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Slide 1 of 9
Todays lecture
Literature for the first lecture: Y. L. Dokshitzer, V. A. Khoze, A. H. Mueller, S. I. Troian, Basics of perturbative QCD (ed. J. T. T. Van) Atlantica Seguier Frontieres (1991) J. C. Collins, D. E. Soper, G. Sterman, Factorization of Hard Processes in QCD in A.H. Mueller, ed., Perturbative QCD, Adv. Ser. Direct. High Energy Phys. 5, 1 (1988). S. Catani, B. Webber, G. Marchesini, QCD coherent branching and semiinclusive processes at large x, Nucl. Phys. B349 (1991) 635
Slide 2 of 9
2|9/1/11
~-
g mn
1 ` ` ` ` Sp :k g m p gn> = Sp :k p > = 2 k p = Hk nL I p n+ M 4 2
q k
Hk n L Hk n + L 2 k
dIHk nL Hk n+L - k M
2
= M 2 dI p n + q n - k nM dIq n+ + p n+ - k n+M d 1+
k n
q n+
p n + I p n + M Hk n L q n+ p n+ p = p n+ n
2
M 2
k n
= dH1 - x L
not important
Frame : p = p n+
n
2
, k =q `Q
km pm qm
+
where x =
Kinematics:
p2
2
n+
2
p n+ 2 n
, Power counting: +k ,
k = k n
n+
2
k n 2 n+ n q = q n + q n+ - k
2 2
k +k
p n + ~ k n ~ q n ~ q n + k ~ lq n, l2 ~ LQCD Q 2 ` 1
2
Slide 3 of 9
3|9/1/11
Kinematics:
p = p n+
l = z p n+ n
2
n
2
z I p n+ M 2
-l
l2
n+
+l ,
2
p - l = zp n+
Phase space: d4I p + q - k - l M 4 k dIk 2 M
z I p n+ M 2
2 4
l2
n+
Ip - l M = -
zl2 z
-l
=-
l2 z
= d 1+
physical gauge
q n+ p n+
H2 pL3
4 l
dIl M = d I p + q - k - l M 1
k n 2 k 2k n
k n+ p n+
l n+
l n+ 2 l
Hk nL I p n+ M 2 z H2 pL3
dH z - x L
2 l n+ H2 pL3
l n+ 2 l
z 2 l
l ` ` ` ` Sp :g p g J p - l N k J p - l N> - g mn +
n
= Sp : p l k l > -
` ` ` `
I p - l M2
l n+
H1L
= CF g I z + 2 z M
2 2
z H2 pL3
2
p l
dH z - x L
Altarelli-Parisi splitting kernel
l n+
2
` ` ` ` ` Sp : p n+ J p - l N k >
= CF
as 1 + z 2 z l 2p 1- z
2 2
I p n+ M Hk nLC2 l
+4
l z
2 2
z G = 2 I p n + M Hk n L
l z
2 2
dH z - x L
Iz 2 + 2 z M
~Q 2 l
1z
Pq q H z , as L F H0L
x z
QIl
2 - Q0 M
Slide 4 of 9
4|9/1/11
fb H x , t L t
=
a
1z
@Pa b H z , as LD+ fa
x z
,t
2 F1Ix , Q 2 M = ea
d 1-
x z
fa I z , Q 2M,
1z
H1 a
Q2
m
2
, as Im2 M,
x z
fa I z , m2M
ea H2 a H1, as , z L = dH1 - z L +
-2
as p
Cab H z L
4 3
2 1+ z2 3
ln
z z z z
p p l l +X
1
-23 2
zG ,
+
s Q y
2
I z 2 + z 2 M ln
+1 +
z z,
= z1 z2 fa I z1 , m2M Hab
x1 x2
x1
z1 z2,
x2
, Q 2,
Q2
m
2
, as Im2 M fb I z2 , m2M
where Q 2 and y are the invariant mass and the rapidity of the lepton pair:
y = ln
H0L
Q P1 Q P2
,
, x1 = e y
Q2 s
, x2 = e - y
Q2 s
d
, s = HP 1 + P 2 L2 .
Hab
x1
x2
z1 z2 ,
2 , Q 2, 1, as IQ 2M = da ,b ea
4 pa2 9 Q4
x1 z1
-1 d
x2 z2
-1
Slide 5 of 9
5|9/1/11
where mcol is an collinear regulator. Thus the factorization formulae contain the nonperturbative quantities,
2
e.g., f I z , mcolM. Since we assumed ln(1-x)~ln(x)~1, there is no infrared singularities (soft gluon singularities are canceled).
However, what about the large x limit, i.e., x 1, so that ln(1-x)p1 and the double logs appear? In this case we should take
into account both the initial and final state radiation: Factorization formula
V Ix , Q 2M =
1z
k2
Slide 6 of 9
6|9/1/11
VN IQ 2 M = x x N -1 V Ix , Q 2 M = x x N -1
0 0
1z
1z
N -1 2 Q J xmax , x x
0
z x
k 2 Q 2 J Ixmax , k 2 M F Hxmax , z L d
1
z x
- 1 Q2 - k 2
1-x
Q2
Q2 ` Q2
Slide 7 of 9
7|9/1/11
Slide 8 of 9
8|9/1/11
pi = zi xi +1 li = z i xi +1
n 2 n
2
pi2 + p 2Hi L n+ zi xi +1
Hi +1L
z1 z2
x = x1 = z1 z2 ... zn I p nM x2 = z2 ... zn I p nM = x1 z1
=
Ip
+p n+
2
Hi L
-p
2 Hi L M
z i xi +1
+p
Hi +1L
-p
Hi L
pi
z3
x3 = z3 ... zn I p nM = zi = xi xi +1
x2 z2
x1 z1 z2
zi
2 i
zi z i
= p
- zi p
i
2
Hi +1L
Assuming the transverse moments hierarchy: p and starting from p 2 = 0, we find that - pi p
2 2
pp
i
i +1
z i . Thus
2
zn
xi = 1 - cos qi
pi li
zi z i Hxi +1 L2
pi2+1 - pi2
k 2i
pi2 zi2
Hxi +1L2 zi z 2 i
p 2i
xi p xi +1
Hxi +1L2
zi
ti p
Hxi +2L2
zi +1
ti +1
Hence in the x1 limit (i.e. zi 1), the angular ordering implies t-ordering. The exact form of the avaiable phase space for the odering of the consecutive branchings can be found only at the NLL level.
zi ti p zi3 ti +1 +1
Slide 9 of 9
9|9/1/11
zi ti
zi
ti
t
P I zi , as I zi z i ti MM
2 2
DHti +1 L
DHti L
DHt L = exp -
t '
t'
1z
P I z , as I z 2 z 2 t 'MM QI z 2 z 2 t ' - t0 M
F Ix , Q M = DIQ M dH1 - x L +
2 2
Q2 t
1z
P I z , as I z z t MM QI z z t - t0 M
2 2 2 2
DIQ 2M DHt L
x z
,t
Q
2
F Ix , Q 2M
DIQ M
2
1z
P I z , as I z 2 z 2 Q 2MM QI z 2 z 2 Q 2 - t0M
DIQ M
2
x z
,Q
Taking into account the explicit form of the Sudakov factor, we find:
Q2
F Ix , Q 2M = 2
1z
AP I z , as I z 2 z 2 Q 2 MM QI z 2 z 2 Q 2 - t0 ME+ F
x z
, Q2 "Plus" prescription