2 Safety Earthing

Safety earthing
Sector Energy PTI NC

Theodor Connor
Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
Content
Introduction Theoretical background Soil Analysis Design of earthing system Measurements on earthing systems
For internal use only. / Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.
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Design of earthing systems
Why ? Where ? How much ?
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Current flow in the soil
Streamlines of current Equipotential lines
Incremental resistors
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Principle of current and potential distribution

I
Equipotential lines and streamlines of current
G
I
Top view of surface potential
Diagram of surface potential along horizontal axis
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Example High voltage substation
Earthwire Lamp post Metal structure
Building Transformer Fence
Earthing system
UE = RE I
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Ground potential rise and touch voltage
Touch voltage Touch voltage
Ground potential rise Transformer
Surface potential
Potential control
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Effect of current on heart activity
479-1 IEC: 1994
Vulnerable phase
Ventricular fibrillation ECG
Blood pressure
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Tolerable touch voltage

V 1000 9 8 7 6
Ut zul = 650 V
5 4 3 2 Touch voltage UTP
100 9 8 7 6 5 4
Ut zul = 85 V
0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 s
0,05
Duration of current flow
Source: HD 637
t = 0.1 s
t=3s
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Development of earthing standards

Past National Germany Austria Great Britain DIN VDE 0141 N BS Europe pr EN 50179 HD 637 DIN VDE 0101 America ANSI IEEE 80 International IEC TC 99
Today
Future
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Main steps for earthing system design
Start of project
Start of operation
Measurement of specific soil resistivity Data collection Design Erection
time
Current injection test
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Importance of specific soil resistivity
1m
RE =
E
2 D
1m 1m
Definition : Typical figures :
E in
Marshy soil Loam, clay, humus Sand Gravel, rock

Page 11 01.2008 Th. Connor
5 to 20 to 200 to 2000 to
40 200 2500 3000
m m m m
PTD SE PTI
Measurement of soil resistivity
Current source
R
Electrode spacing a
Wenner method with four electrodes =2aR

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Apparent soil resistivity
Upper layer
Bottom layer
Thickness
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Example Measurement of specific soil resistivity

Analysis by Rashid
800 Seq 3 Seq 4 Seq 5 Seq 1 Seq 2
Soil resistivity in Ohm.m
600 Seq 6 Seq 7 Seq 8 400 Seq 9 Seq 10 Seq 11 200 Seq 12 Seq 13 Analysis by Siemens Seq 14 0 0 5 10 15 20
800
25
30
35
40
45
Seq 15 Seq 16
Probe spacing in m
600
average S1 S2
400
200
0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Probe spacing in m
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Example Measurement of specific soil resistivity

Measurement by unexperienced Company 1000
S1 S2 S3
800
S4 S5 S6
rho ( ohm*m)
600
400
1000
Soil Resistivity Measurement by Siemens Expert
200
800
S2 S3 S4
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
rho ( ohm*m)
electrode spacing (m)
600
400
200
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
electrode spacing (m)
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Streamlines of current homogenous soil
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Streamlines of current: higher resistivity of top layer
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Streamlines of current: higher resistivity of upper layer
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Measurement of specific soil resistivity Practice: Measurement line 1
Area of planned site

200 spez. Erdwiderstand [ohm m] 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 Sondenabstand [m] 30 40
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Measurement of specific soil resistivity Practice: Measurement line 1,2,3
Meas. line 1
Area of planned site

200 Specific soil resistivity [ohm m] 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 Spacing [m] 30 40
Meas. line 2
Meas. line 3
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Specific soil resistivity Determination of average value
E=
1 1 N
n =1
1 n
Specific soil resistivity [ohm m]
200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 Spacing [m]
Seq 1 Seq 2 Seq 3 Average
30
40
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Specific soil resistivity Determination of parameter of two layer model

200 180 160 140 rho [Ohm*m] 120 100 80 60
measured calculated
Spacing a [m] 0 1 2 5 10 20 40
measured [*m] 135 162 129 102 104 79
40 calculated 20
[*m] 160 0 0 159 155 131 105 94 91
10
20 a [m]
30
40
top 160,00
Page 22 01.2008 Th. Connor
bottom 90,00
h 3,50
Deviation factor 7,05E-02

PTD SE PTI
Determination of equivalent specific soil resistivity for homogenous soil

Input: Size of site Specific soil resistivity top layer Specific soil resistivity bottom layer Thickness of top layer Result:
L W t res b L W
Length Width
L W t b h
= = = = =
200 120 160 90 3,5
m m *m *m m
RE1
RE2
RE1 = R E2
Specific soil resistivity For homogenous equivalent soil res = 94 * m
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Practice of resistivity measurements
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Design of earthing system

Basic data collection
Rated voltage Frequency Type of neutral earthing Data of overhead lines and cables Specific soil resistivity Layout of site and surrounding Data of generator and transformer Fault duration Determination of relevant fault currents
Design according to thermal and mechanical requirements Design to meet touch voltage requirements
Selection of material and cross section
Determination of impedance to earth Determination of ground potential rise Selection of mesh width Selection of equivalent measures
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Thermal design
Earth electrodes and earthing conductors Short term design long term design Material Steel Copper
bar / hot deep galvanized bar / tinned
2000 A/mm 2 1000 800 600 400 300
2000 A 1500 1000 800 600 400
2 3 4
A= I K
f + ln i +
200 G 150 100 80 60 40
ID
300 200 150 100 80 60
20 10 0,06 0,08 0,1 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 2 4 s 6 8 10
40 10
16
25
35
50
70
95 120 150 185 240 300 mm
tF
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Determination of minimum cross-section
IK 1 = 4 0 k A
IK 1 = 2 5 k A
q = 198 m m 2
copper
q = 124 m m 2
copper
q = 140 m m 2
copper
q = 87 m m 2
copper
q = 140 m m 2
copper
q = 87 m m 2
copper
q = 70 m m 400 kV e q u ip m e n t
copper
q = 70 m m 2 6 0 k V e q u ip m e n t
copper
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Thermal design and mechanical stress
Type of connection
clamped screwed welded
Type of conductor
rod tape stranded wire
Mechanical stress
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Thermal design and corrosion

Electrochemical corrosion copper reinforced concrete
hot deep galvanized steel
Aggressive environment
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Resistances to earth
RRod 1,5 E L RStrip 3 E L
RRod
= 1,5
RStrip = 3,0
RRing
3 E D
E E + 2D L
RPlate = E 2 D
RRing = 3,0
RMesh
RMesh = 2,1
RPlate = 1,6
RSphere =
L=100 m
Page 30
E D
RSphere = 1,0
D=32 m
E=100 m
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Flow chart for earthgrid design

Practial steps to fulfill touch voltage requirments
acc HD637
Global Earthing System
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Measures to keep touch voltages within limits

RH
RT RF
Contact resistance RH high Local isolation RF high
Equipotential bonding RT 0
RT
Potential control RT small

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Earthing system components Example switchgear building
GIS Lightning protection
Control cubical
Potential control Main earthing conductor Further earth grid
Earth rod Foundation earth electrode

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Current distribution
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Decisive currents, voltages and impedances
(1 - rE ) 3 I0
IT r
IF
3 I0
ET
IR S
ES
ET
R e fe re n c e e a rth
E q u iv a l e n t c i r c u it IT r
IF
P h a s e c o n d u c to r 3 I0 (1 - rE ) 3 I0 E a r t h in g s y s t e m E a r t h w ir e
IE U
E
R IR S =
ES
Z R e fe r e n c e e a rth F o r e q u a l e a r th w ir e to w e r fo o tin g im p e d a n c e s o f t h e o v e r h e a d l in e s
IF = 3 I0 + IT r IE = rE . (IF - IT r ) U E = IE . Z E
1 1 1 + n R ES Z
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Practice: Earth electrodes
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Practice: Gas insulated switchgear
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Practice: Cable sealing end
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Practice: Fence earthing
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Practice: Substation in the dessert
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Design according to IEEE Standard 80
Etouch Emesh
I = Km L
Ki Etol = t
Emesh Etol
Page 41
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Principle of fall of potential method
A V
Tested structure
Remote rod
Page 42
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Practical results
Measurement according to instruction manual
Tower south Influence of remote current electrode
2,5 apparent impedance (ohm)
1,5
0,5
0 0 10 20 30 40 a (m) 50 60 70 80
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Principle of current injection test
Earth wire Current source
A V
Tested substation
Remote earthing
Page 44
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Earthing measurement with cable
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Elimination of interference Polarity reversal method

Test current
A UTest UA UC
UTest UB
U Test
2 2 UA +UB 2 = UC 2
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Elimination of interference Beat frequency method

Umax Umin US
U S U Test
U S > U Test
U Test =
U min + U max 2
Th. Connor
U Test =
U min U max 2
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Elimination of interference Beat frequency method
UTest US Umin Umax
US UTest Umin Umax
U S U Test
U S > U Test
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Elimination of interference
Transformer or Emergency diesel generator Surge arrestor Switching device
Test Line
230 V AC
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Switching device
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Example infeed at MV cable feeder
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Example current source
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Example: Earth potential rise, site layout
Page 53
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Measured earth potential rise
Page 54
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Example: Measured touch voltages and potential differences
Page 55
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Measured touch voltages
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Measured potential differences
Page 57
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Example: Measured transferred potentials
Page 58
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Measured transferred potentials
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Earthing system design tool Diagram of surface potential
Page 60
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Earthing system design tool Surface potential along horizontal line
1.000 V 1.000 V 900 V 900 V 800 V 800 V 700 V 700 V 600 V 600 V 500 V 500 V 400 V 400 V 300 V 300 V 200 V 200 V 100 V 100 V 0V 0V 0m 0m 20 m 20 m 40 m 40 m 60 m 60 m 80 m 80 m 100 m 100 m 120 m 120 m 140 m 140 m 160 m 160 m
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Earthing system design tool Effectiveness of potential control
1.000 V 900 V 800 V 700 V 600 V 500 V 400 V 300 V 200 V 100 V 0V 0m 5m 10 m 15 m 20 m 25 m 30 m
Page 62
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Thank you for your attention
Are there any Questions left!
Page 63
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Th. Connor
PTD SE PTI

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2 Safety Earthing

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Safety earthing

Sector Energy PTI NC

Copyright Siemens AG 2008. All rights reserved.

Design of earthing systems

Why ? Where ? How much ?

Current flow in the soil

Streamlines of current Equipotential lines

Principle of current and potential distribution

Equipotential lines and streamlines of current

Top view of surface potential

Diagram of surface potential along horizontal axis

Example High voltage substation

Earthwire Lamp post Metal structure

Building Transformer Fence

Ground potential rise and touch voltage

Touch voltage Touch voltage

Ground potential rise Transformer

Effect of current on heart activity

479-1 IEC: 1994

Ventricular fibrillation ECG

Tolerable touch voltage

5 4 3 2 Touch voltage UTP

Duration of current flow

Development of earthing standards

Main steps for earthing system design

Measurement of specific soil resistivity Data collection Design Erection

Current injection test

Importance of specific soil resistivity

Definition : Typical figures :

Marshy soil Loam, clay, humus Sand Gravel, rock

40 200 2500 3000

Measurement of soil resistivity

Wenner method with four electrodes =2aR

Apparent soil resistivity

Example Measurement of specific soil resistivity

Soil resistivity in Ohm.m

Example Measurement of specific soil resistivity

Soil Resistivity Measurement by Siemens Expert

electrode spacing (m)

Streamlines of current homogenous soil

Streamlines of current: higher resistivity of top layer

Streamlines of current: higher resistivity of upper layer

Measurement of specific soil resistivity Practice: Measurement line 1

Area of planned site

Measurement of specific soil resistivity Practice: Measurement line 1,2,3

Area of planned site

Specific soil resistivity Determination of average value

200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 Spacing [m]

Seq 1 Seq 2 Seq 3 Average

Specific soil resistivity Determination of parameter of two layer model

measured [*m] 135 162 129 102 104 79

[*m] 160 0 0 159 155 131 105 94 91

Deviation factor 7,05E-02

Determination of equivalent specific soil resistivity for homogenous soil

200 120 160 90 3,5

Practice of resistivity measurements

Design of earthing system

Selection of material and cross section

bar / hot deep galvanized bar / tinned

2000 A/mm 2 1000 800 600 400 300

2000 A 1500 1000 800 600 400

200 G 150 100 80 60 40

300 200 150 100 80 60