {Tf.FeIII}. Bi t K = [{Tf.FeIII}].[{FeIII.Tf}] = 5,9. 1. Tnh ga tr c a K1 = [{FeIII.Tf}].[FeIII]-1. [Tf]-1 v K1=[{Tf.FeIII}].[FeIII]-1. [Tf]-1. 2. Tnh gi tr c a K2 = [(FeIII)2Tf].[FeIII]-1.[{FeIII.Tf}]-1 v K2=[(FeIII)2Tf].[FeIII]-1.[{Tf.FeIII}]-1. Lin k t gi a s t (III) m i pha c a lin k t c bao quanh b i 6 nguyn t nh n t cc ligand khc nhau. Theo cch ny, 2 nguyn t oxy c a anion CO32- ph i tr v i kim lo i v m i aminoaxit c u trc b c 1 c a protein l: 1 Aspartic, 1 Histidin, 2 Tyrosin cng ph i tr v i s t (III). 3. C bao nhiu nguyn t oxy xung quanh m t ion s t (III) trong transferin. BI GI I: 1. N ng c a ph c monoferric transferin: [(FeIII)Tf] = [{FeIII.Tf}] + [{Tf.FeIII}] K1.K = K1 K1 + K1 = K1; K1 4,7.10 20 K 1' ! ! ! 6,8.1019 M 1 1 K 1  5,9

? A

? A

? A

K 1" ! K 1  K 1' ! ( 4,7  0,68).10 20 ! 4,0.10 20 M 1

2. Ta c:
' " ' K 1' K 2 ! K 1" K 2 ! K 1 K 2 K 2 !

K1 K 2 ! 1,7.10 20 M 1 K 1'

K1 K 2 ! 2,8.1019 M 1 K 1" 3. S nguyn t oxy = 2(CO32-) + 1(Asp(O-)) + 2(2xTyr(O-)) = 5 OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 33: Axit hotphoric l m t lo i phn bn quan tr ng. Bn c nh axit photphoric v mu i c a n c nhi u ng d ng trong x l kim lo i, th c ph m, ch t t y r a v cng nghi p ch t o thu c nh r ng.
" " K 1' K 2 ! K 1 K 2 K 2 !

1. Ga tr pK c a ba n c phn ly c a H3 O4 25oC l: pKa1 = 2,12; pKa2 = 7,21; pKa3=12,32. Vi t cng th c baz lin h p c a H2 O4- v tnh ga tr Kb c a n. M t l ng nh H3 O4 c s d ng r ng ri t o v chua hay v cht cho nhi u th c u ng nh cola v bia. Cola c t kh i 1,00gmL-1 ch a 0,05% H3 O4 v kh i l ng. 2. Tnh pH c a cola (b qua n c phn li th 2 v 3). Gi s r ng nguyn nhn gy ra tnh axit c a cola l do H3 O4. 3. H3 O4 c s d ng lm phn bn trong nng nghi p ; 1,00.10-3M H3 O4 c thm vo dung d ch huy n ph ct v pH c a dung d ch thu c l 7,00. Tnh n ng ph n mol c a cc lo i photphat khc nhau trong t bi t r ng trong t khng c ch t no ph n ng v i photphat. 4. K m l nguyn t vi l ng quan tr ng c n cho s pht tri n cy tr ng. Cy tr ng c th h p th c k m d ng dung d ch n c. trong dung d ch n cc ng m c pH = 7,0 ng i ta tm th y c Zn3( O4)2. Tnh [Zn2+ ] v [ O43-] trong dung d ch bo ha. Bi t T c a k m photphat l 9,1.10-35. BI GI I: 1. Baz lin h p c a dihidro photphat (H2 O4-) l monohydrophotphat (H O42-) K2a H2 O4- + H2O  H O42- + H3O+ H O42- + H2O  H2 O4- + OHK2b + 2H2O  H3O + OH K . pK2a + pK2b = pK = 14 pK2b = 6,79 2. C(H3 O4) = 0,0051M + H3O+ + H2O  H2 O4H3 O4 0,0051 x x x -3 pKa1 = 2,12. V y Ka = 7,59.10 . Ta c: H 2 PO 4 H 3 O  x2 ! ! 7,59.10  3 0,0051  x ?H 3 PO 4 A

A ?

x ! H 3 O  ! 3,49.10  3 pH ! 2, 46 3. t: ?H X A fo ! 3 C H X f1 ! 2 C HX 2  f2 ! C X 3 f3 ! C k h u cc phn s n ng H3X (X = O4):

? A

c a cc lo i photphat khc nhau; C l t ng n ng

ban

uc a

f o  f1  f 2  f 3 ! 1 K a1 ! K a2 K a3

?H

?HX AH O A! f ?H O A ? ! ?H X A f ?X AH O A! f ?H O A ? ! ?HX A f
2


X  H 3O  f ! 1 H 3O  ?H 3 X A fo

A ?

3 

2 1

3

3 2

3 2

Cc ph

ng trnh trn y d n

n:

fp

?H !

O D

f1 ! f2 ! f3 !

K a1 H 3 O 

D K a 2 . K a1 H 3 O 

D K a1 K a 2 K a 3

D V i D = Ka1.Ka2.Ka3 + Ka1.Ka2.[H3O+] + Ka1[H3O+] + [H3O+]3. T cc ga tr Ka1; Ka2; Ka3 v pH ta c c cc k t q a sau: Ka1 = 7,59.10-3; Ka2 = 6,17.10-8; Ka3 = 4,79.10-13 v [H3O+] = 10-7. V cc phn s n ng c a cc lo i photphat khc nhau s l: H3 O4 (fo) = 8,10.10-6. H2 O4- (f1) = 0,618 H O42- (f2) = 0,382 O43- (f3) = 1,83.10-6. 4. t S(M) l tan c a k m photphat trong n c ng m: [Zn2+] = 3S T ng n ng c a cc d ng khc nhau c a photphat = 2S [ O43-] = f3.2S f3 c th c xc nh t cc quan h cu 3 i v i pH = 7 th f3 = 1,83.10-6. T = [Zn2+]3[ O43-]2 = (3S)3.(f3.2S)2 = 9,1.10-33 S = 3,0.10-5M [Zn2+] = 9.10-5M

[ O43-] = 1,1.10-10M OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 37: Kh n ng nh n ion H+ c a n c c g i l tnh ki m. Tnh ki m r t quan tr ng i v i vi c x l n c, tnh ch t ho h c v sinh h c c a n c. Ni chung, cc thnh ph n ch y u nh h ng n tnh ki m c a n c l HCO3-, CO32- v OH-. ga tr pH d i 7 th H+ trong n c lm gi m tnh ki m c a n c. Chnh v v y, ph ng trnh nu ki m c a n c khi c m t cc ion HCO3-, CO32- v OH- c th c bi u di n b i: ki m = [HCO3-] + 2[CO32- ] + [OH-] - [H+]. Cc cn b ng v h ng s cn b ng ( 298K) c cho sau y: CO2(k)  CO2(aq) K(CO2) = 3,44.10-2. CO2 + H2O  H2CO3 K(H2CO3) = 2,00.10-3. Ka1 = 2,23.10-4. H2CO3  HCO3- + H+ 2+ Ka2 = 4,69.10-11 HCO3  CO3 + H Ksp = 4,50.10-9. CaCO3  Ca2+ + CO32+ H2O  H + OH K = 1,00.10-14 1. N c t nhin (n c sng hay h ) lun ch a CO2 ho tan. T l [H2CO3] : [HCO3-] : [CO32-] = a : 1,00 : b. Xc nh a, b trong n c c n ng [H+] = 1,00.10-7M. 2. Kh CO2 trong kh quy n c th lin quan t i tnh ki m c a n c do n n m cn b ng v i hm l ng CO2 tan trong n c. Tnh n ng c a CO2 (mol/L) trn n c tinh khi t n m cn b ng v i khng kh khng b nhi m p su t 1,01.105 a v 298K ch a 0,0360% (v s mol) CO2. Gi s p su t tiu chu n l 1,01.105 a. N u b n khng lm c cu ny th c th gi s r ng n ng CO2(aq) = 1,11.10-5M. tan c a CO2 trong n c c th c nh ngh a b ng bi u th c S=[CO2(aq)] + [H2CO3] + 2tan c a kh CO2 trong n c n m cn b ng v i khng kh khng b nhi m [HCO3 ] + [CO3 ]. 298K v 1,01.105 a lun khc v i ki m 3. Tnh tan c a CO2(k) tring n c tinh khi t (mol/L). B qua s phn li c a n c. 4. Khi trong n c c 1,00.10-3M NaOH th tan c a CO2(k) lc ny s l bao nhiu? 298K, 1,01.105 a th kh khng nhi m s n m cn b ng v i n c thin nhin ch a CaCO3 ho tan. Cn b ng sau y c th t n t i: CaCO3(r) + CO2(aq) + H2O  Ca2+ + 2HCO3-. 5. Tnh h ng s cn b ng c a ph n ng trn. N u khng tnh c th ta c th gi s K = 5,00.10-5 tnh ton cho cu ti p theo. 2+ 6. Tnh n ng Ca (mg/L) trong CaCO3 ho tan trong n c n m cn b ng v i CO2 trong kh quy n. N u khng tnh c th ta c th gi s r ng n ng c a Ca2+(aq) l 40,1mg/L tnh ton. 7. Tnh ki m c a dung d ch trn. 8. m t h n c ng m ch a CaCO3 ho tan th n c c l ng CO2 r t cao. N ng c a Ca2+ trong h cao n 100mg/L. Gi thi t r ng h n c v khng kh bn trn l m t h kn, tnh ho t p c a CO2 ( a) trong khng kh n m cn b ng v i Ca2+ trn. BI GI I: 1 [H+] = 1,00.10-7M Ka1 = [HCO3-][H+]/[H2CO3] = 2,23.10-4 [HCO3-]/[H2CO3] = 2,23.103 Ka2 = [CO32-][H+]/[HCO3-] = 4,69.10-11 [CO32-]/[HCO3-] = 4,69.10-4 [H2CO3] : [HCO3-] : [CO32-] = 4,48.10-4 : 1,00 : 4,69.10-4 (a) (b)


2. (CO2) = 1,01.105.3,60.10-4 = 36,36 a [CO2(aq)] = K(CO2). (CO2) = 1,24.10-5mol/L N u khng lm c cu 6 2 th c th gi s [CO2(aq)]=1,11.10-5M tnh cc cu ti p theo. 3. a) tan = [CO2(aq)] + [H2CO3] + [HCO3-] + [CO32-] = [CO2(aq)] + [HCO3-] ([H2CO3] = [CO2(aq)] . K(H2CO3) = 2,48.10-8M v [CO32-] = Ka2/([H+].[HCO3-] = Ka2 = 4,69.10-11M u qa nh nn ta b qua). [H+].[HCO3-]/[CO2(aq)] = Ka1.K(H2CO3) = 4,46.10-7 T cu 6 2 [CO2(aq)]=1,24.10-5M ta tnh c [H+]=[HCO3-]=2,35.10-6M V y tan c a CO2 s b ng 1,48.10-5M. b) S d ng [CO2(aq)]=1,11.10-5M tnh ton: tan = [CO2(aq)] + [H2CO3] + [HCO3-] + [CO32-] = [CO2(aq)] + [HCO3-] ([H2CO3] = [CO2(aq)] . K(H2CO3) = 2,48.10-8M v [CO32-] = Ka2/([H+].[HCO3-] = Ka2 = 4,69.10-11M u qa nh nn ta b qua). [H+].[HCO3-]/[CO2(aq)] = Ka1.K(H2CO3) = 4,46.10-7 T cu 6 2 [CO2(aq)]=1,11.10-5M ta tnh c [H+]=[HCO3-]=2,225.10-6M -5 V y tan c a CO2 s b ng 1,34.10 M. 4. a) S d ng [CO2(aq)] = 1,24.10-5M tnh ton: Trong dung d ch NaOH 1,00.10-3M, tan c a CO2 ph i t ng ln do ph n ng sau: 2(1) CO2(aq) + 2OH  CO3 + H2O K = K(H2CO3).Ka1.Ka2/(1,00.10-14)2 = 2,09.1011 (2) CO2(aq) + CO32- + H2O  2HCO3- K = K(H2CO3).Ka1/Ka2 = 9,37.103 K = 4,43.107. K t h p (1) v (2): CO2(aq) + OH-  HCO3Do K r t l n nn ton b l ng OH- u chuy n h t v HCO3-. [HCO3-] = 1,00.10-3M [OH-] = 1,82.10-6M [H+] = 5,49.10-9M 2= 8,54.10-6M [CO3 ] tan = [CO2(aq)] + [H2CO3] + [HCO3-] + [CO32-] } [CO2(aq)] + [HCO3-] + [CO32-] = 1,02.10-3M b) S d ng [CO2(aq)] = 1,11.10-5M tnh ton: Trong dung d ch NaOH 1,00.10-3M, tan c a CO2 ph i t ng ln do ph n ng sau: (3) CO2(aq) + 2OH-  CO32- + H2O K = K(H2CO3).Ka1.Ka2/(1,00.10-14)2 = 2,09.1011 (4) CO2(aq) + CO32- + H2O  2HCO3- K = K(H2CO3).Ka1/Ka2 = 9,37.103 K = 4,43.107. K t h p (1) v (2): CO2(aq) + OH-  HCO3Do K r t l n nn ton b l ng OH u chuy n h t v HCO3-. [HCO3-] = 1,00.10-3M [OH-] = 1,82.10-6M + [H ] = 5,49.10-9M = 8,54.10-6M [CO32-] tan = [CO2(aq)] + [H2CO3] + [HCO3-] + [CO32-] } [CO2(aq)] + [HCO3-] + [CO32-] = 1,02.10-3M 5.

Keq = Ksp.K(H2CO3).Ka1/Ka2 = 4,28.10-5 N u khng tnh c cu 6 5 th ta c th gi s r ng Keq = 5,00.10-5 6. a) S d ng Keq = 4,28.10-5 v [CO2(aq)] = 1,24.10-5M tnh ton: Cn b ng kh i l ng: [HCO3-] = 2[Ca2+] T cu 6 5: K = 4,28.10-5 = [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)] = [Ca2+](2[Ca2+])2/[CO2(aq)] -5 T cu 6 2: [CO2(aq)] = 1,24.10 M [Ca2+] = 0,510.10-3M = 20,5mg/L b) S d ng Keq = 5,00.10-5 v [CO2(aq)] = 1,11.10-5M tnh ton: Cn b ng kh i l ng: [HCO3-] = 2[Ca2+] T cu 6 5: K = 5,00.10-5 = [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)] = [Ca2+](2[Ca2+])2/[CO2(aq)] T cu 6 2: [CO2(aq)] = 1,11.10-5M [Ca2+] = 0,5177.10-3M = 20,75mg/L c) S d ng Keq = 5,00.10-5 v [CO2(aq)] = 1,24.10-5M tnh ton: Cn b ng kh i l ng: [HCO3-] = 2[Ca2+] T cu 6 5: K = 5,00.10-5 = [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)] = [Ca2+](2[Ca2+])2/[CO2(aq)] T cu 6 2: [CO2(aq)] = 1,24.10-5M [Ca2+] = 0,5372.10-3M = 21,53mg/L d) S d ng Keq = 4,28.10-5 v [CO2(aq)] = 1,11.10-5M tnh ton: Cn b ng kh i l ng: [HCO3-] = 2[Ca2+] T cu 6 5: K = 4,28.10-5 = [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)] = [Ca2+](2[Ca2+])2/[CO2(aq)] T cu 6 2: [CO2(aq)] = 1,11.10-5M [Ca2+] = 0,4916.10-3M = 19,70mg/L 7. HCO3- l thnh ph n ch y u trong dung d ch: pH c a dung d ch ny c th c tnh b ng cng th c: pH = (pKa1 + pKa2)/2 = 6,99 } 7,00 V i Ka1 v Ka2 l h ng s axit c a H2CO3. T i pH = 7,00 th [OH-] v [H+] ta c th b qua. Bn c nh theo cu 6 1 th:[CO32-] << [HCO3-] ki m = [HCO3-] + 2[CO3-] + [OH-] - [H+] } [HCO3-] T cu 6 6: ta c th c 5 k t q a sau: a) 1,02.10-3M b) 1,035.10-3M c) 1,0744.10-3M d) 0,9831.10-3M e) 2,00.10-3M (gi s [Ca2+(aq)] = 40,1mg/L) 8. a) S d ng Keq = 4,28.10-5 tnh ton Cn b ng kh i l ng: [HCO3-] = 2[Ca2+] [Ca2+] = 100mg/L = 2,50.10-3M Thay vo bi u th c Keq = 4,28.10-5 = [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)]

tnh ton.

[CO2(aq)] = 1,46.10 M (CO2) = {[CO2(aq)]/K(CO2).1,01.105 = 4,28.103 a b) S d ng Keq = 5,00.10-5 tnh ton: Cn b ng kh i l ng: [HCO3-] = 2[Ca2+] [Ca2+] = 100mg/L = 2,50.10-3M Thay vo bi u th c Keq = 5,00.10-5 = [Ca2+][HCO3-]2/[CO2(aq)] = 4[Ca2+]3/[CO2(aq)] -3 [CO2(aq)] = 1,25.10 M (CO2) = {[CO2(aq)]/K(CO2).1,01.105 = 3,67.103 a III. BI T P CHU N B CHO OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T : OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 30: Tnh axit c a m t m u n c ty thu c s h p th kh. Ni chung, kh quan tr ng nh t gy nn tnh axit l cacbon dioxit. a) Vi t ba ph ng trnh ph n ng minh h a nh h ng c a CO2 trong khng kh ln tnh axit c a n c. b) X p cc h n h p kh sau theo th t t ng d n kh n ng ha tan c a CO2(k) trong dung d ch n c (tnh theo % s mol) i) 90% Ar; 10% CO2. ii) 80% Ar; 10% CO2; 10% NH3. iii) 80% Ar; 10% CO2; 10%Cl2. Vi t cc ph ng trnh c a b t k ph n ng ho h c no x y ra trong dung d ch n c khi ph i kh cc h n h p kh trn. c) X p cc h sau (trong n c) theo th t kh n ng ho tan c a CO2. Gi thi t r ng tr c khi ph i d i h n h p 10% CO2 trong Ar, chng t cn b ng v i khng kh. i) N c c t. ii) Dung d ch HCl 1M iii) Dung d ch CH3COONa 1M d) Gi thi t r ng khng kh c ch a 350ppm CO2 (theo th tch), v t cn b ng gi a CO2 kh v tan (trong n c), hy tnh pH c a m t gi t n c m a p su t khng kh. Cc h ng s thch h p o t i 25 C l: kH(CO2) = 3,39.10-2mol.L-1.atm-1; Kb(HCO3-) = 2,24.10-8; Kb(CO32-) = 2,14.10-4. e) Tnh pH c a m t chai n c c ga ( (CO2(k)) = 1atm) BI GI I: a) Cc ph n ng: CO2(k)  CO2(aq) (1) CO2(aq) + H2O  HCO3-(aq) + H+(aq) (2) HCO3-(aq)  CO32-(aq) + H+(aq) (3) l ta c thm cn b ng: CO2(aq) + H2O  H2CO3(aq) C th c gi i thi u gi i thch s t n t i ring bi t c a CO2 d ng ho tan v c a axit cacbonic phn t trong dung d ch n c nh ng khng b t bu c ph i dng cn b ng ny gi i thch ph n ng ho h c ph n ng c a cacbonat trong n c. Do cn b ng c thi t l p v i s c m t ng th i c a cc ch t hai v c a m i ph n ng v do ta b t u t CO2(k) v H2O nn dung d ch thu c r rng ph i c tnh axit. b) NH3 l m t kh c tnh baz : NH3(k)  NH3(aq)

-3

= 4[Ca2+]3/[CO2(aq)]

NH3(aq) + H2O  NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) Nn s x y ra ph n ng axit baz , ko cn b ng (2) v (3) theo chi u thu n. i u ny lm t ng kh n ng ho tan c a CO2 c trong kh quy n. Cl2 l m t kh c tnh axit: Cl2(k)  Cl2(aq) Cl2(aq) + H2O  Cl-(aq) + H+(aq) + HOCl(aq) HOCl(aq)  H+(aq) + OCl-(aq) S gia t ng [H+] sinh ra t cc ph n ng ny s d i cc cn b ng (2) v (3) theo chi u ngh ch. i u ny lm gi m kh n ng ho tan c a CO2 trong kh quy n. Nh v y chi u h ng CO2 ho tan l: ii>i>iii. c) Axetat CH3COO- l baz lin h p c a m t axit y u: CH3COO-(aq) + H2O  CH3COOH(aq) + OH-(aq) Dung d ch natri axetat c tnh ki m v s d i m i cn b ng c a CO2 theo chi u thu n. Dung d ch HCl s d i cn b ng c a CO2 theo chi u ngh ch. Nh v y chi u h ng CO2 hoa tan l: iii>i>ii d) N ng c a CO2 trong dung d ch n c c tnh b i nh lu t Henry: [CO2(aq)] = kH. (CO2) = 1,187.10-5M Ka = K /Kb Ka(CO2(aq)) = 4,46.10-7 Ka(HCO3-(aq)) = 4,67.10-11 Do Ka(CO2(aq)) >> Ka(HCO3-(aq)) ta gi s r ng trong dung d ch axit ch c cn b ng c a qa trnh tch lo i proton H+ th nh t l ng k (c th ki m tra l i i u ny m t khi tm c [H+]). Do : [H+] = [HCO3-] = 2,30.10-6M V y pH = 5,64 phn Nay, v i [H+] = [HCO3-] = 2,30.10-6M ta c th th y [CO32-] = 4,67.10-11M. Do m c ly c a HCO3- thnh H+ v CO32- r t nh v gi thi t nu trn l ng. e) Th y ngay l 1atm CO2(k) s t o dung d ch axit h n l 350ppm CO2(k): V y v i cc l do nh trnh by cu d ta ch c n xt cn b ng: CO2(k)  CO2(aq) CO2(aq) + H2O  HCO3-(aq) + H+(aq) gi i quy t cu h i [CO2(aq)] = kH. (CO2) = 3,39.10-2M v [H+] = [HCO3-] = (Ka[CO2(aq)])0,5 = 1,23.10-4M V y pH = 3,91 OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 31: m t dung d ch H3 O4 0,1000M v i a) Axit photphoric, H3 O4 l m t axit ba ch c. N u chu n NaOH 0,1000M. Hy c l ng pH t i cc th i i m sau: i) Gi a i m b t u v i m t ng ng th nh t. ii) T i i m t ng ng th hai. iii) T i sao r t kh xc nh ng cong chu n sau i m t ng ng th hai? K1 = 7,1.10-3 K2 = 6,2.10-8 K3 = 4,4.10-13. b) M t dung d ch ch a 530mmol Na2S2O3 v m t l ng ch a xc nh KI. Khi dung d ch ny c chu n v i AgNO3 th dng c 20,0mmol AgNO3 tr c khi b t u v n c v AgI k t t a. C bao nhiu mmol KI?. Bi t th tch sau cng l 200mL. Kd = 6,0.10-14. Ag(S2O3)23-  Ag+ + 2S2O32-(aq) + AgI(r)  Ag (aq) + I (aq) T = 8,5.10-17.


BI GI I: a) (i) C dung d ch

?H A! K


?H

m H3 O4 v H2 O4?H 3 PO 4 A
2

PO 4

?H 3 PO 4 A! 7,1.10  3 M
pH ! 2,15 (ii) T i i m t ng ng th hai, c H O42- nn: + 0,5 [H ] = (K2K3) = 1,7.10-10M pH = 9,77 (iii) H O42- (K3 = 4,4.10-13) c tnh axit khng m nh h n H2O bao nhiu (K = 1,00.10-14). Thm baz m nh vo dung d ch H O42- t ng t nh thm baz m nh vo n c. b) Do h ng s t o ph c c a Ag(S2O3)23-, Kf = (Kd)-1 = 1,667.1013 l r t l n nn h u h t Ag+ thm vo s t o ph c v i S2O32- v: [Ag(S2O3)23-] = 0,100M s mmol S2O32- t do = 530 (2.20) = 490mmol. [S2O32-] = 2,450M N ng ion Ag+ t do c tnh t Kd

?Ag AS O A ! 6,0.10 ? K ! ?Ag (S O ) A ?Ag A! 1,0.10



2 2 3 3 3 2

14

15

Ag + I AgI T = [Ag+][I-] = 8,5.10-17 [I-] = 8,5.10-2M mmol KI = 17,0mmol.

OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 31: Cc dung d ch X, Y tun theo nh lu t Beer trn m t kho ng n ng cc ti u phn ny trong cuvet 1,00cm nh sau: M t quang A P (nm) X (8,00.10-5M) 400 0,077 440 0,096 480 0,106 520 0,113 560 0,126

kh r ng. S li u ph c a Y (2,00.10-4M) 0,555 0,600 0,564 0,433 0,254

600 0,264 0,100 660 0,373 0,030 700 0,346 0,063 a) Hy tnh h p th mol c a X v Y t i 440 v 660nm b) Hy tnh m t quang c a m t dung d ch 3,00.10-5M theo X v 5,00.10-4M theo Y t i 520 v 600nm. c) M t dung d ch ch a X v Y c m t quang 0,400 v 0,500 theo th t t i 440 v 660nm. Hy tnh n ng c a X v Y trong dung d ch. Gi s khng x y ra ph n ng gi a X v Y. BI GI I: a) T nh lu t Beer A = I.l.C Thay s t b ng s li u ta c b ng sau: IX (cm-1.mol-1.L) IY (cm-1.mol-1.L) 3 440nm 1,2.10 3,00.103 660nm 4,67.103 1,50.102 b) T i 520nm A = AX + AY = 1,125 T i 600nm A = AX + AY = 0,349 c) T i 440nm ta c: 0,400 = 1,2.103CX + 3,0.103CY T i 660nm ta c: 0,500 = 4,67.103CX + 1,5.102CY Gi i h ph ng trnh trn ta c: CX = 1,04.10-4M v CY = 9,17.10-5M OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 32: Tr s pH c a n c nguyn ch t l 7,0; trong khi n c m a t nhin c tnh axit y u do s ho tan c a cacbon dioxit trong kh quy n. Tuy nhin trong nhi u khu v c n c m a c tnh axit m nh h n. i u ny do m t s nguyn nhn trong c nh ng nguyn nhn t nhin v nh ng nguyn nhn xu t pht t cc ho t ng c a con ng i. Trong kh quy n SO2 v NO b oxy ha theo th t thnh SO3 v NO2, chng ph n ng v i n c chuy n thnh axit sunfuric v axit nitric. H u q a l t o thnh m a axit v i pH trung bnh kho ng 4,5. Tuy nhin c ng o c cc tr s th p n m c 1,7. L u hu nh dioxit SO2 l m t axit hai ch c trong dung d ch n c. T i 25oC cc h ng s axit b ng: SO2(aq) + H2O(l)  HSO3-(aq) + H+(aq) Ka1 = 10-1,92M HSO3-(aq)  SO32-(aq) + H+(aq) Ka2 = 10-7,18M o T t c cc cu h i sau u xt 25 C: a) Tnh tan c a SO2 l 33,9L t ng 1L H2O t i p su t ring ph n c a l u hu nh dioxit b ng 1 bar. i) Hy tnh n ng ton ph n c a SO2 trong n c bo ho kh SO2 (b qua s thay i th tnh x y ra do s ho tan SO2) ii) Hy tnh thnh ph n ph n tr m c a ion hydrosunfit. iii) Tnh pH c a dung d ch. b) Hy tnh [H+] trong dung d ch n c c a Na2SO3 0,0100M c) Cn b ng chnh trong dung d ch n c c a NaHSO3. 2HSO3-(aq)  SO2(aq) + SO32-(aq) + H2O(l). i) Hy tnh h ng s cn b ng c a cn b ng trn. ii) Hy tnh n ng c a l u hu nh dioxit trong dung d ch n c c a natri hydrosunfit 0,0100M n u ch xt cn b ng ghi trn. d) Tnh tan c a bari sunfit trong n c b ng 0,016g/100mL

i) Hy tnh n ng ion Ba2+ trong n c bo ho. ii) Hy tnh n ng c a ion sunfit trong n c bo ho. iii) Tnh T c a bari hydrosunfit. e) Tch s tan c a b c sunfit b ng 10-13,82M3. Hy tnh n ng ion b c trong dung d ch n c c a b c sunfit bo ho (b qua tnh baz c a ion sunfit). f) Tch s tan c a canxi sunfit b ng 10-7,17M2. Hy tnh h ng s cn b ng c a ph n ng: Ca2+(aq) + Ag2SO3(r)  CaSO3(r) + 2Ag+(aq) g) Nh t ng gi t brom n d vo dung d ch l u hu nh dioxit 0,0100M. Ton b l u hu nh dioxit b oxy ha thnh sunfat (VI). Brom d c tch ra b ng cch s c v i kh nit Vi t m t ph ng trnh ph n ng c a qa trnh v tnh n ng ion hydro t ng dung d ch thu c. Gi s cc qa trnh ho h c c ng nh cc thao tc th nghi m u khng lm thay i th tch dung d ch. Tr s pKa c a ion hydrosunfat b ng 1,99. h) Sau m i t phun tro ni l a, tr s pH c a n c m a o c b ng 3,2. Hy tnh n ng ton ph n c a axit sunfuric trong n c m a, gi thi t r ng s axit ho ch so axit sunfuric. roton th nh n trong axit sunfuric c th c xem nh phn li hon ton. BI GI I: a) i) pV = nRT n = 1,368 mol C(SO2) = 1,368M ii) SO2(aq) + H2O  HSO3-(aq) + H+(aq) x2 ! 10 1, 99 x ! 0,1224 M v i [H+] = [HSO3-] = x th 1,368  x V y %HSO3- = 8,95% iii) pH = 0,91 b) SO32-(aq) + H2O(l)  OH-(aq) + HSO3-(aq) V i [OH-] = [HSO3-] = x th: x2 10 14 !  7,18 ! 10  6,82 x ! 3,89.10  5 M H  ! 2,57.10 10 M 0,01  x 10 c) Ta c: ?SO 2 ASO 32  ! ?SO 2 ASO 32  H  ! K a 2 ! 5, 26 i) K ! .  10 K a1 HSO 3 HSO 3 H [SO2] = [SO32-] ii) [SO2] + [HSO3-] + [SO32-] = 0,01M v ?SO 2 A2 V y ta c: ! 10  5, 26 ?SO 2 A! 2,33.10  5 M (0,01  2?SO 2 A ) d) M(BaSO3) = 217,39g.mol-1. i) [Ba2+] = 7,36.10-4M ii) SO32-(aq) + H2O(l)  OH-(aq) + HSO3-(aq) [OH-] = [HSO3-] = x [HSO3-] + [SO32-] = [Ba2+] x2 ! 10  6 ,82 4 (7,36.10  x)

? A

A? A A ? A

x ! 1,0479 .10  5 M SO 32  ! 7,26.10  4 M e) [Ag+] = 3,927.10-5M

f)

?Ag A ! ?Ag A . ?SO A! T K= Ca Ca ? A ? A ?SO A T

 2  2

2

2

2 3 2 3

Ag 2 SO3 CaSO 3

! 10  6, 65

g) Ph n ng: 2H2O(l) + SO2(aq) + Br2(aq) SO42-(aq) + Br-(aq) + 4H+(aq) 2+ Cn b ng: HSO4 (aq)  SO4 (aq) + H (aq) Ka = 10-1,99M [SO42-] = [HSO4-] = 0,01M v [H+] + [HSO4-] = 0,04M [HSO4-] = 0,04 - [H+] v [SO42-] = [H+] 0,03M [H+] = 0,0324M h) [H+] = 10-3,2M; Ka = 10-1,99M; [HSO4-] = 10-1,28[SO42-] [H+] = 10-3,2 = 10-1,28[SO42-] + 2[SO42-] + 10-10,8. [SO42-] = 3,074.10-4M v [HSO4-] = 1,613.10-5M C(H2SO4) = [HSO4-] + [SO42-] = 3,24.10-4M. OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 32: Ho tan 1,00NH4Cl v 1,00g Ba(OH)2.8H2O vo 80mL n c. Pha long dung d ch thu c o b ng n c n 100mL t i 25 C. a) Tnh pH c a dung d ch (pKa(NH4+) = 9,24 b) Hy tnh n ng c a t t c cc ion trong dung d ch. c) Hy tnh pH sau khi thm 10,0mL dung d ch HCl 1,00M vo dung d ch trn. d) Hy tnh [NH3] c a dung d ch m i. BI GI I: a) NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) p NH3(aq) + H2O(aq) 18,7mmol NH4Cl v 3,17 mmol Ba(OH)2.8H2O (6,34mmol OH-) t o ra 6,34mmol NH3 v 12,4mmol NH4+ cn l i khng i.  NH 4  H ! Ka ! 1,13.10  9 M pH ! 8,95 ?NH 3 A + b) [NH4 ] = 0,124M; [Ba2+] = 0,0317M; [H+] = 1,13.10-9M; [Cl-] = 0,187M; [OH-] = 8,85.10-6M c) Thm 10,0mmol HCl, trong c 6,34mmol c NH3 trung ho. Gi thi t r ng th tch b ng 110mL, v b qua axit y u NH4+ ta c: [H+] = 0,0333M pH = 1,48 d) Trong dung d ch axit m nh [NH3] s r t nh : [NH4+] = 0,170M  NH 4 ?NH 3 A! K a  ! 2,9.10  9 M H

? A

? A ? A

OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 32: M t h c sinh i u ch dung d ch bo ho magie hydroxit trong n c tinh khi t t i 25oC. Tr s pH c a dung d ch bo ho c tnh b ng 10,5. a) Dng k t q a ny tnh tan c a magie hydroxit trong n c. Ph i tnh tan theo mol.L-1 c ng nh g/100mL. b) Hy tnh tch s tan c a magie hydroxit. c) Hy tnh tan c a magie hydroxit trong dung d ch NaOH 0,010M t i 25oC. Khu y tr n m t h n h p g m 10g Mg(OH)2 v 100mL dung d ch HCl 0,100M b ng my khu y t tnh trong m t th i gian t i 25oC. d) Hy tnh pH c a pha l ng khi h th ng t cn b ng. BI GI I:

a) Mg(OH)2  Mg2+ + 2OHpOH = 14,0 10,5 = 3,5 [OH-] = 10-3,5 = 3,2.10-4M T ng ng v i [Mg2+] = [Mg(OH)2 i n ly] = tan c a Mg(OH)2 = 1,6.10-4M hay 9,2.10-4g/100mL. 2+ - 2 -11 3 b) Ksp = [Mg ][OH ] = 1,6.10 M c) Mg(OH)2(r)  Mg2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) [Mg2+] = x; [OH-] = 0,010 + 2x } 0,010M 1,6.10 11 Ksp = [Mg2+][OH-]2 = x[OH-]2 = 1,6.10-11 x ! ! 1,6.10  7 M ( 0,010 ) 2 tan b ng 1,6.10-7M hay 9.10-7g/100mL d) Mg(OH)2 c r t d v axit clohydric b trung ho hon ton theo ph n ng: Mg(OH)2 (r) + 2H+ (aq) p Mg2+ (aq) + 2H2O (l) Gi s th tch khng i v b ng 100mL, ph n ng ny t o ra Mg2+ c n ng 0,050M. R i Mg(OH)2 ho tan trong dung d ch [Mg2+] = 0,010 + x } 0,050M K sp OH  ! ! 1,8.10  5 M pH ! 14  pOH ! 14  lg(1,8.10  5 ) ! 9,3 2 Mg OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 32: Cadimi l m t trong nh ng kim lo i r t c c tm th y v i n ng cao trong ch t th i t s luy n k m, m i n v x l n c th i. Ht ph i cadimi d ng h t nh s nhanh chng nh h ng n h h h p r i sau l th n. Cadimi cho th y s c nh tranh v i k m t i cc vng ho t ng c a enzym. Cadimi t o thnh hydroxit h i kh tan l Cd(OH)2. a) Hy tnh tan c a Cd(OH)2 trong n c nguyn ch t (b qua cn b ng t proton phn) b) Hy tnh tan c a Cd(OH)2 trong dung d ch NaOH(aq) 0,010M Ion Cd2+ c i l c m nh v i ion CN-: Cd2+(aq) + CN-(aq)  Cd(CN)+(aq) K1 = 105,48M-1. Cd(CN)+(aq) + CN-(aq)  Cd(CN)2(aq) K2 = 105,12M-1. Cd(CN)2(aq) + CN (aq)  Cd(CN)3 (aq) K3 = 104,63M-1. Cd(CN)3-(aq) + CN-(aq)  Cd(CN)42-(aq) K4 = 103,65M-1. c) Hy tnh tan c a Cd(OH)2 trong n c c ch a ion CN-. N ng cn b ng l [CN-]=1,00.103 M tan so v i tan tm d) Gi thi t r ng ch t o thnh ph c Cd(CN)42-, hy tnh ph n tr m sai l ch c cu c. Bi t T(Cd(OH)2) = 5,9.10-15M3. BI GI I: a) S = 1,14.10-5M b) S = 5,9.10-11M c) S = 0,5[OH-] = C(Cd) C(Cd) = [Cd2+] + [Cd(CN)+] + [Cd(CN)2] + [Cd(CN)3-] + [Cd(CN)42-] 0,5[OH-] = [Cd2+](1 + K1[CN-] + K1K2[CN-]2 + K1K2 K3[CN-]3 + K1K2K3K4 [CN-]4) [OH-] = [2.T(1 + K1[CN-] + K1K2[CN-]2 + K1K2K3[CN-]3 + K1K2K3K4 [CN-]4)]3/2 = 4,79.10-3M S = 2,4.10-3M d) [OH-] = [2.T.(1 + K1K2K3K4 [CN-]4)]3/2 = 4,47.10-3M S = 2,24.10-3M Ph n tr m sai l ch = 6,7% OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 33:

A ?

Hai y u t quan tr ng nh t nh h ng ln tan c a cc mu i kh tan l pH v s c m t c a tc nhn t o ph c. B c oxalat l m t v d i n hnh: Tch s tan c a n trong n c l T = 2,06.10-4 t i pH=7. tan c a n b nh h ng b i pH khi anion oxalat ph n ng v i ion hydroni v b ng tc nhn t o ph c ch ng h n nh amoniac t o ph c v i cation b c. a) Tnh tan c a b c oxalat trong dung d ch axit c pH = 5,0. Hai h ng s phn li c a axit oxalic l n l t l: K1 = 5,6.10-2 v K2 = 6,2.10-6. b) V i s c m t c a amoniac th ion b c t o thnh hai d ng ph c Ag(NH3)+ v Ag(NH3)2+. Cc h ng s t o ph c t ng n c t ng ng s l F1 = 1,59.103 v F2 = 6,76.103. Tnh tan c a b c oxalat trong dung d ch ch a 0,02M NH3 v c pH = 10,8. BI GI I: a) T = [Ag+]2[C2O42-] Ta c: [Ag+] = 2S C(C2O42-) = S = [C2O42-] + [HC2O4-] + [H2C2O4] K1 = 5,6.10-2. H2C2O4 = H+ + HC2O42+ K2 = 6,2.10-6. HC2O4 = H + C2O4 2 H H 2 Ta c k t q a sau: S = C 2 O 4  1   K2 K1 K 2 K1 K 2 2 .S ! E .S C 2 O4  ! 2 H   K1 H   K1 K 2 T i pH = 7 th [H+] = 10-7 E } 1 T = 3,5.10-11. T i pH = 5 th [H+] = 10-5 E } 0,861 S = 2,17.10-4. b) [NH3] = 0,02M T i pH = 10,8 th [H+] = 1,585.10-11 E } 1 T ng n ng [Ag+] trong dung d ch c xc nh b i ph ng trnh CAg = 2S = [Ag+] + [Ag(NH3)+] + [Ag(NH3)2+] Cc ph n ng t o ph c: Ag+ + NH3 = Ag(NH3)+ F1 = 1,59.103 + + Ag(NH3) + NH3 = Ag(NH3)2 F2 = 6,76.103 T cc ph ng trnh trn ta d dng suy ra c bi u th c sau: + 2 CAg = 2S = [Ag ](1 + F1[NH3] + F1F2[NH3] ) 1 Ag  ! .S ! KS 2 1  F 1 ?NH 3 A F 1 F 2 ?NH 3 A Thay vo bi u th c c a T ta tnh c S = 5,47.10-2. OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 33: M t h p ch t nitro h u c (RNO2) c kh b ng ph ng php i n ha trong dung d ch m axetat c t ng n ng axetat (HOAc+ OAc-) l 0,500M v c pH = 5. 300mL dung d ch m ch a 0,01M RNO2 em kh i n ha hon ton. Axit axetic c Ka = 1,75.10-5 25oC. Ph n ng kh i n ha h p ch t nitro x y ra nh sau: RNO2 + 4H+ + 4e p RNHOH + H2O Tnh pH c a dung d ch sau khi k t thc ph n ng.

A ? A ? A

? A

? A

? A

BI GI I:

RNO2 + 4H+ + 4e p RNHOH + H2O Ta c: ?HOAc A pK a ! pH OAc  ?HOAc A ! 0,5715 OAc  M t khc ta c: [HOAc] + [OAc-] = 0,500 [HOAc] = 0,1818 [OAc-] = 0,3182 Nh v y s mmol cc ch t lc ban u l: n(OAc-) = 95,45 n(HOAc) = 54,55 S mmol RNO2 b kh s l: 300.0,0100 = 3mmol T ph ng trnh bn ph n ng ta th y r ng kh ha hon ton 3mmol h p ch t nitro c n 12mmol H+. S mmol H+ ny nh n c t s phn ly c a HOAc. Khi ph n ng x y ra hon ton th: n(HOAc) = 54,55 12,00 = 42,55mmol n(OAc-) = 95,45 12,00 = 83,45mmol ?HOAc A ! 5,16 V y pH ! pK a  OAc  OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 34: tan l m t thng s quan tr ng xc nh c s nhi m mi tr ng do cc mu i gy ra. tan c a m t ch t c nh ngh a l l ng ch t c n thi t c th tan vo m t l ng dung mi t o ra c dung d ch bo ho. tan c a cc ch t khc nhau tu thu c vo b n ch t c a dung mi v ch t tan c ng nh c a cc i u ki n th nghi m, v d nh nhi t v p su t. pH v kh n ng t o ph c c ng nh h ng n tan. M t dung d ch ch a BaCl2 v SrCl2 u n ng 0,01M. Khi ta thm m t dung d ch bo ho natri sunfat vo dung d ch th 99,9% BaCl2 s k t t a d i d ng BaSO4 v SrSO4 ch c th k t t a n u trong dung d ch cn d i 0,1% BaSO4. Tch s tan c a cc ch t c cho sau y: T(BaSO4) = 10-10 v T(SrSO4) = 3.10-7. 1) Vi t cc ph ng trnh ph n ng t o k t t a. Tnh n ng Ba2+ cn l i trong dung d ch khi SrSO4 b t u k t t a. 2+ Tnh %Ba v Sr2+ sau khi tch ra. S t o ph c gy nn m t nh h ng ng k n tan. Ph c l m t ti u phn tch i n ch a m t ion kim lo i trung tm lin k t v i m t hay nhi u ph i t . V d Ag(NH3)2+ l m t ph c ch a ion Ag+ l ion trung tm v hai phn t NH3 l ph i t . tan c a AgCl trong n c c t l 1,3.10-5M Tch s tan c a AgCl l 1,7.10-10M H ng s cn b ng c a ph n ng t o ph c c ga tr b ng 1,5.107. 2) S d ng tnh ton cho th y r ng tan c a AgCl trong dung d ch NH3 1,0M th cao h n trong n c c t. BI GI I: 1) Cc ph n ng t o k t t a: Ba2+ + SO42- = BaSO4 Sr2+ + SO42- = SrSO4

K t t a BaSO4 s x y ra khi [SO42-] = T(BaSO4)/[Ba2+] = 10-8M K t t a SrSO4 s x y ra khi [SO42-] = 3.10-5M N u khng x y ra cc i u ki n v ng h c (ch ng h n nh s hnh thnh k t t a BaSO4 l v cng ch m) th BaSO4 s c t o thnh tr c, k t q a l s c s gi m n ng Ba2+. Khi n ng cn l i c a ion Ba2+ trong dung d ch c th SO42- tho mn yu c u k t t a SrSO4 th lc ny n ng c tnh t cng th c: T(BaSO4) = [Ba2+][SO42-] = [Ba2+].3.10-5 [Ba2+] = 0,333.10-5M 0,333.10 5 ! 0,033% %Ba2+ cn l i t ng dung d ch = 10  2 2) Cn b ng t o ph c gi a AgCl v NH3 c th c xem nh l t h p c a hai cn b ng: AgCl(r)  Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) T = 1,7.10-10. Ag+(aq) + 2NH3(aq)  Ag(NH3)2+ Kf = 1,5.107 + AgCl(r) + 2NH3(aq)  Ag(NH3)2 + Cl (aq) K = T.Kf = 2,6.10-3 Cn b ng: (1,0 2x) x x Do K r t b nn h u h t Ag+ u t n t i d ng ph c: N u v ng m t NH3 th cn b ng: [Ag+] = [Cl-] S hnh thnh ph c d n n: [Ag(NH3)2+] = [Cl-] Nh v y: Ag ( NH 3 )  Cl  x2 2 ! ! 2,6.10  3 x ! 0,046 M K! 2 1,0  2 x ?NH 3 A K t q a ny c ngh a l 4,6.10-2M AgCl tan trong dung d ch NH3 1,0M, nhi u h n trong n c tan c a AgCl. c t l 1,3.10-5M. Nh v y s t o thnh ph c Ag(NH3)2+ d n n vi c lm t ng OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 35: Cc axit y u c chu n v i dung d ch baz m nh bi t tr c n ng (dung d ch chu n). Dung d ch axit y u (ch t phn tch) c chuy n vo bnh nn 250cm3 v dung d ch baz m nh (ch t chu n) c cho vo buret. i m t ng ng c a php chu n t c khi l ng ch t chu n cn b ng v i l ng ch t phn tch. Gi n bi u th s thay i c a pH nh l m t hm c a th tch ch t chu n c thm vo c g i l ng cong chu n . i m t ng ng c a php chu n ch c th c xc nh b ng l thuy t, n khng th c xc nh b ng th c nghi m. N ch c th c l ng c b ng cch xc nh s thay i c a m t vi tnh ch t v t l trong qa trnh chu n . Trong ph ng php chu n axit baz , i m cu i c a php chu n c xc nh b ng cch s d ng ch t ch th axit baz . 1) Xy d ng ng cong chu n b ng cch tnh m t vi i m c tr ng v ch n ch t ch th thch h p trong vi c chu n 50,00cm3 CH3COOH 0,1000M (Ka = 1,8.10-5) b ng dung d ch NaOH 0,1000M. V ch t ch th c th tham kh o b ng 1: Tn ch th Kho ng chuy n mu Mu d ng axit baz Metyl da cam 3,2 4,4 - da cam Matyl 4,2 6,2 - vng Bromthymol xanh 6,0 7,6 Vng - xanh Phenol 6,8 8,2 Vng Phenolphtalein 8,0 -9,8 Khng mu Thymophtalein 9,3 10,5 Khng mu xanh 2) Axit ascorbic (Vitamin C) l m t axit y u v ch u s phn ly theo ph ng trnh:

A A ?

Chnh v v y axit ascorbic c th chu n c n c 1 b ng NaOH 3 50,00cm dung d ch C6H8O6 0,1000M c chu n b ng 0,2000M: (i) pH c a dung d ch lc u l: a) 7,00; b) 2,58 c) 4,17 d) 1,00 (ii) Th tch c a ch t chu n c n t n i m t ng ng l: a) 50,00cm3 b) 35,00cm3 c) 25,00cm3 d) 20,00cm3 (iii) Sau khi thm 12,5cm3 dung d ch chu n th pH c a dung d ch s l: a) 4,17 b) 2,58 c) 7,00 d) 4,58 (iv) pH i m t ng ng s l: a) 7,00 b) 8,50 c) 8,43 d) 8,58 (v) Ch t ch th c s d ng trong ph n ng ny s l (xem b ng 1) a) bromthymol xanh b) phenol c) phenolphthalein d) thymolphtalein (vi) pH c a dung d ch sau khi thm 26,00cm3 ch t chu n l: a) 13,30 b) 11,30 c) 11,00 d) 11,42 BI GI I: Ph n ng chu n : CH3COOH + OH- = CH3COO- + H2O a) pH tr c khi ti n hnh chu n Do tr c khi chu n th trong bnh nn ch c CH3COOH nn pH c a dung d ch s t ph ng trnh phn ly CH3COOH CH3COOH  CH3COO- + H+ T ph ng trnh phn ly: H+ c th

c tnh

th n ng

c tnh theo bi u th c:

pH = 2,87 b) pH sau khi thm 10,00cm3 ch t chu n: Trong dung d ch lc ny ch a mu i natri axetat v axit axetic cn d nn n l dung d ch N ng c a m i ch t trong dung d ch c tnh nh sau:

m:

N ng Hasselbatch:

H+ lc ny c th tnh

c b ng cch p d ng ph

ng trnh Henderson

pH = 4,14 c) pH i m t ng ng Lc ny th ton b l ng axit axetic ph n ng h t v i l ng NaOH thm vo nn trong dung d ch lc ny ch cn l i anion axetat. Lc ny pH c quy t nh b i s phn ly c a anion ny: CH3COOH + H2O  CH3COOH + OHTh tch ch t chu n c n t n i m t ng ng (Vep) c tnh nh sau:

Vo lc ny th t ng th tch dung d ch l 100cm3. Vo th i i m ny c a vi c chu n [CH3COOH] = [OH-] v:

th

pOH = 5,28 pH = 8,72 d) pH sau khi thm 50,10cm3 ch t chu n Vo th i i m ny th ton b axit axetic chuy n h t thnh natri axetat nn pH c a dung d ch lc ny s c quy t nh b i l ng d dung d ch natri hydroxit thm vo. Nh v y:

pOH = 4,00 pH = 10,00 Lc ny ng nh phn s c d ng

Do pH i m t ng ng l 8,72 nn ch th ph h p lc ny l phenolphthalein 2) (i) b, (ii) c, (iii) a, (iv) b, (v) c, (vi) d OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 35: Dung d ch m l dung d ch c kh n ng ch ng l i s thay i pH. Thng th ng dung d ch m g m m t axit y u v baz lin h p c a n (v d : CH3COOH/CH3COO-) hay m t baz y u v axit lin c t o thnh khi trung ho m t ph n axit y u b i baz h p c a n (V d NH3/NH4+). Dung d ch m m nh hay baz y u v axit m nh. Chnh v v y ta c th chu n b dung d ch m b ng cch tr n m t l ng axit (hay baz ) y u tnh tr c v i ph n lin h p c a n. pH c a dung d ch m c t o thnh b i axit y u HA v baz lin h p Ac tnh theo ph ng trnh Henderson Hasselbalch: ?HOAcA pH ! pK a  OAc  3) Tnh pH c a dung d ch m ch a 0,200M axit fomic (Ka = 2,1.10-4) v 0,150M natri fomiat. 4) Tnh pH c a dung d ch khi thm 0,01000M dung d ch NaOH vo dung d ch m cu 1 5) Tnh th tch c a dung d ch NaOH 0,200M c n thm vo 100,0cm3 dung d ch CH3COOH 0,150M (Ka = 1,8.10-5) thu c dung d ch m c pH = 5,00 6) pH c a dung d ch m ch a 0,0100M axit benzoic (Ka = 6,6.10-5) v C6H5COONa 0,0100M s l: a) 5,00 b) 4,18

c) 9,82 d) 9,0 7) Khi tr n cng m t th tch 0,100 CH3COOH (Ka = 1,8.10-5) v 0,0500M NaOH th: i) Dung d ch sau cng s l: a) D axit y u. b) D baz m nh c) Dung d ch m d) C ba u sai. ii) pH c a dung d ch cu i s l: a) 3,02 b) 4,44 c) 3,17 d) 7,00 6) Khi tr n cng m t th tch dung d ch CH3COOH 0,100M v NaOH 0,150M th: i) Dung d ch cu i cng s l: a) D axit y u. b) D baz m nh c) Dung d ch m d) C ba u sai. ii) pH c a dung d ch cu i s l: a) 12,00 b) 12,70 c) 13,18 d) 12,40 7) Khi tr n cng m t th tch dung d ch CH3COOH 0,150M v NaOH 0,100M th: i) Dung d ch cu i cng s l: a) D axit y u. b) D baz m nh c) Dung d ch m d) C ba u sai. ii) pH c a dung d ch cu i s l: a) 3,17 b) 3,02 c) 2,78 d) 3,22 8) Khi tr n cng m t th tch dung d ch CH3COOH 0,100M v NaOH 0,100M th: i) Dung d ch cu i cng s l: a) D axit y u. b) D baz m nh c) Dung d ch m d) C ba u sai. 1. pH c a dung d ch cu i s l: a) 7,00 b) 13,00 c) 2,87 d) 3,02

BI GI I: 1) pH = 3,55 2) Natri hydroxit s ph n ng v i HCOOH: HCOOH + OHHCOO- + H2O Ph n ng ny x y ra hon ton nn: [HCOOH] = 0,140M [HCOO-] = 0,160M V y pH = 3,60 L u r ng ta thm m t baz m nh nh NaOH m pH ch thay i 0,05 n v 3) G i V l th tch c a dung d ch NaOH. Nh v y th tch cu i c a dung d ch s l (100,0 + V) v s mmol CH3COOH v OH- l 100,0.0,150 = 15,00mmol v V.0,200 = 0,200V mmol t ng ng. T ph n ng: CH3COOH + OHCH3COO- + H2O Nh v y l ng CH3COO- sinh ra s l 0,200V mmol v l ng CH3COOH ch a ph n ng s l (15,00-0,200V)mmol. Nh v y n ng c a cc ti u phn trong dung d ch m s l: ?CH 3 COOH A! 15,00  0,200 M 100,0  V 0, 200V M CH 3 COO  ! 100,0  V T bi u th c h ng s phn li c a axit axetic ta c th nh n c:  CH 3 COO K ! a ?CH 3 COOH A H 

? A

0, 200V 1,8.10  5 100,0  V ! V ! 48,21cm 3 15,00  0,200 1,0.10  5 100  V OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 37: Nh a trao i ion c th c s d ng h p th v phn l p cation v anion. Chng c th c i u ch t cc v t li u v c v h u c . M t lo i nh a trao i cation h u c c th c t ng h p b ng s ng trng h p styren /divinyl benzen ti p theo b i s sunfo ho b ng H2SO4 nh s 1: C C C C C C C C C C C C


+
C
C

th

Nh a trao i cation (k hi u l R-H+) c th c bi u di n nh sau:

 

a2 2 8

H 2 SO

SO 3 -

[ p o lym er ]

[ c a tio n ic e x c h a n g e r ]
R -H +

1 c s d ng

h p th cc cation. Ph n ng c

R-H+ + M+ = RM + H+ KC = [RM][H+]/[R-H+][M+] (1) + KD = [RM]/[M ] (2) Nh a trao i cation R-H+ c th c chuy n ha thnh ch t trao i ion R-M+ hay R-M2+ b ng ph n ng gi a R-H+ v i m t hydroxit kim l ai M(OH)z. Ph ng trnh ph n ng s l: R-H+ + MOH = R-M+ + H2O (3) V zR-H+ + M(OH)z = (R-)zM+ + zH2O (4) 1) M t lo i nh a trao i cation R-Na+ c s d ng lo i CaCl2 trong n c my. a) Vi t ph ng trnh ph n ng. b) N u m t lo i nh a trao i khc R-H+ c s d ng thay th cho R-Na+. i) Vi t ph n ng x y ra. ii) Cho bi t lo i nh a trao i ion no R-H+ hay R-Na+ th ph h p h n trong vi c lo i Ca2+ ra kh i n c th i v cho bi t l do. 2) M t lo i nh a trao i anion h u c (R+Cl-) c th c t ng h p b ng s ng trng h p styren sau: /divinyl benzen v i xc tc l m t axit Le is nh AlCl3 v m t amin b c 3 NR3, nh s

Lo i nh a trao i ion R+OH- c th nh n c t ph n ng: R+Cl- + NaOH = R+OH- + NaCl (5) + a) B ng cch no m H sinh ra t dung d ch HCl c th b lo i b v i m t lo i nh a trao i ion R+OH-. Vi t cc ph ng trnh ph n ng x y ra. b) B ng cch no ta c th lo i c ion SO42- trong n c my b ng lo i nh a trao i ion R+OHtrn. Vi t cc ph ng trnh ph n ng x y ra. Dung l ng (S) c a nh a trao i cation R-H+ i v i m t ion b h p th c th c xc nh b ng s mol c a ion h p th /gam c a m t nh a trao i ion t ng 1,0mL dung d ch n c v c th c tnh b ng cch s d ng ph ng trnh sau: S = ([RM] + [RH]).10-3 (6) Dung l ng (S) c a m t nh a trao i cation R-H+ i v i ion M+ trong m t dung d ch n c c th c xc nh t h ng s cn b ng KC, h ng s phn b KD v n ng c a cc ion M+ v H+ trong dung d ch. 3) Hy ch ng minh ph ng trnh sau: 1/Kd = [M+]/1000S + [H+]/KC.S.1000 (7) 4) Nh a trao i ion c th c s d ng lm pha t nh trong php s c k l ng h p th v phn l p cc lo i ion khc nhau. V d : nh a trao i anion R+OH- c th c s d ng phn l p cc ion X- v Y- c th c r a gi i b ng NaOH. Php s c k l ng trong vi c phn tch cc anion X- v Y- s d ng 30cm c t nh a trao i ion nh hnh 1.

V i t1, t2 v to l th i gian duy tr (Retention time)(tR) i v i X- v Y- v dung mi r a gi i tinh a l thuy t N v chi u khi t NaOH c th i qua c t, [1 [ l chi u r ng pic c a X- v Y-. S cao a H (chi u cao c a t ng s a l thuy t) c a c t c th c tnh b i cc bi u th c sau: N = 16(tR/[)2. (8) v H = L/N (9)

t2

t1
Y-

t0

X-








Retention Time / min



tR

v i L l chi u di c t. b i cc h th c:
R=

  Hnh 1: S c k ph c a ion X- v Yphn gi i (R) c a c t v h s phn ly E i v i X- v Y- c th

(t - t1) / ([1 [) (10) (11)

c xc

nh

E = (t t ) / (t1 t )

a) Tnh s a l thuy t c a c t b) Tnh chi u cao a. c) Tnh phn gi i (R) c a c t i v i hai anion X- v Y-. d) Tnh h s phn ly E i v i X- v Y5) M t s lo i nh a trao i ion c th nh n c t nh ng v t li u v c . Zeolit 2+ 2+ + + [(M )(Al2O3)m/(SiO2)n] (M = Na ; K hay Ca2+; Mg2+) l nh ng v d i n hnh v nh ng nh a trao i ion v c . M t s v d v zeolit c cho trong hnh 2.

Hnh 2: M t s lo i zeolit M t lo i Na* - zeolit (k hi u l Z-Na*) v i kch th c l h ng l 13 l m t lo i nh a trao i ion quan tr ng lo i cc ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ ra kh i n c my. Cc lo i zeolit v i kch th c l h ng xc nh th c ch n l c h p th r t cao i v i cc phn t khc nhau. V d H2O v iso-butan. Nh

v y, zeolit ng vai tr nh l m t ci ry phn t . Zeolit c ng c th c s d ng nh l m t ch t xc tc trong cng ngh ha d u. V d : trong ha d u iso-butan l k t q a c a s t ng t c crackinh cc tc nhn h p ph ch n l c. a) Vi t ph ng trnh ph n ng lo i Ca2+ ra kh i n c my v i zeolit Z-Na*. b) Vi t ph ng trnh ph n ng c a vi c h p th K+ v i zeolit Z-Na*. BI GI I: 1) a) 2RNa + Ca2+ = (R)2Ca + 2Na+ hay 2RNa + CaCl2 = (R)2Ca + 2NaCl b) i) 2RH + Ca2+ = (R)2Ca + 2H+ hay 2RH + CaCl2 = (R)2Ca + 2HCl ii) S d ng RNa th kh thi h n so v i vi c s d ng RH b i v s n ph m c a s h p th Ca2+ b ng RNa l NaCl l s n ph m t c h i h n l HCl (lm gi m pH) 2) a) R+OH- + HCl = R+Cl- + H2O b) B c u tin s x y ra ph n ng: 2R+OH- + SO42- = (R+)2SO42- + 2OHSau th thm HCl vo trung ho l ng OH- sinh ra b c 1: H+ + OH- = H2O 3 Thay ph ng trnh (1), (2) vo (6) v s d ng m t s bi n i ton h c n gi n ta nh n c: 1/Kd = [M+]/1000S + [H+]/KC.S.1000 4 a) N1 = 16(t1/[1)2 = 1600 N2 = 16(t2/[2)2 = 1394 N = (N1 + N2)/2 = 1497 b) H = L/N = 0,021cm c) R = R = (t - t1) / ([1 [ ) = 3, d) E = (t t ) / (t1 t ) = 1, 5. a) Z-Na+ + Ca2+ = Z-Ca + Na+ b) Z-Na+ + K+ = Z-K+ + Na+ OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 37: L ng canxi trong m u c th c xc nh b i cch sau: B c 1: Thm m t vi gi t ch th metyl vo dung d ch m u c axit ha v sau l tr n v i dung d ch Na2C2O4. B c 2: Thm ure (NH2)2CO v un si dung d ch n khi ch th chuy n sang mu vng (vi c ny m t 15 pht). K t t a CaC2O4 xu t hi n. B c 3: Dung d ch nng c l c v k t t a CaC2O4 c r a b ng n c l nh lo i b l ng d ion C2O42-. B c 4: Ch t r n khng tan CaC2O4 c ho tan vo dung d ch H2SO4 0,1M sinh ra ion Ca2+ v H2C2O4. Dung d ch H2C2O4 c chu n v i dung d ch chu n KMnO4 n khi dung d ch c mu h ng th ng ng. Cc ph n ng x y ra v cc h ng s cn b ng: 2+ 2-8 CaC2O4(s) p Ca (aq) + C2O4 (aq) T = 1.30x10 Ca(OH)2(s) p Ca
2+ (aq) -

+ 2OH (aq)
+ (aq) + (aq)

H2C2O4(aq) m HC2O4 (aq) + H HC2O4 (aq) m C2O4

2(aq)

+H

"

T
a1 a2

= 6.50x10 = 5.60x10 = 5.42x10

-6

-2 -5

H2O m H

+ (aq)

+ OH (aq)

= 1.00x10

-14

1. Vi t v cn b ng cc ph ng trnh ph n ng x y ra b c 2. 2. 25,00mL dung d ch m u canxi c xc nh b ng ph ng php trn v s d ng h t 27,41mL -3 dung d ch KMnO4 2,50.10 M b c cu i cng. Xc nh n ng Ca2+ trong m u. 3. Tnh T c a CaC2O4 trong m t dung d ch m c pH = 4. (B qua h s ho t ) Trong php phn tch trn th ta b qua m t nguyn nhn quan tr ng gy nn sai s . S k t t a CaC2O4 b c 1 s khng hon ton n u ta thm m t l ng d C2O42- do cc ph n ng sau: 2+ 23 Ca (aq) + C2O4 (aq) p CaC2O4(aq) f1 = 1.0 x 10 CaC2O4(aq) + C2O4 4. Tnh n ng CaC2O4. 5. Tnh n ng
2(aq)

p Ca(C2O4)2

2(aq) f2

= 10 ng k t t a t i a c a ).

cn b ng c a Ca2+ v C2O42- trong dung d ch sau khi t o thnh l

ion H+ v Ca2+ trong dung d ch bo ho CaC2O4 (B qua h s ho t

BI GI I: 1. (NH2)2CO + H2O ( 2 NH 3  CO 2 p 2+ -3 2. [Ca ] = 6,85.10 M 3. [Ca2+] = [C2O42-] + [HC2O4-] + [H2C2O4] = [C2O42-](1 + [H+]/K1 + [H+]2/K1K2) 2V y [C2O4 ] = [Ca2+]/(1 + [H+]/K1 + [H+]2/K1K2) (1) Thay (1) vo bi u th c tch s tan: T = [Ca2+][C2O42-] ta tnh 4. Ta c: 2 C Ca ! Ca 2   CaC 2 O 4 ( aq )  Ca C 2 O 4 2

c [C2O42-] = 1,92.10-4M

A? A

A?
?

M Ca 2  ! 1,3.10  6 M (1) 5. Cn b ng i n tch: 2[Ca2+] + [H+] = 2[C2O42-] + [HC2O4-] + [OH-] Cn b ng kh i l ng: [Ca2+] = [C2O42-] + [HC2O4-] + [H2C2O4] (2) V Kb2 r t nh nn n ng c a H2C2O4 c th b qua. K t h p (1) v (2) ta c: [HC2O4-] = K /[H+] - [H+] (3) [C2O42-] = (K2K )/[H+]2 K2 (4) + 2 2+ 2 2+ (5) [Ca ] = T/[C2O4 ] = T[H ] /(K2K K2[H ] ) Thay (3), (4), (5) vo (2) v gi i ph ng trnh sinh ra ta c: [H+] = 5,5.10-8M [Ca2+] = 1,04.10-4M OLYMPIC HA H C QU C T L N TH 37:
2

? O A! 1,0.10 C
2 4

1 2 ! T C O 2  K f 1  K f 1 K f 2 C 2 O4 2 4 dC Ca 1 ! T  TK f 1 K f 2 2 2 2 d C 2 O4 C 2 O4 

A !0

2

M t h c sinh nghin c u ph n ng ha h c gi a cc cation A , B , C , D , E trong dung d ch nitrat v cc anion X , Y , Z , Cl , OH trong dung d ch ch a cation natri ng th i c m t

&

&

&

2+

2+

2+

2+

2+

ph i t h u c L. H c sinh ny xc trong B ng 1 d i y:
-

nh

c m t s h p ch t k t t a v m t s ph c ch t mu nh B ng 1

A B

2+ 2+

X *** k tt a vng k tt a tr ng *** ***

Y *** k tt a tr ng k tt a nu k tt a k tt a

Z *** *** k tt a nu *** k tt a tr ng

2+ 2+ 2+ 2+

Cl *** *** k tt a tr ng *** ***

OH k tt a tr ng *** k tt a en *** ***

L *** Ph c BLn
2+

2+

Cc ph c 2+ 2+ CL , CL2 *** ***

D E

2+

2+

*** = khng ph n ng, 1 L ps tch cc cation A , B , C , D , E trong dung d ch nitrat b ng cch s d ng cc dung d ch thu c th khc nhau ch a cc anion X , Y , Z , Cl , OH . Ghi r s n ph m cc s n ph m hnh thnh trong m i b c. L ps tch cc anion X , Y , Z , Cl , OH trong dung d ch ch a cation natri b ng cch s d ng 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+ cc dung d ch thu c th khc nhau ch a cc cation A , B , C , D , E . Ghi r s n ph m cc s n ph m hnh thnh trong m i b c. K t t a tr ng BY2 v k t t a nu CY2 tan t trong n -8 -13 l 3.20 v 10 v 2.56 v 10 . Tnh Tnh tan c a BY2. tan c a CY2. c v i tch s tan t ng ng t i 25oC l n l t
2+

3 a) b) 4

Chu n b trong cc bnh nh m c 50 mL m t nhm cc dung d ch ch a B2+ v L b ng cch thm -3 vo m i bnh 2 mL dung d ch B2+ 8,2 v 10 M. Thm vo m i bnh cc l ng khc nhau c a dung -2 d ch ch a ph i t L n ng 1,0 v 10 M. Pha long dung d ch trong m i bnh b ng n c n v ch m c (50 mL). o h s h p th c a ph c BLn t i 540 nm cho m i dung d ch trong m t ng 2+ di 1,0 cm. Cc d li u thu c trong B ng 2. (C B v ph i t L khng h p th (A = 0) t i 540 nm.) [Ph ng php t l mol] Tnh gi tr n (s ph i tr) trong ph c BLn . Tnh h ng s t o thnh (Kf) c a ph c BLn . B ng 2 L thm vo VL (mL) H s h p th (A) L thm vo VL (mL) H s h p th (A)
2+ 2+

a) b)

1.00 3.00 5.00 7.00 9.00 5 a)

0.14 0.40 0.55 0.64 0.66

2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00

2+

0.26 0.48 0.60 0.66 0.66 0,10M v C2+ 0,05 M c pha t

Thm r t ch m ch t r n NaY (tan) vo m t dung d ch ch a B cc dung d ch mu i nitrat t ng ng c a chng.

2+ 2+ -

Cation no k t t a tr c (B hay C )? N ng [Y ] b ng bao nhiu khi ion ny k t t a? (Cho -8 -13 o Ksp (BY2) = 3.20 v 10 v Ksp (CY2) = 2.56 v 10 t i 25 C.) [Tch b ng k t t a]
-

b) N ng c a ion Y v cation cn l i b ng bao nhiu khi cation u tin k t t a hon ton (gi -6 thi t r ng sau khi k t t a hon ton n ng cation u tin trong dung d ch e 10 M)? S d ng tc 2+ 2+ nhn Y c th tch B v C b ng ph ng php k t t a hay khng?

BI GI I: 1. cch tch:

2. Cch tch:

3. a)

4S13 = 3,2.10-8 S1 = 2,0.10-3 b)

4S23 = 2,56.10-13 S2 = 4,0.10-5 4) a) th ph thu c gi a h s h p th A v th tch VL c a ch t L c d ng nh sau:

T th tch L i m gy B (t t c cc ion B2+ u t o ph c v i L) trn n nh sau: n = s mol L / s mol B2+ = 5,1.10-3.10-2 / 2.10-3 . 8,2.10-3 = 3 i u c ngh a l ph c gi a B2+ v i L c d ng BL32+ b) * Tnh h s t t mol I: i m gy A = 0,66 = I.1. [BL32+] I = 2,01.103 * Ch n m t i m b t k trn th , v d : T i i m P: l i m m 2,0mL L c thm vo; A = 0,26

th th ta c th tnh

Nh v y:

a) Khi b t u hnh thnh k t t a CY2 th: Ksp = [C2+][Y-]2 = 2,56.10-13

Tnh t ng t cho khi hnh thnh k t t a BY2 ta c: [Y-] = 5,06.10-4M V y ch t CY2 k t t a tr c b. Ch t C2+ s k t t a hon ton d i d ng CY2 khi [C2+] = 10-6M Nh v y [C2+][Y-]2 = 2,56.10-3 [Y-] lc ny s b ng 5,06.10-4M i u ny c ngh a l C2+ s b k t t a hon ton d i d ng CY2 khi [Y-] = 5,06.10-4M Lc ny th i v i k t t a BY2 th [B2+][Y-]2 = 2,56.10-8 < Ksp(BY2) = 3,2.10-8 Nh v y lc [Y-] = 5,06.10-4M v [B2+] = 0,1M th ch t BY2 v n ch a ck tt a i u ny c ngh a l ta hon ton c th tch cc ion B2+ v C2+ ra kh i dung d ch b ng ph ng php k t t a phn o n v i Y- l tc nhn. IV. OLYMPIC HA H C CC N C TRN TH GI I: OLYMPIC HA H C O 1999: L ng oxi trong m u c xc nh b ng php phn tch iot nh sau (ph ng php Winkler): B c 1: Oxi trong dung d ch oxi ho Mn2+ thnh Mn(IV) trong mi tr ng ki m t o thnh MnO(OH)2. B c 2: Thm axit vo h p ch t c a mangan ni trn ph n ng v i l ng d Mn2+ t o thnh ion 3+ Mn . B c 3: Ion Mn3+ ny oxi ha thu c th iodua t o thnh iot v Mn3+ b kh thnh Mn2+.

B c 4: L ng iot sinh ra trong b c 3 c chu n b ng dung d ch thiosunfat. 2) Vi t ph ng trnh ion c a 4 ph n ng trn. 2) Phn tch nh ng m u n c sng Sch echat cho k t q a sau: Chu n ho dung d ch natri thiosunfat Na2S2O3: dng KIO3 trong mi tr ng axit, khi ion iodat b kh thnh ion iodua. V i 25,00mL dung d ch KIO3 (F(KIO3) = 174,8mg/L) ph i dng h t 12,45mL dung d ch Na2S2O3. Ngay sau khi l y m u n c, l ng oxy c a n c xc nh theo ph ng php Winkler. ph i dng 11,80mL dung d ch Na2S2O3 trn cho 103,50mL m u n c 20,0oC. N ng oxy bo ho trong n c 20,0oC l 9,08mg/L. M u th hai (V = 202,20mL, T = 20,0oC) c trong 5 ngy nhi t 20,0oC, ng v i 6,75mL dung d ch Na2S2O3. iii) Vi t ph ng trnh ion c a ph n ng chu n ho dung d ch thiosunfat. iv) Tnh n ng mol/L c a dung d ch thiosunfat v) Tnh hm l ng oxy (mg/L) c a m u n c ngay sau khi l y m u. vi) Tnh ch s bo ho oxy c a m u n c ny. vii) Tnh hm l ng oxy c a m u n c ny sau khi 5 ngy. viii) T cc k t q a trn c th xc nh c cc thng s c tr ng no? Gi tr c a n l bao nhiu? BI GI I: i. B c 1: 2Mn2+ + O2 + 4OH- = 2MnO(OH)2. B c 2: 2MnO(OH)2 + 2Mn2+ + 8H+ = 4Mn3+ + 6H2O B c 3: 4Mn3+ + 4I- = 2I2 + 4Mn2+. B c 4: 2I2 + 4S2O32- = 2S4O62- + 4I-. ii. a) IO3- + 6S2O32- + 6H+ = I- + 3H2O + 9S + 3SO42b) C(S2O32-) = 9,841.10-3M c) n(O2) = 2,903.10-2mmol F(O2) = 8,976mg/L. d) SSI = 98,9% e) n(O2) = 0,0166mmol F(O2) = 5,20mg/L f) BSB5 = 3.78mg/L OLYMPIC HA H C O 2005: 25.0C v p su t ring ph n c a CO2 l: p(CO2) = 1.00 bar. 0.8304 lt kh CO2 ho tan trong 1.00 lt n c. 1. Tnh n ng mol c a CO2 ho tan 2. Tnh h ng s Henry c a CO2 25.0C. 3. Tnh n ng mol c a CO2 ho tan trong n c m a, n u ph n th tch c a CO2 trong kh quy n c hm l ng 380 ppm m i ngy v p su t c a CO2 c ga tr l 1.00 bar. M t ph n CO2 ho tan s ph n ng v i n c t o thnh axit cacbonic. H ng s cn b ng c a -3 ph n ng ny l K=1.6710 v i n ng c an c c a vo Ka 4. Tnh n ng c a axit cacbonic ho tan trong n c m a? Bi t n ng c a CO2 l khng i. i v i h ng s phn li th nh t th [H2CO3]* c s d ng thay th cho n ng c a axit cacbonic. [H2CO3]* l t ng n ng c a axit cacbonic v l ng kh CO2 ho tan trong n c. Cc ga tr l: KA1 = 4.4510-7 and KA2 = 4.8410-11. 5. Tnh pH c a n c m a. B qua cn b ng t proton phn c a n c v h ng s phn li KA2 c a axit cacbonic. Bi t r ng n ng c a [H2CO3]* l khng i trong su t qa trnh. Vo n m 1960 th ph n th tch c a CO2 trong kh quy n l 320ppm 6. Tnh pH c a n c m a vo th i i m ny (t t c cc i u ki n khc u nh cu 3.5.).

 vi (CaCO3) c tch s tan T = 4.7010-9. 7. Tnh tan c a vi trong n c tinh khi t. Gi thi t r ng c mu i hydrocacbonat v mu i cacbonat u khng ph n ng sinh ra axit cacbonic. Tnh tan c a CaCO3 trong n c m a vo th i i m ny. Nh ni trn [H2CO3]* lun l h ng s . tr l i cu h i ny ph i lm nh ng vi c sau: 8. Hy xc nh nh ng ion ch a bi t n ng . 9. Vi t cc ph ng trnh c n thi t tnh n ng cc ion ny. 10. Xc nh ph ng trnh cu i cng v i [H3O+] l n s . V i nh ng ph ng trnh b c cao th ta kh lng gi i c chnh xc. Ta c th gi thi t g n ng r ng pH = 8.26 ti n tnh ton 11. S d ng t t c nh ng thng tin trn tnh tan c a vi. BI GI I:  N ng c a CO2 ho tan: pV = nR.T p V 1 . 00 0 . 8304 n! ! 0 . 0335 mol ! R T 0 . 08314 298 . 15 K 0 . 0335 c! ! 0 . 0335 mol / L 1 2. H ng s Henry: ci = piKH 0 . 0335 KH ! ! 0 . 0335 mol / bar L 1 3. C(CO2) trong n c m a: c CO =3.810-4 0.0335 = 1.2710-5 mol/L   N ng c a axit cacbonic ho tan trong n c m a: &2+2 +&2 [H 2 3] ! 1 . 67 10 3     [ 2] >+&2@ xx>&2@ xPRO/  pH c a n c m a vo th i i m ny: [H2CO3]* = [CO2] + [H2CO3] = 1.2810-5 mol/L   [H ] 3 ] [H 3 K S1 ! ! 4 . 45 10 7 H2CO3 + H2O  HCO3- + H3O+ [H 2 3]
2

[H3O+] = [HCO3-] = x



x = 2.38210-6 mol/L pH = -log x = 5,62     Ga tr pH c a n c m a vo n m 1960: [CO2] = 3.210-4 bar0.0335 mol/barL = 1.0710-5 mol/L [H2CO3] = 1.6710-3[CO2] = 1.7910-8 mol/L [H2CO3]* = [CO2] + [H2CO3] = 1.0710-5 mol/L 6 [H 3  ] ! [H 2 mol / L 3 ] * K S1 ! 2 . 19 10 + pH = -log [H3O ] = 5,66   
21 2

x2 1 . 275 10

5

! K S1

0)

0)

'

'



tan c a vi trong n c c t: [Ca ][CO32-] = KL = 4.710-9

2+

 

[Ca2+] = 4 . 7 10 9 = 6.85610-5 mol/L S (CaCO3) = 6.8610-5 mol/L   Cc ion ch a xc nh c n ng : [Ca2+], [H3O+], [OH-], [CO32-], [HCO3-] Cc ph ng trnh c n thi t: (I) [Ca2+][CO32-] = KL (II) [H3O+][OH-] = KW   ] [H 3 ] [H 3 (III) ! K S1 [H 2 3]* (IV)
6
2

a. Nh n
78

[H

2[Ca2+] + [H3O+] = [OH-] + [HCO3-] + 2[CO32-] c t ph ng trnh c a H3O+: K S1 [H 2  3]* 3] !  [H 3 ]

2 2 1

2 [CO 3  ] !

[Ca 2  ] !

KW [H 3  ] Thay vo (V):  2 KW K [H 2 3 ] * 1 [ 2 CO 3 ] * L [ 3O ] + [H3O+] = + S1 + 2 2 2   [H3 ] [ 3 O  ]2 [H 3 ] 2 1 [ 2 CO 3 ] * Chuy n v : 2 K L [H 3  ]4 +[H3O+]3 (KW+KS1[H2CO3]*)[H3O+]2KS1KS2 [ H2CO3]* = 0 K S2 K S1 [H 2 3]*  tan c a vi: K L [H 3  ]2 ! 5 . 17 10  4 mol/L S (CaCO3) = [ a 2  ] ! K S1 [H 2 ]* K S2 3 OLYMPIC HA H C BUNGARI 1998: B c clorua d dng ho tan trong dung d ch amoniac trong n c v t o ion ph c: AgCl(r) + 2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl-. a) M t lt dung d ch amoniac 1M ho tan c bao nhiu gam AgCl? Bi t: AgCl(r) Ag+ + ClT = 1,8.10-10. [Ag(NH3)2]+ Ag+ + 2NH3 K = 1,7.10-7. b) Xc nh tch s tan T c a AgBr. Bi t r ng 0,54g AgBr c th tan c trong dung d ch amoniac 1M. BI GI I: [ H ] !
E S S RT RT P PQ I XW X VU W V E F F HG G HG

[CO ]

L 2 3

O  ]2 1 [ 2 CO 3 ] *
3

9A

9A

 [ CO 3 ] ! [ 3O  ]

DC DC C

78

65

9A

65

] [H 3  [H 3]

2 3

43

43

! K S2

[ 2 CO 3 ] * [ 3 O  ]2

a) Ta c: 2 Ag  ?NH 3 A ! 1,7.10  7 K!  Ag ( NH 3 ) 2

? A ? A T !? Ag ACl A! 1,8.10 ?
 

10

V [Ag+] << [Cl-]; [Ag(NH3)2]+ = [Cl-]; [NH3] = 1 - 2[Cl-] [Ag+] = T/[Cl-] nn thay t t c cc ng th c trn vo ph ng trnh c a K ta tnh [Cl-] = 0,0305M. mAgCl = 4,38g b) [Br-] = 0,33/188 = 1,75.10-3M T AgBr .(1  2 Br  ) 2  Br ! 1,7.10  7  Br

? A

? A ? A

T AgBr ! 5,3.10 13

OLYMPIC HA H C BUNGARI 1998: a) Xc nh n ng ion hydro v ga tr pH c a dung d ch t o thnh khi cho 0,82g CH3COONa vo 1L dung d ch CH3COOH 0,1M b) Ph i thm vo bao nhiu gam NaOH r n vo dung d ch ny lm pH t ng m t n v . c) So v i n ng c a phn t CH3COOH trong dung d ch CH3COOH 0,1M th n ng phn t CH3COOH trong cc dung d ch th nh t v th hai thay i theo nh ng t s no? (C th tnh g n ng). Bi t Ka(CH3COOH) = 1,8.10-5 BI GI I: CH3COOH  CH3COO- + H+ CH 3 COO  H  Ka ! ! 1,8.10 5 ?CH 3 COOH A CH3COONa = CH3COO- + Na+ CH3COOH + NaOH = CH3COONa + H2O i v i dung d ch axit axetic (tinh khi t) ban u: [CH3COO-] = [H+]; [CH3COOH]1 = Caxit } 0,1M [H+] = (0,1Ka)1/2 = 1,34.10-3M a) H n h p axit y u v mu i c a n l dung d ch m nn: ?HOAcA ! 3,74 pH ! pK a  OAc  b) Khi thm baz m nh n ng Cb th Cmu i = Cmu i + Cb; Caxit = Caxit - Cb + pH t ng m t n v t ng ng v i [H ] gi m 10 l n: [H+]2/[H+]3 = [Caxit.(Cmu i + Cb)]/[Cmu i.(Caxit Cb)] [H+]3 = 1,8.10-5M; Cb = 0,045M mNaOH = 1,8g c) [CH3COOH]1 = ([H+]1)2/Ka } 0,1M [CH3COOH]2 = [H+].Cmu i/Ka } 0,1M ho c chnh xc h n [CH3COOH]2 = Caxit - [H+]2 = 0,0986M [CH3COOH]3 = [H+].(Cmu i + Cb)/Ka = 0,055M [CH3COOH]2/[CH3COOH]1 } 1 [CH3COOH]3/[CH3COOH]1 } 0,55

A A ?

OLYMPIC HA H C ITALY 1999: Ph i i u ch m t dung d ch m (pH = pKa) t m t dung d ch axit n ch c. Ph i thm vo dung d ch ny m t l ng ch t theo s mol l: a) B ng (s mol c a baz lin h p) b) G p i (s mol c a baz lin h p) c) Khng (s mol c a baz lin h p). d) B ng (s mol c a baz m nh) BI GI I: Cu a. OLYMPIC HA H C ITALY 1999: Trong ph n ng cn b ng: HCN + H2O = H3O+ + CNNh ng ph n t no l axit theo nh ngh a c a Bronsted v Lo ry: a) HCN; CNb) H2O; H3O+ c) HCN; H2O d) HCN; H3O+ BI GI I: Cu d OLYMPIC HA H C ITALY 1999: i u ch dung d ch H2SO4 0,12M b ng cch pha long H2SO4 c (95%. d = 1,84g/mL), c th pha long v i n c. a) 5,00mL axit thnh 500mL. b) 11,00mL axit thnh 1000mL. c) 15,00mL axit thnh 2000mL. d) 7,00mL axit thnh 1000mL. BI GI I: Cu d OLYMPIC HA H C ITALY 1999: Trong ph n ng: NH3 + HCl = NH4+ + Clth NH3 l: a) Axit Arrhenius. b) Baz Bronsted. c) Baz Arrhenius. d) Ch t trung tnh. BI GI I: Cu d OLYMPIC HA H C ITALY 1999: N ng ion Na+ trong dung d ch do 19,0g Na2CO3 tan trong n c t o thnh 870mL dung d ch l: a) 0,206M b) 0,312M c) 0,412M d) 0,103M BI GI I: Cu c OLYMPIC HA H C ITALY 1999: Baz lin h p c a NH3 khi ph n ng v i axit l: a) NH3-. b) NH2-.

c) NH4+. d) NH3+. BI GI I: Cu b OLYMPIC HA H C ITALY 1999: Trong s cc axit sau y, ch t no t o c baz lin h p mjanh nh t khi n ph n ng nh m t axit? a) H2SO4 b) H3PO4. c) H2O d) CH3COOH BI GI I: Cu c OLYMPIC HA H C ITALY 1999: N u tr n hai dung d ch (trong n c) m m t ch a NH3 (20mL; 0,5M) cn dung d ch kia ch a HCl (20mL; 0,5M) th pH c a dung d ch t o thnh s l: a) 7 b) 1 c) 10 d) 5 BI GI I: Cu d OLYMPIC HA H C ITALY 1999: Ch t i n ly l ng tnh l nh ng ch t m trong dung d ch: a) C th ph n ng nh ch t oxy ho ho c ch t kh . b) C th ph n ng nh axit ho c baz . c) C th ph n ng theo ki u ng ly v d ly. d) Th hi n l m t phn t c m t ph n a n c v m t ph n k n c. BI GI I: Cu b OLYMPIC HA H C ITALY 1999: Trong chc dung d ch HCl sau y dung d ch no c h n? a) HCl 10-2M. b) HCl 3,6% c) HCl 10-2 m d) HCl 3,7% m/V BI GI I: Cu b OLYMPIC HA H C ITALY 1999: L ng H2SO4 trong m t dung d ch n c (2000mL; 27,27%; d = 1,20g.cm-3) l: a) 6,00 mol b) 4,82 mol c) 6,79 mol d) 5,20 mol BI GI I: Cu c OLYMPIC HA H C ITALY 1999: chu n CH3COOH b ng NaOH th trong cc ch t ch th sau y th ch t no t t nh t? a) Metyl da cam pKa = 3,7 b) Metyl pKa = 5,1 c) Bromthymol xanh pKa = 7,0 d) Phenolphtalein pKa = 9,4

BI GI I: Cu d OLYMPIC HA H C ITALY 1999: Trong s cc mu i sau y th mu i no l axit Bronsted? a) NaHSO4. b) Na3PO4. c) NaCN. d) Na2S. BI GI I: Cu a OLYMPIC HA H C ITALY 1999: Ch t ph i thm vo dung d ch n c lm thay i pH t 12 thnh 10 l: a) N c c t. b) Natri hydroxit. c) Hidro clorua. d) Natri axetat. BI GI I: Cu c OLYMPIC HA H C C 1999 (Vng 3): Ng i ta c th xc nh amoniac b ng ph ng php quang k t ph n ng v i phenol v i s c m t c a hipoclorit.
OH

NH3

Xanh lam: Pmax = 625nm Trong 7,56mg m t m u th mioglobin c a b c, ng i ta chuy n ha nit c trong thnh amoniac, sau m u th c pha long thnh 10,0mL. Sau ng i ta cho 10,0mL dung d ch vo m t bnh nh m c 500mL, cho thm vo 5mL dung d ch phenol v 2mL dung d ch hipoclorit , r i pha thnh 50,0mL dung d ch c ng yn 30 pht. Sau ng i ta o t t t i 625nm trong cuvet 1,00cm. Bn c nh , ng i ta pha ch m t dung d ch chu n g m 0,0154g NH4Cl trong 1L n c. Ng i ta cho 5,00mL dung d ch vo m t bnh nh m c 50,0mL v sau vi c phn tch c ti n hnh nh m t trn. Ngoi ra ng i ta cn o m t m u khng (m u m) v i n c nguyn ch t trong ng cuvet: M u t t t i 625nm Khng 0,132 i ch ng 0,278 Ch a bi t 0,711 a) Hy tnh h s t t mol (m t quang mol c a s n ph m mu xanh). b) Hy tnh ph n kh i l ng (b ng ph n tr m) c a nit trong mioglobin. BI GI I: a) i v i m u th i ch ng th trong t ng s t t c 0,132 c quy nh cho n c nguyn ch t, ph n cn l i 0,278 0,132 = 0,146 l do h p ch t c a nit gy ra. Ta bi t A = I.l.C v i l = 1,00cm Tnh C trong m u i ch ng:

n(NH4Cl) trong 5,0mL = (0,0154/53,50).0,005 = 1,439.10-6M. Khi pha ln 50mL ta c dung d ch c n ng C = 2,88.10-5M. 0,146 = I.1,00.2,88.10-5 I = 5072L/cm. b) V i I ng i ta c th tnh c n ng trong dung d ch ch a bi t. C y c ng ph i ch n m u khng. OLYMPIC HA H C C 1999 (Vng 3): C m t s thuy t v nh ngh a khc nhau v axit v baz . M t trong s cc nh ngh a c lin quan n s t phn li c a dung mi: 2HB  H2B+ + B-. Theo l thuy t ny th ch t no lm t ng ph n cation c a dung mi (H2B) l m t axit v ch t no lm gi m ph n (ho c t ng ph n anion) l m t baz . Ch ng h n n c t phn ly: 2H2O  H3O+ + OHAxit l nh ng ch t no lm t ng [H3O+] v baz l nh ng ch t no lm t ng [OH-] Trong etanol th: 2C2H5OH  C2H5OH2+ + C2H5OAxit l nh ng ch t no lm t ng n ng [C2H5OH2+] v baz l nh ng ch t no lm t ng[C2H5O ] Khi ph n ng trung ho l ph n ng trong m t axit ph n ng v i m t baz t o thnh m t mu i v m t dung mi. Theo l thuy t ny th pH = -lg[H2B+] (L thuy t ny c ng c th p d ng c cho cc dung mi phi proton). a) Hy n c m t v d v m t axit v m t baz trong dung mi amoniac l ng. b) Tch s ion c a amoniac l 1,0.10-29 (mol/L)2. H i amoniac l ng nguyn ch t c pH no? c) N c l m t axit hay l baz trong amoniac l ng?. Gi i thch. d) Hy l gi i t i sao CH3COOH l m t axit t ng amoniac l ng. N m nh h n hay y u h n t ng dung d ch n c. e) M t h p ch t l m t axit m nh trong n c c th l m t baz y u trong amoniac l ng hay khng? N u c th hy cho v d cn n u khng th hy gi i thch. f) Hy ch ra r ng NaOH l m t mu i trong NH3 l ng. Hy ch v d v m t ph n ng m n c t o ra trong mi tr ng amoniac l ng. g) C h p ch t no l m t baz trong n c m l i l m t axit trong NH3 l ng khng? N u c th hy cho v d cn n u khng th hy gi i thch. h) Hy t b NH3. Li u c m t dung mi no m n l m t baz khng?. N u c th hy cho v d cn n u khng th hy gi i thch. i) Trong CCl4 c axit hay baz khng? N u c th hy cho v d cn n u khng th hy gi i thch. L u : T t c cc khi ni m dng trong bi t p u lin h v i l thuy t v cc h dung mi c gi i thch trn. BI GI I: a) Trong amoniac l ng di n ra qa trnh t phn ly nh sau: 2NH3  NH4+ + NH2-. NH2-. Nh v y axit l cc ch t lm t ng n ng NH4+ cn baz l cc ch t lm t ng n ng V d v m t axit: NH4Cl V d v m t baz : KNH2. b) Theo nh ngh a u bi th pH = -lg[NH4+] Ta bi t: Kamoniac = [NH4+][NH2-] = 1,0.10-29 [NH4+] = 1,0.10-14,5 pH = 14,5 c) N c ph n ng nh l m t axit v n lm t ng n ng NH4+:

H2O + NH3  NH4+ + OH-. d) CH3COOH + NH3  NH4+ + CH3COOAxit axetic lm t ng n ng NH4+ nn n l m t axit V r ng NH3 l ch t cho c p i n t m nh h n n c cho nn s ho tan axit axetic t ng amoniac th l n h n trong n c v nh v y th tnh axit m nh h n. e) NH3 l ph n t cho c p i n t mjanh h n H2O (NH4+ hnh thnh d h n H3O+). Nh v y th s ho tan m i axit trong amoniac u m nh h n n c. V v y m t axit trong h n c khng th l m t baz trong h amoniac. f) Ch c n ch ng minh r ng NaOH c hnh thnh trong m t ph n ng trung ho l : NaNH2 + H2O  NH3 + NaOH (axit + baz = dung mi + mu i) g) M t h p ch t nh v y c n ph i t o thnh OH- trong n c v NH4+ trong amoniac. C th l m t h p ch t c hai ch c n ng, v i m t ch c n ng baz y u h n amoniac trong n c v m t nhm axit lin h p v i ch c n ng baz trong dung d ch n c. M t v d y l hydroxilamin NH2OH trong n c s hnh thnh cn b ng: H2O + H2NOH  H3NOH+ + OH-. trong amoniac th cn b ng chi m u th l: H2NOH + NH3  NH4+ + H2NO-. (Gi i thch b sung nh ng trong ph n bi t p khng yu c u: Ch t ch a bi t c n ch a t nh t l m t H c kh n ng tch ra thnh proton, t c l nn vi t t t HnX) trong n c th HnX tc d ng nh l m t baz : HnX + H2O  Hn+1X+ + OH(a) V trong amoniac nh l m t axit: (b) HnX + NH3  NH4+ + Hn-1X-. cho (b) x y ra th nhm tc ng nh l baz trong n c ph i l tc nhn nh n proton km h n NH3. i u c ngh a l nhm ph i l m t baz y u h n NH3. Q a th c pKb(NH3) = 4,75 v pKb(H2NOH) = 8,2. cho (a) x y ra th nhm tc ng nh l axit trong NH3 ph i c tc d ng cho proton y u h n + axit Hn+1X , Hn+1X+ l axit lin h p c a nhm HnX, nhm ny tc d ng nh l m t baz . Q a th c pKa(NH3+OH) = 5,4 v pKa(NH2OH) = 13,2. h) C. V d nh axit sunfuric: 2H2SO4  H3SO4+ + HSO4H2O + H2SO4  H3O+ + HSO4-. i) Khng, do CCl4 khng phn li. OLYMPIC HA H C C 1999 (Vng 4): M t dung d ch ceri (IV) sunfat c n c chu n ha, Cho cc dung d ch v cc ch t sau y: Natri oxalat r n, dung d ch kali pemanganat v dung d ch s t (II) sunfat, c hai u khng bi t n ng . Ng i ta ti n hnh ba l n chu n trong dung d ch axit (m i l n u i v i m t l ng d axit sunfuric) v thu c nh ng k t q a sau y: + 0,2228g natri oxalat dng h t 28,74cm3 dung d ch kali pemanganat. + 25,00cm3 dung d ch s t (II) sunfat dng h t 24,03cm3 dung d ch kali pemanganat. + 25,00cm3 dung d ch s t (II) sunfat dng h t 22,17cm3 dung d ch ceri (IV) sunfat. 1. Vi t cc ph ng trnh ph n ng c a ba l n chu n . 2. Hy tnh n ng c a dung d ch ceri (IV) sunfat. Ng i ta p d ng cc th i n c c tiu chu n sau y:

Fe3+ + e = Fe2+ Eo = 0,77V 4+ 3+ Ce + e = Ce Eo = 1,61V 3. Hy tnh KC c a ph n ng: Fe2+ + Ce4+ = Fe3+ + Ce3+. ( i v i ph n cn l i c a bi t p c n gi thi t cc i u ki n l tiu chu n) Fe 3  t i i m t ng ng. 4. Hy tnh t s : Fe 2  5. Hy tnh th c a dung d ch t i i m t ng ng. N u nh ng i ta s d ng m t ch t ch th oxi ha - kh (In) v i Eo = th c a dung d ch t i i m t ng ng nh n bi t i m k t thc c a vi c chu n th s khng c v n g v chnh xc c a vi c nh n bi t i m k t thc. Nh ng i v i ch t ch th sau y th: InOx + 2e = In2-kh Eo = 0,80V ?InOx A 10 S chuy n mu s th hi n r khi: ! 2 1 In kh

? ?

A A

6. Hy tnh

?Fe A t i ?Fe A
3 2

? A

i m chuy n mu c a ch t ch th ny v cho bi t sai s ph n tr m trong

l n chu n ti n hnh. BI GI I: 1. 2MnO4- + 5C2O42- + 16H3O+ = 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 24H2O 5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H3O+ = 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 12H2O Fe2+ + Ce4+ = Fe3+ + Ce3+. 2. Chu n 1: 0,2228g Na2C2O4 t ng ng 1,66.10-3 mol C2O42-. (2/5).1,66.10-3 = [MnO4-].V(MnO4-) [MnO4 -] = 0,0023M Chu n 2: [MnO4-].V(MnO4-) = (1/5)[Fe2+]V(Fe2+) 2+ [Fe ] = 0,111M Chu n 3: [Ce4+] = [Fe2+].V(Fe2+)/V(Ce4+) = 0,125M 3. Ta c: o o ( E Ce / Ce  E Fe / Fe ).F lg K ! K ! 1,61.10 14 RT 4. T i i m t ng ng th l ng ch t cho vo n(Ce4+) = no(Fe2+). V i m i ion Ce3+ m i hnh thnh th c ng hnh thnh m t ion Fe3+, t c l [Ce3+] = [Fe3+] v c [Ce4+] = [Fe3+] Ta c:
4 3 3 2

KC 5.

?Ce AFe A; K ? ! ? AFe A Ce ?

3 3 4 2

?Fe A ! ?Fe A

3 2 2 2

?Fe A! 1,27.10 ?Fe A

3 2

6.

a ga tr m i tm c vo ph ng trnh Nernst i v i th c a s t ng i ta thu c: E = 1,19V (C ng t ng t nh v y ng i ta c th a ga tr [Ce4+]/[Ce3+] = (1,27.10-7)-1 vo ph ng trnh Nernst i v i th c a ceri). Th c a dung d ch t i i m chuy n mu l: E = 0,80 + RT/2F(ln10) = 0,83V a ga tr ny vo ph ng trnh Nernst i v i s t:

10,2 RT Fe 3  Fe 3 0,83 ! 0,77  ln ! 2 2 1 F Fe Fe -1 Nh v y sai s s l: (11,2) .100% = 8,95% OLYMPIC HA H C C 2000: HCN l m t axit y u (Ka = 6,2.10-10). NH3 l m t baz y u (Kb = 1,8.10-5). M t dung d ch NH4CN 1,0M s c tnh ch t: a) Axit m nh. b) Axit y u. c) Trung tnh. d) Baz y u. e) Baz m nh. BI GI I: Cu d OLYMPIC HA H C C 2000: 20,00mL m u dung d ch Ba(OH)2 c chu n b ng 0,245M. N u s d ng 27,15mL HCl th n ng mol c a Ba(OH)2 lc ny s l bao nhiu? a) 0,166M b) 0,180M c) 0,333M d) 0,666M e) 1,136M BI GI I: Cu a OLYMPIC HA H C C 2000: Tch s ion c a n c 45oC l 4,0.10-14. V y pH c a n c tinh khi t th i i m ny l bao nhiu? a) 6,7 b) 7,0 c) 7,3 d) 8,5 e) 13,4 BI GI I: Cu a OLYMPIC HA H C C 2000: Tch s tan c a m t s mu i sunfat c cho b ng sau: Mu i T 1 CaSO4 9.10-6 2 SrSO4 3.10-7 3 PbSO4 2.10-8 4 BaSO4 1.10-10 Khi cho dung d ch Na2SO4 0,0001M vo dung d ch cc mu i tan c a cc cation trn th mu i no s k t t a. a) 1, 2 v 3. b) 1 v 2 c) 1 v 3 d) 2 v 4 e) ch 4 BI GI I: Cu e OLYMPIC HA H C C 2000:

? ?

A ? A ?

A A

Khi tr n dung d ch NaOH 0,5M v i m t l ng b ng nhau c a dung d ch no sau y th s x y ra s gi m pH. 1) H2O. 2) 0,25M Na2CO3. 3) 0,5M HCl. 4) 0,6M KOH a) 1, 2 v 3. b) 1 v 2 c) 1 v 3 d) 2 v 4 e) ch 4 BI GI I: Cu e OLYMPIC HA H C C 2001: Dung d ch KOH 0,025M c pH b ng bao nhiu? a) 1,60 b) 3,69 c) 7,00 d) 10,31 e) 12,40 BI GI I: Cu e OLYMPIC HA H C C 2001: Ch t no l axit lin h p c a HPO42-? a) H3PO4(aq). b) H2PO4-(aq). c) H3O+(aq) d) H+(aq). e) PO43-(aq) BI GI I: Cu b OLYMPIC HA H C C 2001: Dung d ch axit y u HA 0,075M c [H+] b ng bao nhiu n u Ka(HA) = 4,8.10-8 a) 6,1.10-4M b) 2,2.10-4M c) 6,0.10-5M d) 4,8.10-8M e) 3,1.10-9M BI GI I: Cu c OLYMPIC HA H C C 2001: N u tr n cng m t l ng th tch c a BaCl2 v NaF th n ng no c a m i ch t th k t t a c hnh thnh?. Bi t T(BaF2) = 1,7.10-7. a) 0,020M BaCl2 v 0,0020M NaF. b) 0,015M BaCl2 v 0,010M NaF. c) 0,010M BaCl2 v 0,015M NaF. d) 0,0040M BaCl2 v 0,020M NaF. e) T t c u khng th t o k t t a. BI GI I: Cu a OLYMPIC HA H C C 2002:

N u tr n cng m t l ng th tch c a cc ch t sau th h n h p no s hnh thnh dung d ch m? 1) 0,1M HCl v 0,1M NH3. 2) 0,1M HNO2 v 0,05M NaOH. 3) 0,05M HNO2 v 0,05M NH3. a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 1 v 3 e) 2 v 3 BI GI I: Cu e OLYMPIC HA H C C 2002: S mol KOH trong 500mL dung d ch c xc nh b ng cch chu n 10,00mL dung d ch KOH ny v i dung d ch HCl 0,115M . N u s chu n trn c n 18,72mL HCl th s mol KOH trong 500mL dung d ch u s l bao nhiu? a) 0,00215 mol. b) 0,00430 mol. c) 0,108 mol d) 0,215 mol e) 0,115 mol BI GI I: Cu c OLYMPIC HA H C C 2002: tan c a b c sunfat l 1,5.10-5mol-3.L-3. Trong m t dung d ch m n ng ion SO42- l 2,4.102 M th n ng Ag+ c c i s l: a) 0,025M b) 6,25.10-4M c) 3,125.10-4M d) 2,5.10-4M e) 6,25.10-2M BI GI I: Cu a OLYMPIC HA H C C 2003: Tch s tan c a Ag2CrO4(r) 25oC l 2,6.10-12. V y tan c a Ag2CrO4 trong 1L n c l bao nhiu? a) 1,6.10-6M b) 2,6.10-12M c) 2,1.10-8M d) 1,4.10-4M e) 8,7.10-5M BI GI I: Cu e OLYMPIC HA H C C 2003: M t axit m nh hai n c H2A ho tan trong n c 25oC cho m t dung d ch c pH = 1,85. N ng c a axit trong dung d ch (gi s n phn li hon ton thnh A2-) lc ban u s n m trong kho ng: a) 0,05 v 0,1 b) 0,01 v 0,05 c) 0,1 v 0,5 d) 0,001 v 0,005 e) 0,005 v 0,01

BI GI I: Cu e OLYMPIC HA H C C 2003: M t dung d ch axit axetic 0,100M c chu n b ng dung d ch NaOH 0,05M. Khi 60% axit c trung ho th pH c a dung d ch lc ny l bao nhiu? a) 2,38 b) 4,56 c) 4,74 d) 4,92 e) 7,00 BI GI I: Cu d OLYMPIC HA H C C 2003: a) Tnh pH cu i c cc h sau y khi ho tan: i) 2,00M HCl ii) 0,500M NaOH vo 500,0mL n c 25oC (pH c a n c i u ki n ny l 7,00) b) M t l nh v c quan tr ng trong ho h c phn tch l dung d ch m. N bao g m m t h n h p c a m t axit y u (HA) v baz lin h p c a n (A-). N c g i l dung d ch m v n ch ng l i s thay i pH khi thm vo h m t axit m nh hay baz m nh. S d ng cc ph ng trnh ha h c (v ch ra tr ng thi c a m i h p ph n), hy cho bi t chuy n g s x y ra khi thm vo dung d ch m i) Kh HCl. ii) NaOH vin pH c a dung d ch m c xc nh b i t l mol c a axit y u v baz lin h p c a n. N u h ng s phn ly axit Ka c bi t th pH c a dung d ch m s c tnh theo ph ng trnh Henderson HasselBatch: pH = pKa + lg([A-]/[HA]) c) Hy ch ng minh ph ng trnh Henderson HasselBatch t bi u th c c a Ka. d) 1,00L c a m t dung d ch m ch a 0,500mol c a axit y u v baz lin h p c a n. pH c a dung d ch o c l 7,00. Xc nh pKa c a c p axit baz lin h p. e) Tnh pH c a dung d ch sinh ra khi thm vo 500,0mL dung d ch m cu d: i) 2,00M HCl ii) 0,500M NaOH f) Ka c a axit axetic l 1,75.10-5M 1,00L dung d ch m ch a axit axetic v ion axetat c pH c xc nh l 5,30. T ng n ng c a axit axetic v ion axetat l 1,00M. i) Tnh t l [A-]/[HA] ii) Tnh n ng c a t mh ti u phn trong dung d ch m. Ngoi vi c tr n m t axit y u v baz lin h p c a n t o thnh dung d ch m th ta cn c th s d ng m t ph ng php khc l: chu n b s n m t trong hai ch t trn r i thm vo dung d ch chu n b s n m t l ng axit ho c baz m nh. g) Gi i thch? h) Nh ha h c t p s Bob nh chu n b m t dung d ch m c pH b ng 4,00 b ng cch s d ng dung d ch CH3COONa 0,500M v dung d ch HCl 2,00M. Gi s th tch c a HCl thm vo l V lt. Tr l i cc cu h i sau: i) Th tch dung d ch CH3COONa 0,500M c n thm vo l bao nhiu hnh thnh dung d ch m?

C bao nhiu mol axit axetic sinh ra? C bao nhiu mol ion axetat ph n ng v i HCl? V i pH xc nh th t l [A-]/[HA] s l bao nhiu? Tnh V pH m l t ng l pH m t i dung d ch m c kh n ng ch ng l i s thay i pH t t nh t khi thm vo m t l ng dung d ch axit m nh hay baz m nh. i v i dung d ch m axetat th pH m l t ng l bao nhiu? j) Khng thnh cng v i th nghi m trn c a mnh. Bob ti p t c ti n hnh m t th nghi m khc. B t u v i 250mL c a dung d ch m axetat pH m l t ng. Nh ng do s b t c n khi lm th nghi m th anh ta cho vo dung d ch m m t vi gi t dung d ch NaOH 0,340M. Anh y nhanh chng kh c ph c s c v o l i pH c a dung d ch th th y pH t ng ln 1 n v so v i lc u. Bi t t ng n ng cc ti u phn trong dung d ch m ban u l 0,500M i) Tnh t l [A ]/[HA] trong dung d ch m i ii) Tnh s mol axit axetic v ion axetat trong dung d ch ban u iii) Sau khi thm NaOH vo th s mol c a axit axetic v anion axetat s l bao nhiu? iv) Sau khi x y ra s c th s mol ion axetat s t ng ln bao nhiu? v) Th tch NaOH m Bob thm vo dung d ch m s l bao nhiu? BI GI I: a) (i) pH = 1,70 (ii) pH = 11,69 b) HCl(k) + A-(aq)  HA(aq) + Cl-(aq) NaOH(r) + HA(aq)  Na+(aq) + A-(aq) + H2O(l) c) Ta c: H  A Ka ! ?HAA

ii) iii) iv) v) i)

? A A ?

?HAA Ka  ! H  A

? A

? A ? A

?HAA  lg K a  !  lg H  A

? A

d) e)

f)

g)

A pH ! pK a  lg ?HAA pH = 7,00 (i) n(H+ thm vo) = 0,01mol [A-] = 0,499M [HA] = 0,501M pH = 6,98 (ii) T ng t nh (i) ta tnh c pH = 7,0043  A ! 3,492 (1) (i) ?HAA (ii) [A+] + [HA] = 1 (2) Gi i h ph ng trnh (1) v (2) ta thu c k t q a: [HA] = 0,223M v [A-] = 0,777M Axit m nh/ baz m nh s ph n ng v i baz y u hay axit y u t o ra h p ph n cn l i c a dung d ch m. Nh v y th dung d ch thu c s ch a axit y u v baz lin h p c a n.

? A

? A

h) (i). G i th tch HCl l V mL V y th tch c a dung d ch natri axetat s l 1 V(mL) (ii) S mol axit axetic l 2,00.V (mol) (iii) S mol baz sinh ra = 0,500 2.500V (mol) A (iv) ! 0,175 ?HAA (v) V = 175mL Nh v y c n ph i tr n 825mL dung d ch natri axetat 0,500M v i 175mL dung d ch HCl 2,00M i) pH = pKa = 4,76 j) (i) Ta c: pH = 4,76 + 1 = 5,76 A 5,76 ! 4,76  lg ?HAA

? A

? A

?HAA
(ii) (iii)

?A A! 10


Trong dung d ch m l t ng [HA] = [A-] = 0,0625mol T ng s mol axit axetic v axetat c b o ton = 0,0625.2 = 0,125mol Ta c: [A-] = 10[HA] [A-] = 0,114mol [HA] = 0,0114mol (iv) n(NaOH) thm vo = 0,0515 mol (v) V(NaOH) thm vo = 0,152L = 152mL OLYMPIC HA H C C 2004: Ch th quina in l m t ch t ch th axit baz r t h u ch. N c mu trong dung d ch c pH l n h n 3,5 nh ng khng c mu pH nh h n 1,5. Dung d ch no sau y s lm ch t ch th ha n u ta nh m t vi gi t quina in vo cc dung d ch: 1) HCl 0,1M 2) NH3 0,05M 3) CH3COOH 0,0005M a) 1 v 2 b) 1 v 3 c) 2 v 3 d) ch 2 e) ch 3 BI GI I: Cu c OLYMPIC HA H C C 2004: Bob ho tan 4,021g NaOH trong n c v pha long b ng n c n th tch 1L. Sau anh ta s d ng pipet l y 10,00mL dung d ch thu c cho vo bnh nn v cho dung d ch HCl 0,050M vo buret, i m cu i ng i ta xc nh c th tch HCl c n dng l 20,32mL. Th y gio c a Bob nh n xt: a) Php phn tch trn khng chnh xc. b) NaOH h p th h i n c ngoi khng kh cho nn kh i l ng c a n c o khng chnh xc. c) Buret c trng b ng n c thay cho HCl. d) Bnh nn c trng b ng HCl thay cho n c. e) Pipet c trng b ng n c thay cho NaOH

BI GI I: Cu c