Multi Router Traffic Grapher (MRTG) for Body Area Network (BAN) Surveillance

lOSEP RIUDA VETS KARLA FELIX NAVARRO ELAINE LAWRENCE ROBERT STEELE MARCO MESSINA Computer Systems Department University of Technology Sydney POBox 123 Broadway NSW 2007 AUSTRALIA {jriu, karla, elaine, rsteele, messina}@it.uts.edu.au http://it.uts.edu.au

Abstract: - Wireless sensors are capable of gathering real-time data not only from the environment but also from the signals that the human body can generate. These tiny and smart tags may act as another layer of infrastructure between the physical world and the Internet. However, a complete system of software tools. gateway devices and reliable communication channels are needed to achieve this bridging. In our testbed we tested the limits of implementing a mote-based system using commodity based hardware. In this paper. the authors discuss a new method of implementing a portable and remote health monitoring system using wireless sensors, based on a persistent monitoring ofbio-signals from an unwell or elderly person, using the concept of Body Area Network (BAN). All the signals not only from the body but also from the environment, will be stored in a web server and displayed graphically using an existing tool for monitoring network traffic, namely MRTG (Multi Router Traffic Grapher). The aim is to allow secure remote access to certain health parameters in order to alert carers to abnormal body signs, and provide a complete data collection at doctor's disposal. Consequently MRTG can facilitate the determination of how changes in the environment affect vital signs (e.g. correlation between weather and health). The researchers demonstrate that wireless sensors have a very high level of integration with existing tools related to network monitoring. This will enable a new and powerful method for joining physical and networks layers. Kev- Words: - wireless sensor network, body area networks, health monitoring.

1 Introduction
Nowadays, the idea of preventive medical treatment is becoming more important. Doctors could detect some anomaly if they had a real time access to patients' vital signs. In this way, not only cost but also time would be saved in healthcare. Preventive medicine could be used to remotely monitor the health condition of patients who had gone through a major operation. For instance, a person with a recent heart operation could leave the hospital earlier as the patient could be remotely monitored by a number of specialists whilst he/she recovered at home. A doctor could be instantly warned about any anomalies, such as a sudden change in the heart rate of the patient. This type of preventive tracking could also be used in chronically ill people to alert the doctor (and/or the patient) of sudden abnormalities, for instance low respiration rate for a patient with a respiratory condition, or alerting a patient with diabetes to take

action before reaching any dangerous levels of sugar in the blood. In addition to this, the integrated and concurrent monitoring of the environmental conditions can be a powerful tool for medical practitioners and researchers to aid in the findings of potential correlations between health problems and specific variables in the environment. Weather conditions can have a positive or negative impact in people with certain illnesses or health problems. As an example, a person with a recent eye operation should not be exposed to high levels of radiation from the sun or any other sources. Wireless sensors could detect these radiation thresholds and alert the patient. This example is also valid for certain skin diseases. Furthermore, for some people there are health issues related to a combination of atmospheric conditions, for instance some allergies or skin abnormalities occur when humidity, temperature and other levels of dust or pollen in the environment reach certain levels.


2 Problem Formulation
Many researchers are working on the concept of Body Area Network (BAN). The Mobihealth Project [5] allows patients to be fully mobile whilst undergoing health monitoring. CodeBlue [6] is a wireless infrastructure for deployment in emergency medical care. Another existing health monitoring system is Coach's Companion [7], which allows the monitoring of physical activity. However, the authors aim to extend realtime monitoring of patients by the use of a networking grapher tool called Multi Router Traffic Grapher (MRTG) [8]. MR TG can illustrate the potential correlations among different vital signs (or biosignals) and specific changes in the environment. By having the vital signs and environmental conditions graphically displayed, it will be possible to make comparisons among them in an easy and convenient way, not only for the medical practitioners, but also for the patients and their families. The graphical representation of patient case history (in daily, weekly, monthly or yearly graphs) is another advantage about MRTG. By having the patient case history stored in this format and ready to usc, the process of establishing (or disregarding) different hypotheses about when and why these anomalies happen could be accelerated. For example, it might be noticed that some people tend to get a specific illness in a certain time of the year, by checking the time evolution of some health parameter. On the other hand, it can be applied to sports players for knowing the time of the year when they obtain better results in the competition [9].

iNTERNET

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Figure 1: System Overview

3.1 Wireless Sensor Network.

The lowest level of the architecture proposed consists of the sensor nodes which provide physical access to vital signs and environmental parameters. These devices are placed in areas of interest, and collect data primarily about its immediate surroundings. The motes could be used to monitor body temperature, heart rate and pulse rate, as well as many other parameters. Different versions of the basic designb are being developed, but the authors will focus on the MICA2 Mote whose most interesting technical aspects are [1]: 7.7 M Hz processor. Atmel ATMega 128, with 2 serial ports. Over-the-air programmable. Radio: tunable FM. Frequency: 315 or433 or915 MHz. Data rate: 38 Kb encoded 512 KB on-board flash. Unique ID.

Project Aims and Architecture

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The main aim of our project is the building of a complete mobile system solution that will allow medical practitioners the remote monitoring of the patient's state in real time. The system has been based on an existing network monitoring tool: MRTG. There does not yet exist a flexible, robust communication infrastructure for supporting this application. Therefore, we propose an efficient and secure wireless communication framework, which can be considered highly reliable for transmitting critical data, as well as an integrated data protection system. The general architecture of the project can be seen in Figure 1 and is explained in the following sections.

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Figure 2: Motes and sensor boards [www.xbow.com]

In the future, the authors will implement the third generation motes, namely Mica2Dot [3], very similar to the MICA2, except for its quarter-sized form factor and reduced input/output channels. The significantly smaller size of the Mica2Dot make it better suited for commercial deployment. The Mica2Dot motes (see Figure 2) are easier to adapt to wearable devices, such as those to be used in a Body Area Network. The most significant feature is that these devices consume roughly 20mA when active resulting in a battery lifetime of 5-6 days if continuously running. They can drop to a very low power sleep state of 1O~, increasing life time to over a couple of years. In general, applications will employ duty-cycling to achieve good lifetime limitations with reasonable communication and computation rates. However it depends on the parameter being sensed: In parameters that do not change suddenly, one reading every minute will be enough: temperature (bio and environment), humidity or level of sugar in blood . In parameters that may alter in a short period of time, the readings will be done very often, for example, each 10 seconds. In this group, the level of light, heart rate or blood pressure could be included. Compared with traditional data logging systems, networked sensors offer two major advantages [10]: they can be re-programmed "in-situ", and they can easily communicate with the rest of the system. "In-situ" re-programming allows the scientists to refocus their observations based on the analysis of the initial results. For example, if some heart-rate trouble is detected in a certain patient, doctors could be able to change the sensing rate by increasing it. The other great advantage is that sensors typically form a multihop network by forwarding each other's messages, which vastly extends connectivity options. This is very useful when some motes are not in the coverage area of the base station, and communicate with neighbour motes to reach the base station (hierarchical structure). These devices run a specialized operating system called TinyOS [11]. This tool has been specifically developed to manage all the operations related to the motes. The TinyOS system, libraries, and applications are written in nesC [12], a new language for programming structured component-based applications. The nesC language is primarily intended for embedded systems such as sensor networks. nesC has a C-like syntax, but supports the TinyOS concurrency model, as well as mechanisms for structuring, naming, and linking together software components into robust network embedded systems.

3.2 Sensor Boards

To provide relevant measurements to the doctors, we need as many sensors as parameters we wish to monitor. For our experiments we used the Crossbow Professional Development Kit MOTEKIT 5040 [13], which only includes light and sound sensors, so our tests have been limited to these measurements. An example of a sensor board is shown in Figure 4.

3.3 Data collector

Data from each sensor need to be propagated to the Internet. The data collector is the equipment in charge of retrieving all the data from the smart tags, interpreting them, and forwarding to a remote server via Internet, in order to make them available to the final user. The main elements of this subsystem are, on one hand, a base station mote, which will establish a communication with all the other motes, receiving all the readings (see Figure 1). On the other hand, a handheld device, or PDA, will work as a gateway between the motes and the Internet. The connection between the base station mote and the PDA may be wired or wireless (See Figure 3). Smart tags have their own radio protocol which means that they cannot establish any wireless communication with other devices except other motes. Consequently, all the data to be sent over the air using other protocols must be firstly redirected to another device that supports that protocol. The operation is as follows: all the motes are sensing the vital signs and the environmental parameters, continuously sending the data to a base station mote using their own protocol. This mote has a TinyOS application running all the time, which listens for the data from all the sensors, and forwards it through the serial port. However, motes do have not DB9 connectors for serial communication so the solution is to attach the base station mote to the programming board, and use its serial port. The MIB5l0CA programming and serial interface board is included in the MOTEKIT5040 [13]. Any MICA2 node can function as a base station when mated to the MID510CA serial interface board, which provides an RS-232 serial connector. The DB9 connector may act as the gateway for connecting the wireless sensor network to the "external world", that is, for holding communication between motes and other devices. The other component of the data collector is the PDA. The handheld device, which can run both Linux and Windows, will run a Java application for gathering the data from the motes, processing them, and sending the result to the MR TG server. The main features of the Java application operation are:

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Gathering the raw data from the serial port. Extracting the needed information from the data, like readings, group and mote ID, type ofmessages. Formatting the data in some understandable way by MRTG. XML is a very good option, because of its platform independent nature. Finally, sending all the data to the MRTG server using Wireless LAN, GPRS or UMTS. The PDA will display the created graphs in HTML in real time.

Further commodity based hardware issues emerged when we found that the wires on the adapter were incorrectly twisted and had to be re-arranged.

3.4 Implementation Problems In settting up our testbed (Sec Figure 3) we encountered several problems. The Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is composed of the programming board with serial port (MIB510) and a MICA2 controller connected on it with radio communication and power supply (two AAA batteries) features. The other MICA2 controllers are directly connected to the sensor boards (MTS310) and via radio frequency (ISM 916 MHz) to communicate. The Bridge Transceiver Unit (BTU) is the point of connection between the sensor network and the BAN.

Figure 4: Ipaq Expansion Pack [www.compaq.com]

Figure 5: PCMCIA to RS232 Adapter [www.trianglecablcs.com] 3.5 Server. The core of the Body Area Network surveillance is the tool MRTG (Multi Router Traffic Grapher) [8]. MRTG is a tool to monitor the traffic load on network links. MRTG generates HTML pages containing graphical images which provide a livc visual representation of this traffic. MRTG is written in Perl and C and works under UNIX and Windows NT. MRTG is being successfully used on many sites on the Internet: (http://people.ee.ethz.ch/~oetiker/webtools/mrtg/llse rs.html). The basic operation of MRTG is based on SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) [14]. This protocol has become the "de-facto" standard for internet-work management, and includes a limited set of commands and responses to a Management Information Base (MIB), hierarchical information, structured as a "tree". So, MRTG uses the information provided by SNMP to obtain graphics of the different parameters contained in the MIB, such received/transmitted packets, discarded packets, CPU usage, amount of free memory and data rate.

Figure 3: BTS/BTU connection [www-staff.it.uts.edu.au/omessina] We encountered several problems in establishing communications between the base station mote and the PDA. Our first proposal was to use Bluetooth via a serial to Bluetooth adaptor, in order to send wirelessly the raw data from the programming board to the PDA. However, this adaptor needs to be supplied by the device to which it is attached and, in this case, the programming board has not enough power to achieve it. Finally, we decided to use a serial connection (DB9), based on the RS232 protocol. The PDA did not have a DB9 connector, but there was expansion pack available (see figure 6), so we acquired a PCMCIA - to- serial adaptor.

3.6 MRTG as a BAN Tool

The device being monitored normally supports the SNMP network management protocol, but MICA2 motes do not support this protocol. MRTG is able to support non-SNMP enabled devices by creating a personalized script that would do the readings or polling of information instead of using the SNMP protocol. This makes MRTG a very flexible and powerful tool way beyond its use as a network management tool alone. The authors personalized a way of adapting MR TG for working with non-SNMP devices by running a script that captures the required data from a source and implements the translation to SNMP format. The source is a text file which is the output of the Java application in patient's PDA. When this file arrives to the MRTG server, the script will open it, extract required data, format into SNMP protocol, and pass it to MRTG.

We propose the use of PostgreSQL [15], a free and open source database. These final files that contain the graphics will available for remote web access. In consequence, a web server is needed for allocating them. We will use Apache 2.0 [16] which is not a web server, but an application server. It means that it can support web sites with additional features, such as database interaction and dynamic content generation, as well as different operative system, Perl, PHP, SSL, authentication and access control. Apache will be in charge of allowing MRTG to publish the graphs into a website in real time. An example of different graphs generated by MR TG is shown in figure 7:
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Figure 7: Sample MRTG file The authors believe that MR TG provides the system of a way for publishing in a website all the health and environment parameters sensed by the wireless network sensor in form of graphics.

3.7 Remote Access

Once the whole system has been set up, a remote user, usually a doctor or even a relative, will have complete access to the data stored in the web server by MRTG. There are only two requirements to be carried out: The remote user needs an internet browser. It is one of the most promising features of this platform: no additional software or previous knowledge about the use of the tool is required. It is assumed that the doctor or the remote user is confident with internet navigation. To prevent non-authorized users from accessing the system, a client digital certificate will be required in the HTTP connection. In this way, only the users with valid certificates will be able to consult the health data of a patient. The main webpage could be a form, in which the remote user can type the name or ID of the patient to be monitored, When the web server receives the request, it automatically starts a query to the database based on the information contained in the form, in order to extract the graphs related to the solicited patient. These graphs will finally be displayed in the user's browser. For achieving a real time system, the web site must be refreshed the same period of time as

Figure 6: Testbed set up [www-staff. it.uts.edu.au/s-messina] Another issue to be discussed is how the files will be transferred from the PDA to the MRTG server. At the Astrophysics Institute of Canarias (http://www.iac.es/weather/otdata/) scientists are using MRTG to monitor weather conditions. The data is gathered every 15 minutes from the weather station at the Teide Observatory, and then is passed by File Transfer Protocol (FTP) to the MRTG program which generates the graphs.Once the readings are captured by MRTG, it starts to generate the different graphics. There are several different graphics, depending on the monitored period of time: daily, weekly, monthly and yearly. In our experiments we captured light readings as proof of concept. Every time MRTG captures another measurement, all files are updated. Several patients can use the service at the same time. So, it seems evident the need of a database for storing all the health data related to each patient in a structured way.

MRTG generates a new graphic (that is, as sensor network captures a new reading). Possibly, the best feature of our platform is that it is completely user-friendly, in the sense that no previous knowledge or training is needed; any individual with minimum knowledge about computing is able to use it.

4 Conclusion
In this paper the authors have discussed a health monitoring "out-of-hospital" conditions system, aimed to save lives, create valuable data for medical research and cut the cost of medical services. Using an existing monitoring network tool, namely MRTG, we have proposed an infrastructure for recording environment and biological variables, in order to achieve a remote, reliable, secure and efficient real-time access to this data. Firstly, we have discussed how a body area network can be developed using smart, tiny and low-cost tags, forming the collection of wearable sensors that monitor patient's health, as well as the environmental sensors in charge of measuring whether conditions. To achieve this system much more than just sensors are needed. We have attempted to set up a prototype system using commodity based hardware which has caused many problems which we have overcome. A complete health monitoring system is required. We have proposed a whole system for providing health care and wellness or disease management. In this way, MRTG represents a very useful tool for drawing and publishing in a website all the raw data captured by the sensors. A handheld device, usually PDA and a base station mote, will act as the gateway between the physical parameters and MRTG, being in charge of gathering the raw data from the sensor network, formatting it and sending to the MRTG server. With this, we have demonstrated that motes can be integrated with other existing tools, improving their features. Future research involves how to provide the entire infrastructure with secure and reliable communications using TinySec [17], and the use of digital signatures for providing health information with legal properties. Other issues that will form the basis of further research are: Devising algorithms to clean up the enormous amounts of data coming from the motes; ensuring that the medical data remains private; obtaining more medical sensors to interface with the Motes and ensuring that the devices are really wearable - in other words making sure that users are not hampered by wires and equipment needs to be washed.

References: [1] Mica Wireless Measurement System, Davidson Measurements httpv/www.davidson.com.au [2] MTS Environmental Sensor Board, Davidson Measurements. http://www.davidson.com.au [3]Mica2dot Wireless Measurement System, Davidson Measurements http://www.davidson.com.au. [4] Biever, C, RFID chips watch Grandma brush teeth. New Scientist 17 March 2004. p. 2. http://www.NewScientist.com. [5] Herzog, R., The Mobihealth Project www.mobihealth.org, July 2002. [6] David Malan, Thaddeus Fulford-Jones, Matt Welsh, and Steve Moulton. CodeBlue: An Ad Hoc Sensor Network Infrastructure for Emergency Medical Care International Workshop on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks. April 2004. www.eecs.harvard.edu/-mdw/proj/codeblue/ [7] Lim, L. and B. Vee, Coach's Companion Athlete's Health Monitoring System, University of California, Berkeley: Berkeley. http.z/www.limlloyd.com/coach/ [8] Oetiker, T., "MRTG - The Multi Router Traffic Grapher, "Proceedings a/LISA 1998, December 1998. http://people.ee.ethz.ch/-oetiker/webtoolsltmtg/ [9] Wright, P. and Otan, K, The Running Man ~ Experience, University of California at Berkeley, http://kingkong.me.berkeley.edu/-nota/Running Man/RunningMan.htm [10] .Mainwaring.J oseph Polastre,Robert Szewczyk,DavidCuller,JohnAnderson.Wireless Sensor Networks for Habitat Monitoring, 2002 ACM International Workshop on Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications. WSNA '02, Atlanta GA, September 28, 2002. (also Intel Research, IRB- TR -02-006) [11] Crossbow, TinyOS Starting Guide. 2003, Crossbow Technology. http://www.xbow.com [12] Gay, D., et al., nesC 1.1 Language Reference Manual. May 2003: p. 28. [13]Mote Kit: TinyOS mote developer's kits, Davidson Measurements http://www.davidson.com.au. [14] Mauro, D. and K. Schmidt, Essential SNMP, O'Reilly. 2001. p. 326. [15] Group, P.O., PostgreSQL 7.3. Documentation. 2002. [16] Group, A.D., Apache: HTTP Server Project. 2004. [17] Karlof, C; N. Sastry, and D. Wagner, TinySec: User Manual, University of Cali fomi a, Berkeley. 2004.

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS on COMPUTERS

Issue 6, Volume 3, December 2004
ISSN 11092750 http://www.wseas.org
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Evaluation of Texture-based Schemes in Neural Classifiers Training G. D. Magoulas, S. A. Karkanis, D. A. Karras and M.N. Vrahatis An improved solution of control risks in segmentation by a hardware approach Bustillo Diaz M., Cortez 1. 1., Cortez L., Gonzalez Flores M., Toxqui Rodriguez A., Zehe A., Ramirez A. Business Company as a Multi-Agent System Viljem Tisnikar, Jadran Prodan, Matja: Gants A Video Traffic Feedback Control Mechanism for ATM Networks JI. Dobrescu. R. Dobrescu, S. Mocanu Using Self Similarity to model Network Traffic R. Dobrescu, M. Dobrescu. S. Mocanu Scientific Formulas Extraction Oriented Towards Web Summarizing File Cards Sliahna: Behnami A comparison of effectiveness of circular and radial reserve in survivability of symmetrical hierarchical networks Mohammadbaghcr Ahmadi Hybrid Method Analysis of Electromagnetic Transmission through Apertures of Arbitrary Shape in a Thick Conducting Screen Abungu N Odero, Dominic B 0 Konditi, Alfred V Otieno A Security Architecture for Active Networks Rohan De Silva Framework for Version Control & Dependency Link of Components & Products in Software Product Line Faheem Ahmed, Lui: Fernando Capretz, Miriam Capretz Broad Band U-Shaped PIFA with Dual Band Capability for Bluetooth and WLAN Applications Hala Elsadek. Dalia Nashaat and Hani Chali FFH and MCFH Spread-Spectrum Wireless Sensor Network Systems Based on the Generalized Approach to Signal Processing Jongho Kim, Jae Huyn Kim, Vyacheslav Tuzlukov. Won Sik Yoon, Yong Deak Kim Double profiling methodology for video processing platform Mathieu Dubois, Guy Bois, Yvon Sa varia Evaluating the Effectiveness of Various Similarity Measures on Malay Textual Documents Mohd Pouzi Hamzah and Tengku Mohd Tengku Sembok The Standards-based Architecture of the Adaptive Learning Environment aLFanet Olga C Santos, Jesus G. Boticario, Carmen Barrera

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Proxy Home Agents for Route Optimization in HAP Networks Roman Novak A Novel Design of the Sample Holder for Broadband Complex Permittivity Measurements Roman Tkadlec, Zbynek Raida, Mikko Keskilammi, Lauri Kettunen Location of Trusted Email for Prevention of Credit Card Fraud in Soft-Products E-Commerce Saleh A lfuraih , Richard Snow Taxonomy of E-commerce Disputes Saleh Alfuraih, Richard Snow Applicability Of Social Weight Theory To Brain Computer Interfaces K. Felix Navarro, E. Lawrence, D. Martin Multi Router Traffic Grapher (MRTG) for Body Area Network (BAN) Surveillance Josep Riudavets, Karla Felix Navarro, Elaine Lawrence, Robert Steele, Marco Messina Broadband Multi-Objective Synthesis of Patch Antennas Zbynik Lukes, Petr Smid, Zbynelc Raida Genetic Neural Networks for Modeling Dipole Antennas Petr Smid, Zbynik Raida, Zbynek Lukes Traps in Chaotic Maps and Correction Methods Rostislav Hu Ka TD-EFIE with 3-Point Backward Difference and Stability Investigation Jaroslav Lacik, Zbynek Raida, Milan Mati Antenna Gain Measurement Using the Mirror Method in Time Domain Hvnek Bartik Model identification and closed-loop control strategies for propofol anaesthesia using Bispectral Index (BIS) Hector Reboso Morales, Juan Ai Mendez Perez, Jose A. Reboso Morales, Leopolda Acosta Sanchez, Santiago Torres Alvarez, Felipe Gonzalez Miranda Dual Band Array for Adaptive Antenna Systems Hertl, Michal Vavrda Using Average Case Intractability in Cryptography Candelaria Hernandez Goya and Pino Caballero Gil Broadband Characterization of Antennas Zbynek Raida, Petr Smid, Jaroslav Lacik, Zbvnek Lukes, Milan Mati Fast Frequency Sweep Technique in Envelope Finite Element Method with Absorbing Boundary Condition Milan Motl, Jaroslav Lacik, Zbynek Raida Satellite L-Band Front End Design Miroslav Kasal, Michal Zamazal, Petr Kutin, Vishwas Lakkundi MPLS/IP Analysis and Simulation for the Implementation of Path Restoration Schemes V Alarcon-Aquino, Y. L. Takahashi-Iturriaga, 1. C. Martinez-Suarez, L. G. Guerrero-Ojeda Home Station, Novel Architecture of Home Gateway and its implementations Kwang-Soon Choi, Seung-Ok Lim, Young-Choong Park, Kwang-Mo Jung A Design and Implementation of a Stream Gateway Interface of a Home Station for Media Stream Transmission in Heterogeneous Home Networks Young-Choong Park, Seung-Ok Lim, Kwang-Sun Choi, Kwang-Mo lung, Sang-Won Min

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Detection of Anatomical Point Landmarks in Medical Images Using Fuzzy Logic S. Alayon, C. S. Gonzalez, L. Moreno, R. Cardenes, E. Suarez, 1. Ruiz-Alzola A Scatternet Scheduling Scheme with Sniff slot in Bluetooth Jungmee YUH, Daehwan Kim Optimization of Cellular Radio Network Stanislav Hanus, Ludek Zavodny Analysis and Design of a Web-agent-based Distributed Learning Environment Qiangguo Pu, Zhengqin Wu, Nikos Mastorakis A Generalisation of the CKLHC Cryptosystem Milton Chowdhury Integrating Biological Data via Semantic Technologies Marta Gonzalez Guarantee of Service (GoS) Support over MPLS Using Active Techniques A. M. Dominguez-Dorado, F. 1. Rodriguez-Perez, 1. L. Gonzalez-Sanchez An Analytical Framework to Model an H.264 Video Encoder for Transmission on the Internet Francesco Licandro, Giovanni Schembra, Valeria Tomaselli IOmeter Performance Comparison of SBOD and MBOD Frank Chevalier, Roland lbbett Experimental workplace for the evaluation of power amplifier linearization algorithms R. Marsalek, A. Prokes, 1. Prokopec On Content Delivery Network protocols and applications B. Molina, C. E. Palau, M. Esteve, 1. LIoret Health Data Management in the Medical Arena Antonio Abelha, Jose Machado, Victor Alves and Jose Neves Standardized and Cost-effective MPEG4 Video Streaming Server 1. Martinez, B. Molina, C. Palau, M. Esteve Copyright Marked Digital Images: Protection and Verification Qiu Guan, Xin-Li Xu, Wan-Liang Wang, S. Y. Chen Encryption Tools for devices with limited resources Raquel Lacuesta Gilaberte, Lourdes Peiialver Herrero Sub-block Subsampling based Block-Matching Motion Estimation Reeba Korah; Sankaralingam M., 1. Raja Paul Perinbam Performance Enhancement of Flow Control in lOGbe W ANs Rohan Desilva Performance Comparison of a Network Layer ACP and an Application Layer ACP via Simulations Rohan Desilva Can Users Manage System Infrastructure? - User-Adaptable Inter-Application Communication in a Changing Business Environment Jeanette Eriksson A new method to the solution of oblique wave incidence to oblique plane M. Vosooghi, M. N. Azarmanesh

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A Modular environment for e-Iearning and e-psychology applications A. S. Drigas, G. Stavridis, L. Koukianakis First step in a PC cluster development with openMosix Javier Bilbao. Gorka Garate Some Aspects of the Labor Risk in Physiotherapy Due to Microwaves Javier Bilbao. Yolanda Rui: Spline Formulae for the Computation of High-Order Hjorth Complexities ,'vI. A. Navascues, j1. V. Sebastian Clinical Web Environment to Assist the Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease and other Dementias CP. Suarez Araujo .. \1A. Perez del Pino, P. Garcia Baez. P. Fernandez Lopez Combining multiple specialists' opinions with cellular automata to improve medical decision making Petra Povalej .. Mitja Lenic. Peter Kokol Gaining features in medicine using Multimethod data-mining powerful techniques - A case study Matej Mertik, Bojan Zalar Rule-Based Microarray Classification System Using Multi-Agent Approach Gregor Stiglic, Peter Kokol Cargo Control System based on Internet facilities Eduardo Mario Dias, Edison de Oliveira Vienna Jr., .lose Roberto Castilho Piqueira Study of Social, Ethical and Human-Computer Interaction Aspects of the MEDARIST II System Christina Ilioudi, Athina Lazakidou, Andreas Andreou Model of Electronic Data Interchange for Brazilian Port System Andrea Lucia Braga. Jose Lui: Antunes de Almeida. Eduardo Mario Dias, Jose Roberto Castilho Piqueira Distributed Reconfigurable Computing using XML Web Services David Rodriguez, Juan M, Sanchez, Arturo Duran, Juan A. Gomez Using Neural Networks for prediction of Central Venous Pressure during Open-heart surgery Miljenko Krizmaric, Peter Kokol, Mirt Kamenik, Dusanka Micetic-Turk The Popularity Parameter in Unstructured P2P File Sharing Networks Jaime Lloret, Juan R. Diaz, Jose M. Jimenez, Manuel Esteve Development of a DICOM server for the reception and storage of medical images in digital format Francisco] Novoa. Antonio F. Castro, Javier Pereira, Alejandro Pazos