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M.E. (CASAD) Student, Applied Mechanics Department, L.D.College Of Engineering, India. E-mail: viralcivileng@yahoo.co.in
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Associate Professor, Applied Mechanics Department, L.D.College Of Engineering, India. E-mail: cssanghvi@rediffmail.com
ABSTRACT
The increase in demand for complex roadway alignments, advances in construction technology and availability of computing power for bridges design, are some of the factors for developments in bridge engineering. Concept of Integral Bridges is one of these developments. Due to ease & economy in construction and maintenance, it is also getting popular in India. Integral bridge concept is also widely adopted in marine structures where many times foundations are flexible like pile foundation. Main reasons for increasing popularity of integral concept in marine structures are efforts of minimizing use of bearings and to resist large lateral forces. Integral bridge requires flexible foundation to accommodate thermal stresses and stresses produced from lateral forces like waves, current, wind, seismic etc. There are many advantages to jointless bridges as many are performing well in service. There are long term benefits to adopting integral bridges concept and therefore there should be greater use of integral bridge construction. Integral abutment and jointless bridges cost less to construct and require less maintenance then equivalent bridges with expansion joints. This paper explains why we should use integral bridges and discusses some of the recommended practices for integral abutment and jointless bridges. Keywords
Integral bridge, bearing, seismic, expansion joint, abutment, soil structure interaction.
joints can cause maintenance problems. The problems arising from provision of bearings and expansion joints can be summarized as: Increased incidence of inspection and maintenance required, bridge durability is often impaired. Necessity of replacement during the service life of the bridge since their design life is lesser than that of the rest of the bridge elements. Decrease in redundancy and difficulties in providing adequate ductility for resisting earthquake effects, leading to larger earthquake design forces.
Bridge between Surajbari & Bhachau Violent shaking has resulted in pier head being damaged due to pounding of deck
Possibilities of dislodgement of superstructure during accidental loads, especially those due to earthquakes, is a clear danger requiring expensive and clumsy attachments. The latest amendments to the Indian Road Congress codes require the positive measures such as restrainers be provided so that girders do not get dislodged during earthquake. Bridges presents soft target for terrorists who could put them out of service with little difficulty.
Integral bridges are designed to provide resistance to thermal movements, breaking forces, seismic forces and winds by the stiffness of the soil abutting the end supports and the intermediate supports. A typical three span integral abutment bridge is shown in Fig.1. Fig.2 shows three principle methods by which an integral bridge can accommodate movements of the super structure. Fig.3 shows different types of end supports used for integral bridges. The main types of the end supports can be categorized and described as: a). Frame abutment:- Full height frame abutments are suitable for short single-span bridges. The horizontal movements will only be small, so the earth pressures should not be very high. b). Embedded wall abutment:- Embedded wall abutments are also suitable for short single-span integral bridges. c). Piled abutment with reinforced soil wall :- A piled abutment with reinforced soil abutment wall and wing walls is a form of construction that should have a wide application. d). End screen (semi integral) :- Semi-integral construction with bearings on top of a rigid retaining wall is a design method that can be used for full-height abutments for bridges of any length. Jacking of the deck can result in soil movement under the abutment soffit. This can obstruct the deck from returning to its original level. e). Piled bank seat :- Piled bank seats are recommended for widespread use. The piles prevent settlement while allowing horizontal movement and rotation. f). Piled bank seat with end screen (semi integral):- Bank seats can be designed as semi-integral abutments. The footing is not required to move horizontally and piled or spread footings can be used. g). Bank pad abutment :- Shallow abutments on spread footings are only considered to be suitable for situations where the foundation is very stiff and there can be no settlement problems. A granular fill layer should be placed below the footing to allow sliding.
i.
Simplified Construction- The simple characteristics of integral bridges make for rapid and economical construction. For example, there is no need to construct cofferdams, make footing excavations, place backfill, remove cofferdams, and prepare bridge seats, place bearings, back walls, and deck joints. Instead, integral construction generally results in just four concrete placement days. After the embankments, piles and pile caps have been placed and deck stringers erected, deck slabs, continuity connections, and approach slabs can follow in rapid succession.
ii.
No bearings and Joints- Integral bridges can be built without bearings and deck joints. Not only will this result in savings in initial costs, the absence of joints and bearings will reduce maintenance efforts. This is an important benefit because presently available deck joint sealing devices have such short effective service lives. Smooth jointless construction improves vehicular riding quality and diminishes vehicular impact stress levels.
iii.
Improved Design efficiency- Tangible efficiencies are achieved in substructure design due to an increase in the number of supports over which longitudinal and transverse superstructure loads
may be distributed. Built-in abutments can be designed to accommodate some bending moment capacity, reducing end span bending moments with possible savings in end span girders. Due to rigid connection between superstructure and substructure, bending moments are considerably less thus resulting in smaller sections and economy in reinforcement and concrete.
iv.
Enhanced load distribution- One of the most important attributes of integral bridges is their substantial reserve strength capacity. The integrity of their unified structural system makes them extremely resistant to the potentially damaging effects of illegal super imposed loads, pressures generated by the restrained growth of jointed rigid pavements, earthquakes, and debris laden flood flows. A joint less bridge with integral abutments will have a higher degree or redundancy that may be beneficial in earthquake zones. The problem of retaining the superstructure on its bearing during seismic events is eliminated and the inherent damping of the integral bridge structural system allows it to better absorb energy and limit damage.
v.
Added redundancy and capacity for catastrophic events - Integral abutments provide added redundancy and capacity for catastrophic events. Joints introduce a potential collapse mechanism into the overall bridge structure. Integral abutments eliminate the most common cause of damage to bridges in seismic events, loss of girder support. Integral abutments have consistently performed well in actual seismic events and significantly reduced or avoided problems such as back wall and bearing damage, associated with seat type jointed abutments. Jointless design is preferable for highly seismic regions. The reasons for adopting integral bridges in India and elsewhere could be quite different. When
earthquake forces like predominant or when considerations like increased resistance to blast are to be reckoned with or there is a strong need of incorporating reduced cost of inspection & maintenance integral bridge concept is an excellent option.
The other uncertainties connected with designing and performance of integral abutment bridges are: The elimination of intermediate joints in multiple spans results in a structural continuity that may induce secondary stresses in the superstructure. These forces due to shrinkage, creep, thermal gradients, differential settlement, differential deflections, and earth pressure can cause cracks in concrete bridge abutments. Wingwalls can crack due to rotation and contraction of the superstructure. Also, differential settlement of the substructure can cause more damage in case of integral bridges as compared to traditional briges. Integral bridges should be provided with approach slabs to prevent vehicular traffic from consolidating backfill adjacent to abutments, to eliminate live load surcharging of backfill, and to minimize the adverse effect of consolidating backfill and approach embankments on movement of vehicular traffic. For bridges with closed decks (curbs, barriers, etc.), approach slabs should be provided with curbs to confine and carry deck drainage across backfill to the approaches and prevent erosion, or saturation and freezing of the backfill. The piles that support the abutments may be subjected to high stresses as a result of cyclic elongation and contraction of the bridge structure. These stresses can cause formation of plastic hinges in the piles and may reduce their axial load capacities. The application of integral bridge concept has few other limitations. Integral bridges can not be used with weak embankments or subsoil, and they can only be used for limited lengths, although the maximum length is still somewhat unclear. Integral bridges are suitable if the expected temperature induced moment at each abutment is certain value specified by suitable authorities in every country, and somewhat larger moments can be tolerable.
For shallow superstructures, use cantilevered turn-back wingwalls (parallel to center line of roadway) instead of transverse wingwalls. Provide loose backfill beneath cantilevered wingwalls. Provide well-drained granular backfill to accommodate the imposed expansion and contraction. Provide under-drains under and around abutment and around wingwalls. Encase stringers completely by end-diaphragm concrete. Paint ends of girders. Caulk interface between beam and backwall.
Provide holes in steel beam ends to thread through longitudinal abutment reinforcement. Provide temporary support bolts anchored into the pile cap to support beams in lieu of cast bridge seats. Tie approach slabs to abutments with hinge type reinforcing. Use generous shrinkage reinforcement in the deck slab above the abutment. Pile length should not be less than 10 ft. to provide sufficient flexibility. Provide pre bored holes to a depth of 10 feet for piles if necessary for dense and/or cohesive soils to allow for flexing as the superstructure translates. Provide pavement joints to allow bridge cyclic movements and pavement growth. Focus on entire bridge and not just its abutments. Provide symmetry on integral bridges to minimize potential longitudinal forces on piers and to equalize longitudinal pressure on abutments.
Provide two layers of polyethylene sheets or a fabric under the approach slab to minimize friction against horizontal movement. Limit use of integral abutment to bridges with skew less than 30 degree to minimize the magnitude and lateral eccentricity of potential longitudinal forces.
Summary
There are many advantages to jointless bridges as many are performing well in service. There are long-term benefits to adopting integral bridge design concepts and therefore there should be greater use of integral bridge construction. Due to limited funding sources for bridge maintenance, it is desirable to establish strategies for eliminating joints as much as possible and converting/retrofitting bridges with troublesome joints to jointless design. Now various organizations and authorities have adopted integral abutment bridges as structures of choice when conditions allow. Many of them are now building integral and/or semi-integral abutment type of bridges. Recently in India, this concept is widely used in Delhi Metro Rail bridges. While superstructures with deck-end joints still predominate, the trend appears to be moving toward integral. Although no general agreement, regarding a maximum safelength for integral abutment and jointless bridges, exists among standards or organisations, the study has shown that design practices followed by the most organizations are conservative and longer jointless bridges could be constructed. Continuity and elimination of joints, besides providing a more maintenance free durable structure, can lead the way to more innovative and aesthetically pleasing solutions to bridge design. As bridge designers we should never take the easy way out, but consider the needs of our customer, the motoring public first. Providing a joint free and maintenance free bridge should be our ultimate goal. The best joint is no joint.
References 1) Babu P.V.Mayur and Bhandari N.M. A Comparative Study Of Integral Bridges Versus Simply
Supported Bridge.
2) Chen Wai Fah and Duan Lian, Bridge Engineering Handbook, CRC Press. 3) Connal John, Integral Abutment Bridges Australian And US Practice 4) Flener Esra Bayoglu, Soil Structure Interaction in Integral Bridges 5) Obrien Eugene J. and Keogh Damien L., Design Details Of Integral Bridges. 6) Raina V.K., Concrete Bridge Practice, The McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Liminted, Second
Edition.
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Fig.3
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