Cu 1: S ph thuc ca tc phn ng vo nhit : - Ph hp vi l thuyt ng hc ca cc qu trnh ha sinh, tc phn ng ph thuc vo nng cht tham gia v ph thuc vo nhit .

t . Khi nhit tng th tc phn ng cng tng. Ban u c gii thch do tng s ln va chm ca cc nguyn t hay phn t tham gia vo phn ng ha hc. Trn c s tnh ton xc sut va chm, nu v n chm no gia cc nguyn t hay phn t cng dn ti phn ng th tc phn ng s tng ln t 102 n 106 ln so vi tc thc t o c nu ta tng nhit trong khong t 00C n 1000C. - Phn ng ch c th xy ra khi phn t hay nguyn t t c mt gi tr nng lng nht nh gi l nng lng hot ha. Nng lng hot ha l gi tr nng lng nh nht m nguyn t hay phn t phi t c mi c th tham gia vo phn ng ha hc. - S ph thuc gia tc phn ng theo nhit c m t bng phng trnh Arenius: k = p.z.e-E/RT trong : z h s va chm E nng lng hot ha p yu t lp th (xc sut va chm ca cc trung tm hot ng) R hng s kh T nhit tuyt i - Tc ca phn ng xy ra cng nhanh khi tng nhit , khi nng lng hot ha ln, v th nu qu trnh xy ra bng cc phn ng cnh tranh, tc ca chng ph thuc khc nhau vo nhit . nhit thp, sn phm to thnh chnh l do cc phn ng c nng lng hot ha thp, cn khi tng nhit vai tr ca phn ng c nng lng hot ha cao s tng. Trong trng hp phn ng ni tip, tc ca phn ng s c xc nh bng phn ng c tc chm nht. Cu 2: Th no l phn ng dy chuyn? c im? cho v d. 1. Phn ng dy chuyn: Phn ng dy chuyn l phn ng c xc tc bi sn phm trung gian. iu kin xut hin phn ng dy chuyn l phi c cc trung tm hot ng u tin. Cc trung tm ny c th l cc nguyn t t do hoc cc gc t do c electron khng lin kt, c hot tnh ha hc rt cao: chng d dng tng tc vi cc phn t khc, bt mt nguyn t hoc mt nhm nguyn t ra khi phn t, ngoi ra chng cn d tng tc vi nhau. Nu c im ca gc t do. a) Phn ng dy chuyn khng ny nhnh:

Phn ng dy chuyn khng ny nhnh l phn ng khi mt gc t do mt i th li xut hin mt gc t do mi thay th. Nh vy lng gc t do khng thay i ti khi mch b t. VD: Phn ng to HCl bng gc t do Cl* v H*

C l* + H 2 H C+ l H * H * + C 2l H C+ lC l*

v.v S t mch xy ra khi phn ng khng cn kh nng to gc t do mi, c 2 nguyn nhn dn ti t mch: mt l gc t do b thnh bnh phn ng hp th hoc tng tc vi hp cht lm chng mt tc dng; hai l khi nng gc t do cao, xc sut va chm gia chng s tng ln. b) Phn ng dy chuyn ny nhnh: Mt s phn ng dy chuyn mi mch mt gc t do tham gia vo phn ng c th to hai hoc nhiu gc t do mi. Nhng phn ng dy chuyn ny gi l phn ng dy chuyn ny nhnh. VD: phn ng: * H 2 + O2 H * + HO2 (to mch)

H * + O2 O H* + O2 * (ny nhnh) O * * + H 2 O H* + H * (tip tc mch) O H* + H 2 H 2O + H * (tip tc mch)

H* + thnh bnh H* +
1 / 2H 2O

t mch trn thnh bnh

O2 + M HO 2 * +M

t mch trong th tch ( H O * c hot tnh nh) 2

2. c im ca phn ng dy chuyn: - Phn ng dy chuyn ny nhnh c thi gian . Trong thi gian ny to tring tm hot ng u tin. - Phn ng dy chuyn c 2 gii hn nng + Khi nng gc t do thp, cc gc t do thng tng tc vi cc phn t cht c ch + Khi nng gc t do qu cao, chng thng tng tc vi nhau. - Phn ng dy chuyn ny nhnh khng tun theo nh lut Arenius. Khi nhit tng, tc ca phn ng tng nhanh gp bi so vi nh lut.

Cu 3: Trnh by s thm nhp ca nc vo t bo. Gii thch qu trnh trao i nc gia mu v m (thng qua mi qua h ca thm thu v siu lc) 1. S thm nhp ca nc vo t bo: - Qu trnh thm nc ca t bo c thc hin bi cc yu t sau: + Do s chnh lch v p sut thm thu, c bit l p sut thm thu keo do i phn t sinh hc gy nn (Pr, lipit) + Do s chnh lch v p sut thy tnh + Do s chnh lch v in th + Do s thay i cu hnh phn t Pr. C ch ny c trng cho cc loi sinh vt tin ha thp c c quan iu ha nc l nhng khng bo co bp do s thay i cu hnh ca cc phn t Pr - Qu trnh thm nc vo t bo c thc hin theo nhng con ng ch yu sau: S thm thu: + Mng t bo c tnh cht bn thm, ch cho mt s cht ch khng phi cho tt c cc cht i qua n. V vy nc thm nhp vo t bo ch yu bng thm thu. Thm thu l s vn chuyn ca cc phn t nc qua mng bn thm theo hng t ni c nng cht tan thp hn n ni c nng cht tan cao hn. + p sut thm thu gy ra s chuyn ng ny. p sut thm thu ca dung dch ph thuc vo lng cht Ta n v nhit (tun theo nh lut Vanholf) + p sut thm thu tc dng ln mng thng qua cc phn t dung mi. S lng dung mi nguyn cht tin n mng s ln hn s dung mi t dung dch ti. Do cc phn t cht Ta n s c tch t trn mt phn din tch mng v pha dung dch. Nh vy p sut thm thu thc cht l mt qu trnh khuch tn cc phn t dung mi. + S vn chuyn nc ngc Gradien p sut thm thu xy ra khng nhng khi tn ti Gradien p sut thm thu m cn xy ra khi tn ti c Gradien in th c gi l thm thu d thng. + Thm thu d thng l s chuyn ng ca cht lng qua siu l ca mng nm gia 2 dung dch in phn c nng khc nhau. Chuyn ng ca nc c th theo gradient p sut thm thu gi l thm thu d thng dng hoc ngc gradient p sut thm thu gi l thm thu d thng m. Siu lc: + Siu lc l s vn chuyn cht lng qua siu l ca mng ngn di tc dng ca p sut thy tnh.

+ Tc vn chuyn ca nc theo c ch siu lc tun theo nh lut Pauzeli ging nh s chuyn ng ca cht lng qua mao qun thy tinh do p lc t s chnh lch p sut thy tnh. Biu thc nh lut:
r 4 ( P1 P2 ) dV = dT 8l
dV dT

- tc chuyn ng ca cht lng qua mao qun

r bn knh ca mao qun l chiu di ca mao qun nht ca cht lng P P2 - chnh lch p sut gia 2 u mao qun 1 V th tch cht lng chy qua mao qun 2. Gii thch qu trnh trao i nc gia mu v m: S thm thu v siu lc c ngha c bit quan trng trong qu trnh trao i nc gia mu v m. p sut thm thu ca mu ngi v ng vt bc cao khong 7,8 8 atm. p sut ny l tng p sut ca tt c cc cht Ta n trong huyt tng, song ch c mt phn p sut c ngha i vi s trao i nc gia mu v m. Phn p sut c to bi cc cao phn t Pr v gi l p sut thm thu keo. p sut thm thu keo ca mu ngi bng 30mmHg, cn ca dch m v bch huyt l 10 mmHg. Trong vic trao i nc gia mu v bch huyt, p sut thy tnh cng ng vai tr quan trng. p sut thy tnh c hnh thnh nh s hot ng ca tim. cui ng mch, p sut thy tnh ln hn p sut thm thu keo, do nc s c siu lc t mu vo bch huyt v m lin kt. Ngc li cui tnh mch, p sut thy tnh gim nh hn p sut thm thu keo, v vy nc c thm thu t m lin kt v bch huyt vo mu. Trong iu kin sinh l bnh thng, lng nc c vn chuyn t bch huyt vo mu cui tnh mch v t mu vo bch huyt cui ng mch cn bng nhau to nn mt cn bng dng. trng hp bnh l (huyt p cao, mt nhiu mu, bng, bnh phng x, i ko di.) qu trnh trao i nc ca c th b ri lon. Cu 4: Gii thch bn cht ca th in ng Bn cht ca th in ng: a. Ngun gc th in ng:

- nhng iu kin nht nh, trn ranh gii gia 2 pha ca h d th c th xut hin in th (th in ng). iu ny lin quan n s tn ti ca cc in tch t do trn b mt ca pha phn tn. - S xut hin in tch trn b mt ca cc ht keo, c bit l trn b mt cc i tng sinh vt c th do 2 c ch: + C ch ion ha cc nhm phn ly: S xut hin in tch trn b mt cc ht do s ion ha thng xy ra cc phn t Pr hoc cc phn t hu c do s c mt ca cc nhm cacboxyl, hydroxyl, amin, hoc cc nhm phn cc khc. Cho v d + C ch hp ph cc ion ca mi trng phn tn ln b mt ca cc i phn t. Cho v d - Do s phn b li cc in tch 2 pha phn tn trong dch sinh vt lm xut hin mt th in ng do lp in tch kp to thnh. Do qu trnh ion ha cc nhm chc trong phn t m mt s ion s i vo mi trng phn tn, nhng ion ny gi l nhng ion nghch. Mt s ion cn li trong mi trng s c nh trn cc ht pha phn tn, chng s xc nh du ca in tch b mt gi l ion to th. b. Cu trc lp in kp: (c v hnh) (Cu ny trnh by gn nh gio trnh) Cu 5: Phn tch s bin i in tr ca t bo v m i vi dng mt chiu.??? Xem li cu hi: Phn tch s thay i in tr ca t bo v m i vi dng in mt chiu v dng in xoay chiu. So snh s khc bit gia chng. - Khi dng in mt chiu i qua h sinh vt th trong bn thn h xut hin mt sut in ng ngc chiu vi sut in ng bn ngoi. Sut in ng ny tng ti mt gi tr no ri dng li. l sc in ng phn cc, lm gim sut in ng bn ngoi. nh lut m trong trng hp ny c dng:
I = U P (t ) R

P(t) l sc in ng phn cc U sut in ng bn ngoi I cng dng in R in tr

S thay i cng dng in bn ngoi trong h thng sng chng t chng cng c kh nng phn cc. Lng in c tch ly trong h thng sng gm in dung tnh c gi tr:
C=

l hng s in mi

S 4d

S l din tch b mt 2 bn t in d l khong cch gia 2 bn t in V in dung c xc nh theo cng thc:

CP =
CP

Idt
0

R( I 0 I t )

l in dung phn cc I l cng dng in I 0 l cng dng in ti thi im t = 0 I t l cng dng in ti thi im t Nhn xt: - Tnh cht c trng ca cc t bo sng thng c gi tr in dung phn cc rt cao. Nu h thng sng b tn thng hay cht th in dung phn cc c gi tr nh hoc hon ton bin mt. - Do c hin tng phn cc, cc i tng sinh vt rt nhy cm vi dng in mt chiu, ngay c khi dng in mt chiu c gi tr khng ln chy qua, trong t bo xut hin nhng thay i ng k, nht l trng thi ha l ca nguyn sinh cht. V vy khi t bo b tn thng th dn in tng ln rt nhiu. Trnh by cha ng, xem li. a. S thay i in tr ca t bo v m i vi dng in mt chiu b. S thay i in tr ca t bo v m i vi dng in xoay chiu c. S khc bit v in tr ca t bo v m i vi dng in mt chiu v xoay chiu. Cu 6: Trnh by th no l in th hot ng, cc phng php o in th hot ng v c ch hnh thnh in th hot ng. in th hot ng: - l dng in dao ng m ca in th tnh hay dng in hng phn khi truyn xung t dy thn kinh ti c xng, c tim hoc cc c quan bi tit, tiu ha - Khi t bo b kch thch, du in tch 2 pha ca mng t bo o ngc hn li so vi lc ngh ngi: in th mt ngoi tr nn m hn so vi mt trong. Lc xut hin hiu in th hot ng.

- C th ghi hiu in th hot ng bng 2 phng php: + Phng php 2 pha + Phng php 1 pha Trnh by r rang ni dung v hnh v minh ha 2 phng php C ch hnh thnh in th hot ng:

- Cc phng php ghi in th hot ng: + Phng php 2 pha: 2 in cc ghi u t trn b mt ca mt si thn kinh ti 2 v tr, mt in k nhy G ni vi 2 in cc trn.

Theo quan im c in: khi c mt tc nhn kch thch vo si thn kinh (xung in, cht ha hc) s c mt sng hng phn mang in th m truyn dc theo si thn kinh. Khi sng hng phn t ti im t th 1, mt ngoi mng ti im ny tr nn m hn, do xut hin dng in theo hng t in cc th 2 n in cc th 1. Lin sau hng phn s bao trm c 2 vng in cc v vng in cc th 2 cng tr nn m v do hiu in th gia 2 in cc bng 0. Tip tc lan truyn, sng hng phn s ri v tr 1 ch cn v tr 2 li tr nn m so vi v tr 1, do dng in mch ngoi hng t in cc th 1 ti in cc th 2 tc l ngc chiu so vi dng in lc trc. Khi sng hng phn hon ton ri khi vng t in cc ghi o, trng thi ngh ngi ban u phc hi v hiu in th gia 2 in cc bng 0. + Phng php mt pha: ch c mt in cc ln t v tr 2, cn in cc th 2 l mt vi in cc cm xuyn qua mng v tr 3.

Khi cha kch thch, gia vi in cc v in cc ln c 1 hiu in th, l in th ngh ca thn kinh (-80mV). Khi kch thch thn kinh ti v tr 1, sng hng phn lan truyn n v tr 2, hiu in th gia 2 in cc tng t -80mV dn t ti gi tr 0 khi sng ti v tr 2. Khi sng hng phn lan truyn t v tr 2 sang v tr 3 hiu in th gia 2 in cc gim t gi tr 0 v gi tr in th ngh nh lc u. Nh vy, in th hot ng l s bin i nhanh chng ca in th ngh di tc dng ca mt tc nhn kch thch no . o trn si trc khng l ca thn kinh c mc, ngi ta thy in th ngh c gi tr khong -60mV, phn nh ca in th hot ng khong 50 mV. - Da vo s bin i in th 2 pha ca mng chia in th hot ng thnh cc giai on ca in th hot ng: V hnh cc giai on: + Giai on kh cc: hiu in th 2 pha ca mng bin i t gi tr in th ngh n gi tr 0. + Giai on qu kh cc: hiu in th 2 pha ca mng vt qu gi tr 0. + Giai on ti phn cc: hiu in th 2 pha ca mng t 0 tr v gi tr in th ngh. + Giai on qu phn cc: hiu in th 2 pha ca mng c gi tr m hn gi tr in th ngh. Chnh in th hot ng m bo qu trnh dn truyn hng phn dc bhggtheo si thn kinh. i vi si thn kinh c ng knh nh nhau, tc lan truyn trn cc si c bao myelin ln hn trn cc si khng c bao myelin. - cc i tng thc vt, in th hot ng c tnh cht c bit: in th hot ng thc vt ch l nhng loi in th xut hin tht nhanh. Cc yu t: in, nhit, c hc vi cng khng qu ln thng gy ra nhng thay i nh phn ng cc b, khng truyn sng nh ng vt. - C ch to ra in th hot ng: S kh cc ca mng t bo l do xut hin ng dn truyn ion Na+ qua mng t bo vn gn nh khng cho ion Na+ di qua khi trng thi tnh. + Pha kh cc: C in trng ln gradient nng u tr gip cho s di chuyn ca ion Na+ t ngoi vo trong. u tin kch thch lm cho in th mng thay i t E 0

ti mt gi tr ET (ngng kh cc) m ti tnh thm ca mng t bo i vi ion Na+ bt u tng vt, dng Na+ o t i vo do s m cc knh Na+. T ay qu trnh kh cc bt u. Cc ion Na+ tip tc trn vo trong t bo ngay c khi in th gia 2 pha ca mng cn bng, v vy mng t bo o phn cc. in trng xut hin khi s cn tr dng Na+ i vo bn trong, ng thi thc y ion K + chuyn ng ra ngoi. in th dng s t mt gi tr ti hn EP m dng ion Na+ i vo bng dng ion K+ i ra. Cng bt u t y, tnh thm ca mng i vi ion Na+ gim i nhanh chng, dng K+ tr nn vt tri dng Na+ i vo. S ti phn cc bt u. + Pha ti phn cc: s vn chuyn rt mnh ion K + t trong t bo ra ngoi l tc nhn ch o ca qu trnh ti phn cc. By gi c gradient nng v lc in trng u h tr cho s vn chuyn K+ ra ngoi. Thm vo tnh thm ca mng t bo i vi ion K+ tng ln rt nhiu. Sau mt xung in th hot ng s vn chuyn mt lng ln ion Na+ vo trong t bo cng nh mt lng ln ion K+ ra ngoi t bo ph v s chnh lch nng cn c ca cc ion ny. duy tr s chnh lch nng cn thit cho hot ng sng ca t bo, cc bm Na+ trong mng t bo phi hot ng mnh bi xut Na + d tha t trong ra v thu K+ thiu ht. Do in th hot ng ko theo s tiu hao nng lng. - C ch ca qu trnh lan truyn in th hot ng trn si thn kinh: S kch hot mt vng no ca mng t bo ko theo s kch hot ni tip ca cc khong cnh nhau trn mng v xung in ng lan truyn theo sut c t bo. Cc xung in cng c th truyn i qua cc m khi mt t bo b kch thch ko theo s kch hot t bo bn cnh. Khi ta kch thch ln mt vng no trn mng t bo to ra xung in ng th s kch hot mng khi im ch mang tnh ti ch trong phm vi vng b kch thch. Khi mt vng ca mng b o phn cc, trong c 2 mi trng in ly ni bo v ngoi bo u s xut hin s chnh lch v 2 mi trng in li ni bo v ngoi bo u s xut hin s chnh lch v in th gia vng ang hng phn vi nhng vng gn nht ang yn tnh ca mng. S chnh lch in th ny lm pht sinh nhng dng in c truyn theo mi trng in li 2 pha ca mng t bo. Chnh nhng dng ti ch ny kch hot mng ti nhng vng ln cn ni trn. Nhng xung in ng pht sinh ti nhng vng ny vn nh c ch trn li ko theo s hng phn nhng vng yn tnh bn cnh nhng khng phi l vng va b kch hot trc do vng ny vn cn ang trng thi tr. Nh vy, s lan truyn s theo hng tin xa vng b kch hot u tin. V hnh minh ha s lan truyn t im A n B v n C

+ i vi si thn kinh khng c bao myelin: khi mng t bo b kch thch ti v tr B lc du in tch mt trong ca B s (+), mt ngoi s (-) do s xut hin dng ti ch. Chnh dng in ti ch ny lm gim gi tr hiu in th gia 2 pha ca mng vng ln cn vi vng kch thch. Ti vng A khi hiu in th gim ti mt gi tr ngng, in th hot ng s xut hin. C th sng hng phn lan truyn dc theo si thn kinh. Vng C b hng phn trc vng B, mc d c tc ng ca dng in ti ch nhgn khng th chuyn sang trng thi hng phn na, v vng C ang trong giai on tr. + i vi si thn kinh c myelin: qu trnh lan truyn theo li nhy cc t eo ny sang eo Ranvier khc v in th hot ng ch xut hin ti cc eo ny. Do cc dng in ti ch c ni trn truyn theo mi trng in li trong v ngoi axon gia 2 eo Ranvier cnh nhau v gy nn hng phn eo ang yn tnh. Chnh v vy, tc lan truyn nhanh hn so vi trong si khng c bao myelin v tit kim nng lng.

Cu 7: Nu hiu ng oxi v hiu ng bo v phng x. Trnh by nh trong gio trnh Hiu ng oxi: Tc dng ca bc x ion ha ln c th sng l nhy cm phng x tng ln r rt khi nng oxi ca mi trng trong thi gian chiu x tng ln v ngc li. Hiu ng oxi ch th hin r khi ta thay i nng oxi trong khi chiu x, cn khi thay i nng oxi trc v sau chiu x khng xut hin hiu ng oxi. - S tng nhy cm phng x khi tng nng oxi ch ng trong mt mc no . Nu nng oxi tng qu 20% so vi nng bnh thng, th nhy cm khng tng ln na. - Hiu ng oxi thng th hin r vi loi tia rnghen, tia v tia nhanh. N khng th hin i vi cc loi tia ion ha cao nh , tia proton. Hiu ng bo v phng x: C ch bo v ca cc ha cht c th thc hin bng cch: - Nng lng do phn t nghin cu hp th khi b chiu c th c truyn cho cc phn t bo v, v nh vy cc phn t nghin cu s khng b tn thng. - S phc hi cu trc phn t ca cc phn t sinh vt cng c th xy ra sau khi chng hp th nng lng ca tia phng x. Trong iu kin , nng lng s truyn cho cc phn t bo v, cn phn t sinh vt s chuyn v trng thi ban u.

- Cc cht bo v phng x c kh nng tham gia vo phn ng cnh tranh vi cc gc t do hu c, c hnh thnh trong h b chiu x v kh hot tnh ca chng. - Mt s cht bo v phng x c kh nng lm thay i phn ng ca c th i vi tc dng ca tia phng x nh gy co ng mch, lm gim p sut ca oxi bn trong c th, gii phng nhng cht bo v sn c trong c th. Nh vy hiu ng bo v phng x th hin c trong iu kin c ch tc dng trc tip cng nh gin tip ca tia phng x. Cu 8: Gii thch tc dng ca tia t ngoi n axit nucleic v Pr. Bc x t ngoi c th lm thay i cc phn ng sinh tng hp cc bazo, ngng qu trnh nhn i cc bazo, lm bin i cc cu trc hoc tch cc bazo ra khi khung ribiphotphat ca ADN. Bc x cng lm t chui polinucleotit, to ra cc mnh t ca phn t ADN. Tm li khi b chiu x, phn t ADN c th b 3 loi tn thng: - Tn thng cc bazo v cc gc ng - Gy cc mch ni n trong cu trc ca ADN - Ph hy cu trc khng gian ca phn t ADN Do ADN b tn thng nn c th nh hng n tnh cht d truyn m cc phn t ADN m nhim trong vic sn xut cc hp cht sinh hc cn thit v m bo cc c tnh di truyn khi phn bo. Vi cc phn t Pr, tc dng ca cc bc x t ngoi li cng phc tp. Nhiu bin i bn trong cu trc phn t c th xy ra v rt kh pht hin. Nhng bin i do bc x t ngoi gy ra i vi phn t Pr: - t gy mch chnh lm gim trng lng phn t Pr - Khu mch: l s chp ni sai lch cc mnh li vi nhau. C 2 loi khu mch: khu mch ngay bn trong mt phn t Pr hay khu mch gia cc phn t trong h. - Ph hy cu trc th cp, cu trc khng gian. Trnh by ngn qu Tia t ngoi nh hng ln hu nh tt c cc qu trnh trao i cht v sinh l chc nng ca mi sinh vt. Trong mt vi trng hp cn c th c ngha quyt nh i vi hot ng sng ca mt c th no . Ngoi hiu ng gy t vong, bin d di truyn, kh hot tnh,,, tia t ngoi cn c th c tc dng gy kch thch qu trnh pht trin, sinh tng hp, phn ng enzim u c ngha thc tin quan trng trong y hc, nng nghip v vi

sinh vt k thut. Nghin cu tc dng ca tia t ngoi c th chia lm 3 ph tc dng: - Vng sng ngn c bc sng 100 275 nm lm thay i cu trc protid, lipit v c tc dng tit trng. - Vn sng trung c bc sng 275 320 nm c tc dng chng ci xng, to sc t, thc y s to thnh biu m, lm tt hn cc qu trnh ti sinh. - Vng sng di c bc sng 320 400 nm c tc dng sinh vt yu, gy pht quang mt s cht hu c. Tia t ngoi c th gy nn nhng phn ng quang sinh dn n ph hy acid nucleic v protein. Nhng phn ng quang sinh ny gy nn do nhng phn ng th cp khng lin quan g n tc dng trc tip ca tia t ngoi. Nhng thay i th cp xy ra do nhng men ca t bo ph v cc protid, trong c histamin, cc sn phm phn hy gy s kch thch cc u dy thn kinh, dn n s xut hin nhng phn x phc tp khc nhau. Tia t ngoi c cng ln dn n s trng hp cc gc timin v s hydrat ha cc gc citisin ca acid nucleic. a. Cc phn ng quang ha trong acid nucleic - Trung tm hp th tia t ngoi ca acid nucleic l gc purin v pirimidin. Nhng hp cht ny cng nh cc nucleozit v nucleotid tng ng u c im hp th bc sng = 260 nm. S hp th nh sng ch yu do cc elcectron. Tuy nhin vng bc sng di ca ph hp th c s tham gia ca bc chuyn n *. S bin i quang ha gc purin v pirimidin di tc dng ca tia t ngoi l do cc phn ng quan trng xy ra trong qu trnh ny l do quang oxy ha, quang hydrat ha v quang nh hp. VD: adenin hypoxantin Phn ng nh hp c th xy ra gia cc phn t cng gc, cng nh gia cc phn t ca 2 gc khc nhau. Phn ng ny c bn cht quanh ha thun ty, v khng i hi s hot ha nhit. Tc ca phn ng ny khng thay i t 0 n -1960C.

Phn ng nh hp uraxin cng mang tnh cht bt thun nghch. Sut lng t ca phn ng nghch ph thuc vo bc sng m h hp th. Phn ng quang nh hp gia cc phn t cc gc khc nhau: T-U, TX, U-X. V sao li c dng nh hp T-U do: T + X T-X T-U Phn ng quang hydrat ha l phn ng gn phn t nc vo vng pirimidin v tr Cacbon (5) v (6) dt t lin kt kp. Phn ng quang bin tnh acid nucleic l kt qu ca s ph hy h lin hp gia cc lin kt yu nh lin kt hydro. Lin kt k nc v mt phn no do s ph hy cu trc xon Watson-Cric. Do tnh cht lin hp c trng ca cc cao phn t sinh vt, nguyn nhn ca s kh hot tnh ca cc phn t sinh vt khng ch do cac phn ng quanh ha trc tip gy nn, m cn c th l s bin i cu hnh, do s bin dng ca h thng lin kt yu nm xa vng tn thng. Khi b tn thng bi tia t ngoi, phn t AND b c ch trao i thong tin cng nh kh nng hot ng nh mt trung tm iu khin. iu dn ti lm bin i cu trc d thng ca phn t protein, t-ARN, rARNKhi ADN b tn thng, mARN b c ch kh nng lin kt vi Riboxom v t-ARN, nh vy khun tng hp cng b xo trn. Nu t-ARN b tn thng th c tnh thu nhn, chuyn acid amin c trng ca chng cng nh kh nng lin kt vi Riboxom v mARN b c ch. Nguyn nhn chnh dn ti s kh hot tnh ca ADN l phn ng nh hp Thymin gm 3 qu trnh ni tip: + M t hp xon ca 2 chui ADN gn phn t Thymin + Qu trnh nh hp 2 phn t Thymin. + S hnh thnh cu ni T-T c nh cu hnh bin dng ca vng b tn thng trong phn t ADN. b. Qu trnh tc dng ca tia t ngoi ln cc protid - Cc th nghim invitro cho thy, di tc dng ca tia t ngoi, dung dch protein thng b vn c , nht v tc lng thay i, mt quang hc c gi tr khc hn (xut hin tt c cc triu chng bin tnh c trng).

- Protein ch yu hp th vng nh sng c bc sng t 20-400 nm v nhm nhn nh sng ch yu l tryptophan, tirozin, phenylalanin v xisteinn nn nh hng ch yu n trung tm hot ng ca cc phn t enzim. - Di tc dng ca tia t ngoi lm xut hin s ph hy cc acid amin thm (tirosin v triptophan) dn ti bin tnh v kh hot tnh cc enzim c th xy ra theo cc giai on sau: + Giai on tch cc: l s hp th nh sng kch thch cc phn t acid amin, chuyn chng sang giai on kch thch, c th c bc chuyn ngc v trng thi khng kch thch bng cch pht ra lng t nh sng. AH + hv1 AH* AH* AH + hv2 + Giai on quang ion ha: phn t acid amin b kch thch mt in t (quang ion ha), xut hin in tch dng khng b b tr (to nn gc ion dng), in t b cc phn t xung quanh ch yu l nc chim, xy ra phn ng solvat ha. AH* AH+ + e Cc ion c th phn hy to thnh cc gc t do v photon c lp. AH+ A + H+ Nhng qu trnh ny xy ra rt nhanh, ch c th nghin cu bng phng php quang phn to xung hay nhit thp. Cc ion c th t hp ngc vi in t solvat di tc dng ca nh sng hay nhit . Khi y phn t b kch thch c to nn v sau khi bc x nh sng n tr v trng thi khng kch thch. AH+ + eAH* AH* AH + hv1 Nu nh qu trnh ny xy ra di tc dng ca nh sng th l qu trnh pht quang cm ng cn di tc dng ca nhit th gi l nhit pht quang. + Giai on phn ng ca cc gc t do v in t solvat. Cc gc t do ca acid amin kt hp vi oxy to thnh gc oxyd ca axit amin thm. A* + O2 AOO* Cc gc t do tng tc vi cc nhm protid cnh, kt qu l to nn NH3 v gc ca acid amin khc e- + H+ + H2N-R NH3* + R* + Giai on phn ng ha hc ph hy acid amin:

Cc gc oxyd ca cc acid amin thm qua hng lot phn ng to nn nhng sn phm c tc dng c. Cc phn ng c tng nhy vi cc nhm ln cn ca cc phn t protid gy nn s thay i cu hnh ca cc i phn t protid v lm mt hot tnh enzim. Tia t ngoi liu lng ln c tc dng dit khun cao do tia khng ch kh nng sinh sn ca vi khun. Tc dng ny ch yu do tia lm tn thng AND ca virus v vi khun. Cn ch : tc dng yu ca tia t ngoi l nng cao tnh phn ng min dch ca c th. Gi tr c bit ca tia t ngoi l qu trnh to vitamin D (mt trong nhng hp cht hu c quan trng ca c th, s hn ch tng hp vitamin D s dn ti ph hy trao i phospho, calci). Do vy, s chiu tia t ngoi c tc dng trong iu tr bnh ci xng, lm cho vt thng chng liu so, xng gy chng lin. Cu 9: Trnh by phng php nh du phng x. - Trong sinh hc ng v phng x s dng vi mc ch: lm ngun chiu x v lm cht ch th nh du. - C th sinh vt khng phn bit c cc ng v ca cng mt nguyn t. Nh vy ngha l c ng v d bn hay phng x ca cc ca mt nguyn t chuyn ha ging nhau hon ton trong cc t chc sinh hc. Chng ta c th pht hin d dng cc ng v phng x nh cc k thut ghi o phng x. Nh th c th theo di c cc i tng nghin cu c nh gi, ch im bi cc bc x ion ha. - Phng php nh du phng x c th dng nghin cu s chuyn ha v bin i ca mt nguyn t, mt hp cht hu c - nh du c cc khng th bng cc ng v phng x dng cho vic ghi hnh phng x v iu tr ung th. - Nghin cu c cc quy lut sinh vt truyn bnh v quy lut sinh trng, di truyn sinh sn ca mt s loi cn trng, sinh vt truyn bnh v quy lut tng trng ca 1 s loi thc vt c bit, quy lut tc dng ca mt s loi phn b, cht dit cn trng, cht dit c bo v thc vt. - Phng php nh du cng to ra k thut nh lng theo nguyn l min dch c nhy rt ln trong y hc ht nhn, l k thut min dch phng x. - Phng php nh du trong y hc c th nh hng 1 s cht v c v hu c, nghin cu chuyn ha mt s cht v ng hc ca mt s thuc,

xc nh c kch thc, v tr v hnh dng ca mt s m v ph tng, hot ng chc nng v s bin i ca mt s h thng trong c th nh h tun hon, h h hp, h bi tit