CHNG III NG DNG MATLAB KHO ST TNH N NH CA H THNG I.

. Gii thiu phn mm Matlab/Simulink MATLAB phn mm ni ting ca cng ty MathWorks, l mt ngn ng hiu nng cao cho tnh ton k thut nh c vit trong logo ca phn mm ny. N tch hp tnh ton, hin th v lp trnh trong mt mi trng d s dng. Cc ng dng tiu biu ca MATLAB bao gm: Kh nng tnh ton mnh. Pht trin thut ton. Cha Simulink l mi trng mnh m phng cc h thng ng hc tuyn tnh v phi tuyn. ha khoa hc v k thut Pht trin ng dng vi cc giao din ha. C kin trc m, ng h vic xy dng thm cc module tnh ton k thut theo chun cng nghip. Tn ca phn mm MATLAB bt ngun t thut ng Matrix Laboratory. u tin n c vit bng FORTRAN cung cp truy nhp d dng ti phn mm ma trn c pht trin bi cc d n LINPACK v EISPACK. Sau n c vit bng ngn ng C trn c s cc th vin nu trn v pht trin thm nhiu lnh vc ca tnh ton khoa hc v cc ng dng k thut. Ngoi MATLAB c bn vi cc kh nng rt phong ph s c cp sau, phn mm MATLAB cn c trang b thm cc ToolBox cc gi chng trnh (th vin) cho cc lnh vc ng dng rt a dng nh x l tn hiu, nhn dng h thng, x l nh, mng n ron, logic m, ti u ha, phng trnh o hm ring, sinh tin hc,...

y l cc tp hp m ngun vit bng chnh MATLAB da theo cc thut ton mi, hu hiu m ngi dng c th chnh sa hoc b sung thm cc hm mi. Simulink l phn mm m phng cc h thng ng hc trong mi trng Matlab. c im ca Simulink l lp trnh dng s cu trc ca h thng. Ngha l, m phng mt h thng ang c m t dng phng trnh vi phn, phng trnh trng thi, hm truyn t hay s cu trc th chng ta cn chuyn sang chng trnh Simulink di dng cc khi c bn khc nhau theo cu trc cn kho st. Vi cch lp trnh nh vy ngi nghin cu h thng s thy trc quan v d hiu. Trong mi trng Simulink c th tn dng c cc kh nng tnh ton, phn tch d liu, ho ca Matlab v s dng cc kh nng ca toolbox khc nh toolbox x l tn hiu s, logic m v iu khin m, nhn dng, iu khin thch nghi, iu khin ti u v v.Vic Simulink kt hp c vi cc toolbox to ra cng c rt mnh kho st ng hc cc h tuyn tnh v phi tuyn trong mt mi trng thng nht. II. Th vin khi chun ca Simulink: Mi trng lp trnh Simulink c to nn t cc khi chun trong cc th vin ca Simulink. Cc th vin Simulink bao gm cc khi sau:

Hnh 7.1:Th vin khi chun ca Simulink Sau y chng ta s i tm hiu c th tc dng v cch lm vic ca cc khi hay dng trong cc th vin . 1. Th vin cc khi Sources (Khi pht tn hiu): Th vin ny gm cc khi to ngun tn hiu khc nhau. Trong th vin Sources c cc khi nh trong bng di y: Tn khi Band-LimitedWhite Noise Chirp- Signal Clock Constant Digital Clock Discrete Pulse Generator From Workspace From file Pule Generator Chc nng a nhiu trng vo h To sng sin tn s bt k Cp thi gian thc To i lng khng i, tn hiu u vo khng i Cp thi gian, vi thi gian ly mu Khi pht tn hiu dao ng ri rc c d liu trong vng nh m c d liu t mt file To cc xung vi cc chu k khc nhau

Ramp Random Number Repeating Sequence Signal Generator Sine Wave Step Uniform Random Number + Constant:

Pht tn hiu ng y= ax +b To cc s ngu nhin phn b chun To tn hiu tu lp li theo chu k To cc dng tn hiu khc nhau To tn hiu hnh sin To tn hiu dng hm bc thang n v (hm bc nhy) To cc s ngu nhin phn b u

Khi to nn hng s. Hng s c th l vct hay matrn, hay tn hiu n ty ta khai bo constant. Mun vy nhy p vo khi ta s m ra ca s Block Parameters v c th nhp cc tham s sau n OK. interpret vecto parameters nu chn ta c th khai bo tham s l vct hng hay vct ct, nu khng chn vct hng hay ct m ta khai bo ch c th dng nh vct vi chiu di n. + Step v Ram: Dng to tn hiu bc thang hay tn hiu dc dc tuyn tnh. Chng ta c th khai bo gi tr u/ gi tr cui v c thi im bt u ca bc nhy. Trong hp parameter ta nhp Step time: nhp thi gian bt u ca bc nhy. Initial value: Nhp gi tr ban u trc khi c bc nhy. Final value: gi tr cui ca bc nhy. Sample time: 0 khi m phng cho h lin tc; 1 khi m phng cho h gin on. + Signal Generator v Pulse Generator: Signal Generator to cc tn hiu kch thch khc nhau v d nh sin, rng ca cn Pulse Generator to xung ch nht vi bin v tn s rng xung c th thay i. + SINE WAVE:

To tn hiu hnh sin cho c hai loi lin tc( sample time = 0) v cho gin on vi ( sample time = 1). c s quan h y=Amplitude.sin(Fequency.time+phase) + Repeating Sequency: to tn hiu tun hon tu . 7.2.2 Th vin cc khi Sinks y gm cc khi dng hin th hoc ghi li kt qu m phng u ra mt khi trong h thng c kho st. Trong th vin Sinks c cc khi sau:

Tn khi Chc nng Display Hin th tn hiu di dng ch s Scope Khi quan st Stop simulation Ngng qu trnh m phng khi lng vo khc khng To File Ghi d liu vo File To Workspace Ghi d liu vo vng lm vic XY graph Hin th th XY ca tn hiu trn c s th MATLAB Th vin Sink(bao gm cc khi truy sut chun ca Simulink) + Scope Nh scope ta c th hin th cc tn hiu ca qu trnh m phng.

Khi c th hin ra chng ta c th zoom xem tn hiu theo mun, ngoi ra khi vo hp thoi scope chng ta thy Number of axes: ti y ta nhp s trc to tng ng vi s tn hiu u vo.

Time range: nu in mt thi gian c th th s biu din cho ti thi im gi tr ca s xc nh, nu khng t l auto Tick lables: nhn cho trc s hin cc gi tr ti cc trc hay khng. XYGaph: biu din hai tn hiu vo scalar trn to XY di dng th ca matlab ta c th t gii hn cho trc. u vo th nht tng ng vi trc x u vo th hai tng ng vi trc y. 7.2.3 Th vin cc khi Continuous. Trong th vin ny c cc khi ca h thng lin tc tuyn tnh, cc khi biu din cc hm tuyn tnh chun. Th vin Linear gm cc khi sau: Tn khi Derivative Integrator Memory State- Space Transfer Fcn Transport Delay Variable Transport Delay Zero- pole Chc nng Tnh vi phn theo thi gian ca lng vo ( d/dt) Tch phn tn hiu B nh ghi li d liu Biu din h thng trong khng gian trng thi tuyn tnh Hm truyn t tuyn tnh ca cc khu hoc h thng Gi chm lng vo theo gi tr thi gian cho trc. Gi chm lng vo vi khong thi gian bin i Hm truyn theo Pole(im cc) v Zero(im khng) + Derivative: Php tnh o hm tn hiu u vo c thc hin nh khi derivative. Tn hiu u ra c dng u/ t. Trong l bin thin ca i lng cn tnh k t bc tnh lin trc . + Integrator: Khi Integrator ly tch phn tn hiu u vo ca khi. Gi tr ban u khai bo ti hp thoi cu khi ti nInitial condition. NuInitial condition c chn l

exterrnal th trn biu tng ca khi xut hin mt u vo th hai ginh cho gi tr ban u ly ngun ngoi ca khi. u ra ca khi Integrator ti external reset c th chn mt trong cc gi tr rising, falling, erithr hay leve, khi ny s t ng ginh thm mt u ginh cho gi tr reset.

+ State- Space: L m hnh trng thi ca h tuyn tnh.. (xem control systerm toolbox). + Transfer Fcn: L m hnh ho hm truyn i tng ng vi lnh tf(num,den) ca control systerm toolbox. 7.2.4 Th vin cc khi Dicrete (tn hiu ri rc hay tn hiu s Z) Th vin ny c cc khi c bn ca h thng ri rc, cc khi tnh ton trong min thi gian ri rc. C th bao gm cc khi nh trong bng sau:

Tn khi Chc nng DiscreteTransferEcn Biu din hm truyn trong h ri rc Discrete Zero- pole Biu din hm truyn trong h ri rc thng qua Pole Discrete -Filter v Zero Biu din cc b lc HR v FIR

DiscreteState- Space Biu din h thng trong khng gian trng thi ri rc Discrete-Time Biu din tch phn tn hiu ri rc theo thi gian Integrator Fist Order Hold Unit Display Zero order Hold Khu to dng bc nht Hin th tn hiu trong mt chu k ri rc Khu to dng bc thang khng

7.2.5 Th vin cc khi Nonlinear (cc khu phi tuyn). Th vin Nonlinear c cc khi biu din cc hm phi tuyn in hnh cc khi trong h thng phi tuyn. C th bao gm cc khi sau: Dead Zone Quantizer Rate Limiter Relay Saturation Switch M t vng khng nhy (vng cht). Lng t ho tn hiu vo trong cc khong xc nh. Hn ch phm vi thay i ca tn hiu Khu rle. Khu bo ho tn hiu (khu hn ch). Chuyn mch gia hai lng vo.

7.2.6 Th vin khi Signal & System: Th vin Signal & System c cc khi biu din tn hiu v h thng. C th bao gm cc khi chnh nh sau:

Tn khi Sub&Systems In1 Demux (phn knh) Mux (Dn knh) Out1

Chc nng Xy dng h thng con bn trong h thng ln To cng vo cho mt h thng Tch tn hiu vct thnh cc tn hiu v hng Gp cc tn hiu thnh mt vct To cng ra cho mt h thng

7.2.7 Th vin cha cc khi ton hc Math:

Th vin Math c cc khi biu din hm ton hc. C th bao gm cc khi chnh nh sau: Tn khi Chc nng Abs Biu din gi tr tuyt i ca lng vo Combuanatoril logic Biu din bng chn l. Dot product Nhn gi hai vct Product Thc hin nhn cc lng vo Gain B (khu) khuych i Matrix gain BK c h s khuych i l mt Ma trn Math function Cc hm ton hc MinMax Tn gi tr min, max Relational Ton t quan h Sum Tnh tng ca cc lng vo Trigonometric Function Hm lng gic Cc khi trong th vin ny c chc nng ghp ton hc cc tn hiu khc nhau. Sau y s m t mt s khi hay dng. + Sum: u ra ca khi sum l tng cc tn hiu vo. Vi khi sum ta c th cng hoc tr nhiu tn hiu bng cch khai bo vo Lits of signs: + Khi Product v Dot Product: Khi dot product cho ta tch v hng ca cc vc t u vo. Khi product thc hin php nhn tng phn t hay tng ma trn , cng nh php chia tn hiu u vo Ti Number of inputs: ta nhp s u vo. Ti Multiplication: Chn element-wise khi cn nhn hoc chia ca tng phn t hoc tn hiu, chn Matrix nu mun nhn hoc chia tn hiu dng matrn. + Khi Gain, Matrix Gain, Slider Gain: Khi gain c tc dng khuych i tn hiu u vo Bng biu thc khai bo Gain khi ta nhy p vo khi ny. Khi Slider Gain Cho php ngi s dng thay i gi tr khuych i trong qu trnh m phng. Khi nhy kp chut tri vo khi, ca s khi ta nhp vo gi tr b nht, v ln nht, ta c th thay i gi tr khuych i trong khong ny bng thanh trt. Matrix Gian cng ging nh gian nhng khc ch

chng ta phi khai bo tham s thch hp thc hin php nhn gia ma trn Gain vi u vo. 7.2.8 Th vin cha cc khi Function & Tables: Tn khi Fcn Matlab Fcn look- Up Table Chc nng ng dng biu thc ton nht nh cho lng vo. ng dng hm Matlab cho lng vo. Biu din tuyn tnh tng on ca hai lng vo

2-D S -Function a mt S-Function vo trong mt khi 7.2.9 Th vin cc khi m rng ca Simulink: Additional Discrete: Khi m rng khi tn hiu ri rc. Additional linear: Khi m rng khi tn hiu tuyn tnh Additional Sinks: Khi m rng khi quan st. Filp Flops: Khi m rng cha khi Trig. Linearization: Khi m rng tuyn tnh ho. Transformations: Khi m rng cc khi bin i ton hc.