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Kh nng cnh tranh ca doanh nghip bn l Vit Nam hu WTO:

VN QUN TR CHUI CUNG NG V LOGISTICS


TS. Phm Th Minh L (*)

TNG QUAN V TH TRNG BN L VIT NAM:

heo Tng cc thng k, doanh thu ca th trng bn l Vit Nam (VN) nm 2008 t 58 t la M, tng 31% so vi nm 2007. Theo Cng ty Nghin cu th trng RNCOS, doanh thu ca th trng bn l VN c d bo s tng khong 13,6% trong giai on t nm 2008 - 2012. Nm 2008, theo bng xp hng ca Cng ty T vn chin lc ton cu A.T. Kearney da trn ch s pht trin bn l ton cu (GRDI - Global Retail Development Index), VN tr thnh th trng u t bn l hp dn nht trong s 30 nc thuc nhm th trng ang ni ln ca th gii.

y l hot ng u vo ca bt k Hin VN c khong 400 siu th, 60 trung tm (TT) thng mi, nh bn l no v c nh 2.000 ca hng mua sm gia tng kh nng cnh tranh trc sc p t nhng i hng ln n cu trc chi tin li v hn 900.000 ca th cnh tranh nc ngoi, mt trong nhng vn sng ph ca DN cng nh phn hng khc. Trong vng cn l phi pht trin mnh h thng bn l. Kinh nghim nh kh nng p ng sn 2 nm ti, cc chuyn phm n tay ngi tiu gia d bo s c khong cho thy mt s trng hp thnh cng in hnh ca cc dng (NTD). Hu ht cc 700 - 750 siu th, 150 TT cng ty bn l hng u trn th gii nh Wal-mart, Tesco, DN bn l VN u v thng mi v hng chc Metro Cash & Carry, c s ng gp to ln ca hot ang xy dng c mi ngn cc ca hng tin li. ng qun tr chui cung ng v logistics hiu qu. Trong lin h vi cc nh cung Bc tranh th trng bn khun kh ca bi vit, tc gi thng qua hot ng bn l cp trong v ngoi nc l ti VN rt sinh ng khi knh phn phi hin i phn tch v hot ng qun vi quan h n nh v lu c nhiu DN bn l VN v tr chui cung ng v logistics trong lnh vc bn l, hin di. Mt s DN bn l nh nc ngoi tham gia. Cc Saigon Co.opmart, Vissan, DN VN truyn thng hot trng cc doanh nghip (DN) bn l Vit Nam (VN) theo Vinatex mart,cng thit ng trong lnh vc ny cch nhn nhn v qun tr chui cung ng v logistics. T lp quan h i tc chin gm Saigon Co.opmart, , tc gi a ra mt s kin ngh nhm gia tng hiu qu lc vi mt s nh cung Satra, Citimart, Maximark, hot ng cng nh kh nng cnh tranh i vi cc DN cp to ra sn phm Hapromart, Fivimart, trong giai on cnh tranh khc lit sp ti. ring ca mnh. Thng Vinatex mart. Trong khi thng l cc sn phm , cc DN nc ngoi thc phm kh, ng lnh hin din ti VN gm Metro Cash v ch bin sn, ti sng, sn phm 9 TT phn phi TPHCM, H Ni, Hi & Carry (c), BigC (Php), Parkson may mc hoc c kh nng tham gia Phng, Cn Th, Nng v ng (Malaysia), Zen Plaza (Nht Bn), vo mt s hot ng h tr sn phm Nai; Big C a vo hot ng 5 siu Diamond Plaza, Lotte (Hn Quc). nh ng gi, dn nhn, ch bin. Tuy th; tp on Parkson cng c k hoch T l hng ha bn qua h thng nhin, i vi nhng sn phm nhp trin khai h thng 10 TT thng mi phn phi hin i (siu th, TT thng khu t nc ngoi, quan h mua hng (hin a vo hot ng 4 TT ti mi) ang gia tng so vi t l hng ha cng ch l mi quan h i l phn H Ni, Hi Phng v TP.HCM). Cng bn qua h thng phn phi truyn phi nn ngun cung cp khng mang ty Lotte Shopping (Hn Quc) vi

thng. Ch ring ti H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh (TPHCM) c khong 250 siu th vi tc tng trng 25%/ nm. Qua cho thy s c mt s cnh tranh khc lit gia cc DN trong th trng bn l y tim nng ny, c bit i vi cc DN bn l VN. C th, sau khi chnh thc tr thnh thnh vin ca T chc Thng mi Th gii (WTO), VN phi thc hin mt s cam kt WTO trong hot ng phn phi (bao gm bn l) nh: T 1/1/2008, cho php lin doanh khng hn ch vn gp t pha nc ngoi, t 1/1/2009, cho php thnh lp DN bn l 100% vn nc ngoi ti VN, t 1/1/2010, cc DN c vn u t nc ngoi c php cung cp dch v bn bun, bn l tt c cc mt hng sn xut ti VN v nhp khu hp php vo VN. Hin nay, cc DN bn l nc ngoi c nhng bc i nht nh chun b v gia tng sc p trn th trng nh: Metro Cash & Carry c

mc tiu u t mt chui gm 15 TT thng mi tng hp ti TPHCM, cng chnh thc tham gia vo th trng bn l ca VN bng vic lin doanh vi i tc trong nc m siu th Lotte Mart Nam Si Gn, c tng vn u t 70 triu la M ti qun 7. Tp on Dairy Farm (Hongkong) cng chnh thc khai trng chui siu th Welcome ti TPHCM trn c s mua li chui siu th ca Citimart. Khng dng li , cc cng ty bn l ln nht th gii nh Wal-mart (M), Carefour (Php), Tesco (Anh) cng ang chun b u t vo th trng VN.

HIN TRNG CHUI CUNG NG V LOGISTIC CA CC DOANH NGHIP BN L VN


Hot ng qun tr mua hng v nh cung cp.

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Khoa hc & ng dng

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Tn doanh nghip
G7Mart

i tc
Du Tng An, Ajinomoto, Caf Trung Nguyn, CocaCola, Tribeco, P&G, Nutifood, Vinamilk, Dutch Lady Vietnam Bibica, Vissan, PepsiCo, Du Tng An, Hp H Long, Vinamilk, Dutch Lady Vietnam, Lavie, Unilever, P&G Cofidec, Inmexco, Safaco, Seprotimex, Cty rau c qu TP.HCM Phong Ph Corp., Dopimex, Doximex, Texgamex JVC, LG, Panasonic, Philips, Samsung, Sanyo, Toshiba, Sony, Nokia Nokia, Samsung, Motorola, HP, Toshiba, Lenovo, NEC, Acer, Apple Hanoi Milk, Vang Thang Long, Hagrimex, Hanoi Food Nokia, Motorola, Samsung, Sony Ericksson, Lenovo, Siemens

Mt hng
Du n, bt ngt, caf, nc gii kht, sa, sn phm v sinh c nhn Bnh ko, thc phm ti sng, nc gii kht, sa, hng tiu dng nhanh Rau qu, thy hi sn May mc Kim kh in my, in t, in thoi in t, in thoi Sa, ru, thc phm in t, in thoi

Saigon Coopmart Vissan Vinatex Mart Nguyn Kim FPT Retail Hapromart Th Gii Di ng

Bng 1: Danh sch cc i tc cung cp ca mt s doanh nghip bn l VN.

tnh n nh v d dng gp ri ro trong cc vn lin quan n vic kim sot thi gian giao hng, t l hao ht, cht lng sn phm. Bng 1 cho thy hu ht cc DN bn l ln ca VN u c h thng cc nh cung cp chin lc. Tuy nhin, phn ln l nhng nh sn xut trong nc hoc ch l nhng cng ty hay i l phn phi sn phm nc ngoi ti VN. Vic m bo hng ha cho cc nh bn l l mt vn ht sc quan trng v mang tnh sng cn. S lng mt hng trong 1 TT phn phi l hng ngn mt hng nhng ch c vi i tc chin lc nn nh hng nghim trng n hiu qu kinh doanh v v th cnh tranh ca cc nh bn l. Hn na, phi lm vic vi hng trm thm ch hng ngn nh cung cp khc nhau, DN bn l mt nhiu thi gian, chi ph v nhiu vn khc pht sinh. Trn thc t, nhiu nh bn l khng th kim sot ht cht lng, ngun gc hng ha ca cc nh cung cp nn hng ha km phm cht d dng xm nhp vo. Tn kho cng l mt yu t gn cht vi k hoch xy dng ngun cung ca cc nh bn l. Tuy nhin, vic xy dng lng hng tn kho ti u lm sao ti thiu ha chi ph trong khi p ng c nhu cu ca NTD vn cha c cc DN bn l VN thc hin khoa hc. Hu ht, vic t hng tn kho c cc DN da vo s liu trong qu kh v d bo th cng, trn h thng d liu th s v n gin; m hnh ti u ha lng hng tn kho trong hot ng bn l da vo h thng thng tin cao cp cha c ng dng.

li siu th v TT thng mi nh vy l cha hp l: tp trung nhiu TP.HCM, Ngoi tr, mt s t cc DN bn l VN H Ni, cc tnh thnh cn li c mt, c quy m ln c mt vi TT phn hai hoc thm ch khng c. Nu xt v phi tp trung theo khu vc nht nh mt pht trin kinh t, giao thng, c x l lng hng t nh cung cp s h tng, mt dn c... th s phn n cc siu th hoc TT thng mi, b nh vy l tng i hp l. Nhng cn li a phn cc DN bn l ch hnh xt v mt p ng nhu cu mua sm thnh nn nhng nh kho nh cha ca x hi th h thng siu th v TT hng v phn phi cho mt s siu th thng mi vn cn thiu nhiu v ln cn. S bng n v gia tng lin tc phn b cha hp l. mng li cc siu th, TT thng mi tri di min Bc, Trung, Tn S lng nm K hoch Nam cng to doanh nghip 2009 p lc cho vic Tng s: 755 xy dng cc Min Bc: 121 G7Mart Tng s: 10.000 (nm 2010) TT phn phi Min Trung: 157 tng ng Min Nam: 477 p ng hot Tng s: 38 ng phn Min Bc: 0 Saigon Coopmart Tng s: 50 (nm 2010) phi hng ha Min Trung: 7 n cc siu th Min Nam: 31 v TT thng Vissan Tng s: 57 Tng s: khng c s liu mi mt cch nhanh chng. Tng s: 54 Min Bc: 21 Bng 2 cho Tng s: 80 (nm 2010) Vinatex Mart Min Trung: 12 thy s lng Min Nam: 21 siu th ca Tng s: 3 tng DN chnh Min Bc: 1 lch gia cc Nguyn Kim Tng s: 9 (nm 2010) Min Trung: 0 khu vc nh Min Nam: 2 hng rt ln n kh nng Tng s: 8 Min Bc: 3 xy dng mt FPT Retail Tng s: cha c k hoch Min Trung: 3 s TT phn Min Nam: 2 phi hiu qu trong mng Hapromart Tng s: 28 (Min Bc) Tng s: khng c s liu li. Nhn chung, Tng s: 34 ta thy vic Min Bc: 4 Th Gii Di ng Tng s: khng c s liu Min Trung: 3 phn b mng
Min Nam: 27 Bng 2 - S lng siu th, TT thng mi ca DN bn l VN

Qun tr hot ng TT phn phi

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Khoa hc & ng dng

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Qun tr hot ng vn ti
Hu ht cc DN VN u thc hin chin lc thu ngoi vn ti hng ha trong mng li phn phi. Ch c mt s rt t DN nh Saigon Co.opmart, Vissan, G7Mart u t mt s xe ti nh (khong 2,5 tn) phc v cho vic vn chuyn nhng a bn hp v ch nhng khu vc nht nh. Do , khi h thng siu th, ca hng bn l ca cc DN ny gia tng th vic vn ti t u t hay thu ngoi s cp thit. Ngoi ra, vic hoch nh vn ti ti u tit kim chi ph cng cha c cc DN quan tm. C th, phn ln hot ng vn ti ch nhm phc v cho knh th cp t TT phn phi n siu th, trong khi khng kt hp vi chiu vn chuyn ngc li i vi hng ha thu hi. iu ny dn n tnh trng xe chy khng ti cao. Nhn chung, qun l hot ng vn ti ch yu da trn kinh nghim, cha c h thng h tr ti u ha tuyn ng, hnh thc vn ti v nng lc vn ti do nh hng n hiu qu vn ti. i vi hng nhp khu, tng chi ph vn chuyn ni a (total landed cost) chim t trng kh cao qua trung gian dn n gi thnh sn phm nhp khu cao. Cc TT phn phi ny cng m nhim chc nng thu hi nhng sn phm tr li t cc siu th v TT thng mi. iu ny dn n lu lng hng ha qua li trong mng li gia tng, ko theo chi ph cc hot ng logistics hai chiu cng gia tng. Tuy nhin, cc DN bn l ti VN vn cha c mt bi ton tng th, ti u trong vic la chn v xy dng cc TT phn phi hiu qu. Hin trng cho thy h thng thng tin, cc dch v logistics ti cc TT phn phi ny thiu v km, t l cross-docking (l h thng phn phi hng ha, theo hng ha c nhn trc tip ti TT phn phi nhng khng em vo d tr m sn sng chuyn thng n siu th. Bng cch loi b cng on lu kho v la chn sn phm, cross-docking gip gim ng k chi ph phn phi.) chim s lng rt nh trong tng lng hng phn phi trn ton b mng li cng cho thy vn qun l chi ph km hiu qu khi hoch nh hot ng TT phn phi. Vn thit k TT phn phi theo tiu chun ngnh khng c ch trng. Vic qun l s lng rt ln cc mt hng lu tr bng phng php th cng hay bng nhng h thng n gin s dn n chi ph giao dch, chi ph kim tra, theo di cao v ri ro v sai st rt nhiu. Tuy nhin, y li l tnh trng kh ph bin ti cc DN bn l VN, mt phn do chi ph u t vo h thng qun l kho (WMS Warehouse Management System) vi cc cng ngh cao i hi vn u t kh ln lm cc DN ny khng mnh dn u t. Mt khc, vic cha c s d bo, hoch nh b sung gia b phn TT phn phi, siu th v nh cung cp s mang li ri ro tn kho v chi ph d tr cao nht. Cc DN bn l VN lun gp nhng kh khn v vic TT phn phi hoc nh cung cp khng giao hng trong cc dp l, Tt.

ng dng cng ngh thng tin


So vi tiu chun quc t cng nh s ng dng cng ngh thng tin vo ngnh cng nghip bn l ton cu th mc ng dng cng ngh thng tin ca cc DN VN rt thp. Hnh 1 di y cho thy mc pht trin cc tnh nng cng ngh thng tin ca cc doanh nghip VN nhn chung mc trung bnh so vi th gii. H thng thng tin m cc DN bn l VN trin khai vn cn mang tnh cc b, n l, cha c s kt ni gia cc

Hnh 1: Mc pht trin cng ngh thng tin ca doanh nghip bn l VN

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i tc trong ton b chui cung ng. Gn nh khng c s lin kt h thng thng tin gia cc i tc chnh l nh cung cp hng ha, DN bn l, nh cung cp dch v logistics. M hnh kinh doanh m cc cng ty bn l trn th gii ang ng dng l m hnh ko (pull model) ngha l m hnh p ng nhanh chng nhu cu th trng v iu ny ch c th thc hin c thng qua ng dng h thng thng tin ton b v phc tp. Vic ng dng thng mi in t gia tng knh bn hng trc tuyn hoc phc v cho hot ng mua hng cha c cc DN bn l VN thc hin. Kho st tt c cc website ca cc DN ny cho thy, tt c u l nhng website mang tnh cht thng tin v khng c bt k mt hot ng giao dch trc tuyn. Do , li ch ca thng mi in t nh gim chi ph giao dch, tc giao dch gia tng, c hi tng doanh thu, khng c cc DN ny nhn thc mt cch nghim chnh.

Qun tr hiu qu hot ng trung tm phn phi


m bo vic p ng nhu cu nhanh chng ca NTD cng nh gim s sai lch trong d bo hng ha cung cp do hiu ng bullwhip (hiu ng pht sinh trong qu trnh d bo hng ha cung cp t nh cung cp n nh bn l dn n cc sai lch s lng d bo tng bn tham gia trong chui cung ng, nh hng n lng hng tn kho gia tng, chi ph tn kho cao) gy ra, cc DN bn l cn xem xt v nh gi mt s nh cung cp chin lc t ng dng m hnh qun l tn kho bi nh cung cp (m hnh VMI - Vendor Managed Inventory nh bn l yu cu cc nh cung cp phi chu trch nhim i vi s lng n hng v thi gian hon thnh n hng, thng thng da vo d liu tn kho v d liu ti cc siu th). c bit, i vi nhng nh cung cp ln v hng tiu dng nhanh (FMCG - Fast Moving Consumer Goods) cn p dng m hnh ti u xc nh lng d tr tn kho ph hp nh gim tn kho, nhng vn gi vng kh nng p ng n hng. Tng t trng hng cross-dock qua TT phn phi. h tr vic thc hin cc ng dng ny, TT phn phi cn phi c xy dng theo tiu chun ngnh nh ng dng cng ngh m vch v sng v tuyn, phn vng, cch xp hng, thi gian giao nhn hng.

ng vn ti n knh s cp (t nh cung cp n TT phn phi) ti u ha chi ph vn ti. Theo , vn ti th cp c th phi hp vi vn ti s cp; xy dng quy trnh hoch nh d bo lin tc gia cc b phn vn ti, TT phn phi, siu th v nh cung cp cho nhng trng hp c bit nh khuyn mi, tung sn phm mi hot ng vn ti p ng tt nht. i vi hng ha nhp khu, nn s dng nhng nh cung cp dch v logistics th ba c uy tn v cht lng m bo thi gian vn chuyn ng hn cng nh kim sot tt hn hng ha nhp khu.

ng dng ph hp cng ngh thng tin


i vi hot ng mua hng, cc DN nn xy dng h thng c s d liu

MT S KIN NGH CI THIN CHUI CUNG NG V HOT NG LOGISTICS


Qun tr hiu qu hot ng mua hng v nh cung cp
Cc DN bn l VN cn phi xy dng b phn mua hng tp trung vi s tham gia ca cc b phn lin quan nh TT phn phi, siu th, ti chnh tng cng kh nng phi hp, m phn vi nh cung cp m bo chui cung ng v logistics t s ti u, hiu qu nht. i vi sn phm ni a ch lc, cc DN cn xy dng chin lc la chn, nui dng (h tr ti chnh, k thut v o to) v pht trin nh cung cp nht l nhng sn phm nng nghip, sn phm th cng truyn thng. Chin lc pht trin nhn hiu ring (private label) phi c c bit quan tm v y s l yu t to nn s khc bit trong cnh tranh trong giai on tng lai. i vi hng ha nhp khu, cc DN cn xem xt m phn trc tip, trnh qua trung gian tng mc kim sot hng ha v kim sot chi ph; cng vi mc ch nh vy, cc DN nn ng dng m hnh crossdocking i vi loi hng ha ny.

Qun tr hiu qu hot ng vn ti


Cc DN cn nghin cu xy dng h thng o lng v nh gi hiu qu nh cung cp dch v vn ti m bo s ci tin lin tc; m rng hot

v cc nh cung cp t d dng cho vic thng k v nh gi, so snh hot ng ca cc i tc. T c th tn dng c yu t li th v qui m t vic kt hp cc nh cung cp li vi nhau v s dng ngun cung mt cch hiu qu. Cc DN VN nn ch ng tham gia vo mt s mng thng mi in t B2B chuyn bit dnh cho cc nh bn l m rng c hi tm kim v hp tc vi cc nh cung cp, nh mng WorldWide Retail Exchange (www.wwre.org) v mng GlobalNetXchange (www.gnx.com). i vi hot ng ca TT phn phi, cc DN khi ng dng m hnh VMI th iu quan trng l phi xy dng h thng thng tin chuyn bit phc v cho hot ng trao i thng tin vi nh cung cp theo giao thc chuyn giao d liu in t (Electronic Data

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