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Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

LI NI U
Ngy nay, cng vi s pht truyn ca kinh t-x hi, nhu cu trao i thng tin ca con ngi ngy cng cao. Bi vy ngnh in t vin thng c mt vai tr c bit quan trng nht l trong thi bui bng n thng tin nh hin nay. Cc h thng vin thng tr thnh phng tin rt hu ch cho vic trao i thng tin.Thng tin cng tr nn cn thit hn bao gi ht, n t nn mt vn l truyn t thng tin nh th no thng tin i c nhanh nht v chnh xc nht. H thng tng i ra i p ng mt phn no nhu cu thng tin ca x hi. H thng tng i l thit b lm vic kt ni phc v cc loi dch v thng tin khc nhau. Tng i cung cp mt ng truyn dn tm thi truyn thng tin ng thi theo hai hng gia cc loi ng dy truyn dn. N c cc thit b chuyn mch ca tng i thc hin thng qua trao i bo hiu vi mng bn ngoi. T khi con ngi a tng i in thoi u tin vo x dng cho ti nay, k thut tng i c ngng bc tin v cng to ln. u tin l ngng tng i nhn cng m cc chc nng chung u do nhn cng thc hin. Sau l nhng tng i in c bn t ng, n c xy dng trn c s nguyn l chuyn mch tng nc, chuyn mch ngang dc. Tip theo l nhng tng i iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn cho tn hiu s c x dng rng ri trn phm vi ton th gii vi s lng v chng loi ngy cng a dng, phong ph hn. Ngy ny vi cng ngh ngy cng hin i, cc loi tng i ngy cng c ng dng nhiu lin lc thng tin ,trong cng ty, trng hc v cc khu ni b. c bit l tng i c quan PABX,v s dng nhiu l tng i Panasonic KX-TES824.

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

MC LC Li m u.............................................................................................1 Mc lc....................................................................................................2
Bng ch vit tt........................................................................................5 Chng I- Tng quan v tng i..............................................................6 1.2.1 Gii thiu chung v Tng i SPC..................................................7 1.2.2- Phn loi tng i...........................................................................8 1.3- Nhim v chung ca mt tng i ....................................................10 1.3.1 Nhim v bo hiu..........................................................................10 1.3.2 Nhim v x l cc thng tin bo hiu v iu khin ....................10 1.3.3 Tnh cc.........................................................................................10 1.3.4 Chc nng thit lp cuc gi...........................................................10 1.4- Phng php iu khin....................................................................14 1.4.1. Phng php iu khin tp trung..................................................14 1.4.2. Phng thc iu khin phn tn...................................................14 1.5 S Khi Tng i SPC ..............................................................15 1.5.1 Chc nng ca cc kh..................................................................16 1.6 Chuyn mch s.................................................................................20 1.6.1. c im ca chuyn mch s........................................................20 1.6.2. Nguyn l chuyn mch khng gian ..............................................21 1.6.3 Nguyn l chuyn mch thi gian ( T ) ..........................................23 1.6.4 Chuyn mch khng gian (S)..........................................................28 1.6.5 Chuyn mch ghp..........................................................................32 1.7 iu khin trong tng i in t SPC.............................................45 1.7.1. Nhim v iu khin......................................................................45 1.7.2. Cu to ca thit b iu khin chuyn mch................................46 GVHD: Bi Nh Phong 2 SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

1.7.3. Cc phng php d phng cho h thng iu khin...................49 1.8 X l cuc gi..................................................................................55 1.8.1. Cc chng trnh x l gi...........................................................55 1.8.2. Cc loi bng bo hiu..................................................................58 1.8.3. S liu thu bao.............................................................................59 1.8.4. Phn tch phin dch v to tuyn.................................................60 1.8.5. Thit lp gi..................................................................................61 1.8.6. Tnh cc......................................................................................63 1.9 Bo hiu............................................................................................64 1.9.1. Khi qut chung v bo hiu........................................................64 1.9.2. Bo hiu knh ring (CAS)..........................................................68 1.9.3. Bo hiu knh chung....................................................................72 1.9.3.1. c im chung.........................................................................72 1.9.3.2. H thng bo hiu s 7 (CCITT No 7)......................................74 Chng II - Thng tin thoi -My in thoi........................................76 2.1. Khi nim ......................................................................................76 2.2. Nhng yu cu c bn v my in thoi......................................77 2.3. Nhng chc nng c bn ca my in thoi................................78 2.4. Nguyn tc cu to ca my in thoi..........................................78 Chng III- Mng in thoi................................................................79 3.1 Mng phn cp mng chuyn mch................................................79 3.2 Cc tnh nng truyn ca mng in thoi......................................80 Chng IV-Tng i PABX................................................................84 4.1. c im .....................................................................................84 4.2. Tnh nng c bn...........................................................................85

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

4.3 Dung lng h thng......................................................................86 4.4 Cc loi CARD m rng ...............................................................87 4.5 S liu h thng .............................................................................89 4.6 Chi tit k thut ............................................................................89 KT LUN ..91

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

Bng Ch Vit Tt

SPC PABX
DTMF

Stored Program Control Private Automatic Branch Exchange Dual Tone Multi Frequencie Pulse Code Modulation

iu khin bng chng trnh ghi sn Tng i c quan

Chung kp a tn s
iu xung m

PCM DISA VM DSS SLT SMDR

Direct Inward System Access Voice Message Direct Station Selection Single Line Telephone Station Message Detail Recording

H thng truy cp trc tip bn trong Hp th thoi Trm la chn trc tip ng in thoi n Trm ghi m chi tit tin nhn

Chng I Tng quan tng i in t s.

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

1.1 - S lc s hnh thnh v pht trin ca tng i in t s . khc phc nhng hn ch v nhc im ca cc loi tng i in thoi cn nhiu k thut vin. Cc nh ch to tng i cho ra i cc loi tng i c in v tng bc hon thin chng. Tng i t ng tng nc u tin iu khin trc tip c ch to vo nm 1892. N c hon thin trn tng i nhn cng, song n vn cn c nhiu nhc im nh cha nhiu cc b phn c kh, kh nng tnh ton linh hot b hn ch, kch thc cng knh. Nm 1982 hng ericsson ca thu in cho ra i loi tng i thanh cho(cross bar) u tin. cc tng i ny c sn xut da trn c s nghin cu k thut chuyn mch v hon thin hn cc b phn chc nng ca tng i tng nc, ch yu l chuyn mch thanh cho. Sau nhiu s thay i c ngha cch mng trong lnh vc in t to ra nhiu iu kin tt hon thin cc tng i ngang - dc. V nhiu khi chc nng iu khin: b ghi pht u ni phin dch...trc y c ch to trn c s r le c in nay c thay th bng my tnh n gin ch to dng khi . iu dn n kch thc ca tng i c thu nh hn, th tch v trng lng ca cc thit b cng gim , tng i lm vic nhanh, tin cy cao , d vn hnh v bo dng. Sau cng ngh in t pht trin nhanh , c bit l k ngh ch to cc loi mch t hp mt trung bnh v ln ra i to iu kin cho may tnh v tng i in t pht trin. Tng i in t s u tin c ch to v khai thc vo nm 1965 l tng i tng t lm vic theo nguyn l SPC ( iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn ) . Tng i ny c nhn hiu essn01 do hng bell system ch to M, dng trng chuyn mch c in, c dung lng t 10000 n 60000 thu bao. N c th lu lot lng ti l 600 erlangs v c th thit lp 30 cuc gi/ giy. T nm 1974 - 1976 l giai on pht trin k thut v ci tin hiu qu ca cng ngh tng i s. Vi s pht trin ca x hi nh hng thng tin, cc dch v thng tin in thoi, thng tin s liu thng tin di ng,... ngy cng tr nn phong

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

ph, a dng. S pht truyn ca cng ngh thng tin bao gm c truyn dn cp quang, k thut s, k thut thng tin v tinh,... c pht truyn mt cch nhanh chng, cc mng thng tin ngy mt nng cao v tnh nng v tc pht truyn. K thut s l k thut c bn cn thit xy dng cc mng thng tin c tnh nng hot ng cao. Trung tm ca mt mng thng tin s dng k thut s l tng i in t s. Tng i in t s thc hin chuyn mch cc k thut m thanh. 1.2- Tng quan tng i in t s SPC 1.2.1 Gii thiu chung v Tng i SPC. Loi tng i ny c iu khin bng chng trnh lu tr c lu sn trong b nh. Cc chc nng chnh tng i SPC bao gm: + Th t s l cc bc ca tng i. + S th t ca ng dy thu bao,s thu bao,thuc tnh thu bao. + Duy tr v gim st cuc gi. + Tnh cc cuc gi. + u ni cc thu bao. + Cung cp cc dch v khch hng. + Vn hnh bo dng Trong tng i in t SPC, ngi ta s dng thit b iu hnh, qun l v bo dng tng i trong qu trnh khai thc nhm giao tip vi tng i. Cc thit b ny bao gm mn hnh, bn phm iu khin, cc my in t ng, cc thit b o th ng dy v my thu bao ... Chng c dng a cc lnh qun l v bo dng vo thit b x l thao tc v bo dng ca tng i. Ngoi cc thit b nu trn, cc tng i SPC trung tm cn c thit b ngoi vi nh s liu. Thit b ny bao gm khi iu khin bng t v a t. Chng c tc lm vic cao, dung lng nh ln v dng np phn mm vo cc loi b nh ca cc b x l, ghi cc thng tin cc, thng k...

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

Tng i SPC c tnh linh hot,mm do trong qu trnh khai thc.Nu cn phi thay i s thu bao,s lng thu bao,cc dch v ca thu bao ngi ta khng phi thay i kt cu mch in ,cch u ni,hay phn cng m chi cn thay i b xung cc s liu vo b nh chng trnh ca tng i thng qua mt h thng cc my tnh iu khin Tng i SPC c kh nng lu gi cc s liu trong qu trnh lm vic bng cc h thng bng t,a t,b nh cung cp cc s liu cn thit gip cho ic khai thc qun l c hiu qu. Tng i SPC c kh nng t chun on bng chng trnh t ng nh thng xuyn o lng,kim tra cc thng s k thut ca tng i cho php pht hin kp thi cc s c gip cho vic sa cha thay th nhanh chng m bo thng tin lin lc thng sut.V cho php nhiu dch v gia tng phi thoi. 1.2.2- Phn loi tng i. - c ng dng rng ri trong h thng vin thng hin nay ngi ta s dng tng i t ng in t k thut s c iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn. - Cn c vo phng php lm vic ca tng i ngi ta chia tng i thnh hai loi: +) Tng i nhn cng: l c ngi thao tc chuyn mch. +) Tng i t ng: c iu khin theo chng trinh ghi sn. - Cn c vo cu to ca tng i ngi ta chia thnh hai loi: +) Tng i c in: l tng i c thc hin vic u ni bng cc tip xc c kh s dng cc tip im rle. +) Tng i in t: l tng i c thc hin vic u ni bng cc tip xc in t s dng cc linh kin in t nh it, tranziztor, cng logc. - Cn c vo v tr tng i trong h thng vin thng: +) Tng i ni ht: l tng i m cc thu bao c u trc tip vo c t chc trong mt khu vc a l. GVHD: Bi Nh Phong 8 SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

+) Tng i chuyn tip ni ht:l nhng tng i chuyn tip tn hiu thoi gia cc tng i ni ht trong mt khu vc hoc mt vng. +) Tng i chuyn tip vng. +) Tng i quc gia. Hin nay trn mng vin thng c 5 loi tng i sau: - Tng i c quan PABX: c s dng trong cc c quan, khch sn v thng s dng trung k CO- Line(central office). - Tng i nng thn (Rural Exchange): c s dng cc x, khu dn c ng, ch v c th s dng tt c cc loi trung k . - Tng i ni ht LE ( Exchange Local): c t trung tm huyn tnh v s dng tt c cc loi trung k. - Tng i ca ng quc t (Gateway Exchange): tng i ny dng chn hng v chuyn mch cc cuc gi vo mng quc t ni cc quc gia vi nhau, c th chuyn ti cuc gi qu giang. - Tng i ng di TE (Toll Exchange): dng kt ni cc tng i ni ht cc tnh vi nhau, chuyn mch cc cuc gi ng di trong nc vi nhau.

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

1.3- Nhim v chung ca mt tng i 1.3.1 Nhim v bo hiu L nhim v trao i bo hiu vi mng ngoi bao gm mng cc ng dy thu bao v trung k u ni ti cc my thu bao hay tng i khc. 1.3.2 Nhim v x l cc thng tin bo hiu v iu khin cc thao tc chuyn mch Thit b iu khin chuyn mch nhn cc thng tin bo hiu t cc ng dy thu bao v trung k, x l cc thng tin ny v a ra v a ra cc thng tin iu khin cp cc thng tin bo hiu ti cc ng dy thu bao hay trung k hoc iu khin hoc iu khin cc thit b chuyn mch v cc thit b ph tr to tuyn ni. 1.3.3 Tnh cc Nhim v ny l to ra cc s liu cc ph hp vi tng loi cuc gi sau khi mi cuc gi kt thc. S liu cc ny s c s l thnh cc bn tin cc phc v cng tc thanh ton cc. Tt nhin cc nhim v ni trn c thc hin c hiu qu nh s dng my tnh iu khin tng i. 1.3.4 Chc nng thit lp cuc gi - L phi to v thit lp tuyn u ni trong ni b tng i truyn tn hiu thoi gia cc my in thoi. a) Thit lp 1 cuc thng tin ni ht.

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

10

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

Ch thch : A: thu bao A B: thu bao B B1: t t hp B2: nhc t hp B3: m mi quay s B4: gi s in thoi B5: pht v hi m chung B6: hai bn m thoi B7: t t hp +) nguyn l: - B1 t t hp trn gi my - B2,B3 khi c nhu cu lm vic A nhc t hp tng i nhn bit trng thi ng dy thu bao A thay i tng i lin tin hnh x l n v kim tra ng dy thu bao,s my thu bao cc thng s ca thu bao A nu thu bao b kho tng i gi cho thu bao m bo bn v tn s f=425Hz nhp ngt 1:1 cn bnh thng th pht m mi quay s vi f=425 Hz pht lin tc - B4 A gi cc con s a ch ca thu bao B - B5 tng i nhn cc con s v ghi vo b nh v tin hnh x li,gii m a ch xc nh v tr ng dy thu bao,thuc tnh thu bao B. nu thu bao B bn tng i s pht tn hiu bo bn cho thu bao A bnh thng th tng i chuyn mch v pht tn hiu chung cho thu bao B v pht tn hiu hi m chung cho thu bao A vi f=425Hz nhip ngt 2:4 - B6 B nhc t hp hai bn m thoi h thng tnh cc ca tng i bt u hot ng - B7 kt thc cuc gi xy ra hai trng hp:

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

11

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

+ nu A t t hp trc tng di xc nh ng dy thu bao A thay i lin gii phng tuyn u ni v hng thu bao A ng thi pht tn hiu bo bn cho thu bao B nhc B t t hp vo gi my khi B t t hp vo gi my tuyn u ni trong ni b tng i c gii phng hon ton. + nu B t t hp trc tng di xc nh ng dy thu bao B thay i lin gii phng tuyn u ni v hng thu bao B ng thi pht tn hiu bo bn cho thu bao A nhc A t t hp vo gi my khi A t t hp vo gi my tuyn u ni trong ni b tng i c gii phng hon ton. b) thit lp mt cuc thng tin qua hai tng i ni ht.

T1

T2

b1

b2

b3

b4

b5,b6

t/h chung

hi m chung

b7

b8

b9,b10

b11

S thit lp thng tin qua hai tng i ni ht Ch thch: b1 t t hp. b2 nhc t hp.

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

12

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

b3 m mi quay s ( m bo bn). b4 gi s in thoi. b5,b6 chim trung k v xc nhn chim trung k,hi m chung. b7 nhc t hp. b8,b11 t t hp. b9,b10 gii phng trung k v xc nhn gii phng trung k. T1 tng i ni ht ca thu bao A T2 tng i ni ht ca thu bao B - b1 t t hp trn gi my - b2,b3 khi c nhu cu lm vic A nhc t hp tng i nhn bit trng thi ng dy thu bao A thay i tng i lin tin hnh x l n v kim tra ng dy thu bao,s my thu bao cc thng s ca thu bao A nu thu bao b kho tng i gi cho thu bao m bo bn v tn s f=425Hz nhp ngt 1:1 cn bnh thng th pht m mi quay s vi f=425 Hz pht lin tc - b4 A gi cc con s a ch ca thu bao B - b5,b6 T1 nhn cc con s a ch ca thu bao lin ghi vo b nh s liu v tin hnh x l n xc nhn thu bao B thuc T2 lin chiim mt ng trung k n T2,T2 xc nhn s thay i ng dy trung k lin pht tn hiu cng nhn chim trung k khi nhn c tn hiu chim trung k T1 lin gi cc con s a ch ca thu bao B cho T2 x l T2 nhn v ghi vo b nh s liu v tin hnh x l n xc nhn ng dy thu bao,thuc tnh ca thu bao B. nu thu bao b kho hay bn th pht tn hiu bo bn v cho thu bao A xuyn qua T1 cn bnh thng T2 gi t/h chung cho thu bao B ng thi pht t/h hi m chung cho thu bao A. - b7 B nhc t hp tuyn u ni cho 2 tb A&B xuyn qua 2T c thit lp 2 bn m thoi h thng tnh cc ca T1 hot ng. - b8,b9,b10,b11 kt thc cuc gi xy ra hai trng hp:

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

13

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

+ A t t hp trc : T1 xc nhn trng thi ng dy t/b A thay i lin gii phng tuyn u ni v hng thu bao A gii phng trung k v hng T2,T2 xc nhn trng thi ng trung k thay i lin pht tn hiu xc nhn gii phng trung k v pha T1 v pht tn hiu bo bn v cho t/b B nhc B t t hp vo gi my tuyn u ni gia 2 t/b A&B xuyn qua 2 T c gii phng hon ton + B t t hp trc : T2 xc nhn trng thi ng dy t/b B thay i lin gii phng tuyn u ni v hng thu bao B gii phng trung k v hng T1,T1 xc nhn trng thi ng trung k thay i lin pht tn hiu xc nhn gii phng trung k v pha T2 v pht tn hiu bo bn v cho thu bao A nhc A t t hp vo gi my tuyn u ni gia 2 thu bao A&B xuyn qua 2 T c gii phng hon ton. 1.4- Phng php iu khin 1.4.1. Phng php iu khin tp trung Trong mt s tng i SPC tt c cc thit b iu khin c th thay th bng mt b vi x l. V vy b vi x l ny phi c tc ln n c th x l hng trm cuc gi trong mt giy, ngoi ra n phi hon thnh cc cng vic iu hnh v bo dng khc. T vic tp trung ho hon ton cc chc nng cng c nhc im v phn mm ca b x l trung tm rt cng knh, phc tp v kh c tin cy cao. Hn na n khng th m bo an ton cho h thng v ton b h thng s b nh hng ln khi b x l xy ra s c. iu hn ch c th c khc phc nh phng thc iu khin phn tn. 1.4.2. Phng thc iu khin phn tn Trong phng thc iu khin phn tn, mt s chc nng x l gi nh o th ng dy thu bao, phn phi bo hiu, iu khin u ni c th giao cho cc b vi x l ngoi vi. Mi b x l ngoi vi c mt nhim v ring v thng c iu khin bi b vi x l trung tm. V cc b x l ngoi vi ch thc hin mt chc nng nn cc chng trnh ca n n gin v t chu nh hng t cc nhn t khc

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

14

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

hn khi n nm b vi x l trung tm. V vy cc b nh chng trnh c t lin quan khng cn thay i. Thm vo , phng thc iu khin phn tn cng d dng to ra h thng theo kiu cu trc module, cu trc ny to iu kin d dng pht truyn dung lng h thng. 1.5 S Khi Tng i SPC

khi giao tip 1 Phn h Giao tip trung k PCM 2 3 3 4 4

khi chuyn mch

CCS

CAS

TONE

o kim

Kin

BUS iu Khin

Giao tip ngi my

CPU Cc b nh

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

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1 ng thu bao tng t. 2 ng thu bao s. 3 ung trung k tng t. 4 ng trung k s. 1.5.1 Chc nng ca cc kh a) Phn h giao tip thu bao: ( khi giao tip ) Giao tip thu bao l khi ni gia tng i v thu bao tng t v thu bao s cc tng i tng t v tng i s i vo khi chuyn mch. - Khi 1 giao tip thu bao tng t dng u nicc thu bao tng t vi chuyn mch ng dy tng t thc hin y chc nng BOSRCHT: + Ngun c quy ( B : batery): cp ngun cho tng my thu bao ng thi truyn cc tn hin nh nhc t my, xung quay s. Nhng v cng quan trng trong tng i. N bo v tng i khi trnh hng hc do st nh hoc in thng mi khng n nh. + Cp tn hiu chung ( R : RING ): Dng chung 75V c tn s 25Hz c to ta t ngun chung ca tng i. Khi thu bao b gi trng thi ri, tng i s iu khin vic cp dng chung cho thu bao nhm bo cho thu bao c mt thu bao khc ang gi n. + Gim st trng thi (S:Supervisor): Nhn dng trng thi nhc t my ca thu bao v cc tn hiu xung quay s. + M ho v gii m ( C : CODEC ): Thc hin nhim v chuyn i tn hiu ting ni tng t thnh tn hiu s v ngc li. + Sai ng ( H : Hybrid ): Thc hin vic chuyn i t hai dy thu bao thnh 4 dy mch giao tip thu bao. + o th ( T : Test ) : C hai cch o th test-in( o th u vo) v test-out( o th u ra) cho loi giao tip ny.

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

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SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

- Khi 2: mch tp trung thu bao s u ni cc thu bao s trc khi vo chuyn mch in thoi s. - Khi 3: trung k tng t dng u ni vi cc tng i tng t chuyn n (PABX). - Khi 4: trung k s dng u ni vi cc tng i s khc. Ngoi ra, trong mch giao tip thu bao c trang b cc mch nghip v nh mch phi hp bo hiu, mch in thu pht xung a ch dng m thp phn v a tn. Cc loi m a ch ny c tp trung x l mt s b thu pht m dng chung cho mt nhm thu bao nhm tng hiu qu kinh t . b) Phn h chuyn mch (khi chuyn mch) dng thc hin chc nng chnh ca tng i bao gm mt h thng cc tip im ma trn c iu khin nh mt cng tc ng m trong tng i SPC v ngi ta s dng chuyn mch s v thc hin nhim v kt hp l: + u ni cc thu bao. + u ni cc trung k. + u ni thu bao trung k. c) Phn h giao tip trung k: giao tip bn trong tng i. - Mch giao tip trung k tng t : Khi mch ny gm cc mch trung k dng cho cc cuc gi ra, gi vo v gi chuyn tip. Chng lm cc nhim v cp ngun, gim st cuc gi v phi hp bo hiu. Khi mch ny khng lm nhim v tp trung ti nhng thc hin bin i A/D cc tng i s. - Mch giao tip trung k s : Nhim v ca khi mch ny l thc hin chc nng GAZPACHO: + To khung (G: Generation of frame): Nhn dng tn hiu ng b khung phn bit cc khung ca tuyn s liu PCM a t cc tng i khc ti.

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+ ng b khung (A: Aligment of frame ) : Sp xp khung s liu mi ph hp vi h thng PCM. + Nn dy bit 0 : Thc hin vic nn cc qung tn hiu c nhiu bit 0 lin tip bn pht v nhng qung cha nhiu bit 0 trong dy PCM s kh khi phc tn hiu bn thu . + o nh cc (Polar conversion): Nhm bin i dy tn hiu n cc t h thng a ra thnh dy tn hiu lng cc trn ng dy v ngc li. + X l cnh bo ( Alarm processing): x l cnh bo t ng truyn PCM. + Phc hi dy xung nhp ( C: Clock recovery): Phc hi dy xung nhp t dy tn hiu thu. + Tch xung ( H: Hunt during Reframe): Tch xung ng b t dy tn hiu thu. + Bo hiu ( O: Office signalling ): Thc hin giao tip bo hiu phi hp bo hiu gia tng i ang xem xt v cc tng i khc qua ng trung k. Mch giao tip trung k cn c nhim v giao tip vi cc mng ngoi nh: mng in thoi di ng cng cng PLMN, v mng tch hp a dch v s cht lng cao ISDN. d) Bo hiu: +) Bo hiu knh chung (CCS): dng truyn bo hiu gia cc tng i trn mt ng trung k ring bit vi ng trung k tn hiu thoi. +) Bo hiu knh ring (CAS): ): dng truyn bo hiu gia cc tng i trn ng trung k. cc knh bo hiu c truyn ring bit trn cc ng trung k cng vi tn hiu thoi. +) TONE bo hiu cho cc thu bao bit c ngi gi n ( chung cho thu bao). e) iu khin chuyn mch: Dng iu khin chuyn mch to tuyn u ni theo cc lnh iu khin t CPU. Cc thit b o th trng thi ng dy thu bao v trung k, thit b phn phi bo hiu, thit b iu khin u ni to thnh thit b ngoi vi chuyn mch.

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- Thit b o th trng thi ng dy (Scanner): Nhim v ca thit b ny l pht hin v thng bo cho b x l trung tm tt c cc bin c bo hiu v cc tn hiu trn ng dy thu bao v trung k u ni ti tng i. Cc tn hiu ny c th lin tc hoc ri rc. Ta c th chia cc thit b o th ny thnh 2 nhm: + Thit b ginh ring cho tng nhm ng thu bao v trung k. + Thit b dng chung nh thit b thu pht hin chn s, thit b thu-pht tn hiu bo hiu lin tng i. - Thit b phn phi bo hiu (Distributor): Thit b ny l tng m gia b x l trung tm c cng sut tn hiu iu khin nh nhng tc cao v cc mch tn hiu ng dy c cng sut ln nhng tc thp. y cng l mt thit b ngoi vi c c n v phn cng v mm bao gm cp x l. N c nhim v iu khin thao tc hay phc hi cc rle cung cp cc dng tn hiu mch ng dy hay mch nghip v di s iu khin ca b x l trung tm . - Thit b iu khin u ni (marker): Thit b iu khin u ni lm nhim v chuyn giao cc lnh thit lp v gii phng cc tuyn vt l qua trng chuyn mch t b x l trung tm. f) o v kim tra: t ng o v kim tra thng xuyn trng thi ng dy thu bao,s liu ca thu bao,s ng dy thu bao. g) B nh: - B nh chng trnh nh cc chng trnh hot ng ca tng i c lp trnh t trc nh cc phng n to tuyn u ni, cc s liu ca cc thu bao,s ng dy thu bao,cc dch v ca thu bao. Cc chng trnh ny c gi ra v x l cng vi cc s liu cn thit . - B nh s liu ghi li cc s liu cn thit trong qu trnh x l cc cuc gi nh cc ch s a ch thu bao, trng thi bn, ri ca cc ng dy thu bao hay trung k ...

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B nh backup cha cc thng tin v loi ng dy thu bao ch gi v b gi, m to tuyn, thng tin cc... B nh s liu l b nh tm thi cn cc b nh chng trnh v backup l b nh bn c nh. S liu hay chng trnh trong cc b nh bn c nh khng thay i trong qa trnh x l gi. Cn thng tin ghi b nh tm thi (nh s liu) thay i lin tc t lc bt u ti lc kt thc cuc gi . - B nh phin dch: dng phin dch a ch nh v tr ng dy thu bao ,s thu bao b gi cc s liu ca thu bao c dch ra t b nh chng trnh. h) CPU: n v x l trung tm l mt b vi x l tc cao v c cng sut x l ty thuc v tr x l chuyn mch ca n. N lm nhim v iu khin thao tc ca thit b chuyn mch i) Trao i ngi v my: dng trao i giao tip thng tin gia ngi khai thc qun l tng i vi tng i gm c: + h thng my tnh iu khn o lng. + h thng bng t a t my in. + h thng bo hiu bng nh sng m thanh. j) BUS iu khin: dng truyn tn hiu iu khin trong tng i 1.6 Chuyn mch s 1.6.1. c im ca chuyn mch s H thng chuyn mch s l mt h thng chuyn mch trong tn hiu truyn dn qua trng chuyn mch dng s. Tn hiu ny c th mang thng tin ting ni hay s liu. Nhiu tn hiu s ca cc knh ting ni c ghp theo thi gian vo mt ng truyn dn chung khi truyn dn qua h thng chuyn mch. u ni hai thu bao vi nhau cn phi trao i khe thi gian ca hai mu ting ni. Cc mu ny c th trn cng mt tuyn dn hoc cc tuyn dn khc nhau v c m ho theo phng thc iu xung m PCM. C hai phng php thc hin

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chuyn mch cc loi t hp m ny theo hai hng l chuyn mch thi gian v chuyn mch khng gian. thc hin chuyn mch cho cc cuc gi i hi phi sp xp cc tn hiu s t mt khe thi gian ca mt b ghp hoc mt tuyn dn PCM sang cng mt khe thi gian hoc sang mt khe thi gian khc ca mt b ghp hay tuyn PCM khc.

Tuyn dn vo PCM 0 Tuyn dn vo PCM 1 Tuyn dn vo PCM 2

B CHUYN MCH

Tuyn dn ra PCM 0 Tuyn dn ra PCM 1 Tuyn dn ra PCM 2

Tuyn dn vo PCM n

Tuyn dn ra PCM n

S b chuyn mch s

1.6.2. Nguyn l chuyn mch khng gian Trong phng thc chuyn mch khng gian, khe thi gian tng ng ca cc tuyn PCM vo v ra khc nhau c trao i cho nhau. Mt mu tn hiu PCM khe thi gian nh trc ca tuyn PCM vo c chuyn ti khe thi gian cng th t ca mt tuyn PCM khc. Nh vy khng c s chm tr truyn dn cho mu tn hiu khi chuyn mch t mt tuyn PCM vo hay ti mt tuyn PCM khc. 1.6.2.1. Nguyn l cu to Tng chuyn mch khng gian S l mt ma trn kch thc N xM, cc tip im chuyn mch kt ni theo kiu cc hng v cc ct. Cc hng u vo cc tip im chuyn mch c gn vi cc tuyn PCM vo, cc tuyn ny c gn cc a ch xo, x1, x2,...,xn. cn cc ct u ra tip im chuyn mch to thnh cc tuyn PCM GVHD: Bi Nh Phong 21 SV: Lng Vn Lut

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Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

dn ra c k hiu yo, y1, y2,..., ym . To gia cc hng v cc ct ca ma trn l cc tip im chuyn mch c to bi cc cng logic AND.

0 1 n Ma trn tip im chuyn 0 1 mch n


0

0 1 n

S khi chuyn mch khng gian iu khin cc thao tc chuyn mch ca cc tip im cn c b nh iu khin. B nh gm cc b nh hoc cc hng nh tu theo phng thc iu khin u vo hay u ra. Trong trng hp b chuyn mch lm vic theo nguyn l iu khin u ra th mi ct ni ti cc u vo iu khin ca cc tip im c b nh iu khin. S lng cc nh iu khin ca mi ct iu khin bng s khe thi gian ca mi tuyn PCM u vo. 1.6.2.2. Nguyn l chuyn mch Hot ng ca mt tip im chun mch s u ni mt knh no ca mt tuyn PCM vo ti cng knh c a ch ca mt tuyn PCM ra trong m khong thi gian. Khe thi gian ny sut hin mi khung mt ln. Trong khong thi gian ca cc khe thi gian khc, cng mt tip im c th c dng u ni cho cc knh khc. Ma trn tip im loi ny lm vic nh mt ma trn chuyn mch khng gian tip thng hon ton gia cc tuyn PCM vo v cc tuyn PCM ra trong mi GVHD: Bi Nh Phong 22 SV: Lng Vn Lut

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Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

khe thi gian. Mi mt tip im c gn vo mt b nh iu khin. Mi tip im chuyn mch ca mt ct c gn mt t hp m a ch nh phn m bo mt tip im trong mi ct c thng mch trong mt khong mt thi gian. Cc a ch nh phn ny c ghi cc cc nh ca b iu khin theo th t cc khe thi gian. Mt m a ch no c c ra t b nh iu khin trong mt khong thi gian ca mi khe thi gian. Cng vic ny c tin hnh theo chu trnh. Mi t m c c ra trong khong thi gian tng ng ca n. Ni dung ca mi t m sau khi gii m c di chuyn theo tuyn bus a ch trong khong mi khe thi gian. V vy tip im tng ng vi a ch va c ra s hot ng ch trong khong khe thi gian ny xut hin u vo dy cc khung k tip nhau tip im li hot ng mt ln. B nh iu khin gm nhiu ct nh ghp song song, mi ct nh m nhn cng vic iu khin u ni cho mt ct tip im. V vy c mi khe thi gian tri qua, mt trong cc tip im ni thng mt ln cn trong trng hp khe thi gian b chim th ct nh iu khin li nhy mt bc. Lc ny ni dung a ch nh tip theo li c c ra, qua gii m li to ra mt lnh iu khin mt tip im khc ni thng phc v cho mt cuc gi khc a ti t mt trong cc tuyn PCM u vo. Tu thuc vo s lng cc khe thi gian c ghp trn mi tuyn PCM m hiu sut s dng cc tip im c th c tng ln t 32 cho ti 1024 ln so vi trng hp cc tip im lm vic trong cc ma trn khng gian thng. 1.6.3 Nguyn l chuyn mch thi gian ( T ) Trong cu to trng chuyn mch s, tng chuyn mch thi gian c ng dng rt rng ri v n l mt thnh phn quan trng nht ca h thng chuyn mch. Vi c im cu to v hot ng ca tng chuyn mch T, b nh s dng trong trng chuyn mch T ch c th lm vic vi cc bit song song, nhng trn ng truyn ch s dng cc tn hiu c cc bit ni tip.

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1.6.3.1. Chuyn mch thi gian iu khin u vo

B nh ting ni
TS 0 TS 4

00 01

TS 3

TS 6

Tuyn PCM vo 04

Tuyn PCM ra

31 Bus a ch 00 01
B iu khin chuyn mch

B m khe thi gian

06

06=00110

31

B nh iu khin

S nguyn lchuyn mch thi gian iu khin u vo

- Theo phng php iu khin u vo th khi qu trnh ghi t hp m trong cc khe thi gian ca khung PCMi vo b nh d liu c thc hin c iu khin. Cn qu GVHD: Bi Nh Phong 24 SV: Lng Vn Lut

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Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

trnh c ra cc t hp m trong cc ngn nh ca b nh d liu ra cc khe thi gian ca khung PCMo c thc hin mt cch tun t. - thc hin c iu ny mi ngn nh ca b nh iu khin c gn lin vi mt khe thi gian trong khung PCMi theo th t. -Hot ng ca ca b nh iu khin c thc hin tun t theo th t ca khe thi gian u vo, tc l mi thi im xut hin khe thi gian TS0 ca PCMi th b nh iu khin tin hnh d th ni dung ca ngn nh 00 trong khong thi gian TS0. Trong khong thi gian TS1 th ngn nh 01 c d th ni dung C nh vy, trong khong thi gian TS31 th ngn nh 31c d th ni dung. Trong 1 khung thi gian th mi ngn nh c d th ni dung mt ln. C qua mi khe thi gian th b nh iu khin li nhy mt bc. Mi ln d th ni dung ca ngn nh no th ngn nh c c ra, ni dung chnh l a ch ca ca ngn nh trong b nh d liu m mu tin cn c ghi vo tng ng vi khe thi gian ti thi im th. V d: Cn chuyn i ni dungca khe thi gian TS5/ PCMi sang khe thi gian TS10/ PCMo Theo phng php iu khin u vo th ni dung ca cc khe thi gian u vo ghi vo cc ngn nh trong b nh d liu c thc hin c iu khin, tc l ni dung ca ngn nh 05 c ghi vo ngn nh th 10 trong b nh d liu. ng thi ngn nh th 10 trong b nh iu khin cha a ch ca ngn nh th 05 di dng nh phn (00101). Qu trnh c ni dung ca cc khe thi gian trong b nh d liu c thc hin mt cch tun t, lc ny ni dung ca ngn nh th 10 ca b nh d liu c c ra khe thi gian TS10 ca tuyn PCMo.

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1.6.3.2. Chuyn mch thi gian iu khin u ra a. Cu to


TS 0 TS 4

B nh ting ni 00 01
TS 3 TS 6

Tuyn PCM vo 06

Tuyn PCM ra

31

Bus a ch 00 01
B iu khin chuyn mch

B m khe thi gian

06

04=00100

31

B nh iu khin

S nguyn lchuyn mch thi gian iu khin u ra

Mt b chuyn mch thi gian iu khin u ra gm cc thnh phn ch yu sau: GVHD: Bi Nh Phong 26 SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

+ B nh d liu: B nh d liu gn lin vi cc tuyn PCM vo v PCM ra. S ngn nh ca b nh d liu bng s khe thi gian c ghp trong khung ca tuyn PCM u vo. + B nh iu khin: B nh iu khin c s ngn nh bng vi s ngn nh ca b nh d liu. Mi ngn nh ca b nh iu khin c s lng bit cn tu thuc vo s lng khe thi gian ca cc khung PCM u vo v PCM u ra.(nu1khung PCM c 32 khe thi gian th s bit a ch trong mt ngn nh ca b nh iu khin = 5). b. Nguyn l lm vic: Theo phng thc chuyn mch thi gian iu khin u ra th cc t hp m nm trong cc khe thi gian t TS0 n TS31 c ghi ln lt v tun t vo cc ngn nh ca b nh d liu. Khe TS0 ghi vo ngn nh 00 Khe TS1 ghi vo ngn nh 01 Khe TS31 ghi vo ngn nh 31 Ni dung ca cc ngn nh trong cc b nh d liu c vo khe thi gian no ca tuyn PCMo c xc nh bi b iu khin trung tm thng qua b nh iu khin. Mi ngn nh ca b nh iu khin c lin h cht ch vi cc khe thi gian ca tuyn PCMo tng ng v n cha a ch ca khe thi gian u vo no . V d: Chuyn TS5/PCMi n TS10 / PCMo. Cc t hp m trong cc khe thi gian t TS0 n TS31 ln lt c ghi vo cc ngn nh t 00n 31. ng thi, ngn nh 10 trong b nh iu khin cha a ch ca khe thi gian TS5. Cn c vo a ch ca khe thi gian TS5 b nh iu khin di s iu khin ca b iu khin trung tm s pht lnh c ni dung ca

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khe thi gian TS5 trong ngn nh 05 c a ch l 00101 vo khe thi gian TS10 ca khung PCMo. Kt lun B nh iu khin v khung PCMo hot ng tun t v gn b vi nhau, tc l khi khe thi gian TS0 n th nh 00 ca b nh iu khin s c d th ni dung trong khong thi gian TS0. Trong khong thi gian TS1 th nh 01 c d th. C nh vy, trong khong thi gian TS31 th nh 31c d th ni dung. C sau mi khong thi gian l mt khe thi gian th th b nh iu khin li nhy mt bc. Qu trnh qut d th c thc hin theo chu k. Nh vy, c mi khung thi gian th mi ngn nh c d th ni dung mt ln. V mi ln d th l mt t hp m b nh d liu c c ra mt ln, c nh vy, khi cuc gi kt thc th cc ngn nh tng ng c gii phng. 1.6.4 Chuyn mch khng gian (S). 1.6.4.1 Khi qut v chuyn mch khng gian a. Khi nim Trng chuyn mch khng gian l trng chuyn mch cho php ta chuyn mch khe thi gian TSi ca mt khung PCM u vo n chnh v tr khe thi gian TSi nhng mt khung PCM u ra khc. b.Chc nng Chuyn mch khng gian c s dng kt ni cc chuyn mch thi gian, v n c s dng chuyn mch cc khe thi gian gia cc lung tc cao. Nh vy, ta c th m rng kh nng ca mng bng vic s dng cc chuyn mch thi gian v mt hoc nhiu chuyn mch khng gian. 1.6.4.2 Cu to ca chuyn mch khng gian.

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Trng chuyn mch khng gian c cu trc kiu ma trn n tip thng hon ton. Giao im ca cc hng v ct l cc tip im chuyn mch in t kiu cc cng Logic, l cc mch AND.

Vo Ra

iu khin

Cu trc mch AND

Trong thc t ngi ta khng s dng cc mch AND m s dng mch ba trng thi iu khin.

Vo iu khin

Ra

Cu trc mch 3 trng thi

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Cu to ca chuyn mch khng gian gm: - Mt ma trn chuyn mch. - Mt b nh iu khin. Ta c cu to ca trng chuyn mch khng gian nh hnh v. - Mt ma trn chuyn mch c kch thc n * m vi: n u vo t x1 n xn l cc tuyn PCMi. V m u ra t y1 n ym l cc tuyn PCMo. S lng cc khe thi gian ca cc tuyn PCMi bng s lng cc khe thi gian ca cc tuyn PCMo. Trn hnh v ta s dng mch 3 trng thi iu khin. - B nh iu khin gm cc ct nh iu khin. Mi ct cc tip im c ni ti mt ct nh iu khin a cc tn hiu iu khin vo cc mch 3 trng thi. S lng cc ct nh bng s lng cc ct tip im. Mi ct nh iu khin c s lng cc nh bng s lng khe thi gian ca cc tuyn PCMi, PCMo.

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1.6.4.3 iu khin b nh trong chuyn mch khng gian C hai phng php iu khin trong chuyn mch khng gian, l: -B nh c iu khin theo hng hng: Theo phng php ny th a ch c cp bi b nh iu khin chn ct ra cho hng ca n. -B nh c iu khin theo hng ct: Theo phng php ny th a ch c cp bi b nh iu khin chn hng nhp cho ct ca n. Vic chn hng iu khin no l ph thuc vo cu hnh ca khi chuyn mch v mc phi hp iu khin vi cc tng chuyn mch thi gian ngay ti cc bus nhp v cc bus xut. Trn hnh v ta dng phng php iu khin b nh theo hng ct. 1.6.4.4 Nguyn l lm vic Trng chuyn mch khng gian cho php ta chuyn mch khe thi gian Tsi ca mt khung PCM u vo n chnh v tr khe thi gian TSi , nhng mt khung PCM u ra khc. lm c iu b nh iu khin c chia ra lm cc nh. Mi nh gn lin vi mt khe thi gian vo, s th t ca n c nh du t 00 n 31 (nu cc tuyn PCM u vo c 32 khe thi gian). tin hnh iu khin u ni cho mt tuyn PCM u vo vi mt tuyn PCM u ra no , th cn phi thao tc tip im s tng ng l giao im ca hng v ct . Do vy, mi tip im chuyn mch gia hng v c a ch ho bi mt a ch iu khin. Khi mt tip im no thao tc th n ch duy tr m cng trong khong thi gian bng mt khe thi gian. Nu c n tuyn PCM u vo th s bit a ch nh phn trong mi ngn nh s l x=lgn. chuyn mch cho mt khe thi gian no mt tuyn PCM u vo n chnh khe thi gian tuyn PCM u ra khc th ngn nh c th t cng khe thi gian c b iu khin trung tm ly ra ghi a ch ca tip im chuyn mch l giao im ca hng v ct cha khe thi gian . V d: GVHD: Bi Nh Phong 31 SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

Cn chuyn i khe thi gian TS1 / X2 sang khe thi gian TS1 / Y3 Gi s mi khung PCM vo c 32 khe thi gian t TS0 n TS31 th trong mi ngn nh ca ct nh iu khin c x = ln32( = 5 bt). Trong trng hp ny, ct nh iu khin th 3 ly ra ngn nh c s th t l 01 ghi a ch ca tip im th 2 ( l giao im gia hng th 2 v ct th 3 ) di dng nh phn l 00010 . Trong khong thi gian TS1 th X2 c ni ti Y3. Mi khi khe thi gian TS1 n th b nh li lm vic. Cn c vo ni dung a ch 00010 b nh iu khin a ra lnh iu khin iu khin tip im th 2 ca ct nh th 3 c thng mch. Qa trnh ny c tip din nh vy cho n khi cuc gi kt thc. Cc ct nh iu khin c thao tc ln lt, tc l ln lt ni dung ca cc nh c gi ra. V vy, vic nh s a ch ca cc nh cng phi c thc hin tun t tng ng vi cc khe thi gian u vo. Ni dung ca mi nh ch c c ra v to tn hiu iu khin cho tip im chuyn mch tng ng ch m trong khong thi gian mt khe thi gian. Sau tip im ny c ng li hoc tip tc thao tc m nhng phc v cho cc khe thi gian khc. Sau mt chu k c ko di trong thi gian 1 khung PCM n li quay li m tip im cho khe thi gian bt u. Mt tip im no c duy tr m cho mt khe thi gian no c lp i lp li cho mi khung v cho n khi cuc gi kt thc. Vy mt tip im c th u ni cho nhiu cuc gi, do hiu sut s dng cc tip im tng i cao. gii phng mt cuc u ni th thit b iu khin trung tm iu khin kho ni dung ca nh tng ng vi khe thi gian dnh cho cuc gi. Nh vy, trong khong thi gian sau mt khe thi gian ca chu k qut th tip im tng ng khng c m. 1.6.5 Chuyn mch ghp 1.6.5.1 Khi qut v chuyn mch ghp Ngy nay, cng ngh vin thng, cng ngh thng tinpht trin rt nhanh, s lng ngi tham gia mng vin thng tng cao. Mc d tng i s c a

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Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

vo s dng nhng trng chuyn mch s dng mt chuyn mch thi gian n l khng tho mn c v mt dung lng. Vi mc ch thc hin mt chuyn mch c dung lng ln bng mt tng i s ta cn phi c nhiu chuyn mch thi gian. Thng thng mt chuyn mch T s dng cho 125 n 512 knh v khng p ng nhu cu s dng hin nay. Do vy, nng cao cht lng chuyn mch ngi ta kt ni gia cc chuyn mch thi gian ( T ) v cc chuyn mch khng gian (S) to thnh trng chuyn mch nhiu tng, mi tng c ghp t mt s ma trn chuyn mch kch thc nh. Trng chuyn mch ghp kt hp c nhiu kiu cu khc nhau nh: T-S, S-T, T-S-T, S-T-S, T-S-S-T, T-S-S-S-T. m bo kh nng tip thng hon ton th cn thit ch s dng cc trng chuyn mch kiu T hoc kiu S loi tip thng hon ton. Thc t c th chp nhn mt gii hn tn tht cuc gi mc cho php cho nn cc trng chuyn mch kiu tip thng hon ton c cu trc kiu T-T, T-T-T, T-TT-T,l khng kinh t. Cn cc trng chuyn mch 2 t loi T-S hoc S-T ch ph hp vi cc tng i c dung lng nh v trung bnh. Thng dng nht hin nay l trng chuyn mch c cu trc 3 t kiu T-S-T, S-TS c s dng cho cc tng i c dung lng trung bnh v ln. m bo v mt tn tht ta phi ch nhiu n tng ra. Do trng chuyn mch khng gian thng c cu trc kiu tn tht, v vy m n khng thch hp cho cc tng i c dung lng ln. Trng chuyn mch T-S-T c cu trc khng tn tht hoc tn tht nh, v vy m chuyn mch T-S-T thng c s dng cho cc tng i c cu trc chuyn mch lu thot lng ti ln.

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

33

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

i vi cc trng chuyn mch cn lu thot lng ti ln hn c th s dng cc loi chuyn mch c cu trc T-S-S-T hoc T-S-S-S-T. Vic chn trng chuyn mch c cu trc loi no ngoi vic cn c vo tn tht, dung lng, cn ph thuc vo cc nhn t khc na nh: tnh phc tp, linh hot, kh nng pht trin dung lng

1.6.5.2 Trng chuyn mch ghp loi T-S a. Cu to Mt khi chuyn mch T-S gm mt chuyn mch thi gian trn mi mt ng nhp ca mt chuyn mch khng gian n. Trn hnh v l: 3 chuyn mch thi gian v mt chuyn mch khng gian c ma trn kch thc 3 * 3. Trong trng hp ny ta s dng cc chuyn mch thi gian iu khin u ra, c ngha l: s vit vo chuyn mch thi gian c thc hin mt cch tun t theo chu k m , di s iu khin ca mt b m khe thi gian v s c ra c thc hin di s iu khin ca b iu khin trung tm thng qua cc b nh iu khin( hay b nh kt ni: CM). A1, A2, A3 : L cc bus nhp ca khi chuyn mch. B1, B2, B3 : L cc bus xut ca khi chuyn mch. SM-A1, SM-A2, SM-A3, CM-A1, CM-A2, CM-A3: Ln lt l cc b nh lu thoi ( b nh d liu ) v cc b nh kt ni ( b nh iu khin ) ca 3 khi chuyn mch thi gian u vo. mChuyn mch khng gian c cc b nh ca chuyn mch iu khin theo hng ct. CM-B1, CM-B2, CM-3: L cc ct nh iu khin ca cc chuyn mch khng gian.

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

34

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp SM-A1 A1 CM-A1

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

TS40 B1 B2 TS40 B3

TS5

SM-A3 05

05 A3

40

(05)

CM-A3

40

CM-B1

CM-B2 CM-B3

Cu to ca trng chuyn mch T-S

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

35

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

b.Nguyn l hot ng Cc cuc gi c thit lp qua trng chuyn mch T- S c thc hin nh sau: Qua chuyn mch thi gian cc khe thi gian trong cc tuyn PCM nhp v PCM xut c chuyn i cho nhau theo nguyn l iu khin u ra. Cn chuyn mch khng gian c nhim v kt ni cc bus nhp v bus xut. V d: Gi s thu bao ch gi c phn phi cho khe thi gian TS5 trn bus nhp A3, thu bao b gi c phn phi trong khe thi gian TS40 trn bus xut B1. Qu trnh thc hin chuyn mch nh sau: - Ti trng chuyn mch thi gian ni dung ca khe thi gian TS5 c ghi vo ngn nh th 05 ca b nh lu thoi SM-A3. ng thi ngn nh s 40 ca b nh kt ni CM-A3 c ly ra cha a ch ca ngn nh th 05 di dng cc bt nh phn. Trong khong thi gian TS5 th khe thi gian TS5 trn bus nhp A1 c ni ti khe thi gian TS40 trn bus xut ca chuyn mch thi gian th nht. Cn c vo ni dung a ch cha trong ngn nh s 40 b iu khin trung tm thng qua b nh kt ni s pht lnh c ni dung ca ngn nh c a ch trn vo khe thi gian th 40 . Sau ni dung ca t m cha trong khe thi gian TS40 c truyn vo chuyn mch khng gian trn bus nhp A3. - n trng chuyn mch khng gian, khi c khe thi gian TS40 n th, ngn nh th 40 ca ct nh iu khin CM-B1 c ly ra ghi a ch ca tip im th 3 ca ct B1 trong chuyn mch khng gian. Kt qu l, trong khong thi gian TS40 ni dung cha trong khe thi gian TS40 trn bus nhp A3 c truyn qua chuyn mch khng gian n bus xut B1. Qu trnh kt ni gia TS5/A3 n TS40/ B1 c lp i lp li trn mi khung cho n khi cuc gi kt thc (ni dung ca b nh CM-A3 v CM-B1 thay i). Nhn xt: Mc d, khi chuyn mch T-S c dung lng ln hn chuyn mch mt tng T , nhng chuyn mch T-S rt hay b tc nghn t cc khe thi gian tng ng trn ng ra ca chuyn mch khng gian. 1.6.5.3 Trng chuyn mch ghp loi S-T GVHD: Bi Nh Phong 36 SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

a. Cu to Khi chuyn mch ghp S-T gm: mt khi chuyn mch thi gian trn mi mt ng xut ca chuyn mch khng gian n. Cc b phn ca chuyn mch thi gian v chuyn mch khng gian c cu to tng t nh trong khi chuyn mch ghp T-S. y, ta xt khi chuyn mch ghp nh hnh v di y vi: 3 chuyn mch thi gian trn 3 ng xut ca mt chuyn mch khng gian c ma trn kch thc c 3 * 3. Cc chuyn mch thi gian iu khin theo nguyn tc u ra, cn chuyn mch khng gian c b nh iu khin c iu khin theo hng hng. b. Nguyn l hot ng. Cc cuc kt ni c thc hin qua trng chuyn mch S-T nh sau: Qua trng chuyn mch khng gian th cc khung thi gian trn cc bus nhp v trn cc bus xut ca chuyn mch khng gian c kt ni trong khong thi gian ca khe thi gian cn chuyn i. Qua trng chuyn mch thi gian th cc khe thi gian trong cc tuyn PCM u vo v u ra c chuyn i theo nguyn tc iu khin u vo. V d: Gi s thu bao ch gi c phn phi cho khe thi gian TS10 trn bus nhp A2, thu bao b gi c phn phi trong khe thi gian TS45 trn bus xut B1. Qu trnh thc hin chuyn mch nh sau: - Ti trng chuyn mch khng gian, khi c khe thi gian TS10 n th, ngn nh th 10 ca ct nh iu khin CM-A2 c ly ra ghi a ch ca tip im s 1 . Kt qu l, trong khong thi gian TS10 ni dung cha trong khe thi gian TS10 trn bus nhp A2 c truyn qua chuyn mch khng gian n bus nhp A2 ca chuyn mch khng gian nhng u ra, sau khe thi gian TS10 c a ti u vo ca chuyn mch thi gian th nht. - Ti trng chuyn mch thi gian ni dung ca khe thi gian TS10 c ghi vo ngn nh th 10 ca b nh lu thoi SM-B1. ng thi, ngn nh s 45 ca b nh kt ni CM-B1 c ly ra cha a ch ca ngn nh th 10 di dng cc bt nh phn. GVHD: Bi Nh Phong 37 SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

Trong khong thi gian TS10 th khe thi gian TS10 ti khung u vo ca chuyn mch thi gian c ni ti khe thi gian TS45 trn bus xut B1. Cn c vo ni dung a ch cha trong ngn nh s 45 b iu khin trung tm thng qua b nh kt ni s pht lnh c ni dung ca ngn nh c a ch trn vo khe thi gian th 45 . Qu trnh kt ni gia TS10/A2 n TS45/ B1 c lp i lp li trn mi khung cho n khi cuc gi kt thc (ni dung ca b nh CM-A2 v CM-B1 thay i). Nhn xt: Mc d chuyn mch S-T c dung lng ln hn v c u im hn hn v vn tc nghn so vi chuyn mch khng gian n (S). Tuy nhin, n vn c c trng tc nghn c hu, l mi ng nhp ca chuyn mch khng gian ch c th truy cp n mt bus xut trong chuyn mch thi gian ca bt k khe thi gian no.

1.6.5.4 Trng chuyn mch ghp loi T-S-T.

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

38

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

Trng chuyn mch T-S-T lm vic theo nguyn l chuyn mch thi gian nn khng sinh tn tht, v cc t ngoi l cc trng chuyn mch thi gian ( T ) nn khng sinh ra tn tht, t chuyn mch khng gian gia c cu trc theo kiu khng tn tht hoc tn tht nh, do trng chuyn mch loi ny c dng hiu qu cho cu trc chuyn mch lu thot lng ti ln v ang c s dng ph bin nht hin nay. S chuyn mch T-S-T c xy dng theo cu trc module. Mi module c 2 tng chuyn mch cp T v mt tng chuyn mch cp S. Cu trc trng chuyn mch loi ny c u im l cc module chuyn mch c lp vi nhau, do cho php m rng dung lng chuyn mch ty . Cc tng chuyn mch thi gian cn tng chuyn mch khng gian lm nhim v trao i cc tuyn PCM u vo v cc tuyn PCM u ra.Cu trc tng qut ca chuyn mch ghp T-S-T c n tuyn PCM u vo v n tuyn PCM u ra, nh vy, cc tng u vo v u ra c n b chuyn mch thi gian. Tng chuyn mch khng gian c ma trn chuyn mch kch thc n*n. Gi s trong mi khung tn hiu c ghp R knh thi gian th trng chuyn mch T-S-T c dung lng l R * n. V vy, ta c th u mi bt k khe thi gian no ca tuyn dn PCM u vo ti bt k khe thi gian no ca tuyn dn PCM u ra. Trong cc tng i ni ht trng chuyn mch l loi gp th cc tuyn PCM u ra c u ni quay v cc tuyn PCM u vo qua thit b ghp. Cn i vi trng chuyn mch ca tng
1 i chuyn tip l loi khng gp th cc tuyn PCM u vo v PCM u ra hon PCM pht

ton tch bit vi nhau. Thc t, trong cc tng i in t s hin nay cu trc 2 trng chuyn mch cho c 2 loi tng i: ni ht v chuyn tip nn trng chuyn mch l kt hp gia loi T
n S T

Gp v Thit khng gp . loi


b tp trung

PCM Thu GVHD: Bi Nh Phong 39 SV: Lng Vn Lut Cu trc ca trng chuyn mch T-S-T

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

Ta xt trng chuyn mch T-S-T sau: Khi chuyn mch khng gian s dng ma trn c kch thc 4 * 4 Phn chuyn mch thi gian u vo c 4 chuyn mch thi gian l: IT0, IT1, IT2, IT3. Phn chuyn mch thi gian u ra c 4 chuyn mch thi gian l: OT0, OT1, OT2, OT3. Trong trng chuyn mch loi ny thng s dng cc khe thi gian ca cc tuyn PCM trung gian. S lng cc khe thi gian ca cc tuyn PCM trung gian bng s lng cc khe thi gian ca cc tuyn PCM u vo.
TS10 Nh TS4 t cc chuyn mch thi gian u vo (IT) ni ti chuyn mch khng vy, TS11 TS4 IT0 S OT0

gian (S) v t chuyn mch khng gian (S) ni ti cc chuyn mch thi gian u ra PCMo0
PCMi0

(OT) u bng cc tuyn PCM trung gian.


IT1 PCMi1 IT2 PCMi2 TS6 IT3 TS11 TS10 OT3 4*4 OT2 PCMo2 TS6 PCMo3 OT1 PCMo1

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong 40 Trng chuyn mch T-S-T C 4 u vo v 4 u ra

PCMi3

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

V d: Gi s thu bao ch gi c phn phi trong khe thi gian TS4 ca tuyn PCMi0 v thu bao b gi c phn phi trong khe thi gian TS6 ca tuyn PCMi3. Trong qu trnh chuyn mch qua cc b chuyn mch thi gian chuyn tip n b chuyn mch khng gian v t b chuyn mch khng gian n cc b chuyn mch thi gian thng s dng cc khe thi gian trung gian. Trong v d ny ta chn: Khe thi gian TS10 lm khe thi gian trung gian cho hng t thu bao ch gi n thu bao b gi (T TS4/ PCMi0 n TS6/ PCMi3). Khe thi gian TS11 lm khe thi gian trung gian cho hng t thu bao b gi n thu bao ch gi (T TS6/ PCMi3 n TS4/ PCMi0). Qu trnh thc hin chuyn mch nh sau: Qu trnh tin t thu bao ch gi n thu bao b gi: Ni dung ca khe thi gian TS4 ca tuyn PCMi0 qua khi chuyn mch thi gian IT0 n c chuyn n khe thi gian TS10 ca tuyn PCM trung gian 0 . Sau qua chuyn mch khng

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

41

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

gian lc ny tuyn PCM trung gian 0 c ni ti tuyn PCM trung gian 3 , nhng ti u vo ca khi chuyn mch thi gian OT3 v vn gi nguyn tin ti khe thi gian TS10. Qua khi chuyn mch thi gian OT3 ni dung tin khe thi gian TS10 c chuyn n khe thi gian TS6 ca tuyn PCMo3 sau c a ti pha thu ca khi tp trung thu bao v n thu bao b gi. Qu trnh truyn tin t thu bao b gi n thu bao ch gi: u ni cc tuyn thng tin gia thu bao b gi n thu bao b gi n thu bao ch gi (T TS6/ PCMi3 n TS4/ PCMi0), th ni dung thng tin khe thi gian TS6 ca tuyn PCMi3 sau khi qua chuyn mch thi gian IT3 n c chuyn n khe thi gian TS11 ca tuyn PCM trung gian 3 . Sau qua chuyn mch khng gian ni dung thng tin khe thi gian TS11 c chuyn n khung PCM trung gian 0 u vo ca chuyn mch thi gian OT0 nhng vn l khe thi gian TS11. Qua chuyn mch thi gian OT0 ni dung tin t khe thi gian TS11 ca tuyn PCM trung gian 0 c chuyn sang khe thi gian TS4 ca PCMo0 v thng tin ti y c thu bao ch gi tip nhn. 1.6.5.5 Trng chuyn mch ghp loi S-T-S a. Cu to: Mt khi chuyn mch S-T-S gm: 2 chuyn mch khng gian c b tr ng vo, ng ra v cc chuyn mch thi gian gia. Mi chuyn mch thi gian c cc bus nhp c kt ni vi cc bus xut ca chuyn mch khng gian u vo v c cc bus xut c kt ni vi cc bus nhp ca chuyn mch khng gian u ra. Trn hnh v trang sau, ta m t chuyn mch S-T-S c 2 chuyn mch khng gian u vo v u ra c ma trn kch thc 3*3 vi 3 chuyn mch thi gian gia.

b. Nguyn l hot ng

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

42

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

- Hai chuyn mch khng gian c nhim v chuyn i cc khe thi gian c cng ch s nhng cc khung khc nhau, cn cc chuyn mch thi gian c nhim v chuyn i ni dung gia cc khe thi gian khc nhau trong cng mt khung. - Chuyn mch khng gian u vo c kt ni vi chuyn mch thi gian trong thi gian ca khe thi gian nhp, cn chuyn mch khng gian u ra c kt ni vi chuyn mch thi gian trong thi gian ca khe thi gian xut. Ta xt v d sau: Gi s ta cn kt ni khe thi gian TS10/A1 ti khe thi gian TS45/C1 * Trong v ny ta chn: - Chuyn mch khng gian u vo iu khin theo hng hng. - Chuyn mch khng gian u ra iu khin theo hng ct. - Chuyn mch thi gian iu khin theo nguyn l u ra. * Trong thi gian ca khe thi gian bus nhp (TS10) th chuyn mch khng gian u vo c kt ni ti chuyn mch thi gian. * Trong thi gian ca khe thi gian bus xut (TS45) c ch nh, h thng iu khin c th iu khin chn bt k mt chuyn mch thi gian no c khe thi gian nhp (TS10) v khe thi gian xut (TS45) t do tham gia vo qu trnh kt ni. Trong v d ny, ta chn chuyn mch thi gian th 3 tham gia vo qu trnh kt ni. Trong thi gian TS10 Bus A1 c kt ni ti Bus B3 thng qua to tip im ca hng th nht v ct th ba trong chuyn mch khng gian ng nhp. Do , v tr th 10 ca chuyn mch A1 cha a ch ca to tip im ca hng th nht v ct th ba ( di dng nh phn). n chuyn mch thi gian ni dung ca khe thi gian TS10 c ghi vo ngn nh th 10 trong SM-B3, ng thi ngn nh th 45 cha a ch ca ngn nh th 10 (di dng nh phn). Cn c vo a ch cha trong ngn nh th 45 b iu khin trung tm iu khin c ni dung ca ngn nh trong b nh SM-B3 c a ch l 10 ( di dng nh phn).

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

43

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

n chuyn mch khng gian u ra trong thi gian TS45 th Bus nhp ng ra ca chuyn mch thi gian B3 c kt ni ti Bus C1 ca chuyn mch khng gian ng ra thng qua to tip im gia hng th 1 v ct th 1 trong chuyn mch khng gian u ra. Do , CM-C1 cha a ch ca to tip im trn (3) trong ngn nh th 45. SM-B3
TS10 B1 A1 A2 A3 TS10 B3 10 10 TS 45 C3 SMB1 TS45 CMB1 C1 C2

CM-B3

10

45

CM-A3

CM-A2 CM-A1 CM-C1 CM-C2 CM-C3

Cu to ca chuyn mch S-T-S

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

44

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

1.7 iu khin trong tng i in t SPC 1.7.1. Nhim v iu khin Trong cc tng i in t SPC cc nhim v iu khin c nhn vin x l thc hin to tuyn u ni cho cc cuc gi cng nh cc cng vic iu hnh v bo dng khc. Cc cng vic ny c thc hin nh qu trnh trao i thng tin bo hiu.
Khi mch kt cui trung k Cc mch trung k ni My thu pht bo hiu trung k

Khi mch kt cui thu bao

THIT B CHUYN MCH

My thu pht bo hiu thu bao

Thit b xc nh bo hiu

iu khin chuyn mch

Thit b phn phi bo hiu hoc lnh iu khin

iu khin trung

tm

Bo hiu v iu khin trong tng i SPC

Thng tin bo hiu c a ti t mng thu bao hay trung k c tch ra t khi mng kt cui thu bao v trung k c a ti thit b xc nh bo hiu.

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

45

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

Thit b ny cng c cp x l khu vc mch kt cui thu bao hay trung k iu khin. Cc mch thu thng tin bo hiu thu bao v trung k m nhim trc tip cng vic ny di s iu khin ca cp x l khu vc mch kt cui thu bao hay trung k. Cc mch kt cui thu bao, kt cui trung k, trung k ni b, thu pht bo hiu thu bao v trung k... to thnh khi thit b ngoi vi. thc hin c cc loi cuc ni th b iu khin trung tm phi nhn c cc thng tin bo hiu t cc thit b ngoi vi thng qua thit b xc nh bo hiu. B iu khin trung tm phn tch cc thng tin bo hiu ny a ra cc lnh thch hp. Cc lnh ny c a ti b iu khin chuyn mch iu khin to tuyn gi hoc a ti thit b phn phi bo hiu cung cp cc dng bo hiu cn thit cho thu bao hoc cc mch trung k thng qua thit b phn phi bo hiu. 1.7.2. Cu to ca thit b iu khin chuyn mch 1.7.2.1. S khi ca h thng

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

46

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

Cu trc tng qut ca h thng iu khin gm c: - B phn phi lnh: B phn ny lm nhim v phn phi cc lnh thch hp thc thi trn c s cc loi thit b ngoi vi chuyn mch, th t u tin ca chng v cc thng tin a vo. B phn phi lnh v a ti b nh chng trnh a ch lnh cn thit phi x l theo nguyn tc l: Trong thi gian thc thi lnh trc th a ch lnh tip theo c gi ti b nh chng trnh. Ngoi ra a ch s liu cn thit lin quan ti tng lnh cng c gi t y ti b nh s liu v phin dch. - B ghi pht lnh: Khi ny lm nhim v ghi m cc knh cn thc hin. - B nh chng trnh: B nh chng trnh ghi li tt c cc chng trnh cn thit cho nhim v iu khin m thit b iu khin ny m nhim. B nh chng trnh c cu trc kiu ROM. Cc chng trnh ny c th l cc chng trnh vi x l hoc cc chng trnh iu hnh v bo dng. - B nh s liu: B nh s liu lm nhim v ghi li cc s lu cn thit phc v cho qu trnh thc thi cc lnh. Ngoi s liu thu bao, trung k... cc h thng trong tng i SPC nh x l iu hnh v bo dng c b nh s liu phc v cho cng tc iu hnh v bo dng, b x l chuyn mch b x l chuyn mch th c cc b nh phin dch v to tuyn ghi li cc bng trng thi ca tuyn ni, h s thu bao,... dng c nh. Ngoi cc b nh ny cn c cc b nh tm thi. N ch ghi li cc s liu cn thit cho qu trnh x l gi nh s liu v a ch thu bao, s liu v trng thi thu bao bn hay ri...Cc s liu ny thay i trong qu trnh x l cui gi. - B ghi pht thao tc: Thit b ny lm nhim v thc thi cc thao tc logic v s hc theo cc lnh v s liu thch hp a ra cc lnh iu khin tng ng qua thit b vo ra ti cc thit b ngoi vi cn iu khin, nu lnh ny l ch th kt qu ca mt cng vic. Trong trng hp cc lnh sau khi thc thi y cn phi thc hin cc lnh tip theo phc v mt cng vic th b ghi pht thao tc chuyn yu

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

47

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

cu x l tip ti b phn phi lnh v chuyn kt qu x l ti b nh s liu cn thit. - Thit b vo ra: Thit b ny lm nhim v m v chuyn cc thng tin t thit b ngoi vi vo h iu khin v chuyn mch cc lnh t b iu khin ti thit b ngoi vi. 1.7.2.2. Qu trnh lm vic Trong cc tng i in t SPC thng c cu trc iu khin phn b, v vy c th c hai hoc ba cp iu khin, mi cp iu khin cng c t chc thnh nhiu b x l theo chc nng ca chng. V mi b x l m nhim mt s cng vic ring nn chng c khc nhau v cng sut x l, tc lm vic, dung lng nh... thc hin cc chng trnh h thng. thc hin mt thao tc iu khin, thit b iu khin nhn thng tin t cc thit b ngoi vi, thng qua thit b vo ra a ti b phn phi lnh. Cn c vo tng cng vic c th v mc u tin ca n b phn phi lnh a a ch lnh cn thit ti b nh chng trnh. Ti y chng trnh cn c thc hin c gi ra b ghi m. Thng thng khi mt lnh c gi ra lu vo b ghi-pht m th a ch lnh tip theo c chuyn giao ti b nh chng trnh. Khi lnh lu b ghipht c chuyn ti b ghi-pht thao tc th lnh ng vi a ch va c ghi vo c chuyn ra b ghi pht lnh v a ch lnh k tip li c chuyn vo b nh chng trnh. Qu trnh c tip din nh vy. ng thi vi vic a a ch lnh ti b nh chng trnh, b phn phi lnh cng a a ch s liu km theo cho lnh ti b nh s liu. Khi lnh c a ti b ghi pht thao tc s liu th s liu tng ng cng c a ti y. Ti y lnh c thc thi v kt qu l mt thng s logic iu khin c a ra. Thng s logic ny nu l kt qu ca mt cng vic cn c x l th n c chuyn ti thit b vo-ra a ti thit b ngoi vi thc hin cng vic. Nu thng s logic cha phi kt qu th thng s ny c ghi b nh s liu dng mt s liu cho lnh sau v thng bo v vic ny cho b phn phi lnh. B phn phi lnh quyt

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

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nh tip tc thc thi lnh tip theo hon thin cng vic hoc tm thi dng li v cha s liu cn thit. 1.7.2.3. Thit b giao tip vo-ra Thit b giao tip vo-ra lm nhim v giao tip gia cc thit b ngoi vi v cc thit b iu khin. Chng bao gm b gii m a ch AD v h thng cng dn tin vo. Thng tin t cc thit b ngoi vi a ti dng cc t hp m 16 bit. Cc t hp m ny mang thng tin cn thit phi x l nh lnh t b x l. Chng c chuyn qua h thng cc mch AND vo thit b x l nh lnh t b x l a ra thng qua b gii m a ch AD. Cc thng tin sau khi c x l b x l trung tm a ra cng dng cc t hp m 16 bit hoc 32 bit (tu theo b x l x dng cho thit b iu khin). Sau khi gii m t hp m nh phn c dch sang dng thp phn v kt qu l mt trong s n u ra ca b gii m nhn c tn hiu iu khin a ti im iu khin tng ng. 1.7.3. Cc phng php d phng cho h thng iu khin m bo an ton v tin cy cho qu trnh lm vic ca tng i th cn thit phi trang b d phng cho mt s h thng iu khin quan trng, c bit i vi cp iu khin trung tm. Trang b d phng tc l trang b 2 hay 3 b x l cho mt thit b iu khin. Cc b x l ny bao gm c n v x l trung tm v cc mch in b tr nh cc loi b nh, cc mch in giao tip, gim st, phi ghp...C nhiu phng php d phng, ta xt mt s phng php d phng thng dng.

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

49

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Ti cn x l

C Pa Pb

Ma

Mb

P : B x l M: B nh C: To nhp ng h H thng d phng cp ng b

1.7.3.1. D phng cp ng b Trong phng php d phng cp ng b hai b x l Pa v Pb c x dng x l ti cho khu vc n m nhim. Chng c th tip cn vi tt c cc ngun ti cn x l v mi b x l c mt b nh ring ca mnh. 2 b x l lm vic ng b vi nhau ngi ta x dng b to nhp ng b C. H thng cn c b so snh thc hin so snh kt qu x l tng lnh ca hai b x l. Ton b chng trnh iu khin v s liu cn thit phc v qu trnh thc thi cc chng trnh u c ghi c hai b nh Ma v Mb.

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

50

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Hai b x l ng thi nhn mt cng vic x l v ng thi vi nhau theo tng lnh, tng chng trnh. Kt qu x l mi lnh mi b x l mi b x l c so snh vi nhau b so snh. Nu kt qu x l khc nhau tc l mt trong chng c s c phn cng. Thng qua chng trnh on li, ngay lp tc b x l c s c b loi ra. Cng vic x l c giao cho b x l cn li. V hai b x l lm vic ng thi x l cng mt cng vic nn tt c cc chng trnh v s liu ghi hai b nh l ging nhau. Trong trng hp c li phn mm th khng th pht hin c v lc ny kt qu x l vn ging nhau. y l mt nhc im ca phng php d phng cp ng b. Mt khc phng php ny cng sut ca mi b x l phi ln x l ton b ti ca khu vc chng m nhim nn hiu sut s dng khng cao. 1.7.3.2. D phng phn ti

Ti cn x l

Pa

Pb

C
Ma P : B x l M: B nh C: To nhp ng h Ngun l d phng phn ti Mb

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

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H thng d phng phn ti s dng hai b vi x l Pa v Pb. Mi b vi x l u c th tip cn vi tt c cc u vo-ra ca ngun ti m n m nhim. Cng vic x l gi cho cc cuc gi c phn b ngu nhin cho mt trong hai b vi x l. Khi mt b x l no tip nhn mt cuc gi th n m nhim cc cng vic x l cho ti khi hon thnh cuc gi. Hai b x l cng lm vic, nhng x l cc cng vic khc nhau t mt s ngun ti nht nh nh trng chuyn mch, cc module thu bao hoc trung k, thit b iu hnh v bo dng... Nh c cu bo dng t ng tng i ngn nga trng hp c hai b vi x l cng tip cn ti mt thit b ngoi vi v kim tra qu trnh lm vic ca chng. Mi b x l cng c b nh ring gm b nh chng trnh, phin dch v s liu. B nh chng trnh c ni dung ghi ging nhau, nhng b nh phin dch v b nh s liu th c ni dung khc nhau, tu thuc vo nhim v tc thi m n m nhim. Trong trng hp c s c mt trong hai b x l th b x l c s c c tch ra v ton b ti cn x l c giao cho b nh cn li. Cng vic pht hin b x l hng c thit b tng i thc hin thng qua tng b phn x l hoc dung b x l ny kim tra b x l kia. Khi mt b x l c s c th cc cuc gi m n ang m nhim giai on hi thoi hoc trng thi chung vn tip tc c duy tr nh b x l kia. Phng thc d phng ny l thi gian cao im cng sut ca c hai b x l lng ti ln. Phng php d phng phn ti thng c s dng cp iu khin trung tm nh x l cho iu hnh, bo dng hoc x l gi. 1.7.3.3. D phng nng Phng php d phng nng l phng php d phng n gin nht. H thng iu khin dng phng php iu khin ny dng hai b x l Pa v Pb cng cc b nh ring ca n l Ma v Mb. Trong mt trong hai b nh lm vic cn b kia d phng. Hai b x l ny c lp vi nhau. Mi b x l cn c cng sut x l ton b ti ca khu vc m n m nhim.

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

52

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Trong h thng ny b x l d phng ch lm vic khi b x l cng tc c s c xy ra. Nh vy b x l d phng khng th lm vic tc thi ngay sau khi s c xy ra. m nhim c cng vic ang thc hin ca b x l c s c i hi b x l d phng phi c iu kin tip nhn cng vic nhng phi bit cc chng trnh ang thc hin, cc giai on cuc gi ang x l, cc s liu tc thi,... Nu khng tho mn iu kin ny th khi c s c xy ra tng i c th b ngng lm vic v cc cuc gi ang tin hnh b xo. khc phc im yu ny ngi ta s dng mt b nh chung CM. C hai b x l Pa v Pb u c th tip cn c vi b nh chung. Trng thi tc thi ghi cc b nh ca b x l cng tc c sao chp vo b nh chung CM c 5 giy mt ln. Nh v, khi c s bin i trng thi gia hai b x l th b x l mi m nhim cng vic s tip nhn cng vic m b x l b hng ang m nhim phn vic sau cng c ghi chp b nh chung. Trn c bn cc cuc gi ang c thc hin hoc ang trng thi chung c th c duy tr.

Ti cn x l

Pa

Pb

Ma

CM CM: B nh chung Nguyn l d phng nng

Mb

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Phng php d phng nng c nhc im l mt s cng vic ang thc hin trc khong chu k sao chp ca b nh chung s b xo nu s c xy ra. Phnh php ny hay c s dng cho cc tng i va v nh. 1.7.3.4. D phng N+1 h thng ny c N+1 b x l, trong N b x l t P1 ti Pn lm nhim v x l lm nhim v x l ti tc thi cho h thng, b x l Pn+1 lm nhm v d phng. trng thi bnh thng b x l ny c th m nhim mt phn ti x l. Nh vy tng th N+1 b x l c nng lc x l ln hn gi tr ti pht sinh theo thit k k thut. Trng hp c s c xy ra mt b x l no th b d phng nhn ton b ti ca b x l c s c m nhim. Phng php d phng ny c u im d dng cu trc h thng theo kiu module, thun tin pht truyn dung lng ca h thng. Mt khc gi cao im, ti ln th N+1 b x l c th m nhim x l lng ti ln hn bnh thng. Nh vy khc phc c hin tng ti hoc qu ti cho cc b x l cc thi gian cao im.

Ti cn x l

P1 M M1

P1

P1

Pn+1

M2

Mn

Mn+1

H thng diu khin d phng N+1

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Trong cc tng i SPC hin i, h thng iu khin l mt t hp cc h thng khc nhau tu thuc vo kiu v tnh phc tp ca cng vic m n m nhim v yu cu ca trng chuyn mch. V vy ngi ta cu trc n theo h thng nhiu cp. H thng iu khin cn c d phng m bo cho tng i lm vic tin cy v lin tc trong mi tnh hung. Phng php d phng phn ti l phng php d phng thng dng trnh c s gin on hot ng ca ton b tng i. N c u im l trng thi bnh thng n c nng lc x l cao hn yu cu. Nh vy l gi cao im khng xy ra hin ti ti cn phi x l hn ch. 1.8 X L Gi X l gi trong tng i SPC c phn mm thao tc iu khin thc hin. Cng vic x l cuc gi bao gm: - Pht hin s khi xng cuc gi - X l v trao i thng tin bo hiu - Xc lp tuyn ni qua trng chuyn mch - Phin dch cc ch s a ch - Tnh cc - Gim st cuc gi - Gii to cuc gi l cc cng vic v cc giai on c bn ca qu trnh x l gi trong tng i SPC.

1.8.1. Cc chng trnh x l gi

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Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

Cc chng trnh o th

Cc chng trnh nh cuc gi

Cc chng trnh iu khin chuyn mch

Cc b m trng thi

Cc b m ghi pht Cc hng nh Danh sch lnh

Nh s liu bn c nh

Nh s liu tm thi

Nh s liu c nh

Cc chng trnh x l gi

mt s h thng tng i SPC nhim x l gi c hon thnh ch yu nh phn mm. Cc thnh phn chnh ca cc chng trnh x l gi m t hnh v. Chng bao gm: B phn phi chng trnh, cc chng trnh d th trng thi, cc chng trnh nh liu cuc gi, cc chng trnh iu khin chuyn mch... v s dng cc loi bng s liu c nh, bn c nh v tm thi; cc b m ghi pht, b m trng thi v hng nh. 1.8.1.1. Chng trnh d th Cc bin c bo hiu xut hin trong mng in thoi c pht hin nh cc chng trnh d th. Trng thi ca mt s im th cc thu bao hay trung k c xem xt ng thi v u n qua tng khong thi gian. Thc t s lng im th ny l 16 hoc 32 c ghp vi nhau v c th ng thi.

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

Ngun l d phng phn ti

56

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Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

B iu khin trung tm so snh kt qu o th gia ln d th mi thc hin v ln d th trc lu li. Cng vic so snh ny c thc hin nh thut ton v mch in logic. Nh cng vic so snh ny m bt k s thay i no xy ra gia hai ln o th u b pht hin.

1.8.1.2. Chng trnh tm tuyn ni Chng trnh ny l tm mt tuyn ni ri gia mt u vo v mt u ra cho cuc gi ni ht hoc mt tuyn ri ca ca nhm mch trung k i vi cc cuc gi chuyn tip. Cu to chng trnh tm tuyn ph thuc vo cu trc ca trng chuyn mch. Hin nay qu trnh tm tuyn trong cc h thng tng i SPC da vo qu trnh tng hp phn mm nh k thut ho. y l mt trong nhng chng trnh t liu gi quan trng. 1.8.1.3. Cc chng trnh t liu gi khc Chng trnh phn tch tin nh: Cung cp cc thng tin v to tuyn v tnh cc cho cuc gi da vo cc ch s a ch ca n. Chng trnh ny s dng cc s liu tin nh: loi thu bao, cc nghip v c bit... Chng trnh tnh cc: Dng tnh cc cho cc cuc gi Cc chng trnh thng k lu lng 1.8.1.4. Chng trnh iu khin chuyn mch Sau khi cc cuc gi c t liu, cc chc nng phn cng cn tc ng tu thuc tng cuc gi cn c quyt nh. Chng trnh iu khin chuyn mch pht cc lnh cho thit b chuyn mch ting ni qua thit b ngoi vi chuyn mch. Nh cc lnh ny m tuyn ni cho cc cuc gi c thit lp qua trng chuyn mch. 1.8.1.5. Hng cc cuc gi

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

57

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Khi c mt bin c bo hiu sut hin nh thu bao nng t hp, t t hp hay chn s, cc bin c c phn tch ngay khi t vo mt hng tng ng ph hp vi loi x l cn thit. 1.8.1.6. Gin on x dng ti u cc b x l, thi gian lm vic ca n c phn phi cho cc cng vic trn nhu cu ph hp vi mc u tin cho cc cng vic khc nhau. Nh vy mt vic cn thit mc u tin cao c th thc hin bt k thi im no. Mc u tin gia cc chng trnh c thng qua cc mc gin on. vic phn chia cc mc gin on tu thuc vo tng h thng tng i. 1.8.2. Cc loi bng bo hiu Tt c cc s liu lin quan ti cu trc phn cng ca h thng, cc c tnh ca thu bao, trng thi ng dy thu bao, thng tin v to tuyn v tnh cc... c phn chia theo cc kiu sau: 1.8.2.1. Bng s liu c nh S liu c nh ging nhau i vi tt c cc tng i cng loi. N hnh thnh mt b phn logic h thng v cha cc s liu v hnh th cu chc ca tng i. 1.8.2.2. Bng s liu bn c nh S liu bn c nh ph thuc vo cc nhn t ngoi nh dung lng tng i, cc c tnh thu bao, thng tin to tuyn v tnh cc, phng php u ni gia cc phn khc nhau ca trng chuyn mch.... 1.8.2.3. Bng s liu tm thi S liu tm thi lin quan ti tng cuc gi ring v cha trng thi cuc gi, tuyn ni cho tn hiu ting ni qua trng chuyn mch, khong thi gian gi... Cc chng trnh x l gi cn thng tin v cc thu bao mt s giai on x l gi. S liu cn thit c ly ra t bng s liu tng ng.

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

58

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1.8.3. S liu thu bao S dng phn mm cho php to ra cho thu bao nhiu c tnh chi tit hn so vi h thng chuyn mch c in. Trong cc h thng ny ch c thng tin v ng dy thu bao gm loi ng dy c php khai thc hay khng, loi nghip v...c th c chng trnh ho bng phng php u ni cng. Trong cc h thng chuyn mch PCM c th c khong t 50 n 100 bit nh s liu cho mi thu bao. Nh vy c th cung cp cho thu bao rt nhiu dch v mi. 1.8.3.1. Phn loi s liu thu bao S liu thu bao c chia thnh hai loi: - S liu m t cc c tnh ca ng dy thu bao. - S liu miu t cc dch v cung cp cho thu bao. 1.8.3.2. Cc s liu thu bao 1.8.3.2.1 S liu c tnh thu bao - S liu lin quan n cc c tnh ca ng dy thu bao gm: - S liu tng thch gia a ch thit b ng dy thu bao v a ch danh b ca n. - S liu xc nh cc c tnh ca mi mt thu bao nh ng dy ang c php khai thc hay khng, my in thoi dng Pulse hay Tone... - S liu lin quan ti tng loi ng dy v phng din tnh cc (ng dy tnh cc hay min cc, ng dy c truyn dn xung tnh cc hay khng, ng dy c tnh cc cho cc cuc gi vo hay khng...) 1.8.3.2.2 S liu nghip v - S liu ny lin quan ti cng vic cung cp cc nghip v nng cao cho thu bao ngoi nghip v thoi thng thng: - S liu bn c nh dng xc nh cc nghip v m tng i cung cp cho thu bao chng hn nh a ch ngn, nghip v ng dy nng, gi ch, hi ngh...

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

59

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- S liu m thu bao c th thay i c bng cc thao tc my in thoi ca mnh nh bng m thu bao gi a ch ngn v y tng ng, a ch gi chuyn... - S liu xc nh nhm ng dy PABX. 1.8.3.3. H s thu bao S liu thu bao c lu trong cc h s thu bao (cc tp nh thu bao). Cc vng ny c phn pht c nh cho cc thu bao. Cc h s ny c th c xp xp cc b nh chnh hay b nh ngoi tu thuc vo h thng. Chng c th c nh a ch theo a ch danh b hoc a ch ca my thu bao. 1.8.4. Phn tch phin dch v to tuyn 1.8.4.1. Phin dch Mc ch ca cng vic phin dch l cung cp thng tin phc v u ni v tnh cc cho cc cuc gi. Phin dch mt tng i SPC c thc hin nh cc chng trnh phn tch tin nh v bng phin dch. Trn c s cn phi c hai loi s liu tin hnh cng vic phin dch: - S liu nh gc cuc gi: S liu ny c trng cho gc cuc gi, trn c s s liu ny thit b iu khin c th nhn ra c cuc gi ny ca thu bao ni ht hay t trung k gi vo. N c phin dch chn ra bng phin dch thch hp. - S liu chn s: y l cc ch s a ch thu bao b gi thu c t thu bao ch gi. Cc ch s ny c dng ch ra cc bng phin dch. Cc bng ny cung cp thng tin cn thit cho cc thao tc x l, cn cho cng vic to tuyn ca cc cuc gi. 1.8.4.2. Phn tch to tuyn y l cng vic phn tch cc ch s a ch thu c. Qu trnh phn tch c thc hin tng cc ch s mt hoc sau khi thu c mt vi ch s u. Thng tin a ch c th bao gm ton b cc ch s a ch hay ch mt phn trong cc ch s . Qu trnh phn tch a ch c thc hin theo hai bc:

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

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- Xc nh kiu cuc gi: Cn c vo cm ch s a ch u, thng l mt hoc hai ch s xc nh kiu cuc gi. B iu khin trung tm cn c vo cc ch s a ch u tin thu c phn tch v nhn dng kiu cuc gi cho cuc gi bao gm: gi ni ht, gi ni tnh, gi quc gia, gi quc t, gi theo phng php nghip v c bit... - Xc nh thng tin to tuyn: Sau khi nhn c ton b a ch thu bao b gi, b iu khin trung tm phn tch c c thng tin hon chnh c th iu khin lp tuyn cho cuc gi. Thng tin ny gm a ch ca thit b ca thu bao ch gi v b gi, tuyn ni ny thit lp qua trng chuyn mch, s liu tnh cc, cc dch v c bit... 1.8.4.3. Bng phin dch v to tuyn Cc chng trnh phin dch v to tuyn a ra cc bng phin dch v to tuyn cho cuc gi. Cc bng ny xc nh mi quan h gia cc ch s a ch thu c v nhm ng trung k hoc cc mch in kt cui dng u ni cho cuc gi. Trong trng hp c qu ti tuyn ni chnh phi thit lp qua tuyn ni vng (ph) th thng qua cng vic phn tch nhm ch s a ch u s cho ta thng tin xc nh nhm trung k b qu ti. 1.8.5. Thit lp gi Trnh t m t qu trnh thit lp gi qua mt tng i SPC. Trong thc t c th c s khc nhau trong tng h thng ring 1.8.5.1. D th ng dy thu bao ch gi Chng trnh d th ng dy s iu khin thit b iu khin trng thi ng dy thu bao theo chu k mc ng h. B x l trung tm so snh kt qu d th ca hai chu trnh do th lin tip v pht hin thu bao nng hay t t hp trong khong thi gian gia hai chu trnh d th . Ngay khi pht hin thu bao no mun khi xng mt cuc gi, cn c vo a ch thit b ca thu bao n c t vo mt hng thu bao ch gi.

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

61

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Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

Sau khi pht hin cuc gi mi, qu trnh x l gi bt u. B iu khin chuyn mch trung tm phn pht tm thi vng nh cho cuc gi, vng nh ny lm vic nh mt b ghi pht. Tt c cc b ghi pht ri xp thnh mt hng ri. B ghi pht ri u c chn ra v c duy tr gn b vi cuc gi trong sut thi gian x l gi. Trc khi a s liu vo b m ghi pht va c phn pht, cc bit nh ca b ghi pht ny c a v trng thi 0. Tip theo chng trnh nh tuyn lm vic, n xc nh mt tuyn ri gia ng dy thu bao ch gi v b ghi pht ny. Kt qu ca cng vic tm kim c iu khin chuyn ti chng trnh iu khin ni. Chng trnh ny thit lp mt knh bo hiu pht m mi quay s cho thu bao. 1.8.5.2. Chn s v to tuyn Khi thu bao ch gi chn mt ch s a ch thu bao ch gi, xung hoc tn hiu quay s ny c chng trnh d th thng tin a ch pht hin. Cc ch s a ch c ghi li trong b nh m ghi pht. Khi cc ch s a ch u tin thu c, qu trnh phn tch tim nh bt u trn c s cc ch s m lin lc. Tip theo cc chi tit v cuc gi c ghi li b ghi pht. Thi im bt u cng vic phn tch to tuyn ph thuc ch yu vo kiu cuc gi. i vi cc cuc gi ni ht hoc gi vo th cng vic ny bt u sau khi thu c ton b cc ch s a ch. Cn i vi cc cuc gi ra hay gi chuyn tip th cng vic phn tch v to tuyn bt u ngay khi thu c nhm a ch tim nh. Vi cuc gi ni ht, sau khi thu c ton b cc con s a ch, cc chng trnh x l thit lp gi kim tra a ch ca thu bao b gi v loi thu bao. Sau lnh tm tuyn c pht ra v cng vic chn tuyn c thc hin (Kim tra trng thi bn, ri ca cc mch dy, chun b mt tuyn ni qua mng chuyn mch gia thu bao ch gi v thu bao b gi). 1.8.5.3. Cp chung

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

62

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Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

Sau giai on chn tuyn l bc cp chung. Khi my thu bao b gi ri th dng chung c cp ti thu bao b gi v hi m chung c cp ti thu bao ch gi. 1.8.5.4. Gim st Sau khi thu bao b gi tr li h thng iu khin cc thit b lin quan sang trng thi truyn dn ting ni. V s liu trong giai on ny ch cn s liu nhn dng tuyn v m tnh cc nn b ghi pht m c gii phng v c chuyn v hng ghi pht ri. Ngay sau khi tn hiu gii to t thu bao ch gi hoc thu bao b gi c pht hin, giai on gii to tuyn ni bt u. Lc ny ton b thit b ca tng i lin quan ti cuc gi c gii phng, xo cc phn t tuyn v phc hi thit b kt cui. 1.8.6. Tnh cc tng i thu bao, cng vic tnh cc c thc hin bi cc ng h tnh cc ring cho tng thu bao. tng i SPC cc ng h tnh cc thc cht l cc vng nh. Gi c cho mi cuc gi c th xc nh c ti ch thng qua cc thng tin ly ra t bng phin dch. Cc bng phin dch cc h s thu bao cn phi cung cp thng tin cho php h thng quyt nh c i vi cuc gi cc tham s: - L cuc gi c hay khng tnh cc. - Tnh cc da trn c s gi cc ng u, vic tnh cc ny s ch ra s lng cc n v cc - Tnh cc trn c s thi gian hi thoi. - Tnh cc da trn cc thng tin tng i khc a ti.

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

63

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

1.9 BO HIU 1.9.1. Khi qut chung v bo hiu 1.9.1.1. Gii thiu chung Trong mng vin thng bo hiu c coi l mt phng tin chuyn thng tin v cc lnh t im ny n im khc, cc thng tin v cc lnh ny lin quan n thit lp, gim st v gii phng cuc gi. Thng thng bo hiu c chia thnh hai loi: Bo hiu ng dy thu bao v bo hiu lin i. Bo hiu ng dy thu bao l bo hiu u cui, thng l my in thoi v tng i ni ht, cn bo huu lin i l bo hiu gia cc tng i vi nhau. Ta c th m phng s phn chia bo hiu nh sau:

BO HIU

Bo hiu ng dy thu bao

Bo hiu lin i

Bo hiu knh ring CAS

Bo hiu knh chung CCS

Phn chia bo hiu

Bo hiu lin i gm hai loi l: Bo hiu knh ring (CAS) v bo hiu knh chung (CCS). Bo hiu knh ring l h thng bo hiu trong bo hiu nm trong knh ting hoc trong mt knh c lin quan cht ch vi knh ting. Cn vi bo hiu knh chung l h thng bo hiu trong bo hiu nm trong mt knh tch bit vi cc knh ting v bo hiu ny c s dng chung cho mt s lng ln cc knh ting. GVHD: Bi Nh Phong 64 SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

1.9.1.2. Cc loi bo hiu - Bo hiu ng thu bao bt u mt cuc gi, mt thu bao nhc my, hnh ng ny to ra mt tn hiu gi n tng i bo cho tng i bit rng thu bao mun to mt cuc gi.

Thu bao A Nhc my Mi quay s Cc con s

Tng i

Thu bao B

Hi m chung

Dng chung B tr li

Hi thoi t my t my

Cc tn hiu trong bo hiu ng thu bao

Ngay khi thit b thu tng ng c u ni vi ng thu bao, tng i s gi tn hiu mi quay s n cho thu bao v sau thu bao c th bt u quay s ca thu bao b gi. Nu thu bao b gi ri, tng i s gi dng chung cho thu bao b gi ng thi tn hiu hi m chung s c gi li cho thu bao ch gi. Nu thu bao b gi bn, th tn hiu bo bn c gi n cho thu bao ch gi.

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

65

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

- Bo hiu lin i Bo hiu lin i gm cc thng tin c trao i gia cc tng i, l cc tn hiu bo hiu ng v cc tn hiu bo hiu thanh ghi. Cc bo hiu thanh ghi c s dng trong pha thit lp gi chuyn cc thng tin a ch v thuc tnh ca thu bao, cn cc tn hiu ng c s dng trong ton b cuc gi t khi thit lp, trong khi m thoi v kt thc cuc gi.
Tng i Tng i

Thu bao A Chim Cng nhn chim a ch

Thu bao B

Tr li

Hi thoi Gii phng hng v Gii phng hng i

Cc tn hiu trong bo hiu thanh ghi

Ni dung thng tin trong cc bo hiu hu ht ging nh cc tn hiu trong bo hiu ng thu bao. Tt c cc tn hiu bo hiu ny c mang trong knh ting. Kiu bo hiu ny c gi l bo hiu knh ring:

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

66

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp Thu bao ch gi


ng thu bao

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

Tng i ch gi
ng trung k

Tng i b gi
ng thu bao

Thu bao b gi

t my Mi quay s a ch

t my

t my

Chim Cng nhn chim a ch

Hi m chung Tr li

Chung Nhc my

Hi thoi t my Ct u ni t my

Bo hiu ng thu bao Bo hiu lin i

Bo hiu ng thu bao

Cc tn hiu bo hiu cho mt cuc gi hon thnh

1.9.1.3. Cc chc nng bo hiu - Chc nng gim st: Chc nng gim st c s dng nhn bit s thay i v trng thi hoc iu kin mt phn t (ng thu bao v cc ng mng) v n phn nh cc iu kin t my, nhc my ca thu bao, gm cc iu kin sau: +Nhc my chim + Nhc my tr li + Gii phng hng v GVHD: Bi Nh Phong 67 SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

+ Gii phng hng i + Cc tn hiu ny nhn bit mi s thay i v trng thi ng t trng thi ri sang trng thi bn v ngc li. - Cc chc nng tm chn: Cc chc nng ny c lin quan n th tc thit lp gi v khi u bng vic thu bao ch gi gi thng tin a ch ca thu bao b gi, cc thng tin ny c truyn gia cc tng i. Cc thng tin ca chc nng tm chn c truyn gia cc tng i ngoi cc thng tin a ch p ng qu trnh chuyn mch, l cc tn hiu iu khin nh tng i b gi thng bo cho tng i ch gi bit n ri v c kh nng tip nhn cc con s quay s, yu cu gi cc con s tip theo... Tu theo h thng m cng c th cn cc tn hiu phc v khc na nh cc tn hiu cng nhn. Chc nng tm chn lin quan n thit lp u ni cho cuc gi, m trc tip l ch quay s . Chc nng tm chn phi c tnh hiu qu, tin cy cao m bo chnh xc cc chc nng chuyn mch. - Cc chc nng vn hnh-qun l mng: Khc vi chc nng gim st v tm chn lin quan trc tip n qu trnh x l gi. Cc chc nng qun l mng cn thit cho vic s dng mng li mt cch ti u nht. Cc tn hiu qun l mng c th l: - Nhn bit v chuyn cc thng tin v trng thi tc nghn trong mng, thng thng l bng tin trng thi ng dy thu bao ch gi. - Thng bo v cc thit b, cc trung k khng bnh thng. - Cung cp cc thng tin tnh cc. - Cung cp phng tin nh gi, ng chnh cc cnh bo t cc tng i khc. 1.9.2. Bo hiu knh ring (CAS) 1.9.2.1. c im chung Bo hiu l h thng bo hiu trong cc tn hiu c truyn trn mt ng bo hiu ring bit. i vi h thng bo hiu ny mi knh ting c mt ng bo hiu ring c n nh, cc tn hiu bo hiu c th c truyn theo nhiu cch

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

68

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

khc nhau: trong bng, ngoi bng hoc trong khe thi gian 16 trong t chc a khung ca h thng PCM. C nhiu h thng bo hiu CAS khc nhau c s dng: - H thng bo hiu xung thp phn. - H thng bo hiu hai tn s. - H thng bo hiu xung a tn. - H thng bo hiu b khng ch (H thng bo hiu CCITT R2). Trong cc h thng bo hiu ny, thng thng cc tn hiu c truyn di dng xung hoc tone, hoc t hp cc tn s tone. Phng thc bo hiu a tn c s dng rng ri cho chc nng tm chn, bng cch s dng 2 trong 5 hoc 6 tn s nm trong bng knh thoi (300-3400 Hz). H thng bo hiu CAS c s dng rng ri nht hin nay l h thng m a tn R2 ca CCITT. 1.9.2.2. H thng bo hiu R2 ca CCITT H thng bo hiu R2 l h thng bo hiu knh ring (CAS), c thit k cho chc nng trao i thng tin bo hiu gia cc tng i trong mng vin thng s hp nht hoc mng kt hp s vi tng t. Mi tn hiu trao i l t hp ca mt cp tn s (MFC). H thng bo hiu R2 gm hai loi tn hiu to thnh, l: - Tn hiu bo hiu ng. - Tn hiu bo hiu thanh ghi. a) Bo hiu ng Cc tn hiu trong bo hiu ng c phn chia theo hng i v hng v. Hng i gm cc tn hiu: - Tn hiu chim ng - Tn hiu gii phng hng i Hng v gm cc tn hiu: - Tn hiu xc nhn chim GVHD: Bi Nh Phong 69 SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

- Tn hiu tr li - Tn hiu gii phng hng v - Tn hiu kho b) Bo hiu thanh ghi
Khe thi gian 1-15, khe thi gian 17-31
Tng i Tng i

Cc tn hiu thanh ghi Khe thi gian 16 Cc tn hiu ng Cc tn hiu ghi c mang trn knh ting

Khi thc hin chuyn mch mt cuc gi c lin quan n nhiu tng i, cn phi chuyn cc thng tin v cc con s gia cc tng i kt cui cuc gi c chnh xc n thu bao mang mun. Thng tin v cc con s c chuyn theo hng i, nhng iu khin qu trnh thit lp gi, cn phi chuyn mt s cc tn hiu theo hng ngc li. Cc tn hiu hng i gm: - Thng tin con s a ch - Thuc tnh thu bao ch gi - Thng tin thng bo kt thc gi a ch b gi - Thng tin v con s ca thu bao ch gi cho tnh cc chi tit Cc tn hiu hng v gm: - Tn hiu thng bo tng i b gi sn sng nhn cc con s a ch ca thu bao ch gi. - Cc tn hiu iu khin xc nhn kiu thng tin. - Thng tin kt thc qu trnh chn, thng tin ny gii phng thanh ghi v thit lp tuyn thoi. ng thi n cn a ra cc thng tin v trng thi t hp ca thu bao b gi.

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

70

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

- Thng tin tnh cc. Thng tin a ch mang mt lng tin ln v n c cc nguyn l c bn chuyn thng tin gia cc tng i trong mng nh sau: - Kiu tng chng (Link By Link) - Kiu thng sut ( End To End) - Kiu hn hp (Mixed) Ta c th m t cc kiu bo hiu ny bng v d gia thu bao ch gi A thit lp cuc gi trung k vi thu bao b gi B. Mi thu bao c m vng ring v vic lin lc c thc hin theo tng cp.
T1 A 034-845300 034-845300 845300 300 T2 T3 T4 B

Chuyn thng tin a ch kiu tng chng (link-by-link)

.
T1 A 034-845300 034 845300 300 T2 T3 T4 B

Chuyn thng tin a ch kiu thng sut ( end-to-end)

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

71

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

T1 A 034-845300 034

T2

T3

T4 B

845300 300

Chuyn thng tin a ch kiu hn hp

Tu thuc vo v tr ca tng i v s phn cp qun l ca mng m ta s s dng kiu bo hiu no cho hp l. 1.9.3. Bo hiu knh chung 1.9.3.1. c im chung Bo hiu knh chung (CCS: Common Channel Signalling) khc phc c nhc im ca phng thc bo hiu knh ring v mt hiu sut s dng knh bo hiu. Vi phng thc bo hiu knh chung, knh bo hiu phn pht cho knh ting ni ch trong tng khong thi gian bo hiu. Ngi ta s dng mt tuyn thng tin s liu ring bit chuyn dng cho cng vic bo hiu.

Tng i B x A l CCIS SIG CCIS SIG

Tng i B x B l

H thng bo hiu knh chung

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

72

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

H thng bo hiu knh chung CCS c mt chm knh bo hiu. Chm knh ny ch c phn pht cho mt knh ting ni c nhu cu bo hiu trc nht. Nh vy cc knh ting ni cn c xp theo th t ch knh bo hiu ri. Dung lng knh bo hiu ph thuc vo ni dung bo hiu, tn sut s dng mi knh ting ni. Chnh v vy thit b bo hiu c th c tp chung ho, ch to gn gng hn. N to ra u im v mt kinh t. Tuy nhin phng thc bo hiu ny ch s dng cho cc tng i SPC trao i bo hiu lin i gia cc b vi x l. a) Bo hiu gia cc b vi x Bo hiu gia cc b vi x l khng x dng dng bo hiu thng thng nh: dng mt chiu, m bit... Vi phng thc bo hiu knh chung ngi ta s dng mt bn tin s liu di khong 40-50ms truyn dn ton b thng tin. T m bo hiu c chia ra thnh cc phn t hoc trng m bit i din cho: - Mt bn tin bo hiu: a ch knh ting ni, a ch dch v... - Mt bn tin iu khin: ng b, a ch bn tin, thng tin xc nhn thu... - Mt bn tin pht hin li: cc bit d pht hin li truyn dn. b) Th thc chuyn tin Cu to ca b phn iu khin chuyn tin ph thuc vo th thc hay nguyn tc chuyn tin. B phn ny lin quan ch yu ti qu trnh ng b v hiu chnh li. +)Cc cp mng cn thit phi ng b: - Cp tuyn s liu cn thit phi khi phc ng b bit cho s liu bo hiu. - Cp bn tin xc nh c im u v im cui ca mi bn tin. - Cp dy tin nhn dng tng bn tin trong dy bn tin nhn c, nu cn thit c th pht li bn tin. +) phng li pht hin v hiu chnh li xut hin trong qu trnh truyn dn cn thit phi c d ca bn tin pht i nu khng c d kin phng thc pht li bn tin. Vi GVHD: Bi Nh Phong 73 SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

knh hai hng c c s dng cho tuyn bo hiu th cn phi d pht hin li. 1.9.3.2. H thng bo hiu s 7 (CCITT No 7) a vo nhiu dch v v tin nghi mi cho thu bao, cho c quan khai thc v mng vin thng, h thng bo hiu s 7 c hon thin. H thng ny thch hp cho c mng quc t v mng quc gia vi thuc tnh ti u cho mng thng tin.
Th thc tin F BSN BIN FSN F IB LI

C m a ch dy tin v Bit ch th dy tin v a ch dy tin i Bit ch th dy tin i Chiu di ca bn tin D tr

INF CRC F

Thng tin Cc bt kim tra C ng

Bn tin trong h thng CCITT no 7

H thng bo hiu s 7 c chia thnh cc cp bo hiu: - Cp bo hiu 1: L cp ng truyn s liu bo hiu. - Cp bo hiu 2: L cp thc hin cc nhim v v th thc ng truyn bo hiu. N tin hnh cc cng vic nh: pht cc bn tin bo hiu ln tuyn s liu dng

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

74

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

cc n v thng tin bo hiu, nh gii hn cc n v bo hiu thng qua c m v c ng, pht hin li chuyn v hiu chnh li, pht hin s c trn ng trn ng bo hiu qua vic gim st li cc n v bo hiu v phc hi cc th thc c bit. - Cp bo hiu 3: Xc nh cc nhim v v th thc chuyn tin, n c hai nhim v l nh hng cc bn tin ti tuyn s liu hoc b phn thu bao thch ng v iu khin to tuyn theo thi gian thc cho cc bn tin. - Cp bo hiu 4: y l cp bo hiu thu bao. Mi b phn thu bao c mt nhim v v th thc bo hiu ring nh bo hiu in thoi, s liu hoc thu bao ISDN. Cp 4 Cp 3 Cp 2 Cp 1

B phn chuyn tin

Thu bao thoi

X l bn tin khi Cc bo chc nng hiu mng bo hiu

Tuyn Cc khi chc nng tuyn bo hiu

bo hiu Knh s liu

Thu bao s liu Cc thu bao khc

Qun l mng bo hiu

o th v bo dng Cu trc tng qut ca h thng bo hiu s 7

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

75

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

Thng tin bo hiu l mt tp tuyn ghp cc thng tin. Cc tin tc ny c xc lp cp 3 v cp 4 ca h thng bo hiu cho tng cuc gi, tng cng vic qun l... Sau khi hnh thnh cc bn tin theo ng th thc quy nh, bn tin c chuyn i. Mi bn bn tin c mt phn ch th nghip v. N xc nh cc thng tin c trng ca thu bao ch gi, nh y l cuc gi trong nc hay quc t m thu bao c quyn gi, cc thng tin bo hiu cha trong bn tin bao gm tin tc ca thu bao nh s liu iu khin gi, thng tin v qun l v bo dng cng nh cc thng tin v kiu v th thc ca bn tin. Bn tin cn c mt nhn tin. Nhn ny to iu khin cho bn tin c to tuyn qua mng bo hiu cp 3 ca h thng a ti ch nhn tin v nh hng bn tin ti b phn thu bao hay mch in mong mun. Trn ng chuyn bo hiu cc thng tin bo hiu ny cha trong cc n v tin. Chng cha c cc thnh phn iu khin lin quan ti cc khi chc nng ca cp mng bo hiu th hai.

Chng II - Thng tin thoi -My in thoi


2.1. Khi nim Thng tin thoi l qu trnh truyn ting ni i xa,t ni ny n ni khc, da trn c s nng lng ca dng in bng my in thoi. My in thoi l thit b u cui ca mng thng tin in thoi, dng thc hin qu trnh truyn thng tin thoi i xa (n mt my in thoi khc). Qu trnh thng tin c minh ha nh sau: +) S Mch in thoi n gin gm: - ng ni GVHD: Bi Nh Phong 76 SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

- ng nghe - Ngun in - ng dy

+) Nguyn l Khi ta ni trc ng ni ca my in thoi, giao ng m thanh ca ting ni s tc ng vo mng rung ca ng ni thay i, xut hin dng in bin i tng ng trong mch. Dng in bin i ny c truyn qua ng dy ti ng nghe ca my i phng, lm cho mng rung ca ng nghe dao ng, lp khng kh trc mng rung dao ng theo, pht ra m thanh tc ng n tai ngi nghe v qu trnh truyn dn ngc li cng tng t. 2.2. Nhng yu cu c bn v my in thoi Bt c loi my in thoi no v nguyn l cng phi thoi mn yu cu no : - Khi my in thoi khng lm vic phi trng thi sn sng tip nhn cuc gi. - Khi thu pht tn hiu gi b phn thu pht tn hiu gi phi tch ri ng dy in thoi, lc trn ng dy ch cn tn hiu gi. - Khi thu pht tn hiu m thoi b phn thu pht tn hiu gi li tch ra khi ng in, lc trn ng dy ch cn dng tn hiu thoi. Khi m thoi, b phn pht v tip nhn tn hiu chung phi tch ra khi ng in, trn ng dy ch c dng in thoai. - Khi thu pht tn hiu chung th b phn m thoi phi c tch ri ng in, trn ng ch c dng tn hiu chung. - My phi pht c m s thu bao b gi t tng i v phi nhn c tn hiu

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

77

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

chung t tng i a ti. - Trng thi ngh, my thng trc n nhn tn hiu chung ca tng i. Ngoi ra my cn phi ch to ngn gn, nh, n gn, bn, p, tin li cho mi ngi s dung. 2.3. Nhng chc nng c bn ca my in thoi Chc nng bo hiu: bo cho ngi s dng in thoi bit tng i sn sng tip nhn hoc cha tip nhn cuc gi bng cc m hiu mi quay s, m bo bn. Pht m s ca thu bao b gi vo tng i bng cch thu bao ch gi n, quay phm s trn my in thoi. Thng bo cho ngi s dng in thoi bit tnh trng din bin vic kt ni mch bng cc m hiu hi m chung, m bo bn, Bo hiu bng chung ku, tn hiu nhc, cho thu bao b gi bit la c ngi ang gi mnh. Bin m thanh thnh tn hiu in pht sang my i phng v chuyn tn hiu in t my i phng ti thnh m thanh. Bo hiu cuc gi kt thc. Kh trc m, chng ting di, ting keng, ting clc khi pht xung s. T ng iu chnh m lng v phi hp tr khng vi ng dy. Ngoi ra cc my in thoi t bit cn c nhng chc nng khc nh: chuyn tn hiu tnh cc n tng i gi mch, truyn s liu, thu pht v tuyn, gi rt ngn a ch (quay s nhanh), nh s thu bao c bit, gi lic h thng vi x l, h thng ghi m, mn hnh v cc h thng h tr truyn dn lm cho my c rt nhiu dch v rt tin li. 2.4. Nguyn tc cu to ca my in thoi My in thai l thit b u cui ca h thng in thoi, n c lp t ti n v thu bao 2 ngi xa lin lc c vi nhau. Hin nay tuy c nhiu loi khc nhau nhng ni chung my in thoi vn c 3 phn chnh: - Phn chuyn i mch in: Gm h thng tip im v c cc c in ph c nhim v ng m mch in khi c yu cu.

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

78

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

- Phn thu pht tn hiu gi: Gm 2 phn chnh, my pht in quay tay v chung bo pht in c nhim v pht tn hiu gi ln ng dy v chung c nhim v bin dng tn hiu gi thnh tn hiu goi. - Phn thu pht thoi: Gm ng ni v ng nghe. ng ni c nhim v bin i tn hiu m thanh thnh tn hiu in v ng nghe bin i tin hiu in thnh tn hiu thanh. C 2 c lp chung trong mt b phn gi l t hp.

Chng III- Mng in thoi


3.1 Mng phn cp mng chuyn mch Dng ng dy ni trc tip tng my in thoi vi tt c nhng my khc l iu khng thc t. May thay iu ny l khng cn thit v hu ht cc my in thoi u khng s dng ht thi gian. Bng cch nh gi xc sut s dng, cc cng ty in thoi pht trin mt mng phc tp dng chung cc ng dy trung k v cc i chuyn mch bc thang c phn cp (tiered). Mng in thoi ny p ng c yu cu thc t cho vn ghp ni. Mng in thoi Bc M s dng 5 mc (hoc cp) tng i chnh hay cc chuyn mch (switching center). Mc cao nht c gi l cp mt, l trung tm min. C 12 trung tm nh vy phc v cho ton Bc M v 2 trung tm Canada t ti Montreal v Regina. i cp 5 c mc thp nht l i cui c kt ni vi thu bao. mt s vng, ngi ta lp tng i tadem cung cp thm cc ng chuyn mch ni b gia cc i cui. Tng i r nhnh hoc PBX l nhng tng i nh c s dng trong cc t chc thng mi. Ni chung mi cp i ch cn ghp ni trc tip vi mt trung tm cp trn v mt trung tm cp di). Tuy nhin tng kh nng phc v, ngi ta lp thm cc

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

79

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

ng dy trc tip gia cc trung tm khng k nhau. mi i, cc cuc gi c truyn ti trung tm cao hn k tip ch khi no tt c nhng ng dy trc tip u bn. S ng dy thng tin trung gian ln nht gia cc thu bao l 7 (cc ng lin nt) nhng a s cc cuc gi s dng t hn. Trong nhng thi im bt thng, nh l Noel, mt s cuc m thoi b tc nghn bi v ngay c cc ng dy cc mc cao hn cng bn. Mt i cui c th thit k vi 10.000 ng dy thu bao, v nh vy cc thu bao c phn bit bng mt s thp phn c 4 digit (4 s) biu th s ca thu bao (telephone number), ngha l 4 s cui trong s cc con s ca mt s in thoi. Ba digit u ca mi s in thoi phn bit cc i cui vi nhau. Mi vng c 1.000 i cui s c gn 3 digit u cho mi i v gi l m vng (area code). 3.2 Cc tnh nng truyn ca mng in thoi 3.21.Ting di (echo): Nghe ting di ging ni ca chnh mnh trong khi s dng in thoi s rt kh chu. Ting di l kt qu ca s phn x tn hiu xy ra ti nhng im khng phi hp tr khng dc theo mng in thoi. Ni chung, thi gian tr ca ting di di hn v tn hiu ting di mnh hn s lm nhiu lon n ngi ni nhiu hn. S phi tr khng trn ng truyn thng xu nht trn cc vng thu bao v ti ni giao tip vi u cui. y vic phi hp tr khng rt kh iu khin v chiu di ca vng thu bao v cc thit b thu bao qu khc nhau. May thay, ting di nghe c bi ngi ni b suy gim hai ln: t ngi ni n im phn x v ngc li. thi gian tr ngn ngi ta thm vo cc b suy hao lm gim mc ting di. Trn cc ng truyn di ngi ta phi s dng cc b trit ting di c bit. Tn hiu thoi t ngi ni c b suy hao nhn bit v lm suy gim 60 dB trn ng v. B trit ting di s b v hiu ha (kh hot) vi phn ngn giy sau khi ngi ni ngng GVHD: Bi Nh Phong 80 SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

ni. B trit ting di cng c th b kho nu ngi ni v ngi nghe xa nhau. Bc M, b trit ting i c s dng trong cc mch truyn tin khi thi gian tr ca mt vng tn hiu vt qu 45 ms. Cc cuc gi gia cc trung tm min ca mng v mt s cc ng di khc thuc loi ny. V d, s lan truyn thi gian tr trn cc ng thng tin v tinh c th vi trm ms, nn ta phi s dng b trit ting di. Cc b trit ting di c v hiu ho trong khi truyn d liu cc cuc gi. S ngt vi ms trong khi b trit ca hng ny tt v hng kia m s lm h hi d liu (v d liu l cc tn hiu xung nn s ng m ca cc b trit s nh hng n cc xung tn hiu ny). mi my thu, cc modem lm suy gim ting di bng b ng lc vo. iu ny c th thc hin c bi v sng mang ca cc knh pht v thu ca mi modem khc nhau. c tnh ca b loi c dng trong mng l cho php cc b phn trit ting di c v hiu ha mt cch t ng. B loi c kch khi khi mt trong hai bn pht ra mt tone 2025 Hz hoc 2100Hz. Tone ny phi c ko di t nht 300 ms v mc cng sut l 5 dBm. Khong thi gian khng c tn hiu l 100 ms hoc nhiu hn s lm cho b trit ting di c chuyn mch tr li. Nhim v iu khin b trit ting di c thc hin bi modem ca ngi s dng (DCE) v phi c t gia ng tn hiu RTS (request to send) c yu cu bi trit b du cui (DTE) v ng tn hiu CTS (clear to send) c chp nhn t modem. 3.2.2 Di Thng Di thng ca mng in thoi xp x 300 Hz-3400 Hz. Di tn s ny tng ng vi ph ca tn hiu ting ni. Mt p tuyn tn s tiu biu ctrnh by trong hnh :

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

81

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

Delay characteristic

Mt h thng truyn d liu thc t bt k c cc ng truyn v/hoc cc b lc s c p tuyn bin v cc c tn tr bin i theo tn s. Thi gian tr bin i c sinh ra bi cc bin i thi gian lan truyn theo tn s. Hnh 4.6(b) cho thy mt ng cong tr tiu biu. S bin di ca bin v thi gian tr theo tn s s lm mo dng bin v pha. 3.2.2 Cc cun ph ti i vi mt ng truyn hai dy, h s suy hao c tnh bng phng trnh gn ng. Khi phn tch chi tit ta thy rng, s suy hao ca mt ng dy c th gim nu in cm L ca n c gia tng, do to ra mt hng s na trong di tn s ting ni.Thc cht L phi cgia tng nhiu hn in cm ca mt ng dy bt k. gim s suy haoca mt ng dy, ngi ta t ni tip vi ng dy cc in cm ri rc hoc tp trung, gi l cc cun ph ti. Cc cun dy c t nhng dim cch u nhau t c hiu qu mong mun. Mt dng sp xp in hnh l s dng cc cun cm 88mH t cch nhau 1,8 km. Khi s dng cun ph ti, s suy hao ca ng dy c gim v duy tr tn s tng i ln ti tn s ct ti hn, trn tn s ct ny l s suy hao s gia tng 3.2.4 S suy hao, cc mc cng sut v nhiu GVHD: Bi Nh Phong 82 SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

Trn mng in thoi c n chuyn mch, s mt mt cng sut tn hiu gia cc thu bao bin ng mnh trong khong t 10 dB ti 25 dB. S bin ng theo thi gian gia hai thu bao bt k nh hn 6 dB. T s tn hiu trn nhiu S/N cng quan trng nh ln ca tn hiu thu c. tn hiu thu c c th tin cy c, t s S/N phi t nht l 30:1 (29,5 dB). Hu ht nhiu c to ra trn mng in thoi c th chia lm 3 loi: 3.2.4.1. Nhiu nhit v tp m: (do s pht x ca linh kin trong b khuch i) l ting n ngu nhin di rng, c to ra do s chuyn ng v dao ng ca cc ht mang in tch trong cc thnh phn khc nhau ca mng. 3.24.2. Nhiu iu ch ni v xuyn m: l kt qu ca s giao thoa tn hiu mong mun vi cc tn hiu khc trn mng. Cc tn hiu giao thoa ny trn mt i cp t k cn vi i cp ang s dng cho tn hiu mong mun, hoc cc tn hiu c iu ch trn cc tn s sng mang k cn trn h thng FDM. 3.2.4.3. Nhiu xung: bao gm cc xung in p hoc cc xung nht thi, c to ra ch yu bi s chuyn mch c hc trong tng i, s tng vt ca in p ngun hoc tia chp Vic gim ti thiu nh hng ca ting n trn tn hiu thu l iu c th thc hin c bng cch s dng vic truyn cc mc cng sut cao c th c. Tuy nhin cc mc tn hiu cao trn mng s lm tng s iu ch ni v xuyn m. Cn c s tha hip trong s thit lp mc truyn, mc cng sut ln nht cho php, c iu khin chnh xc bi cp mng c thm quyn. Cc quy nh cng b v mc vng sut ln nht cho php ph thuc vo loi tn hiu ang gi (v d ph thuc vo chu k v tn s lm vic). Thng cc mc cng sut truyn phi nh hn 0 dBm (1mW). Mc cng sut nhiu ngu nhin o c cc thit b u cui ca thu bao tiu biu trong khong 40 dBm. Nhiu xung l thm ha ln nht trong vic truyn d liu v kh nng d on s

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

83

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

xut hin ca nhiu l nh nht. Khi xut hin nhiu xung, kt qu l mt li xung xy ra v mt s bit b mt. Do cn c cc mch pht hin li nh kim tra parity. Nhiu protocol yu cu phi c b sa sai d bo cho bn pht bit rng thu khng c li (error free) cho tng khi d liu trc khi gi khi k tip.

Chng IV-Tng i PABX


4.1. c im -Tng i panasonic KX-TES824 c s linh hot v tnh nng cng nh cu hnh m rng l mt gii php hon ho cho cc doanh nghip va v nh.

- Cc tnh nng ni bt: + M rng n gin v linh hot + Tch hp tnh nng DISA 3 cp (Direct inward system access) + Kh nng lu tr tin nhn thoi ( Built-in Voice Message) + nh tuyn cc cuc gi t dch v Fixed Line SMS

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

84

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

+ Hin th thng tin ca s my bn ngoi gi n ( s my , tn ngi gi ) + Kh nng lp trnh d dng bng PC ( panasonic TX-TE mainternace console) + Kh nng kt ni linh hot ni nhiu loi thit b ( SLT, PT, DSS, my FAX, in thoi khng dy, thit b d liu u cui) 4.2. Tnh nng c bn a. Nhn cuc gi: Tng i cho php cuc gi t bn ngoi vo chung vo mt s my l nht nh. b. Truyn cuc gi: Ngi nghe c th truyn cuc gi ang m thoi cho ngi khc trong ni b hoc ra ngoi mng cng cng c. Nhc my thay: ng nghip c th nhc my ca mnh tr li cuc gi cho ngi khc khi ngi khng th tr li. d. Chuyn tip cuc gi: Ngi gi c th chuyn tip cuc gi khi i vng, khi my bn hoc khi khng kp tr li n mt my khc hoc n hp th thoi e. Hn ch gi: C 5 mc cm hn ch ngi dng s dng in thoi vo cc mc ch khng cn thit. Cho php s dng Account Code hn ch ngi dng v kim sot cc cho tng c nhn Cho php hn ch thi gian ca mi cuc gi, cc cuc gi s b ngt nu qu thi gian quy nh f. Ch tr li t ng v truy cp h thng trc tip (DISA) Ngi gi n s nghe c li cho v hng dn truy cp h thng, sau ngi gi bn s trc tip c kt ni ti ni cn gp H tr chc nng t ng nhn FAX g. Nhm trt: GVHD: Bi Nh Phong 85 SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

Khi c cuc gi n 1 trong cc thnh vin trong nhm m my ny li ang bn th cuc gi s chuyn n 1 my khc trong nhm ang ri h. Nhm chung ng u Cuc gi vo nhm ny c phn b ng u cho cc thnh vin. Trung bnh mi thnh vin s nhn c s cuc gi nh nhau i. 3 ch hot ng Hot ng 3 ch cho 3 bui khc nhau (Sng, Tra, Ti) j. m thoi hi ngh Tng i h tr m thoi 3 bn k. Hin th s Cho php hin th s ng trung k trn in thoi thng (c chc nng hin s) l. In cc In trc tip ra my in qua giao tip RS232 (cng COM) 4.3 Dung lng h thng

KX-TES824 Dung lng ban u Dung lng m rng ti a Trung k My l Trung k My l 3 8 8 24

4.4 Cc loi CARD m rng

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

86

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

Ti a PT (Bn lp trnh-in thoi 4 dy) SLT (in thoi 2 dy) Card 3 trung k Analog 8 thu bao hn hp Card 2 trung k Analog 8 thu bao thng Card 8 thu bao thng Card m rng cho DISA Card DoorPhone 2 cng Card DoorPhone 4 cng Card hin th s CID Card Voice Massege 2 knh Card DoorPhone Door Opener My nhn tin Nhc ch (MOH) Bn kim sot (DSS Console) [KXTE82483] [KXTE82480] [KXTE82474] [KXTE82491] [KXTE82460] [KXTE82461] [KXTE82493] [KXTE82492] [KXTE30865] 16 24 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 4 4 1 1 2

Cc kt ni ca tng i KX-TES824

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

87

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

- L h thng hn hp tin tin, cho php kt ni: Bn lp trnh, bn kim sot, in thoi 2 dy thng thng, my Fax, in thoi ko di v thit b u cui d liu. - DISA 3 cp (Yu cu gn card DISA) - Hin s gi n trn my thng (Yu cu gn card CID) - Lu thng tin 10 000 cuc gi (SMDR) - Lp trnh bng my tnh - Cho php kt ni Voice Message, ngi s dng c th di chuyn li nhn n vng nh c nhn hoc vng nh trung ca tng i (Yu cu gn card VM)

4.5 S liu h thng

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

88

SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

Ti a Bn trc tng i S quay nhanh h thng Quay s bng 1 phm S quay nhanh c nhn Vng gi Li nhn khi vng Mc cm (COS) Nhm my l Tin nhn ch S tin nhn (VM) 4.6 Chi tit k thut 1 100 24 s cho 1 Ext. (SL) 10 s cho 1 Ext. 10 6 5 8 8 tin cho 1 Ext. 125 tin nhn (60 pht)

Bus iu khin Chuyn mch Ngun vo Ngun Acquy ngoi Dung sai mt ngun Thi gian lu b nh Ch quay s CO Ext. Chuyn i kiu Tn s chung iu kin hot ng Nhc ch Cng RS232 Cng USB GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

Bus gc 16bit 24MHz 100 200VAC, 1.50.75A 50Hz/60Hz +24VDC (+12VDC x 2) 300ms (khng ngun Acquy d phng) 7 nm Pulse (10pps, 20pps) hoc Tone (DTMF) Pulse (10pps, 20pps) hoc Tone (DTMF) Pulse-DTMF 20Hz/25Hz (c th la chn) T 00C 400C, m 10% 90% 1 cng 1 cng 1 cng 89 SV: Lng Vn Lut

Bo Co Thc Tp

Trng H Cng Nghip H Ni

Cp ni in thoi thng Cp ni bm lp trnh Cp ni bn kim sot Kch thc tng i Trng lng

1 i (T-R) 2 i (T-R, H-L) 1 i (H-L) Rng 368mm Cao 184mm Dy 102mm 3.5Kg

KT LUN
Qua qu trnh tm hiu v c s gip ca thy gio trong qu trnh thc tp. Em hon thnh qu trnh thc tp ca mnh. Em xin chn thnh cm n s hng dn tn tnh ca thy gio Th.s Bi Nh Phong gip chng em hon thnh qu trnh thc tp ny. Do trnh cn nhiu hn ch v thi gian thc tp ngn nn bo co thc tp cn nhiu thiu st, em rt mong s gip ca thy c v bn b bo co c hon thin hn.

GVHD: Bi Nh Phong

90

SV: Lng Vn Lut

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