COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN TERMS OF THEIR PHYSICAL PROPRERTIES AND BEHAVIOR TOWARDS IGNITION

Aldueza, Anjeli Mae D.; Altea, Fredrick Romulus R.; Amistad, Vanessa V.; Ang, Jose S. Jr.; Arcega, Alyssa Eireen C. Group1, 2D Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santo Tomas

ABSTRACT
Organic compounds are the complex compounds of carbon. These are classified as different classes of hydrocarbon derivatives based on the substituent element or group of highest priority to the hydrocarbon. Organic compounds have different physical properties. The physical state, color and odor were noted by simple physical observation while miscibility was tested by introducing drops of a solvent into a sample whether if it is a liquid or a solid. Flammability was tested through ignition test by placing 3-5 drops of the liquid sample in a small evaporating dish and lighting it with a match. Lastly, the reaction of a sample with Litmus paper to determine if the sample is soluble in water.

INTRODUCTION
This formal report presents the comparative investigation of the different organic compounds based on their intrinsic physical properties and behavior. Hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms are the most common atoms that are generally attached to the carbon atoms. Each carbon atom has 4 as its valence number which increases the complexity of the compounds that are formed. Since carbon atoms are able to create double and triple bonds with other atoms, it further also raises the likelihood for variation in the molecular make-up of organic compounds. All hydrocarbons are insoluble in water because they easily distribute and are relatively nonpolar. When hydrocarbons burn using oxygen, C02 and H20 are the sole products. There are 2 large classes of Hydrocarbons namely: Unsaturated and Saturated. Saturated Hydrocarbons are the simplest type of organic compounds in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds. On the other hand, Unsaturated Hydrocarbons contains one or more carbon-carbon multiple bonds like double bonds and triple bonds. These 2 classes have similar physical properties but differ in chemical properties. Miscibility is the property of liquids to mix in all the proportions, therefore, forming a homogenous solution. Flammability, the measure of the extent to which a material or a substance will support combustion, is tested through ignition test. Vapor pressure is an important parameter in determining the ease of ignition of a substance or material because substances are determined by the characteristics of their flame when they burn. Some compounds produces yellow, sooty flame due to their high carbon content while some yields yellow flame but less sooty. In this experiment, we will be able to determine and differentiate organic compounds in terms of their intrinsic physical properties such as color, odor, solubility in certain solvents, physical state at room temperature, acidity, basicity and their behavior towards ignition.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The organic compounds used were:

1. Cyclohexane. It is a cycloalkane with a molecular formula of C6H12. It is a colorless, flammable liquid that occurs naturally in petroleum crude oil, in volcanic gases, and in cigarette smoke. Cyclohexane can be added to lacquers and resins, paint and varnish removers, and fungicides. It is also used as a fuel for camp stoves.

5. Benzoic Acid C7H6O2 (or C6H5COOH), is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid. It is a colorless crystalline solid and the simplest aromatic carboxylic acid.

2. Dichloromethane or DCM is an organic compound with the molecular formula of CH2Cl2. Its volatility and ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds makes it a useful solvent for many chemical processes. Although it is not miscible with water, it is miscible with many organic solvents. 3. Ethanol also called ethyl alcohol, pure alcohol, grain alcohol, or drinking alcohol, is a straight-chain alcohol, and its molecular formula is C2H5OH. Its empirical formula is C2H6O.

6. Ethyl Acetate is the organic compound with the formula CH3COOCH2CH3. It is used in glues, nail and cigarettes.

7. Ethyl Amine is an organic compound with the formula of CH3CH2NH2. It is immiscible with virtually all solvents and is considered to be a weak base, as is typical for amines. Ethylamine is widely used in chemical industry and organic synthesis.

4. Phenol also known as carbolic acid, is an organic compound with the chemical formula of C6H5OH. It is mainly a man-made chemical, although it is found in nature in animal wastes and organic material. The largest single use of phenol is to make plastics, but it also is used to make nylon and other man-made fibers.

For the physical states, the samples were observed at room temperature. The group noted the color and with a wafting motion, one of the members of the group described the odor of every sample.

For solubility properties of liquids, 4 drops of a sample is introduced into a clean and dry test tube where the solvent would be added dropwisely to a total of 3mL. A calibrated dropper should be used. If the sample is solid, the group used 0.1 g and placed it on a clean and dry test tube where the solvent would also be added, as that of the liquid samples. The mixture should not be heated. The group observed if there was a change in color, warming or effervescence. The samples were subjected to red and blue litmus papers to test for its solubility in water. Neutral results mean that the sample is water soluble. On a small evaporating dish, 3-5 drops of each sample was placed, if liquid; but if the sample was solid, use a pinch amount only.. Afterwards, the sample was lit with a match and the group observed if the sample was flammable or not. If yes, the color of the flame produced was noted.

Table2. Solubility in H2O SAMPLE Cyclohexane DCM Ethanol Phenol Benzoic Acid Ethyl Acetate Ethyl Amine H2O immiscible immiscible miscible miscible partially soluble miscible miscible

The solubility of organic compounds in water indicates the polarity of the sample and the intermolecular forces of attraction that exists between the sample and H2O, as shown in Table2.

Table3. Solubility in 5% HCl and 5% NaOH SAMPLE Cyclohexane DCM Ethanol Phenol Benzoic Acid Ethyl Acetate Ethyl Amine 5% HCl immiscible immiscible miscible miscible insoluble miscible miscible 5% NaOH immiscible immiscible miscible immiscible insoluble miscible miscible

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results for Physical State, color and odor analysis of given organic compounds are shown in Table1. Based on the groups observation, majority of the hydrocarbons are colorless and certain odor distinguishes every sample. Table1. Physical State, Color and Odor analysis SAMPLE Cyclohexane DCM Ethanol Phenol Benzoic Acid Ethyl Acetate Ethyl Amine COLOR clear, colorless liquid clear, colorless liquid clear, colorless liquid clear, red liquid white crystalline clear, colorless liquid clear, colorless liquid ODOR slightly pungent odor chlorine-like odor alcohol-like odor glue-like odor urine-like odor plastic-like odor ammonia-like odor

Table4. Reaction with Litmus Paper SAMPLE Cyclohexane DCM Ethanol Phenol Benzoic Acid Ethyl Acetate Ethyl Amine LITMUS PAPER neutral neutral neutral acidic acidic neutral basic

The solubility of organic compounds in 5% HCl and/or 5% NaOH was shown on Table3. The results on the reaction of samples to litmus paper were shown in Table4. The Ignition Test results was shown in Table5.

Table5. Ignition Test SAMPLE Cyclohexane FLAMMABILITY flammable COLOR OF FLAME orange flame; no soot formed NA yellow flame; sooty NA NA orange flame; no soot formed orange flame; no soot formed

DCM Ethanol Phenol Benzoic Acid Ethyl Acetate

non-flammable flammable non-flammable non-flammable flammable

Ethyl Amine

flammable

Flammability is the ability of a compound to react exothermically with oxygen. Due to the heat of reaction, there would be a formation of flame and in some, soots. Their high flammability is the result of the ease of reaction with oxygen, and the large amount of heat given out when they react.

REFERENCES
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