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1|9/1/11

Slide 1 of 9

Todays lecture

Principia of initial state radiation

Literature for the first lecture: Y. L. Dokshitzer, V. A. Khoze, A. H. Mueller, S. I. Troian, Basics of perturbative QCD (ed. J. T. T. Van) Atlantica Seguier Frontieres (1991) J. C. Collins, D. E. Soper, G. Sterman, Factorization of Hard Processes in QCD in A.H. Mueller, ed., Perturbative QCD, Adv. Ser. Direct. High Energy Phys. 5, 1 (1988). S. Catani, B. Webber, G. Marchesini, QCD coherent branching and semiinclusive processes at large x, Nucl. Phys. B349 (1991) 635

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2|9/1/11

DIS oversimplified: Tree level


M
2

~-

g mn

1 ` ` ` ` Sp :k g m p gn> = Sp :k p > = 2 k p = Hk nL I p n+ M 4 2

q k

F H0L ~ M 2 d4I p + q - k M 4 k dIk 2M


= M 2 d4 I p + q - k M 2

Hk n L Hk n + L 2 k

dIHk nL Hk n+L - k M
2

= M 2 dI p n + q n - k nM dIq n+ + p n+ - k n+M d 1+

k n

q n+

p n + I p n + M Hk n L q n+ p n+ p = p n+ n
2

M 2

k n

= dH1 - x L
not important

Frame : p = p n+

n
2

, k =q `Q

km pm qm
+

where x =

Kinematics:

p2
2

n+
2

p n+ 2 n

, Power counting: +k ,

k = k n

n+
2

k n 2 n+ n q = q n + q n+ - k
2 2

k +k

p n + ~ k n ~ q n ~ q n + k ~ lq n, l2 ~ LQCD Q 2 ` 1
2

Slide 3 of 9

3|9/1/11

DIS oversimplified: Radiation of one gluon


q k p' l q n
2

Kinematics:

p = p n+

l = z p n+ n
2

n
2

z I p n+ M 2
-l

l2

n+

+l ,
2

p - l = zp n+
Phase space: d4I p + q - k - l M 4 k dIk 2 M

z I p n+ M 2
2 4

l2

n+

Ip - l M = -

zl2 z

-l

=-

l2 z

= d 1+
physical gauge

q n+ p n+

H2 pL3

4 l

dIl M = d I p + q - k - l M 1

k n 2 k 2k n

k n+ p n+

p n+ Hk nL I p n+M 2 l n+H2 pL3

l n+

l n+ 2 l

Hk nL I p n+ M 2 z H2 pL3

dH z - x L

2 l n+ H2 pL3

l n+ 2 l

z 2 l

Matrix element squared 1 2

The first correction to the structure function


m n n+ + l n m n+

l ` ` ` ` Sp :g p g J p - l N k J p - l N> - g mn +
n

= Sp : p l k l > -

` ` ` `

I p - l M2

l n+

H1L

= CF g I z + 2 z M
2 2

z H2 pL3
2

p l

dH z - x L
Altarelli-Parisi splitting kernel

l n+
2

` ` ` ` ` Sp : p n+ J p - l N k >

= CF

as 1 + z 2 z l 2p 1- z
2 2

I p n+ M Hk nLC2 l

+4

l z

2 2

z G = 2 I p n + M Hk n L

l z

2 2

dH z - x L

Iz 2 + 2 z M

~Q 2 l

1z

Pq q H z , as L F H0L

x z

QIl

2 - Q0 M

virtual corrections needed

Slide 4 of 9

4|9/1/11

DIS and DGLAP equation


DGLAP evolution equation Deep inelastic scattering

fb H x , t L t

=
a

1z

@Pa b H z , as LD+ fa

x z

,t

2 F1Ix , Q 2 M = ea

d 1-

x z

fa I z , Q 2M,
1z

or more generally F1Ix , Q 2 M =


a

NLO coefficient function

H1 a

Q2
m
2

, as Im2 M,

x z

fa I z , m2M

ea H2 a H1, as , z L = dH1 - z L +
-2

as p

Cab H z L
4 3

and similar expression for x -1 F2 Ix , Q 2M Drell-Yan process:

Cij H z L = dij CCigH z L = 1 4

2 1+ z2 3

ln

z z z z

p p l l +X
1

-23 2

zG ,
+

s Q y
2

I z 2 + z 2 M ln

+1 +

z z,

= z1 z2 fa I z1 , m2M Hab
x1 x2

x1

z1 z2,

x2

, Q 2,

Q2
m
2

, as Im2 M fb I z2 , m2M

where Q 2 and y are the invariant mass and the rapidity of the lepton pair:

y = ln
H0L

Q P1 Q P2
,

, x1 = e y

Q2 s

, x2 = e - y

Q2 s
d

, s = HP 1 + P 2 L2 .

Hab

x1

x2

z1 z2 ,

2 , Q 2, 1, as IQ 2M = da ,b ea

4 pa2 9 Q4

x1 z1

-1 d

x2 z2

-1

Slide 5 of 9

5|9/1/11

Some remarks about semiinclusive cross sections


Drell-Yan and DIS is not collinear safe, i.e., perturbative calculations contain the large logs ln Q 2 mcol,
2

where mcol is an collinear regulator. Thus the factorization formulae contain the nonperturbative quantities,
2

e.g., f I z , mcolM. Since we assumed ln(1-x)~ln(x)~1, there is no infrared singularities (soft gluon singularities are canceled).

However, what about the large x limit, i.e., x 1, so that ln(1-x)p1 and the double logs appear? In this case we should take

into account both the initial and final state radiation: Factorization formula

q k z p J Hxmax L J Hx1L J Hx2 L J Hx3 L F Hxmax , z L q k z p J Ixmax , k M


2

V Ix , Q 2M =

1z

Q 2 J Ixmax , k 2 M F Hxmax , z L dII z p + q M2 - k 2M

k2

k 2 is now constrained, therefore the final state


radiation can't be integrated out. Actually, J I1, k 2M = Jq IQ 2, k 2 M is our old friend - quark jet function S. Catani, B. Webber, G. Marchesini, NPB349 (1991) 635

Angular ordered branching cascade: x1 > x2 > x3 > ...

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6|9/1/11

Where are the additional logs?

Let's calculate the moments of V Ix , Q 2M:

VN IQ 2 M = x x N -1 V Ix , Q 2 M = x x N -1
0 0

1z

1z

N -1 2 Q J xmax , x x
0

z x

k 2 Q 2 J Ixmax , k 2 M F Hxmax , z L d
1

z x

- 1 Q2 - k 2

- 1 Q 2 F Hxmax , z L = FN Hxmax L x x N -1 Q 2 J xmax ,


0

1-x

Q2

Here they are, because the large N limits (N) means


1-x

Q2 ` Q2

Slide 7 of 9

7|9/1/11

Some remarks about semiinclusive cross sections


S. Catani, B. Webber and G. Marchesini in NPB349 (1991) 635 compared the high moments of DIS with those of Drell-Yan in the x1 x2 1 limit.

W It, Q 2M = x1 x2 dHx1 x2 - tL F Ix1 , Q 2M F Ix2 , Q 2M


0 0

F Hx2 , xmax L x2 p x1 p J Hx1L J Hx2 L J Hx3 L F Hx1, xmax L Q z2 p z1 p Q

Slide 8 of 9

8|9/1/11

Consecutive branchings. Various ordering


q k
xmax > x1 x1 > x2 x2 > x3

pi = zi xi +1 li = z i xi +1

n 2 n
2

pi2 + p 2Hi L n+ zi xi +1
Hi +1L

z1 z2

x = x1 = z1 z2 ... zn I p nM x2 = z2 ... zn I p nM = x1 z1
=

Ip

+p n+
2

Hi L

-p

2 Hi L M

z i xi +1

+p

Hi +1L

-p

Hi L

As usual, we imply the energy momentum coservation:


2 pi +1

pi

z3

x3 = z3 ... zn I p nM = zi = xi xi +1

x2 z2

x1 z1 z2

zi

2 i

zi z i

= p

- zi p
i
2

Hi +1L

Assuming the transverse moments hierarchy: p and starting from p 2 = 0, we find that - pi p
2 2

pp
i

i +1

z i . Thus
2

zn

we should conclude the virtualities hierachy: pi p pi +1 Angular ordering

xi = 1 - cos qi

I pi nH0LM Hli nH0LL

pi li

zi z i Hxi +1 L2

pi2+1 - pi2

Hxi +1L2 zi2 z 2 i

k 2i

pi2 zi2

Hxi +1L2 zi z 2 i

p 2i

xi p xi +1

Hxi +1L2

zi

ti p

Hxi +2L2

zi +1

ti +1

Hence in the x1 limit (i.e. zi 1), the angular ordering implies t-ordering. The exact form of the avaiable phase space for the odering of the consecutive branchings can be found only at the NLL level.

zi ti p zi3 ti +1 +1

Slide 9 of 9

9|9/1/11

Coherent branching algorithm


Probability of branching:
i

zi ti

zi

ti
t

P I zi , as I zi z i ti MM
2 2

DHti +1 L

DHti L

QHti - ti +1L QIQ 2 - ti M QI zi z i ti - t0 M


2 2

DHt L = exp -

t '

t'

1z

P I z , as I z 2 z 2 t 'MM QI z 2 z 2 t ' - t0 M

Therefore, the prediction from the coherent branching algorithm:

F Ix , Q M = DIQ M dH1 - x L +
2 2

Q2 t

1z

P I z , as I z z t MM QI z z t - t0 M
2 2 2 2

DIQ 2M DHt L

x z

,t

Let's derive the DGLAP equation:

Q
2

F Ix , Q 2M
DIQ M
2

1z

P I z , as I z 2 z 2 Q 2MM QI z 2 z 2 Q 2 - t0M

DIQ M
2

x z

,Q

Taking into account the explicit form of the Sudakov factor, we find:

Q2

F Ix , Q 2M = 2

1z

AP I z , as I z 2 z 2 Q 2 MM QI z 2 z 2 Q 2 - t0 ME+ F

x z

, Q2 "Plus" prescription

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