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1. Chn phi v cc phng php gia cng chun b phi Ch ph 1.1 Chn phi
Mun ch to c mt chi tit my t yu cu k thut v cc ch tiu kinh t th ngi cng ngh phi xc nh c kch thc phi v chn c loi phi thch hp. Kch thc ca phi c tnh theo lng d, cn chn loi phi phi cn c vo: Phi nm vng cc yu cu thit k, kin * Vt liu v c tnh vt liu thc v c tnh cc * Kch thc, hnh dng v kt cu ca chi tit loi vt liu v cc loi phi, nm vng phm * S lng chi tit cn gia cng hoc dng sn xut vi cng dng ca tng * C s vt cht c th ca ni sn xut loi phi.

Chn phi hp l s m bo:

- Cht lng gia cng - Gim ph tn v vt liu

Ph tn vt liu c nh gi bng h s s dng vt liu K: li K=Gct/Gph K=Gct/Gph Trong : - Gct: Khi lng chi tit - Gph: Khi lng phi
ngha ca h s K: Ni ln trnh k thut ch to phi. Xu hng chung ngh
l lm cho hnh dng v kch thc ca phi ging nh chi tit gia cng. Theo tiu chun nhiu nc trn th gii th K phi ln hn 0,75

ph kh: * Cc dng phi c s dng trong sn xut c kh:

Ph - Phi c Ph - Phi rn - Phi hn Ph Ph - Phi cn

li ph * Vt liu ch to phi: Kim loi (en, mu), phi kim v.v

1.2 Cc phng php gia cng chun b phi

Gia cng chun b phi l nguyn cng m u ca qu trnh cng ngh, nhm mc ch :

- Gim sai s ca phi nhm m bo chnh xc, tui bn ca my, dng c, s dng hp l thit b. - Gim sai s in dp cc nguyn cng sau. - Cc loi phi thanh phi nn thng trc khi a ln gia cng trn cc my t ng.

ph a) Lm sch phi: Cc loi phi c hoc rn, dp trc khi gia cng phi c lm sch nhm t cc mc ch sau: - Loi tr cc lp ct chy, vy kim loi chy bm trn b mt phi. - Loi tr ba via, cc lp kim loi hng trn b mt phi. To iu kin gia cng ct gt d dng

ph ph th hi ng Cc phng php thc hin: nh n chic: - Sn xut nh, n chic: Hnh thc t chc chun b phi khng rch ri m
c th thc hin cc phn xng khc nhau. S dng cc bin php th cng, s dng cc dng c n gin nh bn chi st, da v.v. i khi dng c mi, ngn la hn lm sch. Vi cc phi rn c th c lm sch bng dung dch Axit.

Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta kt hp c gia cng chun b phi, gia cng th v tinh trn cng mt my. Tuy nhin, khng nn s dng my gia cng tinh gia cng

chun b phi Trong sn xut ln: C b phn lm sch phi ring xng ch to phi vi cc thit
b chuyn dng. Dng cc thit b chuyn dng nh dng kh nn, dng nc hoc ct c p lc nht nh lm sch phi. N th ph b) Nn thng phi i vi cc phi di tit kim vt liu, m bo chnh xc gia cng, phi khng nhng c nn thng trc khi gia cng m cn nn thng gia quy trnh cng ngh sau nguyn cng nhit luyn, trc khi mi. C th nn thng theo cc phng php sau : tay, ng th - Bng ba tay, ngm bng mt thng. y l phng php th cng, nng sut thp, chnh xc ph thuc vo tay ngh ca th. p. - Nn p. L phng php dng lc p ca c cu thu lc hoc kh nn nn thng, kim tra bng ng h so. C th nn p trn khi V hoc trn 2 mi tm, vi chi tit nn khng ln lm.

- Nn trn my chuyn dng. Phng php ny c th nn c phi c ng knh ln tr chuy n 150 mm vi chnh xc cao (0,5 0,9 mm/m). - Nn thng trn my cn ren phng. S dng my cn ren bng cch thay bn ren bng th tr ph bn phng. Phng php ny t c chnh xc v nng sut cao. ph c) Gia cng ph.

- Mc ch ca gia cng ph:

* Bc i lp kim loi qu xu b mt phi nh r, dnh ct, bin cng v.v. * Gim khi lng vn chuyn nu phi vn chuyn phi i xa - Phng php thc hin: S dng cc my c cng sut ln, cng vng cao nhng chnh xc khng cn cao gia cng ph. Ch Ch : Khng nn s dng cng mt my vi gia cng bn tinh v gia cng tinh. C ph d) Ct t phi. Ct t phi l nguyn cng ct phi thnh tng on theo yu cu hoc ct cc phn tha (u rt, u ngt v.v) trn phi. C nhiu phng php ct phi, s dng phng php no tu thuc vo :

- chnh xc chiu di, phng v vung gc ca mt ct so vi tm phi. - Chiu rng ming ct. - Nng sut ct. - C s vt cht k thut ca n v sn xut.

C ph tay. 1. Ct phi bng ca tay.

+ n gin, d thc hin, vt ct hp. + Nng sut thp, chnh xc khng cao.

C tr 2. Ct trn my ca cn.
+ n gin, d thc hin ph hp vi cc c s sn xut nh. + Vt ct tng i hp (1 2,5 mm). + Nng sut cao hn ca tay, nhng thp hn cc phng php khc.

C tr 3. Ct trn my ca a.
+ t nng sut cao, nhng vt ct rng (3 15 mm). + C th ct vi lng chy dao c nh hoc lng chy dao thay i.

C ai. 4. Ct t bng ca ai.

+ Nng sut cao hn ca cn, thp hn ca a. + Vt ct hp (1 1,5 mm), cht lng mt ct tt. + Ph hp cho vic ct u ngt, u rt trong sn xut ln.

C 5. Ct t bng bnh mi.

+ t chnh xc cao, cht lng tt, vt ct hp (1 3 mm). + Ph hp ct cc chi tit cng.

C 6. Ct bng bnh ma st.

+ Dng mt a quay tip xc vi phi sinh ra nhit lm nng chy kim loi phi to thnh vt ct hp (1,5 3 mm). a ct c lm ngui bng nc. C th dng li ca mm hn vt liu gia cng. + Nng sut cao, gi thnh h, nhng khng chnh xc v n.

C tr ti 7. Ct t trn my tin. + Ct t trn my tin c th thc hin chung trn mt ln g vi gia cng mt u, mt ngoi v l tm v.v. Do m bo chnh xc v v tng quan gia l tm, mt ngoi, mt u. + Thc hin thun li, chnh xc cao, c th ct cc vt c ng knh ln (n 3200 mm). + Nng sut thp, vt ct rng (3 7 mm) phi khc phc vt gy v tng cng vng cho dao.

S tin ct t
tr chuy ng. 8. Ct t trn my chuyn dng. + Nng sut rt cao, nhng ming ct khng chnh xc. + C th ct c phi thanh, phi tm. Ngoi cc phng php trn cn c mt s phng php khc nh: ct bng in cc, ct bng xy, bng in ho, bng tia nc c p sut cao

5. Gia cng l tm L tm l mt chun tinh ph thng nht c s dng nh v chi tit khi gia cng, kim tra, sa cha. C mt s dng l tm sau:

Cc loi l tm
G chi tit trn hai mi tm

Yu cu ca l tm:
- Phi b mt tip xc, chiu su, gc cn phi chnh xc. - B mt tip xc phi nhn bng. - m bo chnh xc ng tm ca hai l tm.

ph ph ng Mt s phng php gia cng l tm:

Gia cng trn my vn nng thng thng thng (my tin, my khoan). Dng mi khoan tm gia cng l tm. i khi c th dng mi khoan nh khoan phn tr, sau dng mi khoan ln khot phn cn.

S khoan l tm trn my tin Vi cc chi tit ln c th dng phng php gia cng l tm theo du. Sau khi khoan xong th i u gia cng l tm u kia

Cc sai s thng xy ra vi cc l tm:

Kh - Khng ng tm: Nguyn nhn l do tr u chi tit. ng: - Sai s hnh dng: Do dng c ct khng chnh xc.

Trong sn xut ln c th s dng my chuyn dng hoc my lin hp va kho mt u va khoan l tm.

Bc 1: Kho mt u

Bc 2: Khoan tm

Ch Ch : Trong qu trnh cng ngh, d l tm c ch to chnh xc n mc no th sau khi nhit luyn, trc vn b cong, do vy v tr ca hai l tm s c sai s. Do trc khi gia cng tinh (mi), nht thit phi sa li l tm m bo ng hnh dng v v tr yu cu:

Mun sa li l tm sau khi nhit luyn phi dng phng php mi hoc nghin