I.

KHI NIM V H IU HNH TOP H iu hnh (Operating System) l mt tp hp cc chng trnh to s lin h gia ngi s dng my tnh v my tnh thng qua cc lnh iu khin. Khng c h iu hnh th my tnh khng th chy c. Chc nng chnh ca h iu hnh l: Thc hin cc lnh theo yu cu ca ngi s dng my, Qun l, phn phi v thu hi b nh , iu khin cc thit b ngoi vi nh a, my in, bn phm, mn hnh,... Qun l tp tin,... Hin c nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau nh DOS, UNIX, OS2, WINDOWS,... II. H IU HNH MS-DOS TOP H iu hnh MS-DOS (MicroSoft - Disk Operating System) l phn mm khai thc a t (a cng hoc a mm) rt thng dng. MS-DOS l sn phm ni ting ca hng Microsoft c ci t hu ht trn cc my IBM PC v cc my tng thch. Phin bn cui cng ca DOS hin nay l version 7.0. Tuy nhin, h iu hnh MS-DOS version 6.0 - 6.22 vn cn c nhiu ngi tip tc s dng. Mt my tnh c th c 1 hoc 2 a mm v 1 hoc vi a cng. mm thng c t tn l A v B (drive A, drive B), cng c tn l C, D, E,... Mt a cng c th c chia lm nhiu a logic nh c cc tn khc nhau. C 3 cch khi ng my: Bt cng tc khi ng khi my cha vo in. Nhn nt RESET khi my hot ng v cn khi ng li. Nhn t hp 3 phm ng thi l Ctrl-Alt-Del khi ng li my. Sau khi thc thi cc lnh khi ng, trn mn hnh my tnh s xut hin du i lnh (prompt) c dng: C:\>_ hoc A:\>_

C hoc A l tn ca a lm vic: C khi khi ng t a cng v A l t a mm. B k t :\> l qui c du i lnh ca DOS, qui c ny c th thay i. im nhy sng _ gi l con tr (cursor) cho ta bit im lm vic hin ti trn mn hnh. Cc k t g trn bn phm s hin ra ti v tr con tr.

Mt s qui c gi lnh trong DOS drive : path filename directory sub-dir <tn> [<tn>] a ng dn bao gm th mc cha, cc th mc con k tip tn tp tin bao gm phn tn v phn m rng th mc th mc con (sub directory) ni dung cu lnh bt buc cn c ni dung cu lnh trong du [ ] c th c hoc khng Du Enter, ra lnh thc hin lnh ca DOS Ghi ch: Ta c th nh tn lnh v du /? nhn c hng dn (HELP) cc chi tit sau lnh. V d C:\>DIR /? , DOS s ch dn v lnh DIR trn mn hnh. 1. Cc khi nim c bn TOP a. Tp tin (file) Tp tin l ni lu tr thng tin bao gm chng trnh, d liu, vn bn,... Mi tp tin c mt tn ring phn bit. Tn tp tin thng c 2 phn: phn tn (name) v phn m rng (extension). Phn tn l bt buc phi c ca mt tp tin, cn phn m rng th c th c hoc khng. - Phn tn l mt dy c t 1 n ti a 8 k t c th l: cc k t ch t A n Z, cc ch s t 0 n 9, cc k t khc nh #, $, %, ~, ^, @, (, ), !, _ - Phn m rng c t 0 n ti a 3 k t trong s cc k t nu trn. - Gia phn tn v phn m rng c mt du chm (.) ngn cch.

Tn tp tin khng chp nhn cc trng hp sau: - C khong trng trong tn file

- Trng tn vi cc lnh ca DOS v lnh iu khin thit b: CON, PRN, .... - C cha cc k t nh ., ?, *, :, >, <, /, \, [, ], +, ;, Phn m rng c th c xem gn nh h trong tn ngi. Ta c th cn c vo phn m rng xc nh kiu ca file: COM, EXE, BAT : Cc file kh thi v lnh b chy trc tip c trn MS-DOS TXT, DOC, ... PAS, BAS, ... WK1, XLS, ... DBF, DAT, ... : Cc file vn bn : Cc file chng trnh PASCAL, BASIC, ... : Cc file chng trnh bng tnh LOTUS, EXCEL ... : Cc file d liu

Cc k t c bit trn file: DOS dng cc k t sao (*) v chm hi (?) m t mt tp hp file. ngha nh sau: Du * dng i din cho mt chui k t bt k v thay cho phn cn li ca tn file hoc phn m rng ca file ti v tr n xut hin tr v sau. Du ? dng i din cho mt k t bt k ti v tr n xut hin. Trong a ca bn c cc tp tin:

V d 4.2:

BAOCAO1.TXT, BAOCAO2.TXT, VANBAN.TXT, VANCAO#.THO, SOLIEU.DAT + K hiu BAOCAO?.* i din cho cc tp tin BAOCAO1.TXT, BAOCAO2.TXT + K hiu *.TXT i din cho BAOCAO1.TXT, BAOCAO2.TXT, VANBAN.TXT + K hiu ???CAO?.* i din cho BAOCAO1.TXT, BAOCAO2.TXT, VANCAO#.THO + K hiu *.* hoc duy nht mt du chm . i din cho tt c cc tp tin trn a b. Th mc (directory) Th mc l ni ct gi cc tp tin theo mt ch no theo ngi s dng. y l bin php gip ta qun l c tp tin, d dng tm kim chng khi cn truy xut. Cc tp tin c lin quan vi nhau c th c xp trong cng mt th mc. Bn thn mi a mang mt th mc chung gi l th mc gc (root directory). Th mc gc khng c tn ring v c k hiu l \ (du x phi: backslash). Di mi th mc gc c cc file trc thuc v cc th mc con (sub-directory). Trong cc th mc

con cng c cc file trc thuc v th mc con ca n. Th mc cha th mc con gi l th mc cha (parent directory). Th mc ang lm vic gi l th mc hin hnh (current directory). Ta c th din t cu trc th mc v file cha trong n qua hnh nh cy th mc (directory tree). V d trn a C, ta c 2 th mc con ca th mc gc l VANBAN v PASCAL

c. ng dn (path) ng dn l lnh ch dn l trnh cho php ta t th mc bt k c th n trc tip th mc cn truy xut. C 2 loi ng dn c th s dng trong MS - DOS l: ng dn (path) v tn ng dn (pathname). ng dn mt dy cc th mc bt u t th mc gc n cc th mc con v ni tip nhau bi du \, th mc ng sau l con ca th mc ng trc. Ni cch khc, ng dn dng ch nh th mc cn n. C php ng dn: path [drive:][\directory][\sub-dir ...]

V d 4.3:

C:\>path PASCAL\MAIN

Tn ng dn tng t nh ng dn nhng kt thc bng tn file cui cng l. ng dn kt thc bng tn file cn truy xut. C php Tn ng dn: path[drive:][\directory][\sub-dir ...]<\filename>

V d 4.4:

C:\>path C:\PASCAL\MAIN\TURBO.EXE

2. Tp lnh ni tr, tp lnh ngoi tr TOP a. Lnh ni tr (internal command) Lnh ni tr l nhng lnh nm thng trc trong b nh my khi c khi ng v sn sng thc hin lnh khi ta gi n. Lnh ni tr nm trong phn khi ng ca MSDOS cha trong cc file COMMAND.COM, IO.SYS v MSDOS.SYS. + Tp tin COMMAND.COM l tp tin quan trng nht, c nhim v thng dch lnh v x l cc lnh ni tr. Khi khi ng my, COMMAND.COM c np vo b nh RAM. Khi nhn c lnh t bn phm, tp tin ny s nhn din v iu khin vic thi hnh cc lnh t ngi s dng. + Hai tp tin IO.SYS v MSDOS.SYS l hai tp tin n, n cng c np vo RAM khi khi ng my. Chng c nhim v qun l v iu khin cc thit b ngoi vi v cc tp tin trn a. Tp lnh ni tr gm cc lnh chnh thng dng nh: Cc lnh lin quan n th mc: DIR, CD, MD, RD, PATH, TREE, ... Cc lnh lin quan n file: TYPE, DEL, COPY, REN, ... Cc lnh thi gian: TIME, DATE Cc lnh khc: PROMPT, CLS, VER, VOL,... Cc lnh ni tr c bn: * Chuyn a: C php : <K t a : > hoc < drive : >

Vi drive: l a cn chuyn n. Mun chuyn t a C sang a A ta g C:\> A: ri nhn nt Enter. Tng t chuyn t A: sang U: ta g lnh U: * Lit k th mc (DIR) Hin th danh sch cc tp tin v cc th mc con c trong th mc. C php: DIR [drive :] [path][/P][/W][/A : attribs][/O : sortorder]

Ghi ch: /P : /W : byte, ngy, gi. /A : hin th tng trang mn hnh (Page) hin th theo hng ngang (Wide), lt b bt s liu v kch thc hin th thuc tnh (Attribut) ca file

/Option: cc nh hin th trt t sp xp: N : theo alphabetic tn file; E : theo alphabetic tn phn m rng S : theo kch thc bytes (t nh n ln) D : theo ngy thng v gi (t trc n nay) G : theo nhm th mc trc * To th mc mi (Make Directory - MD) To mt th mc mi trong a hoc th mc hin hnh. C php: MD [drive :][path]<tn th mc mi>

* i th mc (Change Directory - CD) C php: V d 4.5 Ghi ch: - T th mc con, mun tr v th mc cha, ta g: CD.. - Nu mun v thng th mc gc, ta g: - hin th ng dn hin hnh, ta g: * Xem ni dung tp tin trn mn hnh (TYPE) C php: TYPE [drive:][path]<file name> CD\ CD CD [drive :] {path} C:\>CD PASCAL s c C:\PASCAL>_

Ghi ch: - Lnh TYPE dng hin th mt tp tin vn bn cha m ASCII mi c c. - Cc file cha m nh phn ca chng trnh nh cc file *.EXE, *.COM, *.BIN,... th khi g lnh TYPE s khng c bnh thng c. * Xa th mc (Remove Directory - RD) Xo b mt th mc con rng (khng cha cc tp tin v th mc con). C php: RD [drive :] <path>

* Sao chp tp tin (COPY) C php 1: sao chp tp tin sang mt v tr khc. COPY [drive1 :][path1]<filename1> [drive2:][path2][<filename2>] Ghi ch: - Mun copy mt nhm tp tin, ta c th dng cc k t i din ca tp tin l du * hoc ? trong <filename> - Nu khng vit <filename 2> th my s hiu l sao chp m khng i tn tp tin. Khi a [drive1:] phi khc [drive2:] hoc ng dn <path1> khc <path2> - Khi khng ch r a v ng dn th my s hiu ang thc hin trn a v th mc hin hnh. C php 2: cho php ni cc tp tin c sn thnh mt tp tin mi chung. COPY <file 1> + <file 2> [+ ... + <file n>] [<new_file>] Ghi ch: - Nu khng t tn tp tin mi th tt c cc tp tin s ghp chung vo <file 1> <new_file > c th ni dung c s c thay bng ni dung mi. - Tn <new_file > khng c trng vi tn cc tp tin cn ghp. C php 3: sao chp tp tin ra my in. COPY <filename> PRN - Nu

C php 4: dng lnh COPY to ra mt tp tin vn bn n gin. COPY CON <filename> Ghi ch: Sau khi g Enter, ta c th nh vo mt vi on vn trn bn phm ty . Mun kt thc, nh t hp phm Ctrl+Z hay F6 v Enter lu tr. Khi g Enter xung dng, ta khng di chuyn con tr tr ln dng trn c.

Li vn bn sai khng th sa ni dung trc tip khi lu, ngoi tr phi dng cc trnh son tho vn bn khc. * Xo tp tin (Delete - DEL) C php: Ghi ch: - C th xo mt lot <tn file> nu dng cc k t * v ? - [/P] to nhc xc nh tng tp tin mun xa - Xa tt c cc tp tin th dng lnh DEL *.* khi my s hi li : All files in directory will be deleted ! Are you sure (y/n) ? _ Bn c chc khng (y/n) ?) ! (Tt c cc tp tin s b xa DEL [drive:][path]<file name>[/P]

G y (yes) nu mun xa tt c v n (no) khi khng mun dng lnh xa tt c. - Lnh DEL khng xa cc tp tin n (hiden) v tp tin ch c (read only). Mun xo cc tp tin ny ta phi dng lnh ATTRIB ngoi tr thay i thuc tnh ca n. - Nu DEL mt th mc th xa ht cc tp tin trong th mc . * i tn tp tin (Rename - REN) C php: Ghi ch: - <old_file> : tn tp tin c cn i <new_file> : tn tp tin mi REN [drive:][path]<old_file> <new_file>

- Trng hp tp tin mi c tn ri hoc khng c tp tin c, my s bo: Duplicate file name or file not found * Xa mn hnh (ClearScreen - CLS) C php: CLS

* Du i lnh (PROMPT) C php: Ghi ch: - Lnh ny nh dng li du i lnh ca MS-DOS theo ring ca ngi s dng. - $text l chui cc k t lin tip nhau, trc mi k t c k hiu $ $P $G $L : du > : du < $Q $T : du = : a v th mc hin hnh PROMPT [$text]

: gi hin hnh $D : ngy hin hnh

$N

: a hin hnh $V : phin bn ca MS-DOS

$_

: xung hng

* Xem v chnh thi gian (TIME) C php: Ghi ch: - Sau khi Enter, trn mn hnh s xut hin gi pht giy hin ti ca h thng. TIME [hh:mm:ss]

V d 4.5:

TIME

Current Time is 9 : 30 : 15 Enter new time : _ - Nu khng cn thay i thi gian, ta nhn Enter xc nhn. - Mun chnh thi gian, ta nhp gi : pht : giy ph hp ti v tr con tr. * Xem v chnh ngy thng (DATE) C php: Ghi ch: - Sau khi g Enter, trn mn hnh s hin ngy thng nm hin ti ca h thng. - Kiu ngy thng nm do ngi s dng thit lp. V d 4.6: DATE DATE [mm-dd-yy]

Current date is Sun 09-15-96 Enter new date (mm-dd-yy) : _ - Nu khng mun thay i ngy thng ca h thng, ta g Enter xc nhn. - Nu mun thay i ngy thng, ta g theo th t s : thng-ngy-nm Lu : khi g sai, my s bo : Invalid date (ngy thng khng hp l). Khi ngy thng ca h thng vn gi nguyn v ta phi dng lnh DATE nhp li ngy thng cho h thng. Cc my tnh Pentium hin nay u th hin phn nm l 4 con s, v d : Current date is Fri 08-04-2000 b. Lnh ngoi tr ( external command) Lnh ngoi tr cng l nhng lnh cha cc chc nng no ca iu hnh nhng t c s dng hn lnh ni tr nn c trn a hay th mc ring tn b nh. Cc lnh ngoi tr phi c np t a vo trong b nh mi chy c. Khi thc hin xong cu lnh, vng b nh c cha cu lnh ngoi tr s b thu hi. Cc tp lnh ngoi tr c phn m rng l EXE hay COM hoc BAT. Khi gi lnh m my khng tm

thy trn mn hnh hnh s xut hin cu bo li Bad command or file name (Sai lnh hoc khng c tn tp tin). Cc lnh ngoi tr nh: Cc lnh lin quan n a: FORMAT, LABEL, CHKDSK, DISKCOPY, ... Cc lnh lin quan n t chc h thng: SYS, TREE, DELTREE, ... Cc lnh lin quan n tp tin: UNDELETE, ATTRIB, FIND, ... Cc lnh khc: PRINT, GRAPHICS, SORT, ... Mt s lnh ngai tr thng dng: * To khun a (FORMAT) Lnh FORMAT c tc dng khi to khun cho mt a mi hay to li dng khun cho a c. Khi thc hin lnh FORMAT xong th ton b d liu trong a c hon ton b xo sch. C php: Ghi ch: - Tham s /S dng to ra a h thng. DOS s to dng v chp vo a 3 file h thng l COMMAND.COM (file hin), IO.SYS v MSDOS.SYS (file n). - Tham s /U thc hin format khng iu kin (Unconditional) - Tham s /Q thc hin format nhanh (Quick) - Tham s /V[:label ] ch nh tn nhn (label) ca a V d 4.7: C:\>format A: Insert new diskette for drive A : and press ENTER when ready ... (a a mi vo A: v n phm Enter khi sn sng ...) mun format bnh thng a A: FORMAT [drive :][/S][/U][/Q][/V[:label]]

Sau l qu trnh format. Ta c th quan st qu trnh ny qua s % thc hin. Khi format xong, my s hin th dng yu cu cho tn a v bn c th cho tn a vi ti a 11 k t v c quyn s dng k t trng, nu khng cn t tn, ta c th nhn Enter cho qua lun. Checking existing disk format (Kim tra s tn ti a nh dng

Saving UNFORMAT information Verifying 1.44 M (90% persent completed) Format complete.

Lu cc thng tin UNFORMAT Th 1.44 M (90% phn trm hon tt) Hon tt nh dng

Volume label (11 characters, Enter for none) ?Tn nhn (11 ch, Enter nu khng)? 1,457,644 bytes total disk space 1,457,644 bytes available on disk 1,457,644 tng s bytes trn a 1,457,644 bytes dng c trn a

512 bytes in each allocation unit 512 bytes trn mi n v allocation 2,847 allocation units avalable on disk 2,847 n v allocation cn trng trn a Volume Serial Number is 2264 - 14E2 Format another (Y/N) ? S s-ri ca a l 2264 - 14E2 nh dng a khc khng (Y/N) ?

G Y nu mun nh dng da khc, N nu mun tr v. * Thay i thuc tnh ca file (ATTRIB) Mi tp tin u c 4 thuc tnh (attribute) : R, S, H, A. Read Only System Hidden Archive C php: ATTRIB [-R|+R] [-S|+S] [-H|+H] [-A|+A] [drive:][path]<file name> Vi du | l hoc, hoc chn t (+) thuc tnh hoc xa (-) thuc tnh ca tp tin. * Lit k cy th mc TREE : Thuc tnh ch c, khng th thay i ni dung : Thuc tnh h thng, h iu hnh DOS s ch c bit. : Thuc tnh n, khi dng lnh DIR s khng thy. : Thuc tnh lu tr, thng dng vi cc lnh nh BACKUP, XCOPY ... to ra cc file d phng.

C php: Ghi ch:

TREE [dirve :] [path] [/F] [/A]

/F : /A:

Th hin tn cc tp tin trong tng th mc Dng ASCII thay cho cc k t m rng

* Xa cy th mc DELTREE Lnh ny xa th mc c ch nh v tt c cac th mc con, tp tin ca n. C php: Ghi ch: directory name l tn th mc i din cho mt cy (nhnh) th mc cn xa. Nu c ty chn /y c ngha l ngi s dng xc nhn vic xa cy th mc ny l chc chn. * Phc hi file b xa (UNDELETE) Ta c th khi phc li cc file l b xa do dng lnh DEL, min l vng cha file ny trong a cha b cc file khc chp chng ln v nht thit ta phi nh k t u tin ca tn file. C php: UNDELETE [drive:][path]<file name> DELTREE [/y] [dirve :] [path] <directory name>

* Di chuyn file MOVE di file t ni ny sang ni khc (thay v dng COPY v DEL) C php 1: Di chuyn tp tin

MOVE [drive:][path]<file name> <destination> Vi destination l ni di chuyn cc files n. C php 2: i tn th mc

MOVE [drive:][path]<old-directory> <new-directory> * In vn bn ra my in (PRINT)

C th in trc tip cc file vn bn cha m ASCII ra my in. C php: PRINT </D: device>[drive:][path]<filename>

Nu mun in trc tip cc thng tin hin th trn mn hnh ta c th dng t hp phm Shift + PrintScreen sau khi bt my in ln. Ty chn Device dng khai bo cng my in COM1, COM2, ... hoc LPT1, LPT2, ... BI C THM TOP TP LNH X L THEO L (BATCH FILE) V TP LNH CU HNH MY (CONFIG.SYS) --- oOo --I. TP LNH X L THEO L trnh vic phi g i g li mt chui lnh mt th gi, MS-DOS cho php ta t cc chui lnh trong mt tp tin, gi l tp lnh x l theo l (Batch File) cn gi l file BAT v u c phn m rng ca file l BAT. Khi s dng ta ch cn gi tn file BAT v nhn Enter th mt lot cc chui lnh trong n s tun t thi hnh. Trong file BAT, ta c th dng cc lnh ni tr v ngoi tr ca DOS, cc cu lnh, tham s ca BAT v cc chng trnh khc. Ta c th s dng cc lnh hoc chng trnh to vn bn ca DOS nh COPY CON, EDIT.COM, SIDEKICK, WINWORD,... to ra cc file BAT. V d: Dng lnh ca MS-DOS C:\>COPY CON NHAPDATA.BAT hay dng chng trnh EDIT : C:\>EDIT NHAPDATA.BAT Tp tin AUTOEXEC.BAT trong a h thng l mt file BAT c bit. Khi khi ng my, tun t cc lnh cha trong n s c thi hnh. Tp tin AUTOEXEC.BAT thng c cc lnh bo ng dn, thit lp cu hnh, to du nhc, bo ngy gi v mt s thng bo nhc nh ngi s dng. Ta c th to ra mt tp tin AUTOEXEC.BAT n gin sau: A:\>COPY CON AUTOEXEC.BAT

REM TAP TIN KHOI DONG MAY ECHO OFF TIME DATE PATH C:\; C:\DOS; C:\NC; C:\PASCAL; C:\WINDOW; PROMPT $P$G ECHO == PHONG MAY TINH CHAO CAC BAN == G phm chc nng F6 (hoc Ctrl + Z) 1 file(s) copied Lp trnh cho file BAT : Ta c th lp trnh cho file BAT bng cch s dng cc lnh FOR, GOTO, IF, ... vi cc tham s hnh thc %0, 1%, 2%, ... (cho php s dng 10 tham s hnh thc t %0 n %9). Nu ta dng k hiu % nh mt thnh phn trong file BAT th phi ghi du % hai ln. Tham s %0 tng ng vi tn file BAT ang c thc hin v %1, %2,... tng ng vi cc tham s c a vo. V d: To mt file BAT n gin nh sau: A:\>COPY CON VANBAN.BAT ECHO %0 MD %1 CD %1 COPY C:\%2.TXT DIR A: G phm F6 (hoc Ctrl + Z)

1 file(s) copied Khi dng lnh: A:\>VANBAN TEXT BAOCAO Sau khi Enter, tn VANBAN s thay vo %0, tn TEXT s thay vo v tr %1 v BAOCAO s vo v tr %2. Do vy, my s hiu cn thi hnh tun t cc cng vic sau: - Hin th cu: VANBAN - M th mc: MD TEXT - Vo th mc: CD TEXT - Chp file BAOCAO.TXT t a C - Lit k tt c cc file trong a A Cc cu lnh chnh dng trong file BAT: Trong file BAT cho php s dng du @ (a sign), nu t @ trc mt lnh th lnh khng hin th ra mn hnh m ch thi hnh lnh. * Echo C php: Ghi ch: - Lnh Echo cho php a ra (on) hay khng a ra (off) mn hnh cu lnh. <dng thng bo> xut hin khng cn trng thi ca Echo l on/off * Call C php: Ghi ch: - Lnh Call cho php ta gi mt file BAT khc chy trong file BAT hin ti. - <batch file> l tn tp tin BAT khc m ta mun gi. - [argument] l lnh s thi hnh tip theo sau khi file BAT c gi. * Pause CALL [drive:][path]<batch file>[argument] ECHO [on/off]<dng thng bo>

C php: Ghi ch:

PAUSE [comment]

- Lnh Pause tm thi dng thi hnh file BAT - [comment] dng ch thch hin th ra mn hnh, khng di qu 123 k t. - Cc lnh sau lnh Pause s tip tc khi ta g mt nt bt k trn bn phm. * Rem C php: Ghi ch: - Lnh REM(remark) ghi cc nhc nh [comment ] di khng qu 123 k t. - Cc comment ny s xut hin trn mn hnh nu trc ta c ECHO ON v ngc li, chng s khng xut hin khi c ECHO OFF. * If C php 1: Ghi ch: - Lnh IF l lnh iu kin vi ngha: NU ... th thi hnh <Lnh> - IF [NOT] l ph nh (not ty chn): NU KHNG ... th thi hnh <Lnh> V d: Trong 1 file BAT ta c dng: COPY C:\DOS\*.COM A: IF EXIST A: EDIT.COM EXIT DIR A: Lnh trn c ngha l copy C:\DOS tt c cc file .COM vo a A. Nu a A c file EDIT.COM th thi khng thc hin na ( khi mt th gi) v thot ra (EXIT) thc hin dng tip l lit k cc file a A. C php 2: IF [NOT] String1 == String2 <Lnh> IF [NOT] EXIST [drive:][path]<file name><Lnh> REM [comment]

Ghi ch: Nu chui k t String1 ging chui k t String2 th <Lnh> c thc hin. V d: IF %1 == IN ECHO MO MAY IN RA ! Ngha l nu chng trnh cha tham s %1 ng l IN th hin th (ECHO) dng ch MO MAY IN RA !. Ngc li, nu tham s %1 khng l IN th khng thi hnh lnh ECHO theo sau. C php 3: IF [NOT] ERRORLEVEL # <Lnh>

Ghi ch: Lnh iu kin ny bo mc li. Ty theo mc li nh m thc hin <Lnh> tng ng. V d: COPY C:\PRG\*.PAS A: IF ERRORLEVEL 1 ECHO KHONG COPY DUOC Ngha l copy tt c cc file .PAS C:\PRG qua A. V mt l do no ta khng copy c (khng c a A, hay i A b h hay a A y ...) th chng trnh s bo dng ch KHONG COPY DUOC. * For C php: Ghi ch: - Lnh FOR thc hin vng lp vi tng file trong tp hp file. - Ngha l, <Bin> (variable) s ln lt nhn cc gi tr trong <Tp hp> (Set) thc hin <Lnh> (comamnd) theo [Tham s Lnh] (Command parameters). V d: FOR %%T IN (C:\VANBAN\*.TXT) DO COPY %%T A:\ Sao chp ln lt tt c cc file .TXT trong C:\VANBAN vo A:\ * Goto C php: Ghi ch: - Lnh GOTO l lnh di chuyn ti dng lnh ng sau <Nhn> (Label). - Trc <Nhn> phi c du hai chm (:), chiu di c gi tr ca <Nhn> ch c 8 k t mc du ta c th vit di hn ty . GOTO : <Nhn> FOR %%<Bin> IN (Tp hp) DO <Lnh> [Tham s Lnh}

- Nu <Nhn> khng xc nh c trong file BAT th khi thi hnh lnh GOTO my s bo: Label not found V d: DUOC * SHIFT C php: Ghi ch: - Lnh SHIFT dng thay i v tr tham s c th thay th c trong .BAT - File BAT c ti a 10 bin c th thay th t %0 n %9, khi dng SHIFT th s c mt s thay i bin nh sau: %0 mt i, %1 chp ln %0, v %2 chp ln %1, v %3 chp ln %2, ... - Lnh SHIFT c th dng qu 10 tham s. V d: Ta c file mang tn SAPCHU.BAT trong A vi ni dung sau: ECHO OFF ECHO %0 %1 %2 %3 SHIFT ECHO %0 %1 %2 %3 SHIFT ECHO %0 %1 %2 %3 SHIFT Khi cho chy th vi dng lnh: A:\>SAPCHU Toi thich an kem lam Kt qu hin ra mn hnh l: SHIFT (Nhn khng tm thy)

FORMAT A:/S IF ERRORLEVEL 0 GOTO ECHO KHONG FORMAT A:

A:\> ECHO OFF SAPCHU Toi thich an Toi thich an kem Thich an kem lam II. TP LNH CU HNH MY CONFIG.SYS Tp tin CONFIG.SYS l file to cu hnh h thng, n cho php ta thay i cc cu hnh chun (default) ca MS-DOS. Hu ht cc my vi tnh hin nay u c 2 tp tin ng thi l AUTOEXEC.BAT v CONFIG.SYS. Hai file ny cha cc thng tin lin quan n cu hnh h thng v t ti th mc gc ca a khi ng my. Tp tin CONFIG.SYS c th to bng lnh COPY CON CONFIG.SYS, hoc cc trnh lp vn bn nh EDIT.COM, WINWORD, .... Sau khi khi ng my, DOS s tm CONFIG.SYS trong th mc gc a khi ng h thng ca n. Nu khng tm thy CONFIG.SYS, DOS s lp cu hnh ca my theo tr mc nhin. Mt s lnh trong CONFIG.SYS * BREAK C php: Ghi ch: Lnh BREAK dng nh ch kim tra bn phm, BREAK = ON cho php ta dng t hp phm Ctrl +C (hay Ctrl+Break) ngng vic thi hnh lnh, mun tt ch BREAK ta s dng lnh BREAK = OFF. * BUFFERS C php: Ghi ch: - Lnh BUFFERS l lnh cp pht b nh m, ngha l nh s sectors cho vng nh m ca h thng. Vng nh m dng lu tr ni dung ca file m chng trnh hin hnh ang dng. - <n> l gi tr vng nh m c th c gi tr t 2 n 255. Khi cu trc th mc tr nn phc tp, th nn tng cng s buffers to hiu qu thm cho DOS. Tuy nhin, qu nhiu buffers th vng nh trng cn li ca chng trnh v d liu s t i. BUFFERS = <n> BREAK = ON/OFF

- Thng thng, gi tr vng nh m c khai bo l buffers = 30. * COUNTRY C php: Ghi ch: - Lnh COUNTRY ch nh cc thng tin cho MD-DOS v ngy, gi, tin t,... ph hp vi mi quc gia. Lnh ny cng ch ra b m k t ca nc . - xxx l m in thoi quc t ca mt nc : 001 ca M, 084 ca Vit nam, ... - yyy l trang m (code page) ca mt nc. - filename l tp tin thng tin quc gia, nu khng c DOS s s dng COUNTRY.SYS ca h thng. * FilES C php: Ghi ch: - Lnh Files dng xc nh s tp tin m MS-DOS c th m ra ng thi x l. Trng hp, s files m ra nhiu hn s nh th gp dng thng bo: Too many files open (M qu nhiu tp tin) FILES = <x> COUNTRY = xxx[,[yyy],[drive:]<filename>]

- S file <x> c th t 8 n 255. Gi tr mc nhin l 8, thng th Files = 30 * DEVICE C php: Ghi ch: - Lnh DEVICE dng ci module iu khin cc thit b cho MS-DOS - <file name> l tn tp tin dng iu khin thit b, th d nh: ANSI.SYS CONFIG.SYS ... DISPLAY.SYS PRINTER.SYS DRIVER.SYS RAMDRIVE.SYS (VDISK.SYS) DEVICE = [drive:][path]<file name>[argument]

- [argument] ch ra cc thng tin ca dng lnh m chng trnh iu khin thit b yu cu. V d: Lnh cho php xc nh mt phn b nh ca my tnh nh l mt cng, vng b nh ny gi l RAM disk v lm vic nh mt a a (virtual disk) : DEVICE = C:\DOS\RAMDRIVE.SYS 100/E cu lnh trn s to ra mt a o c kch thc 100 KB nm trong vng nh m rng (/E : Expanded Memory). Tn a o s l tn alphabetic tip theo tn ca a cng. V d a cng chia thnh 2 c tn l C: v D: th a o s c tn l E: * shell C php: Ghi ch: - Lnh SHELL cho php s dng b x l lnh cp cao (top-level command processor) thay th lnh COMMAND.COM. - <filename> l tn ca chng trnh x l lnh. SHELL =[drive:][path]<filename>