Bai Tap Toan Roi Rac

Bai tap toan roi rac co giai
BI TP CHNG I
Bi 1:
S m vng cn thit nh nht l bao nhiu m bo 25 triu my in thoi khc nhau.
Mi in thoi c 9 ch s c dng 0XX-8XXXXX vi X nhn gi tr t 0 n 9.
Gii:
V s m vng c dng: 0XX-8XXXXX, vi X nhn cc gi tr t 0 n 9 (10 s), c 07 k t X
do vy s c 107 trng hp. Do , theo nguyn l Dirichlet vi 10 triu my in thoi th s m vng
25.000.000
= ]2,5[ = 3 . Vy s m vng cn thit tha yu cu bi ton l 3.
cn thit l:
10.000.000
Bi 2:
Bin s xe gm 8 k t, dng NN-NNNN-XN, v d 75_1576_F1. Hai s u l m tnh, X l
ch ci (26 ch ci). N gm cc s 0, 1, , 9. Hi mt tnh no cn ng k cho 10 triu xe th
cn bao nhiu serial (X).
Gii
Bi ton ny c 02 cch hiu: serial y c th l 02 k t NN u tin hoc l 02 k t XN cui

cng.
Cch hiu 1: (serial l 02 k t XN cui cng).
Hai s NN u l m tnh, do nh nc quy nh nn khng nh hng n kt qu bi ton.
Su k t cn li c 5 k t l N, nh vy c 10 5 trng hp. Theo nguyn l Dirichlet, s serial
10.000.000
= 100 . iu ny khng hp l v s k t ch ci ch l 26. Do
X ti thiu phi tha mn:
100.000
vy, nu bi ton sa li l 1 triu bng s xe th kt qu hp l hn, khi s serial l:
1.000.000
100.000 = 10 .
Cch hiu 2: (serial l 02 k t NN u tin)
Bn k t NNNN s c 104 trng hp, 02 k t XN s c 26*10 = 260 trng hp. Theo quy tc
nhn, tng s trng hp s l: 104*260 = 2.600.000. Do , theo nguyn l Dirichlet, s serial ti thiu
phi l:
10.000.000
2.600.000 = ]3,84[ = 4 .
Vy cn 04 s serial ng k cho 10 triu xe.
Bi 3:
C bao nhiu xu nh phn c di 10:
a. Bt u bng 00 hoc kt thc bng 11.
b. Bt u bng 00 v kt thc bng 11.
Gii
a. Bt u bng 00 hoc kt thc bng 11.

Xu nh phn bt u bng 00 c dng: 00.xxxx.xxxx. K t x c th l 0 hoc 1, c 8 k t x do
vy c 2 8 xu.
Xu nh phn kt thc bng 11 c dng: xx.xxxx.xx11. Tng t ta cng tnh c c 28 xu.
Xu nh phn bt u bng 00 v kt thc bng 11 c dng 00.xxxx.xx11. Tng t nh trn, ta
cng tnh c c 2 6 xu.
Vy s xu nh phn bt u bng 00 hay kt thc bng 11 l:
BT Toan roi rac
http://www.ebook.edu.vn
n = 2 * 2 8 2 6 = 512 64 = 448 xu.

b. Bt u bng 00 v kt thc bng 11.
Xu nh phn tha mn bi phi c dng: 00.xxxx.xx11. Hai k t u v 02 k t cui l
khng i, do vy ch cn 06 k t gia. Do s xu nh phn tha mn bi l: 26 xu.
Bi 4:
Kha 29 CNTT c 150 SV hc NNLT Java, 160 SV hoc Delphi, 40 SV hc c hai mn trn.
a. Tm tt c SV ca kha 29 bit rng SV no cng phi hc t nht 01 mn.
b. Bit tng s SV l 285, hi c bao nhiu SV khng hc Java hoc Delphi.
Gii
Gi
J: SV hc Java
D: SV hc Delphi
a. S SV ca kha 29 l: n1 = J U D = J + D J I D = 150 + 160 40 = 270 SV
b. Cu b c 02 cch hiu:
Cch 01: khng hc t nht 01 mn.
S SV khng hc Java hoc Delphi l (p dng nguyn l b tr) ta tnh c:
n 2 = n J I D = 285 40 = 245 SV
Cch 02: khng hc Java cng chng hc Delphi:
Theo cch hiu ny, p dng nguyn l b tr ta tnh c s SV nh sau:
'
n2 = J U D = n J D + J I D = 285 150 160 + 40 = 15 SV
Bi 5:
Mi ngi s dng my tnh dng password c 6 -> 8 k t. Cc k t c th l ch s hoc
ch ci, mi password phi c t nht 01 ch s. Tm tng s password c th c.
Gii
Bi ton ny cng c th c hiu theo 02 cch.

Cch 01: phn bit ch thng vi ch hoa.
Ch ci thng:
26
Ch ci hoa:
26
Ch s:
10
Do , tng cng c 26 + 26 + 10 = 62 k t khc nhau.
Nu password c n k t.
Tng s trng hp:
62 n
S password khng c ch s: 52 n
Suy ra s password c t nht 01 ch s: nn = 62 n 52 n
p dng cho cc trng hp n = 6, 7, 8. Tng s password tha yu cu bi l:
n = n6 + n7 + n8 = 62 6 52 6 + 62 7 52 7 + 628 528 = 167.410.949.583.040

Cch 02: khng phn bit ch thng vi ch hoa:
Cch lm hon ton tng t, nhng thay v s dng cc s 62 v 52 th y s dng 02 s: 36
v 26. Kt qu s l:
n = n6 + n7 + n8 = 366 266 + 367 267 + 368 268 = 2.684.483.063.360

Bi 6:
C n l th b vo n b th. Hi xc sut xy ra trng hp khng c l th no b ng
c b th ca n.
Gii
BT Toan roi rac
V c n phong b v n b th nn c tt c N = n! cch b th khc nhau. m s cch b th

sao cho khng l th no ng a ch, ta p dng nguyn l b tr:
N = n! N1 + N2 ... + (1)nNn,
trong Nm (1 m n) l s cch b th sao cho c t nht m l th ng a ch, Nm l s cch ly m l
th t n l, vi mi cch ly m l th, c (n-m)! cch b m l th ny ng a ch, nh vy:
Nm = C nm (n - m)! =
n!
1 1
1
do vy N = n!(1 +
... + (1)n ),
k!
1! 2!
n!
Do xc sut tha bi ton: p =
N N
1 1 1
1
= = 1 + - +...+(-1) k
N n!
1! 2! 3!
k!
Bi 7:
Ch ra rng nu chn 5 s t tp 8 s {1, 2, , 7, 8} th bao gi cng c t nht 01 cp s c
tng l 9.
Gii
T 8 s trn, ta chia thnh 04 cp: {1, 8}, {2, 7}, {3, 6}, {4, 5} v tng ca mi cp u bng 9.
Nh vy, bi s tr thnh chn 5 s t 4 cp s trn. Theo nguyn l Dirichlet, phi c t nht 01 cp
s c chn ht. Vy bi ton c chng minh.
Bi 8:
Chng minh rng trong bt k mt nhm 27 t ting Anh no cng c t nht 2 t bt u
t cng 01 ch ci.
Gii
Bng ch ci ca ting anh gm 26 k t: a, b, c, , x, y, z. V c 27 t ting Anh v mi t bt

u bng 01 ch ci nn theo nguyn l Dirichlet phi c t nht 02 t bt u bng cng 01 ch ci.
Bi 9:
Cn phi c bao nhiu SV ghi tn vo lp TRR chc chn c t nht 65 SV t cng im
thi, gi s thang im thi gm 10 bc.
Gii
Gi n l s sinh vin ti thiu tha mn bi, theo nguyn l Dirichlet th n
] 10[ = 65 . Do vy
n = 10 * 64 + 1 = 641 SV.
Bi 10:
Tm h thc truy hi v cho iu kin u tnh s cc xu nh phn c di n v khng
c 2 s 0 lin tip.
C bao nhiu xu nh phn nh th c di bng 5.
Gii
Vi xu nh phn c di n, ta chia thnh 02 trng hp:

Nu k t cui cng l 1 th k t trc (k t th n 1) c th l 1 hay l 0 u c.
Nu k t cui cng l 0 th k t trc (k t th n 1) ch c th l 1 (v nu l 0 th vi phm
yu cu bi ton) nhng k t trc na (th n 2) c th l 0 hay 1 u c.
T 02 trng hp trn ta suy ra c: f n = f n 1 + f n 2
Cc iu kin u: f1 = 2 , f 2 = 3
C 13 xu nh phn c di 5 v khng c 2 s 0 lin tip.
BT Toan roi rac

Bi 11:
f0 = 0
Dy cc s Fibonacci tha f n = f n 1 + f n 2 , cho iu kin u:
. Hy tm h thc truy
f1 = 1
hi ca Fibonacci.
Gii
Phng trnh c trng: x 2 x 1 = 0

c cc nghim l: r1 =
1+ 5
1 5
v r2 =
.
2
2
1+ 5
1 5
Do cc s Fibonacci tng qut s c dng: f n = 1
+ 2
2
2
1
1 + 2 = 0
1 =
f0 = 0
5
1 5
vi cc iu kin ban u :
1+ 5
f1 = 1
1 2 + 2 2 = 1 = 1
2
Do cc s Fibonacci c cho bi cng thc nh sau:

n
1 1+ 5
1 1 5
fn =
5 2
5 2
Bi 12:
Tm nghim ca h thc truy hi sau: a n = 2a n 1 + 5a n 2 6a n 3 trong cc iu kin u
l: a 0 = 7 , a1 = 4 , a 2 = 8 .
Gii
Phng trnh c trng x 3 2 x 2 5 x + 6 = 0 ( x 1)( x 2 x 6) = 0

x0 = 1
Cc nghim ca phng trnh c trng: x1 = 2

x = 3
2
Do , h thc truy hi s c dng: a n = 11n + 2 (2) n + 3 3 n
Vi cc iu kin u c cho: a 0 = 7 , a1 = 4 , a 2 = 8 . Ta c h phng trnh nh sau:
7 = 1 + 2 + 3
1 = 5
4 = 1 2 2 + 3 3 2 = 3
8 = + 4 + 9
= 1
1
2
3
3
Vy nghim ca h thc truy hi l: a n = 5 + 3(2) n 3 n
Bi 13:
Tm h thc truy hi v rn . Vi rn l s min ca mt phng b phn chia bi n ng
thng. Bit rng khng c 2 ng thng no song song v cng khng c 03 ng thng no i
qua cng 1 im.
Gii
BT Toan roi rac
Vi n ng thng, theo bi th ng thng th n s ct n 1 ng thng cn li ti n 1

im, tc l s ct n 1 + 1 = n phn mt phng. Do , s phn mt phng tng ln l n. T , ta c
c h thc truy hi: rn = rn 1 + n .
Cc iu kin u l:
n = 0: r0 = 1.
n = 1: r1 = 2.
BI TP CHNG II
Bi 14
Chng minh rng trong mt n th lun c t nht 02 nh c cng bc.
Gii
Trong th n, s bc ti a cung
TH1: Gi s th khng c nh treo, do s bc ti thiu ca cc nh l 1, s bc ti a ca
cc nh l n-1 (v l n th). C n nh, s bc ca cc nh i t 1 n n-1 (n-1) gi tr. Do theo
nguyn l Dirichlet phi c t nht 02 nh c cng bc.
TH2: Gi s th c t nht 01 nh treo, khi s bc ti thiu ca cc nh l 0, v s bc ti
a ch l n-2 (v l n th, ng thi c nh treo). C n nh, s bc ca cc nh ch c th i t 0
n n-2 (n-1) gi tr. Do theo nguyn l Dirichlet phi c t nht 02 nh c cng bc.
Bi 15:
Tnh tng s bc ca K n (n th ).
Gii
Vi th th mi nh u ni vi cc nh cn li. Do vy, khi c n nh th mi nh u ni

vi n -1 nh cn li, tc l bc ca mi nh u bng n 1.
Vy, tng s bc ca c th l: n*(n 1) bc.
II. Cc bi tp trong giy kim tra ln 1.
Bi 16: (ging bi 12 phn trc).
Tm nghim ca h thc truy hi sau: a n = 2a n 1 + 5a n 2 6a n 3
trong cc iu kin u l: a 0 = 7 , a1 = 4 , a 2 = 8 .
Gii
Phng trnh c trng x 3 2 x 2 5 x + 6 = 0 ( x 1)( x 2 x 6) = 0

x0 = 1
Cc nghim ca phng trnh c trng: x1 = 2

x = 3
2
Do , h thc truy hi s c dng: a n = 11n + 2 (2) n + 3 3 n
Vi cc iu kin u c cho: a 0 = 7 , a1 = 4 , a 2 = 8 . Ta c h phng trnh nh sau:
7 = 1 + 2 + 3
1 = 5
4 = 1 2 2 + 3 3 2 = 3
8 = + 4 + 9
= 1
1
2
3
3
Vy h thc truy hi l: a n = 5 + 3(2) n 3 n
Bi 17:
BT Toan roi rac

Trong tng s 2504 sinh vin ca mt khoa cng ngh thng tin, c 1876 theo hc mn
NNLT Pascal, 999 hc mn ngn ng Fortran v 345 hc mn ngn ng C. Ngoi ra cn bit 876
sinh vin hc c Pascal v Fortran, 232 hc c Fortran v C, 290 hc c Pascal v C. Nu 189 sinh
vin hc c 03 mn Psacal, Fortran v C th trong trng hp c bao nhiu sinh vin khng hc
mn no trong c 03 mn ni trn.
Gii
Gi
P: l tp gm cc SV hc Pascal
F: l tp gm cc SV hc Fortran
C: l tp gm cc SV hc C
N: l tng s SV (2504 SV)
Gi K l s SV hc t nht 01 mn
Theo nguyn l b tr, ta c:
K = PU F UC = P + F + C PI F F IC C I P + PI F IC
K = 1876 + 999 + 345 876 232 290 + 189 = 2011 K = N K = 2504 2011 = 493 SV
Vy c 493 SV khng hc mn no trong 03 mn: Pascal, Fortran v C.
Bi 18:
Hy tm s nh, s cnh, s bc ca mi nh v xc nh cc nh c lp, nh treo, ma
trn lin k, ma trn lin thuc trong mi th v hng sau:
Gii
Cu 18.1.
S nh: 8
S cnh: 11
nh c lp: D
nh treo: khng c
Tn nh
Bc ca nh
Ma trn lin k:
BT Toan roi rac
0
0
0
1
0
1
a
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
b
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
C
4
0
0
1
0
2
0
0
0
d
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
e
5
g
3
h
2
i
3
0
1
0
, th t nh: a, b, c, d, e, g, h, i
0
0
1
0
Ma trn lin thuc:
A
B
C
D
G
H
e1
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
e1 = (a, c)
e = (a, e)
trong : 2
e3 = (a, i )
e4 = (b, e)
Cu 18.2.
e2
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
e3
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
e4
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
e5
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
e6
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
e7
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
= (b, h)
e5
e
6
e7
e8
e8
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
e9
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
e10
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
e11
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
e9 = (e, g )
e10 = (e, g )
e = (h, i )
11
= ( c , e)
= (c , g )
= (c, i )
c
d
e
S nh: 5
S cnh: 12
nh c lp: khng c
nh treo: khng c
Tn nh
Bc ca nh
a
6
1 3 0
3 0 0
0 0 1
Ma trn lin k:
0 1 3
1 1 0
e1 e2
a 1 1
b 0 1
Ma trn lin thuc:
c 0 0
d 0 0
e 0 0
trong :
e1 = (a, a )
e = (a, b)
2
e3 = (a, b)
e4 = (a, b)
BT Toan roi rac
0
1
3
0
1
e3
1
1
0
0
0
b
5
c
5
d
5
e
3
1
0 , th t nh: a, b, c, d,
1
0
e4 e5 e6 e7 e8 e9 e10
1 1 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 0 0 0 0
e5 = (a, e)
e = (b, e)
6
e7 = (b, d )
e8 = (c, c)
e11
0
0
1
1
0
e12
0
0
0
1
1
e9 = (c, d )
e = (c, d )
10
e11 = (c, d )
e12 = (d , e)

Bi 19:
Hai n th vi ma trn lin k sau y c l ng cu khng?
1
0
1 0 1
0 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 0 ,
1
1
1 1 1
0 0 1
0 0 1
1 1 0 .
Gii
Da vo ma trn lin k ca hai n th ta c th v li cc th bng hnh v:
U1
U2
V1
V2
U4
U3
V4
V3
Theo hnh v ca hai n th ta thy chng khng c cng s cnh, mt bn c 4 cnh v mt

bn c 5 cnh. Vy hai th c ma trn lin k cho trn khng ng cu.
Bi ton ny c th khng cn v hnh li cng c, t ma trn k ta cng c th d dng xc
nh c s cnh ca mi th ln lt l 4 v 5. Do vy chng khng th ng cu.
Bi 20:
Xt xem cc th cho sau y c ng cu vi nhau khng?
Gii
a. Hnh 01.
u1
v2
v1
u2
v6
v5
u3
u4
v3
v4
6
u5Hai th cho trn c:us
nh, s cnh, tng s bc v s bc ca mi nh bng nhau. c bit,
cc nh ca th th nht v th hai khi sp theo th t sau y th chng hon ton tng ng v
mi mt:
th th nht
th th hai
BT Toan roi rac
u1
v5
u2
v6
u3
v3
u4
v2
u5
v1
u6
v4
8
S bc ca mi nh
Chnh v vy, hai th trn l ng cu.

b. Hnh 02.
u1
u3
u2
v1
v2
v6
u4
u5
v3
u6
v5
v4
Hai th c hng cho trn khi sp theo th t sau y v cc nh th chng tng ng v

tt c cc mt: t s nh, tng s bc, bc vo, bc ra ca mi nh, tng s cnh, th t v chiu ca
cc cnh u tng ng:
th th nht
th th hai
Bc vo: deg-(X)
Bc ra: deg+(X)
u1
v3
1
2
u2
v5
2
1
u3
v1
1
2
u4
v2
2
1
u5
v4
2
1
u6
v6
1
2
V vy, hai th c hng trn l ng cu vi nhau.

Bi 21: (3.1)
Cho G l th c v nh v e cnh, cn m v M tng ng l bc nh nht v ln nht cc
2e
nh ca G. Chng t rng: m
M
v
Gii
V m v M tng ng l bc nh nht v ln nht cc nh ca G, do ta d dng c c:
v
deg( v i ) v .m
i =1
m deg( v i ) M , i = 1, v v
deg( v i ) v .M

i =1
.
2e vm
2e
. 2e vM
. m M
vm
.
v
2e vM
(pcm)
Bi 22: (3.2)
Chng minh rng nu G l n th phn i c v nh v e cnh, khi chng minh bt
ng thc sau y:
v2
e (1)
4
Gii
BT Toan roi rac
Gi n1, n2 ln lt l s nh ca mi phn (n1 + n2 = v). V l n th phn i nn s cnh
K n1 , n2
nhiu nht khi n l n th phn i , tc l:

Khi , s cnh nhiu nht s l:
Ta d dng c c:
n = n1 n2 e n1n2 (2) .
(n1 n2 ) 2 0 n12 2n1n2 + n22 0 n12 + 2n1n2 + n22 4n1n2

(n1 + n2 )2
v2
(2)
n1n2 e e
4
4
(pcm).
Bi 23: (3.4)
Hy v cc th v hng biu din bi cc ma trn sau:
0 1
1 2 0 1
1 2 3
1 2
2
0
3
0
a. 2 0 4
b.
c. 3 1
0
3
1
1
3 4 0
0 3
1 0 1 0
4 0
3
1
1
0
1
0
3
0
0
2
0
1
2
3
Gii
B
A
D
h.a
h.b
B
C
D
E
h.c
Bi 24: (3.6)
Tm ma trn lin k cho cc th sau:
a.Kn
b.Cn
c.Wn
d.Km,n
e.Qn
Gii
BT Toan roi rac
10
1
1
a .K n : 1
...
1
1
1
0
c.Wn : 0
...
1
1
...
...
1
1
0
1
1
0
...
...
1
1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
0 ... 1
0
1
1
0
0 ... 0
1 ... 0
0 ... 0
1
1
1
...
1
0
... ... ... ... ...

0 0 0 ... 0
1
... 1
0 1 0 0 ... 0 1
1 0 1 0 ... 0 0
0 1 0 1 ... 0 0
b.C n : 0 0 1 0 ... 0 0
... ... ... ... ... ... ...
0 0 0 0 ... 0 1
1 0 0 0 ... 1 0
1
1
1 d .K m , n
...
1
0
m
n
8 6474
8
6474
0 ... 0 1 ... 1
... ... ...... ... ...

0 ... 0 1 ... 1
:
m
n
6474
8
6474
8
1 ... 1 0 ... 0
...
...
......
...
...
1 ... 1 0 ... 0
Bi 25: (3.8)
Hai th vi ma trn lin k sau y c ng cu vi nhau khng?
0 1 0 1
0 1 1 1
1 0 0 1 (h.1)
1 0 0 1 (h.2)
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0
Gii
Hai th vi ma trn lin k trn khng th ng cu vi nhau v: chng c s cnh khc nhau:
th th nht c 4 cnh, th th hai c 5 cnh.
Bi 26: (3.9)
Hai th vi ma trn lin k sau y c ng cu vi nhau khng?
1
0
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
(h.1)
0 0 1 1
1 1 1 0
0
1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
(h.2)
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1
Gii
Tha thy, theo em ngh th y l hai ma trn lin thuc ch khng phi l hai ma trn lin k.
V nu l hai ma trn lin thuc th chng ng cu vi nhau v:
BT Toan roi rac
11
v1
v2
v3
v
4
e1 e2
1 1
1 0
e3
0
1
e4
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
e5
0
1 (h.1')
1
0
'
v1
v2'
'
v3
v'
4
e1' e2'
e3'
e4'
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
e5'
1
0 (h.2 ')
0
1
f (v1 ) = v1' _& _ f (v2 ) = v2' ;

, ng thi biu din li th
Xt nh x f t V1 ln V2 sao cho:
'
'
f (v3 ) = v3 _& _ f (v4 ) = v4 ;
ca ma trn lin thuc hnh (h.2). Trong , cc cnh c sp theo th t:
e2'
e5'
e3'
e1'
e4' .
Lc ny, hai ma trn lin thuc hon ton ging nhau. V vy chng ng cu vi nhau.
'
v1
v2'
'
v3
v'
4
e1' e2'
e3'
e4'
e5'
'
1
v1
0 (h.2 ') v2'
'
0
v3
v'
1
4
e2'
e5'
e3'
e1' e4'
0 0
0 1 (h.2 '')
1 1
1 0
Bi 27: (3.10)
Cc cp th sau c ng cu vi nhau khng?
Gii
Bi ny hon ton ging bi s 20 gii trn.

Bi 28: (3.11)
Cho V = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8} v E l tp hp cc cp phn t (u, v) ca V sao cho u < v v u vi
v l cc s nguyn t cng nhau. Hy v th c hng G = (V , E ) .
Tm s ng i phn bit di 3 t nh 2 ti nh 8.
Gii
7
4
BT Toan roi rac
12
Bi 29: (3.12)
Hy tm s ng i di n gia hai nh lin k (t. khng lin k) ty trong K3,3 vi
mi gi tr ca n sau:
a. n = 2,
b. n = 3,
c. n = 4,
d. n = 5.
Gii
(I)
(II)
Hai nh lin k phi 2 phn khc nhau. Mt cnh ch c th ni t 1 nh phn (I) n 1 nh

phn (II) v ngc li. Gi m l s ng i gia 2 nh bt k trong K3,3 c di n.
TH1: n chn.
Nu n chn th nh u v nh cui ca ng i phi cng 1 phn, do vy chng khng th
lin k.
TH2: n l.
Nu n l th nh u v nh cui ca ng i phi trn 2 phn khc nhau, do vy chng phi
lin k (v y l K3,3).
Mc khc mi mt nh phn ny lun c 3 phng n i qua 1 nh phn kia. Do vy ta c
c cc kt lun sau y:
o Hai nh lin k, n chn:
m = 0,
o Hai nh lin k, n l:
m = 3n-1,
o Hai nh khng lin k, n chn:
m = 3n-1,
o Hai nh khng lin k, n l: m = 0.
p dng cho cc trng hp:
S cnh
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
Lin k
81
Khng lin
27
BT Toan roi rac
13

Bi tp chng III
Cu 1: Cho G l th c v nh v e cnh, cn M, m tng ng l bc ln nht v nh nht ca cc nh
ca G. Chng t rng:
m
2e
M.
v
Cu 2: Chng minh rng nu G l n th phn i c v nh v e cnh, khi

e v2/4.
Cu 4: Hy v cc th v hng c biu din bi ma trn lin k sau:
1
1 2 3
2
0
2 0 4
3
4
0
a)
, b) 1
2 0 1
0 3 0
3 1 1
0 1 0,
1
3
c) 4
1
2
1
3
0
3
1
1
0
1
0
3
0
0
2
0
1
3 .
Cu 6: Tm ma trn lin k cho cc th sau:

a) Kn
b) Cn
c) Wn d) Km,n
e) Qn
Cu 8: Hai n th vi ma trn lin k sau y c l ng cu khng?
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
0 ,
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0 .
Cu 9: Hai n th vi ma trn lin thuc sau y c l ng cu khng?
1
0
BT Toan roi rac
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 ,
0
1
1 0 0 1
1 1 1 0
0 0 1 0
0 1 0 1 .
14

Cu 10:
Cc th G v G sau c ng cu vi nhau khng?
a)
u
v
1
v2
u2
v6
v5
u3
u4
u6
u5
v3
v4
b)
u1
u2
u3
v1
v2
v6
u4
u5
u6
v3
v5
v4
Cu 11: Cho V={2,3,4,5,6,7,8} v E l tp hp cc cp phn t (u,v) ca V sao cho u<v v u,v nguyn t
cng nhau. Hy v th c hng G=(V,E). Tm s cc ng i phn bit di 3 t nh 2 ti nh 8.
Cu 12: Hy tm s ng i di n gia hai nh lin k (t.. khng lin k) ty trong K3,3 vi mi
gi tr ca n sau:
a) n=2,
b) n=3, c) n=4, d) n=5.
BT Toan roi rac
15
Cu 1:
V m v M tng ng l bc nh nht v ln nht cc nh ca G, do ta d dng c c:
deg(vi ) v.m
m deg(vi ) M , i=1,v
deg(vi ) v.M
v
i =1
v
i =1
.
2e vm
2e
. 2e vM
. m M
vm
.
v
2e vM
Cu 2:
Gi n1, n2 ln lt l s nh ca mi phn (d1 + d2 = v). V l n th phn i nn s cnh

nhiu nht khi n l n th phn i , tc l: K d 1,d 2
Khi , s cnh nhiu nht s l:
Ta d dng c c:
d = d1 d 2 e d1d 2 (2)
(d1 d 2 ) 2 0 d12 2d1d 2 + d 22 0 d12 + 2d1d 2 + d 22 4d1d 2
(d + d )
d .d e
4
2
( chng minh xong).
Cu 4:
a)
V1
V2
V3
b)
V1
BT Toan roi rac
V2
V4http://www.ebook.edu.vn
V3
16
c)
V1
V5
V2
V4
V3
Cu 6:
0
1
1
a) K : 1
...
1
1
n
BT Toan roi rac
1 ... 1
1 ... 1
1
1
0
1
1 ... 1
0 ... 1
... ... ... ... ...

1
1 ... 0
1 ... 1
1
1
1
1
...
1
0
17
0
1
0
b ) Cn : 0
...
0
1
0
1
0
c) Wn : 0
...
1
1
BT Toan roi rac
0 ... 0
0 ... 0
1
0
0
1
1 ... 0
0 ... 0
... ... ... ... ...

0
0 ... 0
0 ... 1
0 ... 1
0 ... 0
1 ... 0
0 ... 0
... ... ... ... ...

0
0 ... 0
1 ... 1
1
0
0
0
...
1
0
1
1
1
1
...
1
0
18
m
n
8 6474
8
6474
0 ... 0 1 ... 1
...
...
......
...
...
0 ... 0 1 ... 1
d ) Km,n :
m
n
8
64748 6474
1 ... 1 0 ... 0
... ... ...... ... ...
1 ... 1 0 ... 0
BT Toan roi rac
19

Cu 8:
Da vo ma trn lin k ca hai n th ta c th v li cc th bng hnh v:
V1
V2
V4
V3
U1
U2
U4
U3
Da vo hnh v ca hai n th ta thy hai n th khng c cng s cnh, mt bn c 4 cnh v

mt bn c 5 cnh. Vy hai n th c ma trn lin k cho khng ng cu.
Cu 9:
Theo em d ra l hai ma trn lin thuc
Da vo hai ma trn lin thuc ta c th v li th ca hai ma trn nh sau:
e1
V1
e2
e3
V1
V2
e5
e5
e3
G1
V2
e4
e4
V4
e2
e1
V3
V4
G2
V3
Hai th c cc cnh tng ng l:

G1
e1
e2
e3
e4
e5
G2
e2
e5
e3
e1
e4
Hai th G1 v G2 hon ton ging nhau nn chng ng cu vi nhau
BT Toan roi rac
20

Cu 10:
a/ Hai th G1 v G2 l ng cu v hai ma trn lin k ca G theo th t cc nh u1, u2, u3, u4, u5, u6 v
ca G theo th t cc nh v2, v3, v6, v5, v1, v4 l nh nhau v bng:
0 1 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 1 0 1 1
1 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0
b/
Hai th c hng G1, G2 cho trn khi sp li th t v cc nh th chng tng ng v tt c cc
mt: t s nh, tng s bc, bc vo, bc ra ca mi nh, tng s cnh, th t v chiu i v n ca cc
cnh u tng ng vi nhau:
th G1
th G2
Bc vo:
Bc ra:
u1
v3
1
2
u2
v2
2
1
u3
v5
1
2
u4
v4
2
1
u5
v1
2
1
u6
v6
1
2
V vy, hai th G1,G2 c hng cho trn l ng cu vi nhau.

Cu 12:
(I)
(II)
Hai nh lin k phi 2 phn khc nhau cu th. Mt cnh ch c th ni t 1 nh phn (I)
n 1 nh phn (II) v ngc li. Gi b l s ng i gia 2 nh bt k trong K3,3 c di n.
TH1: n chn.
Nu n chn th nh u v nh cui ca ng i phi cng 1 phn, do vy chng khng th
lin k.
TH2: n l.
Nu n l th nh u v nh cui ca ng i phi trn 2 phn khc nhau, do vy chng phi
lin k (v y l K3,3).
Mc khc mi mt nh phn ny lun c 3 ng i i qua 1 nh phn kia. Do vy ta c
c cc kt qu sau y rt ra t suy lun trn:
o Hai nh lin k, n chn:
b = 0,
o Hai nh lin k, n l:
b = 3n-1,
BT Toan roi rac
21
b = 3n-1,
o Hai nh khng lin k, n chn:

o Hai nh khng lin k, n l:
b = 0.
p dng cho cc trng hp:

S cnh
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
Lin k
81
Khng lin
27
BI TP CHNG 4
TH EULER V TH HAMILTON
Bi 1:
Vi gi tr no ca n th cc th sau y l th Euler?
a. Kn
b. Cn
c. Wn
d. Qn
Gii:
iu kin cn v mt th l th Euler l khi v ch khi tt c cc nh ca n u c bc chn.

Do ta c:
a. Kn:
V mi nh ca Kn c s bc bng nhau v bng n 1. Kn l th Euler th n 1 = chn. Do
vy n phi l (n >= 3).
b. Cn:
V mi nh ca Cn u c bc l 2 nn Cn lun l th Euler.
c. Wn:
Ch c mt nh c bc l n 1, cn li cc nh khc u c bc l 3, do vy y khng th l
th Euler.
d. Qn:
V mi nh u c bc l n, do vy Qn l th Euler th n chn.
Bi 2:
Vi cc gi tr no ca m v n th th phn i y Km,n c:
a. Chu trnh Euler.
b. ng i Euler.
Gii
a. V cc nh ca th phn i Km,n c bc l m hoc n. Do vy, n l th Euler th m v
n u phi l mt s chn.
b. mt th c ng i Euler th phi c ng 2 nh bc l, cc nh cn li phi l bc chn.
Vy mt trong 2 gi tr m, n phi l 2, gi tr cn li phi l s l.
BT Toan roi rac
22

Bi 3:
Vi gi tr no ca m v n th th phn i y Km,n c chu trnh Hamilton.
Gii
n
th G
2
l mt th Hamilton. Vi Km,n cc nh c bc m hoc n, nn th y Km,n l th Hamilton
th phi c iu kin sau:
Theo nh l Dirac, nu G l n th c n nh v mi nh ca G u c bc khng nh hn
n+m
2 mnmn=m
n
m + m
2
Cu 4:
Chng minh rng th lp phng Qn l mt th Hamilton. V cy lit k tt c cc chu trnh
Hamilton ca th lp phng Q3.
Cu 5:
Trong mt cuc hp c 15 ngi mi ngy ngi vi nhau quanh mt bn trn mt ln. Hi c bao
nhiu cch sp xp sao cho mi ln ngi hp, mi ngi c hai ngi bn cnh l bn mi, v sp
xp nh th no ?
Cu 6:
Hiu trng mi 2n (n 2) sinh vin gii n d tic. Mi sinh vin gii quen t nht n sinh vin
gii khc n d tic. Chng minh rng lun lun c th xp tt c cc sinh vin gii ngi xung
quanh mt bn trn, mi ngi ngi gia hai ngi m sinh vin quen.
Gii
Gi s c th G = (V, E) m trong ta c: V l tp hp cc sinh vin c mi d tic, E = (u,v) vi

u, v thuc V v u, v c quan h l quen bit nhau (theo gi thit ca bi).
Nh vy theo gi thit ca bi ton ta s xc lp c mt th l mt n th c 2n nh, mi nh
c bc ti thiu l n (v theo bi cho: mi sinh vin quen bit vi t nht l n sinh vin khc).Cho nn ta
c: s bc ca mi nh n
2n
= n
2
Do , theo nh l Dirac th G l th Hamilton.

Mc khc, y l th v hng
Vy theo cc lp lun trn th lun lun c th xp tt c cc sinh vin gii ngi xung quanh mt bn trn,
mi ngi ngi gia hai ngi m sinh vin quen. (pcm)
Cu 7:
Mt ng vua xy dng mt lu i ct bu vt. Ngi ta tm thy s ca lu i (hnh sau)
vi li dn: mun tm bu vt, ch cn t mt trong cc phng bn ngoi cng (s 1, 2, 6, 10, ...), i
qua tt c cc ca phng, mi ca ch mt ln; bu vt c giu sau ca cui cng.
Hy tm ni giu bu vt?
1
BT Toan roi rac
4
5
2
6
23
Gii
Gi s chng ta xem mi mt phng l mt nh ca th G v mi mt ca thng gia cc phng l

mt cnh ca th G th theo yu cu ca bi
ton (qua tt c cc ca v mi ca ch qua mt ln) ta
phi i tm ng i Euler ca th cho trn.
Sau y l ng i tm bu vt: (xut pht t phng s 6, kt thc phng 18 l ca cui cng)
6 2 1 4 3 7 11 12 8 13 12 17 16 20 21 17 18 13 14
9 5 4 2 5 6 10 15 14 19 18.
Cu 8:
th cho trong hnh sau gi l th Peterson P.
a) Tm mt ng i Hamilton trong P.
b) Chng minh rng P \ {v}, vi v l mt nh bt k ca P, l mt th Hamilton.
a
e
g
f
h
k
c
Gii
a) ng i Hamilton l:
a b c d e f h k g i.
b)
Cu 9:
Gii bi ton ngi pht th Trung Hoa vi th cho trong hnh sau:
9
8
BT Toan roi rac
12
10
11
6
5
3
4
24

Gii
Gi Vo(G) l tp tt c cc nh bc l trong G.
Vo(G)= {2, 4, 8, 11}
P1= { (2,4), (8,11) }
P2 ={ (2,8), (4,11) }
P3 ={ (4,8), (2,11) }
d(P1)= d (2, 4) + d (8, 11) =2 + 3 = 5
d(P2)= d (2, 8) + d (4, 11) = 3 + 1 = 4
d(P3)= d (4, 8) + d (2, 11) = 3 + 2 = 5
d(Pi) = d (Pi ) = 5 + 4 + 5 = 14
m(G) = min (Pi) = d(P2) = 4
Ta v thm cnh (2, 8), (4, 11).
Chu trnh Euler trong hnh trnh ngn nht cn tm l:1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 8, 6, 10, 5, 11, 4, 3, 1, 12,
3, 2, 12, 9, 1.
Cu 10:
Chng minh rng th G cho trong hnh sau c ng i Hamilton (t s n r) nhng khng c
chu trnh Hamilton.
Gii
s
c
e
g
b
f
h
a
th G c ng i Hamilton t s ti r nhng khng c chu trnh Hamilton th ta cn tm mt ng i
t s ti r qua tt c cc nh cn li nhng khng tr v nh xut pht .
ng i Hamilton l : s a b c e f g d h r
T th ta nhn thy s khng c bt k chu trnh Hamilton no xut pht t s v li tr v s.
Cu 11:
Cho th d v:
a) th c mt chu trnh va l chu trnh Euler va l chu trnh Hamilton;
b) th c mt chu trnh Euler v mt chu trnh Hamilton, nhng hai chu trnh khng trng
nhau;
c) th c 6 nh, l th Hamilton, nhng khng phi l th Euler;
d) th c 6 nh, l th Euler, nhng khng phi l th Hamilton.
Gii
a)
2
3
b)
6
2
BT Toan roi rac
3
25
Chu trnh E : 1, 2, 3,1
Chu trnh E: 1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 6, 4, 5, 6, 1
Chu trnh Hamilton: 1, 2, 3, 1
Chu trnh Haminton: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
c)
d)
2
3
3
1
6
5
Cu 12:
Chng minh rng con m khng th i qua tt c cc ca mt bn c c 4 x 4 hoc 5 x 5 vung,
mi ch mt ln, ri tr v ch c.
---Ht---
BT Toan roi rac
26

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Bai Tap Toan Roi Rac

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Bai tap toan roi rac co giai

Bi ton ny c 02 cch hiu: serial y c th l 02 k t NN u tin hoc l 02 k t XN cui

a. Bt u bng 00 hoc kt thc bng 11.