Standard TCVN 2737-1995 Loads and Effects - Design Standard

TCVN VIETNAM STANDARD
TCVN 2737 : 1995

LOADS AAD EFFEC1S
DESICA S1AADARD

HANOI-1995
TCVN 2737 : 1995
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Loads and effects - Design standard
1. Scope
1.1. This code includes loads and eIIects to design structures, Ioundations and
buildings.
1.2. The loads and eIIects caused by road and rail transport, sea wave, Ilowing,
loading and unloading, earthquake, gust, temperature, dynamic Iorce oI
equipment and vehicle.are not included in this code; they are reIereed to as
the other analog codes oI government.
1.3. While repairing construction, the applied loads are computed against the
actual result oI site survey.
1.4. The eIIect oI atmosphere is taken Irom the climate data standard oI current
construction design or data oI hydrometeorology bureau.
1.5. The loads Ior the very special important construction are not listed in this
code and provided by authority organization.
1.6. As to specialty occupation (traIIic, irrigation, electric, post oIIice.), it is
necessary to build the proper specialty codes base on this code.
. Basic stipulation
2.1. General
2.1.1. While design the building and construction, the loads that induced by
operation, construction as well as Iabrication, maintenance and transport
process have to be considered.
2.1.2. All units in this code are basic property oI load. The applied load is equal
to the standard load multiply by reliable coeIIicient, which considers the
case oI unIavorable deviation oI load in comparison with the standard
values and be deIined depend on considered limited status.
2.1.3. In case oI having proper reason and statistic, the applied loads are deIined
directly according to the overload probability in advance.
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2.1.4. When both or many loads act temporarily, computing structures and
Ioundation according to Iirst and second groups oI limited status must
carried out according to the most unIavorable load combinations or its
corresponding internal Iorces. The load combinations are deIined Irom the
methods oI the same acting oI loads. When computing the load
combinations or corresponding internal Iorces, must multiply by combined
coeIIicient.
2.2. Reliable coeIIicient (overload coeIIicient)
2.2.1. The reliable coeIIicient in computing structure and Ioundation are as
Iollows:
2.2.1.1. Compute the strength and stability Iollowing the items or section 3.2,
4.2.2, 4.3.3, 4.4.2, 5.8, 6.3, 6.17.
2.2.1.2. Take the durable value equal to 1. See the instructions at section 5.1 Ior
the crane girder.
2.2.1.3. Take the value oI 1 when computing by deIormation and displacement iI
there is no other concerned value in the code Ior structure and
Ioundation design.
2.2.1.4. When computing by the other limited status that is not listed at section
2.2.1.1, 2.2.1.2, 2.2.1.3, Iollow the codes Ior structure and Ioundation
design.
Notes.
1) The applied wind load is reduced 20 when computing structure and
foundation according to the arisen load in construction time.
2) The reliable coefficient is equal to 1 for all types of load when
computing strength and stability in the hit condition of crane, hoist and
stopper.
2.3. oad classiIication
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2.3.1. There are two kinds oI load: short term and long term (and special)
depends on the time in which load acting.
2.3.2. The long-term load (standard or applied) is the type which not changes
during the construction and operation time. The short-term load is the type
that is not available at some stages oI construction and operation time.
2.3.3. The long-term load includes:
2.3.3.1. Weight oI building and structures (bearing and shield structures)
2.3.3.2. Weight and pressure oI soil (Iilling and heaping), the pressure caused by
mining.
Note. the stress, both types of self-made or available in structure or
foundation (including pre-stress) must be taken into account like as the
stress caused by long-term load.
2.3.4. The temporary long-term load includes:
2.3.4.1. Weight oI temporarily partitions, weight oI equipment buIIer`s materials
such as soil, concrete.
2.3.4.2. Weight oI equipment which have Iix location such as: major machine,
motor, vessel, pipe and attached accessories, supports, partitions,
conveyors, liIter; weight oI liquid and solid in equipment during the
operation.
2.3.4.3. The pressure oI gas, liquid, substance in tank and pipe during operation,
exceed pressure and reduction oI air pressure when ventilating Ior pit
and the other places.
2.3.4.4. oad on the Iloor by materials and dais oI equipment in the warehouse.
2.3.4.5. The eIIects oI heat-technology by Iix equipment
2.3.4.6. Weight oI water layers in the insulated rooI.
2.3.4.7. Weight oI dust adhered on structure during operation
2.3.4.8. The vertical loading oI a crane or hoist in one span multiply by the
Iollowing coeIIicient:
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0.5 - Ior the medium crane
0.6 - Ior the heavy crane
0.7 - Ior the very heavy crane
2.3.4.9. oads on the Iloor oI various building are listed in column 5, table 3
2.3.4.10. The eIIect oI deIormation oI ground without change oI soil mechanism.
2.3.4.11. The eIIect oI humidity change, expansion and magnetism oI materials
2.3.5. The temporary short-term load includes:
2.3.5.1. Weight oI people, maintenance materials, accessories, tools and
appliance in the service and repaired area
2.3.5.2. The load induced by Iabrication, transport, erection Ior structure
members and equipment including weight oI temporary components and
materials in warehouse (not including loads at planned locations Ior
warehouse or material store), temporary load oI Iilling soil.
2.3.5.3. The load oI equipment at the operation change: start, stop, transition and
test, including position change or equipment replacement.
2.3.5.4. oad oI the liIted-moved equipment (crane girder, hoist, liIter.) in
construction time and operation, load oI unloading at warehouse and
cool stock.
2.3.5.5. oads on the Iloor oI various building are listed in column 4, table 3
2.3.5.6. Wind load
2.3.6. The special load includes:
2.3.6.1. Seismic load
2.3.6.2. oad oI explosion
2.3.6.3. oad oI critical breaking oI technology process; broken equipment or
temporary damage.
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2.3.6.4. The eIIects oI ground deIormation by change oI soil mechanism (e.g.
deIormation by soil Iall in, subsidence), the eIIect oI ground surIace
deIormation at cracking area, eIIect oI mining and Casteur phenomenon.
2.4. oading combination
2.4.1. Base on participated load cases, they are divided by two types: basic load
combination and special load combination.
2.4.1.1. The basic load combination includes long-term loads, temporary long
and short-term loads.
2.4.1.2. The special load combination includes long-term loads, temporary long
and short-term loads that may be happened and one oI the special loads.
The special load combination that caused by explosion`s eIIect or clash
oI traIIic means with part oI structure is permitted not to consider the
temporary short-term load in section 2.3.5. The special load combination
that caused by earthquake does not consider wind load. oad
combination Ior Iire prooIing is special load combination.
2.4.2. II the basic load combination has one temporary load then whole that load
is taken into account.
2.4.3. II the basic load combination has at least two temporary loads then their
applied values or corresponding stresses should multiply by the Iollowing
coeIIicients:
2.4.3.1. 0.9 Ior the temporary long and short-term loads
2.4.3.2. While analyzing private eIIect oI each temporary short-term load to
stress, displacement oI structure and Ioundation, there is no reduction
Ior the load whose eIIect is largest, the second load multiply by 0.8 and
the other multiply by 0.6
2.4.4. II the special load combination has one temporary load then whole that
load is taken into account.
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2.4.5. II the special load combination has at least two temporary loads then there
is no reduction oI applied special load. The temporary load or its
corresponding stress multiplies by the Iollowing coeIIicient: 0.95 Ior
temporary long-term load;
2
0.8 Ior temporary short-term load; except
the speciIic cases in speciIication Ior seismic resistant design or the other
speciIication.
2.4.6. When analyzing structure or Ioundation according to strength and stability
with basic and special load combination in case oI at least two temporary
loads (long or short-term), the stress is gotten Irom index A.
2.4.7. Computing equipment`s dynamic Iorce in combination with the other loads
is stipulated Iollowing speciIication Ior design oI machine`s Ioundation or
dynamic Iorce bearing structure.
. Weight of structure and soil
3.1. Standard load Irom weight oI structure is deIined according to standard data
and catalogue or dimensions and weight per cubic oI material, considering
actual humidity during construction and operation.
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3.2. Reliable coeIIicients Ior load Irom weight oI structure and soil are stipulated
in table1.

Table 1 - Reliable coefficients for weight of structure and soil
Note.
1) In checking overturn stability, for structure and soil, if the reduction
may track to disadvantage then takes the reliable coefficient of 1.
2) In computing the load of soil acting on structure, it should be considered
the effect of actual humidity, weight of stocked material, the effect of
utilities and vehicles on the ground.
3) As for steel structure, if the stress by weight only is larger than average
stress by total load then take the reliable coefficient of 1.1
4. The load due to equipment, people and stocked materials, products.
Types oI structure and base Reliable coeI.
1. Steel
2. Concrete with weight per unit larger than 1600kg/m3,
reinIorced concrete, brick-stone or with reinIorcement,
wood.
3. Concrete with weight per cubic unit less than 1600kg/m3,
partition materials, mortars and perIect layers (shell, plate,
rolling material, coated layer.) depend on manuIacture
condition: - Factory
- At site
4. Stable base
5. Filling base
1.05

1.1

1.2
1.3
1.1
1.15
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4.1. This section mention the standard value oI load due to people, animal,
equipment, products, materials, temporary partitions acting on the Iloors oI
private, public, agriculture houses.
The loading method by using above load should Iollow the predict
conditions Ior construction and operation. II short oI that condition data then
loading method Ior each private Iloor should be used Iollowing:
4.1.1. No temporary load on the Iloor
4.1.2. Partly loading on the Iloor base on unIavorable conditions.
4.1.3. Full loading on the Iloor by all loads.
When loading partly, the accumulated load on the Iloor oI multi-stories
building should not larger than the Iactored load which is deIined by
Iormula at section 4.3.5 in case oI Iull loading.
4.2. oad due to equipment and stocked materials.
4.2.1. The load should be considered under the most unIavorable condition, in
which speciIy:
Diaphragm oI equipment arrangement; location Ior stock and temporary
keeping area oI material, product; quantity and location Ior transport means
on each Iloor. The diaphragm speciIies dimensions oI equipment and
transport means, stock, area oI moving utilities during operation or
rearranging plan and the other loading methods (dimension oI each
equipment, space between them)
4.2.2. The standard load and reliable coeIIicient are taken Iollowing the
instruction oI this speciIication. For the machine with dynamic load, the
standard load and reliable coeIIicient are taken Iollowing the requirement
oI speciIication Ior dynamic load.
4.2.3. When replacing actual load on the Iloor with equivalent uniIorm load, this
equivalent load should be deIined separately on each part oI Iloor (slab,
beam, and girder). When applying equivalent load, make sure allowable
strength and rigid oI structure same as computing by actual load. The
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minimum equivalent uniIorm load Ior industrial building and stock are as
Iollow: 300daN/m2 Ior slab and beam; 200daN/m2 Ior girder, column and
Ioundation.
4.2.4. Weights oI equipment (incl. pipe) are deIined Iollowing speciIication and
catalogue. For non-standard equipment, deIine weight base on manual oI
machine or as-built drawing.
4.2.4.1. The load due to weight oI equipment contains: machine`s selI-weight
(wire, Iixed appliance, and dais); weight oI partition; weight oI object
stored in equipment may be available in operation; weight oI heaviest
Iabricated details; transported cargo with nominal weight.
4.2.4.2. oad due to weight oI equipment is considered with its arrangement
condition. It should plan some methods to prevent Irom strengthening
main components while transport and operation.
4.2.4.3. For various components, the number oI liIter machine, equipment that
present at the same time and arranged diaphragm are obeyed the design
purpose.
4.2.4.4. The dynamic eIIect oI vertical load due to liIter machine or vehicle can be
calculated by multiplying standard load with dynamic coeIIicient oI 1.2
4.2.5. The reliable coeIIicients Ior weight oI equipment are listed in table 2.
1able 2 - 1he reliable coefficient for weight of equipment
Types of load Reliable coefficient
1. Weight oI Iixed equipment
2. Weight oI partition oI Iixed equipment
3. Weight oI object stored in vessel, pipe:
a) iquid
b) Suspended, waste, desultory matter
4. Weight oI liIter machine and vehicle
5. oad due to permeable material (cotton, Iiber, sponge, and Iood.)
1.05
1.2

1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3

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4.3. UniIorm load
4.3.1. The standard uniIorm loads on the Iloor and stair are listed in table 3
Table 3:
Type of room Type oI building and construction
Standard load (daN/m2)
Full ong term
1. Bedroom a) Hotel, hospital, prison
b) Apartment, nursery, resident-school,
guest house, sanatorium.
200
150
70
30
2. Dining room, toilet,
bath room, billiard
room
a) Apartment
b) Nursery, school, guest house,
sanatorium, hotel, hospital, prison,
oIIice building, Iactory
150
200
30
70
3. Kitchen, washing
room

a) Apartment
b) Nursery, school, guest house,
sanatorium, hotel, hospital, prison,
Iactory
150
300

130
100
4. OIIice, laboratory
room
OIIice, school, hospital, bank, research
and scientiIic center
200 100
5. Boiler room, engine
& Ian room.
including weight oI
machine
High-rise building, oIIice, school, guest
house, sanatorium, hotel, hospital,
prison, research and scientiIic center
750 750
6. Reading room a) With bookshelI
b) Without bookshelI
400
200
140
70
7. Restaurant a) Eating, drinking
b) Show room, exhibition
300
400
100
140
8. Meeting, dancing,
waiting, audience
room, concert hall,
sport room,
grandstand
a) With Iixed seats
b) Without Iixed seats
400
500
140
180
9. Grandstand 750 270
10. Warehouse
oad per meter height oI stocked
material:
a) Book storage (large density oI book)
b) Book storage at library
c) Paper storage
d) Cold storage

480/1m
240/1m
400/1m
500/1m

480/1m
240/1m
400/1m
500/1m
11. Classroom School
200 70
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Type of room Type oI building and construction Standard load (daN/m2)
12. Workshop a) Workshop Ior casting
b) Workshop Ior repair, maintenance
with weight less than 2500kg
c) arge room with machine and
walking area

13. Attic Iloor All types
14. Balcony, loggia a) UniIorm load per each strip width oI
0.8m run along hand-rail, balcony,
loggia
b) b) UniIorm load on Iull area oI
balcony, loggia iI it is more
unIavorable than item a

15. Hall, relax room,
stair, corridor
a) Bed room, oIIice, laboratory,
kitchen, washing room, toilet,
technology room
b) Reading room, restaurant, meeting
room, dancing, waiting, audience
room, concert hall, sport room,
stock, balcony, loggia
c) Stage

16. Mezzanine
17. House Ior animal a) Small cattle
b) Big cattle

18. Bearing Ilat rooI a) For crowd (at exit way oI big hall,
lecture room.)
b) For taking a rest
c) Other

19. Non-bearing rooI a) Tiled, Iiber-cement, metal rooI and
similar rooI; plaster ceiling; cast-
place concrete ceiling Ior
maintenance only)
b) Flat rooI, RC slope rooI, gutter, RC
preIabricated rooI Ior maintenance
only

20. Floor oI rail way
station and metro
station
Path, ramp Ior vehicle with total weight
2500 kg

21. Garage

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Aotes:
1) The load that is mentioned at item 13 of Table 3 on the area without
equipment and material
2) The load that is mentioned at item 14 of Table 3 is used to analy:e
bearing element of balcony and loggia. Load on balcony, loggia are
taken same as the adfacent floor and deducted by instruction at section
4.3.5.
3) Eaves or cantilever gutter are analy:ed by vertical concentrated load
at the edge. Standard value of concentrated load is 75daN per meter
length along wall. Taking the same value for the eaves, gutter whose
length are shorter than 1 m. Reliable coefficient for this concentrated
load is 1.3. After getting result, should check again by uniform load.
The standard value of uniform load is in item 19b of table 3.
4) The long-term loads for building and construction at items 12, 13, 16,
17, 18c and 19 of table 3 are defined by technology design.
5) The load at item 17 of table 3 should be defined by technology design.
4.3.2. oad due to temporary partition depends on its properties, location and
connection. For various portions, the load can be taken Iollowing:
4.3.2.1. Actual load
4.3.2.2. Same as another uniIorm load. Then this load is deIined by planed
arrangement Ior partitions and not less than 75daN/m2.
4.3.3. Reliable coeIIicient oI uniIorm load on Iloor and stair equal to 1.3 iI
standard load less than 200 daN/m2; 1.2 iI standard load equal or larger
than 200daN/m2. Reliable coeIIicient Ior the load due to weight oI
temporary partitions Iollows section 3.2.
4.3.4. While analyzing girder, beam, slab, column and Ioundation, the Iull
loading in table 3 can be reduced Iollowing:
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4.3.4.1. For the types oI building at items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 oI table 3, multiply by
coeIIicient
A1
(when A ~ A
1
9 m
2
)
1
1
/
6 . 0
4 . 0
A A
A

Where, A - bearing area (m2)
4.3.4.2. For the types oI building at items 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14 oI table 3, multiply
by coeIIicient
A2
(when A ~ A
2
36 m
2
)
2
2
/
5 . 0
5 . 0
A A
A

Aotes:
1) As for the wall subfected to one floor, the load deduction depends on
bearing area A of component (slab, beam) supported by wall.
2) In the warehouse, garage, operation house, the load deduction can be
taken according to the instruction of corresponding process.
4.3.5. When computing axial Iorce Ior column, wall and Ioundation which
subject to at least 2 Iloors, the load in table 3 can be reduced by
multiplying with
n
:
4.3.5.1. For the types oI building at items 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 oI table 3:
n
A
n
4 . 0
4 . 0
1
1

4.3.5.2. For the types oI building at items 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, 14 oI table 3:
n
A
n
5 . 0
5 . 0
2
2

Where,
A1
,
A2
are deIined at section 4.3.4; n - number oI bearing
Iloors are taken into account Ior the load acting on the section.
Aotes. - While computing bending moment for column and wall, should
reduce the load according to section 4.3.4 at girder and beam
supported by that column and wall.
4.4. The concentrated load and load on handrail.
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4.4.1. The Iloor, rooI, stair, balcony, loggia should be checked with concentrated
load which is vertical convention, on an unIavorable position oI square
area whose side less than 10 cm (the other temporary loads are not
present).
II the design does not stipulate the larger value Ior concentrated load then
take it are as Iollow:
4.4.1.1 150 daN Ior Iloor and stair
4.4.1.2 100 daN Ior attic Iloor, rooI, top Iloor and balcony
4.4.1.3 50 daN Ior rooI, which is gone up and down by ladder leaning on wall.
The components, which consider local load due to equipment and
transport means that may be happened, are not need be checked with the
above concentrated load.
4.4.2. The horizontal standard loads on handrail oI stair, balcony and loggia are:
4.4.2.1 30 daN/m Ior house, nursery, guesthouse, sanatorium, hospital and other
health-care center.
4.4.2.2 150 daN/m Ior grandstand, sport room.
4.4.2.3 80 daN/m Ior house with special requirement.
As to the operation Iloor, high level walk-way or cantilever rooI Ior a
Iew people, the standard horizontal concentrated load on handrail and
wall is 30 daN (at anywhere along handrail) iI no requirement about
larger load.
Reliable coeIIicient Ior the load at section 4.4.1 and 4.4.2 is 1.2
5. Load due to bridge-crane and hoist
5.1. The load is deIined according to working status, appendix B.
5.2. The vertical standard load acting on the crane-path through wheels and other
necessary data are taken according to national standard requirements Ior
bridge-crane and hoist, iI no standard the Iollow the data in the manual oI
machine.
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Aotes. 'crane-path` term is 2 beams support one bridge-crane or all
beams support one hoist (2 beams for one-span hoist, 3 beams for two-span
hoist.)
5.3. The horizontal standard load which direct along crane girder due to bridge-
crane`s braking Iorce equal to 10 the vertical standard load, this load act
on the wheel oI bridge-crane.
5.4. The horizontal standard load perpendicular with crane girder due to trolley`s
braking Iorce equal to: 5 total oI nominal liIt capacity and trolley`s weight
in case oI crane`s soIt hook; 10 that total in case oI crane`s hard hook.
This load is taken into account when analyzing transverse Irame and crane
girder, it divide by quantity oI the wheel on the same crane girder and may
direct in or out.
5.5. The horizontal standard load perpendicular with crane girder due to bridge-
crane run oII the line and crane-paths are not paralleled (push Iorce) on each
wheel equal to 10 vertical standard load on each wheel. This load has only
been considered to check durability and stability oI crane girder and its
connection with column under heavy and very heavy working conditions.
Thus, load on rail beam due to all wheels on the same side may direct in or
out. The load at section 5.4 may not combine with push Iorce.
5.6. Horizontal load is the push Iorce due to braking bridge-crane and trolley, it
is placed at the touch point between wheel and rail.
5.7. Horizontal standard load, which direct along crane girder and due to clash oI
bridge-crane and stopper, is deIined in appendix C. This load has only been
considered to design stopper and its connection with crane girder.
5.8. Reliable coeIIicient Ior the loads due to bridge-crane is 1.1.
Notes.
1) When checking durability and stability of bridge-crane due to local
effect and dynamic force of vertical concentrated load on each wheel,
this standard load multiply by following coefficient
.
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1.6 - for bridge-crane with hard hook in very heavy working condition.
1.4 - for bridge-crane with soft hook in very heavy working condition.
1.3 - for bridge-crane in heavy working condition.
1.1- for the other conditions.
2) When checking local stability of the crane girders web, take
1
1.1
5.9. When checking durability and stability oI bridge-crane and its connection
to bearing component:
5.9.1. The applied vertical load on bridge-crane multiply by dynamic coeIIicient:
- II the bay not larger than 12m:
1.2 - Ior bridge-crane in very heavy working condition.
1.1 - Ior bridge-crane in medium working condition and heavy working
condition oI hoist.
- II the bay larger than 12m: equal to 1.1 Ior bridge-crane in very heavy
working condition.
5.9.2. The applied horizontal load on bridge-crane multiplies by dynamic
coeIIicient oI 1.1 Ior bridge-crane in very heavy working condition.
5.9.3. For the other conditions, take dynamic coeIIicient is 1.
5.9.4. When checking the durability oI structure, the deIlection oI crane girder,
sideways oI column and local eIIect oI vertical concentrated load at each
wheel, the dynamic coeIIicient is not need to consider.
5.10. When checking durability and stability oI crane girder, need consider the
vertical load due to two bridge-cranes or hoist at the most unIavorable
condition.
5.11. In order to check durability, stability oI Irame, column and Ioundation oI
building with bridge-crane at some spans (only one storey per span), thus
on each crane-path, take the vertical load due to two bridge-cranes in the
most unIavorable condition. II consider the working combination oI the
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hoists at diIIerent spans then take the vertical load due to Iour bridge-
cranes in the most unIavorable condition.
5.12. In order to check durability, stability oI Irame, column, truss and its support
structures and Ioundation oI building with hoist at one or some spans, thus
on each crane-path, take the vertical load due to two hoists in the most
unIavorable condition. II consider the working combination oI the hoists at
diIIerent spans then take the vertical load due to quantity oI hoists as
Iollow:
- Two hoists: Ior column, truss`s support structure, Ioundations oI outer
column line while there are two crane-paths in one span.
- Four hoists:
For column, truss`s support structure, Ioundation oI inner column line.
For column, truss`s support structure, Ioundations oI outer column line
while there are three crane-paths in one span.
For the truss while there are 2 or 3 crane-path in one span.
5.13. Quantity oI crane are taken into account to check durability, stability due to
vertical and horizontal load oI bridge-crane while there are 2 or 3 crane-
paths in one span. II bridge-crane and hoist move at the same time in one
span, or use hoist to transIer cargo to other hoist by reserve small hoist then
the loads are taken Iollowing design purpose.
5.14. When checking durability, stability oI crane girder, column, Irame, truss
and its support structure, base and Ioundation, need consider the most
unIavorable eIIect oI maximum 2 bridge-cranes on one crane-path or on
diIIerent crane-path in same route. Thus, only one horizontal load (along or
perpendicular with crane-path) need be taken into account.
5.15. When checking deIlection (vertical, horizontal) oI crane girder and
sideways oI column, only eIIect oI one bridge-crane need be taken into
account.
TCVN 2737 : 1995
19
5.16. The load (vertical, horizontal) due to one bridge-crane should be taken Iully
into account. The load due to two bridges crane multiply by combination
coeIIicient:
n 0.85 Ior bridge-crane in light and medium working conditions
n 0.95 Ior bridge-crane in heavy and very heavy working conditions.
The load due to Iour bridge-cranes multiply by combination coeIIicient:
n 0.7 Ior bridge-crane in light and medium working conditions.
n 0.8 Ior bridge-crane in heavy and very heavy working conditions.
5.17. II one bridge-crane operates while the other stop then consider the load due
to only that bridge-crane.
5.18. When checking durability oI crane girder and its connection with other
bearing members, the load deduction Iollows section 2.3.4.8. When
checking Iatigue oI girder`s web in the eIIected area oI vertical load due to
one wheel, the above deduction load should be increased by multiplying
with the coeIIicient in the note at section 5.8.
The working condition oI bridge-crane Ior checking durability oI members
must be stipulated by speciIication.
. Wind load
6.1. The wind load that aIIected on the building is included: the normal pressures
W
e
, Iriction Iorce W
I
, and normal pressure W
i
. The wind load on the building
may be shortened into two components normal pressure W
x
and W
y
.
6.1.1. The normal pressures W
e
that placing on the expose surIace oI the building
or the other components oI the building.
6.1.2. Friction Iorce W
I
run along the tangle oI the expose surIace and proportion
to area oI the orthographic projection (the corrugate iron rooI and serrated
iron rooI and rooI with monitor), or vertical projection (apply Ior the
building with loggia or similarly).
TCVN 2737 : 1995
20
i
that placing on inner Iace oI the building with
surrounding holey wall or wall with permanent or temporary door.
x
and W
y
should be computed to resistant Iace
those oriented to X-axis and Y-axis. The resistant Iaces oI the building are
the projection oI the building to Iaces that perpendicular to corresponding
axes.
6.2. The wind load includes two components: dynamic and static.
It should not be computed dynamic component while determining internal
surIace pressure W
i
oI building works at A and B terrain and multi-story
building under 40m and single-story industrial construction under 36m with
rate oI height on span less than 1.5.
6.3. Standard value oI static component oI wind load on height Z in comparison
with standard mark that is determined according to Iormula:
W W
o
*k*C (5)
Where.
W
o
- Value oI wind pressure subject to zoning map and appendix D and
Article 6.4
k - CoeIIicient which considerate to change oI wind pressure subjected to
height and terrain (which is determined to Table 5)
c - Aerodynamic coeIIicient, which is determined in Table 6.
Reliable coeIIicient oI wind load equal 1.2.
6.4. The value oI wind pressure W
o
pursuant to Table 4.
The zoning oI wind pressure on Vietnamese`s territory pursuant to appendix
D. The bold dash line is the border between region with aIIective oI storm
that have evaluated is weak or strong (enclose with zoning data are mark A
and mark B).
The zoning oI wind pressure in conIormance to administration place names
which pursuant to appendix E.
TCVN 2737 : 1995
21
The wind pressure values which is calculated in many meteorological
observatories works in mountainous regions, sea islands with the diIIerence
in assume service liIe oI building will be Iound in appendix F.
1able 4-1he value of wind pressure subject to zoning of wind pressure in
Jietnamese's territory
Wind pressure on map I II III IV V
W
o
(daN/m
2
) 65 95 125 155 185

6.4.1. The value oI wind pressure W
o
will be down 10 daN/m2 in zone I-A, 12
daN/m2 in zone II-A, and 15 daN/m2 in zone III-A towards the regions
which the aIIection oI wind pressure have evaluated is not very strong.
6.4.2. Towards the zone I, the value oI wind pressure W
o
will be Iound in the
Table 4 and that value is applied in design house, building on the
mountainous, hilly, plan, and valley area.
Towards the regions has complicated terrain pursuant to Article 6.4.4
6.4.3. For constructions or buildings in mountainous regions and sea islands
which have the same height, terrain and adjacent to meteorological
observatories are available in appendix F, calculated value oI wind
pressure W
o
with diIIerent assume service liIe should be taken pursuant to
independent value oI that observed station (Table F1 & F2 and appendix
F).
6.4.4. Constructions and buildings that are in complicated terrain (mountain
narrow, mountains run parallel together, and mountain pass gate) then
wind pressure W
o
must be taken subject to General Department oI
Meteorology and Hydrology oI Sea`s data or observed data at site. At that
moment, wind pressure is calculated as Iormula:
W
o
0.0613*J
o
2
(6)
Where. J
o
- Wind speed (m/s) (medium speed within about 3 second which
are being passed one time within 20 years), on height oI 10m in
comparison with standard mark, that corresponded to terrain Iorm B.
TCVN 2737 : 1995
22
6.5. All the value oI coeIIicient k considered to the change in wind pressure
subject to height in comparison with standard mark and type oI terrain.
Determined in Table 5.
Terrain A is uncovered terrain, without or there is not very much resistant
object with the height less than 1.5m (ashore, bank, lake, and Iield which
without big and high trees).
Terrain B is relatively uncovered terrain and there are Iew resistant objects
with the height less than 10m (suburbs, towns, villages, sparsely Iorest or
immaterial Iorest, and region with sparse oI trees.).
Terrain C is strongly resisted, there are a lot oI blocks which siting closely
and with the height over 10m(in the cities, Iorest.).
The structure and building that graded to its terrain Iorm, iI there are not
change in property oI terrain Iorm in distance 30h when h _ 60m and 2km
when h ~ 60m count Irom Iace oI building that oriented to the wind, h is the
height oI the building.
1able 5 - Coefficient that considered to the change of wind pressure
subject to height and terrain
TCVN 2737 : 1995
23

Terrain type
Height Z(m)
A B C
3 1 0.80 0.47
5 1.07 0.88 0.54
10 1.18 1.00 0.66
15 1.24 1.08 0.74
20 1.29 1.13 0.80
30 1.37 1.22 0.89
40 1.43 1.28 0.97
50 1.47 1.34 1.03
60 1.51 1.38 1.08
80 1.57 1.45 1.18
100 1.62 1.51 1.25
150 1.72 1.63 1.40
200 1.79 1.71 1.52
250 1.84 1.78 1.62
300 1.84 1.84 1.7
350 1.84 1.84 1.78
400 1.84 1.84 1.84

Notes.
1) The medial height is permitted to define k value by linear interpolate
subfect to values in Table 5.
2) While determining wind load for a building, the difference in wind
direction might also the difference in terrain type.
6.6. In case the surIace oI the ground Ior building is not planed, the standard
mark to calculate will be determined in appendix G.
6.7. The wind load distributive diagram on the building, construction or
components and aerodynamic coeIIicient e will be determined in the Table
6. Other medial value are permitted by linear interpolate.
The arrow in Table 6 is the wind direction toward buildings, constructions or
components. The aerodynamic coeIIicient will be determined as Iollow:
6.7.1. Regarding the Iace or separately characteristic oI building will be taken
pressure coeIIicient (Irom diagram 1 to diagram 33 in Table 6).
TCVN 2737 : 1995
24
Positive value oI aerodynamic coeIIicient Ior inward wind direction, and
negatives value Ior outward wind direction.
6.7.2. For the structures and components (diagrams Irom 34 to 43, Table 6),
shall be taken as the Iront resistance coeIIicient c
x
and c
y
while
determining the general resistant components oI object on the wind
direction and the orthogonal direction to wind direction correspond to
object`s projection area on the plan which is perpendicular to the wind
direction; shall be taken as the coeIIicient oI liIting Iorce c
z
while
determining the vertical components oI general resistance Iorce oI object
correspond to object`s horizontal projection area.
6.7.3. For the structure with windward surIace that incline an angle oI to wind
direction, consider as coeIIicient c
n
and c
t
while determining the general
resistant components oI object on its axis direction correspond to the area
oI windward surIace.
The other cases are not presented in Table 6 (the other type oI building
and constructions, according to the other wind directions, the general
resistant component oI object to other directions), the aerodynamic
coeIIicient must be taken Iollowing experiment data or speciIic instruction.
6.8. For the constructions and building which have openings (windows, doors,
vent holes, holes Ior light) illustrated in the diagram Irom 2 to 26 Table 6,
distributed uniIormly on perimeter, or there are the Iiber-cement walls and
other materials can let wind go through (independent oI the openings). When
computing structure oI exterior wall, column and beam sustain wind, the
value oI aerodynamic coeIIicient Ior exterior wall is Iollowing as:
c 1 Ior positive pressure
c - 0.8 Ior negative pressure
Wind load is 0.4W
o
Ior interior wall and 0.2W
o
but not less than 10 daN/m
2

Ior lightweight partitions not over than 100 daN/m
2
.
6.9. When analyzing

the transverse Irame oI construction that has the monitors
arranged along the direction oI braced Irame or on the top with a ~ 4h
TCVN 2737 : 1995
25
(diagram 9, 10, 25 Table 6), wind load acting on the columns on both sides
windward and leeward must be considered as well as the horizontal Iorce oI
wind acts on monitors.
For the Iabric which has serrated rooI (diagram 24, Table 6) or top monitor
with a 4h, Iriction Iorce W
I
must be taken to replace the horizontal Iorce
acting on the second monitor and the next Irom windward direction. Friction
Iorce is computed by the Iollowing Iormula:
W
f
W
o
*c
f
*k*S (7)
Where
W
o
- Wind pressure in Table 4, unit daN/m
2
;
c
I
- Friction coeIIicient in Table 6;
k - CoeIIicient in Table 5;
S - Horizontal projected area (Ior the serrated rooI, wave rooI,
corrugated rooI and rooI with monitor), or vertical projected area (Ior
wall with loggia and similar structures) unit square meter.

T
C
V
N

2
7
3
7

:

1
9
9
5

2
6

Table Instruction to determine aerodynamic coefficient
Remarks

Instruction to determine aerodynamic coeIIicient

c 0.8
c - 0.6

c 0.7
c - 0.6

c - 0.5
c - 0.5
Diagram oI building, construction,
component and diagram oI wind load
1.
a) The vertical surIaces
- Windward
- eeward
b) The vertical plan or the plan incline an
angle oI less than 15
o
to the vertical in
construction with many monitor or in the
construction with complicated surIace (iI not
including the diagrams in this table):
- The exterior portion or the projection
interior
portions:
Windward
eeward
- The other interior portions
Windward
eeward

T
C
V
N

2
7
3
7

:

1
9
9
5

2
7

Table (Continued)
Remarks
- II the wind blow to the gable then
all the surIace oI rooI take the
same value c
e
-0.7
- While the coeIIicient v is
determined according to Article
6.15 then:
h h1 0.2 * * tg


2. The construction with span rooI

Elev.

Plan
3. The span rooI closed to ground.
0 0.5 1 ~ 2
0 0 -0.6 -0.7 -0.8
20 0.2 -0.4 -0.7 -0.8
40 0.4 0.3 -0.2 -0.4
60 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
C
e2
60 -0.4 -0.4 -0.5 -0.8
h1/
CoeIIicient

(degree)
C
e1
b/
-0.5
1 0.5
-0.5
-0.6
~ 2
-0.6
-0.6
Value oI C when h1/ is
-0.4
e3
1
~ 2
0 0.2 0.8
0 30 ~ 60
C
o o o
e1
T
C
V
N

2
7
3
7

:

1
9
9
5

2
8

Table (Continued)
Remarks

- II the coeIIicient v is
determined according to Article
6.15 then:
h h1 0.7I


The value oI c
c3
is taken according to diagram 2

4. The dome closed to ground

5. Dome or nearly dome (likes the rooI on
the bow-truss)
6. The enclosed construction with pent rooI

0.1
C I/
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.5
e1
C e1
0.8
0
-0.6 15
o
o
30
o
~ 60
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6
0.2 -0.2 -0.1 0.2 0.5
-0.8 -0.7 -0.3 0.3
C
e2
~ 1
-0.8 -0.9 -1 -1.1
I/
CoeI.

h1/
C
e1
0.7
0.5
-1.2
0.7
0.7
T
C
V
N

2
7
3
7

:

1
9
9
5

2
9

Table (Continued)

Remarks
- II b
1
b
2
and 0 30
o
then
take c
o
according to this table
- II b
1
~ b
2
then take c
o
according
to diagram 2
- Take c
e1
, c
e2
, c
e3
according to
diagram 2
- When analyzing the transverse
Irame oI the construction which
have monitor according to diagram
8 and have windshield, then the
total aerodynamic coeIIicient
acting on 'monitor - windshield
system is 1.4
- II the coeIIicient is determined
according to Article 6.15 then h
h1
- For the windward ,leeward wall
or other wall, the aerodynamic is
determined according to diagram 2
- II the coeIIicient is determined
according to Article 6.15 then h
h1

- Take c
e1
, c
e3
according to diagram 2
- For the surIace oI monitor, the aerodynamic
coeIIicient -0.6
- For the monitor`s windward surIace that incline
an angle oI less than 20
o
, the aerodynamic
coeIIicient -0.8

- See the instruction Ior the aerodynamic
coeIIicient oI diagram 8
- For the rooI on AB section, take c
e
as diagram 8
- For the monitor on BC section, iI 2 then c
x

0.2; iI 2 8 then c
x
0.1; iI ~8 then c
x
0.8
when a/(h1-h2)
- For the rooI on the remains sections, c
e
-0.5
7. The closed construction with part have
pent rooI

8. The one-span construction with monitor
run longitudinally
9. The multi-span construction with monitor
run longitudinally

Co h1/h2
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.5
3.0
~4.0
-0.5
-0.3
-0.1
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
T
C
V
N

2
7
3
7

:

1
9
9
5

3
0

Table (Continued)
Remarks
- See the legend Ior diagram 9

- See instruction Ior aerodynamic coeIIicient oI
diagram 8
- The coeIIicients c`
e1
, c``
e1
, c
e2
are taken like as
diagram 2 when determine c
e1
according to h
1
(the
height oI the windward wall).
- On the AB section c
e
same as the coeIIicient on BC
section Irom diagram 9 when monitor`s height is (h
1
-
h )
- The coeIIicient c
e1
same as diagram 2

- The coeIIicient c
e1
same as diagram 2

- The coeIIicient c
e1
same as diagram 2
- The coeIIicient c
e2
is calculated as Iollowing:
c
e2
0.6 x (1 - 2h
1
/h)
iI h
1
~ h then c
e2
0.6
10. The multi-span construction with
monitors on deviatory levels runs
longitudinally.

11. The closed two-span construction with
spans rooIs.
12. The closed two-span construction with
spans rooIs on diIIerent levels.
13. The closed three-span construction with
spans rooIs on diIIerent levels.

T
C
V
N

2
7
3
7

:

1
9
9
5

3
1

Table (continued)

Remarks

Aerodynamic coeIIicients see adjacent diagram.

Aerodynamic coeIIicients see adjacent diagram.

- CoeIIicient Ce1 is determined as diagram 2.
- CoeIIicient Ce2:
Ce2 0.6*(1-2*h
1
/h)
1 h
1
< h then Ce2 = -0.6

- CoeIIicient Ce1 is taken as:
II a 4h then Ce1 0.2
II a ~ 4h then Ce1 0.6

14. Enclosed construction, with monitor and
one penthouse
15. Enclosed construction, with monitor and
two penthouse
16. Three span enclosed construction with
monitor run along in midle span
17. Two span enclosed construction with
monitor run along

T
C
V
N

2
7
3
7

:

1
9
9
5

3
2

Table (continued)

Remarks

Aerodynamic coeIIicients see adjacent diagram




18. Enclosed construction, with upper
parapet, and span rooI
19. Enclosed construction, with dome and
under monitor
20. Two span enclosed construction with
dome and under monitor
21. One span enclosed construction with
monitor and wind-shield

T
C
V
N

2
7
3
7

:

1
9
9
5

3
3

Table (continued)

Remarks

- Friction Iorce Iollow the wind
direction is calculated with CI
0.04
- See remark on the diagram 9
Aerodynamic coeIIicient see adjacent diagram
CoeIIicient Ce1 and Ce3 shall be used as Iollows :
- According to the diagram 2 iI I/b 0.25
- According to the diagram 9 iI I/b > 0.25
- CoeIIicient Ce1 and Ce3 shall be used according
to the diagram 2.
- In case oI the wind direction as show as picture or
the wind direction perpendicular drawing plane, the
Iriction Iorce WI is calculated the same.

22. Enclosed construction with 2 span, have
monitor and wind-shield

23. Enclosed construction, rooI is made by
thin shell and waved rooI or corrugated
rooI

24. Construction have serrated rooI

T
C
V
N

2
7
3
7

:

1
9
9
5

3
4

Table (continued)

Remarks
- See remark on the diagram 9

- CoeIIicient Ce as the diagram 2.
- II enclosed construction use Ci
0. Constructions in Article 6.1.2,
standard value oI pressure to out
side light partition (when mass
divide area surIace 100kg/cm
2
)
equal 0.2Wo but no less than 10
kg/m
2
.
- With each wall oI construction:
plus or minus oI Ci1 when 3 5
determine Irom actual condition oI
- CoeIIicient Ce1 and Ce3 shall be used according
to the diagram 2.
- Friction Iorce WI is calculated according to the
diagram 24.
CoeIIicient Ce1 shall be used as Iollows :
- II a 4h then Ce1 0.2
- II a ~ 4h then Ce1 0.6
3 : The osmose oI wind blow to wall equal ratio
between area oI opening and area oI wall.
- II 3 5 then Ci1 Ci2 0.2 depend on
wind direction (Iront or rear Irom the wind
direction).
- II 3 K 30 then Ci1 Ci3 determine Iollow the
diagram 2 and Ci2 0.8
- 1 one 1,.e is 1: opened we :se the s,2e in
.,se 3 K 30%.

25. Construction have monitor on the top oI
rooI
26.Enclosed construction having complicated
spans.
27. Construction having one Iace ussually
open ( Iull opened or partially opened ).

T
C
V
N

2
7
3
7

:

1
9
9
5

3
5

Table (Continued)
Remarks

- CoeIIicients C
e1
, C
e2
and C
e3
are given in Diagram
2.
- CoeIIicients C
e1
, C
e2
and

C
e3
are given in Diagram
2.
- C
e4
coeIIicient 0.8 inward, C
e3
outward.
28. Building with two opposite open sides

29. Building with three open sides.

T
C
V
N

2
7
3
7

:

1
9
9
5

3
6

Table (Continued)
Remarks
- For transverse rooI or sloping rooI
( 15
0
), the aerodynamic
coeIIicients on h
1
, h
2
heights as
well as that vertical heights.
- When l
1
~ h
1
, the length oI
transitive portion in to negative
pressure is equal to h
1
/2.
- The aerodynamic coeIIicients on
the sunken corner oI building (on
length a), parallel with wind
direction as well as the windward
surIace.
- When b ~ a, the length oI
transitive portion in to negative
pressure is equal to a/2.
- The value oI coeIIicients C
e1
, C
e2,
C
e3
, C
e4
are used to calculate total
pressure oI above and below
surIaces oI eaves.
- For negative values oI C
e1
, C
e2,
C
e3
, C
e4
, the direction oI wind
pressure inverts in the diagrams.
- For corrugated or wave rooIs, iI
wind direction is parallel with rooI
then Iriction Iorce W
i
is enclosed
with c
I
0,04.

C
e4

0
-0.4
0
0
0
0.4

C
e3

-1.1
0
0.6
-1.5
0
0.4

C
e2

-1.3
0
0.9
-1.1
0.5
0.8
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.2
0.3
0.4
C
e1

0.5
1.1
2.1
0
1.5
2
1.4
1.8
2.2
1.3
1.4
1.6

(Degree)
10
20
30
10
20
30
10
20
30
10
20
30
Diagram
I
II
III
VI
30. Building with multi-elevations

31. Eaves

T
C
V
N

2
7
3
7

:

1
9
9
5

3
7

Table (Continued)

Remarks
- CoeIIicient Ce is used when Re ~
4x10
5
.

- II b h 0.7 x d then 4 is
determined Iollow Article 6.15.


Cx 1.3 when Re 10
5
Cx 0.6 when 2*10
5
Re 3*10
5
Cx 0.2 when Re 4*10
5
With Re 0.88*d*(W
o
*k(z)*)0.5*10
5
(coeIIicient
Re: Reynolds`s number)
d : diameter oI sphere (m)
Wo: wind pressure Iollow Table 4 (daN/m
2
).
k(z): coeIIicient oI dynamic pressure change depend
on elevation (Table 5).
: The Reliable coeIIicient Iollow Article 6.3.
Ce1 k1 x C

with k1 1 when

C

~ 0

C

is used when Re ~ 4x10
5
as

Iollows :

32. Sphere

33. Construction have cylinderical around
surIace (tank, tower, chimney) with or
without rooI.

90
-
1.25

75
- 1.2
180
+ 0.4
60
- 0.8
175
+ 0.3
45
- 0.2
150
+ 0.2
30
+ 0.4
135
- 0.2
15
+ 0.8
120
- 0.6
0
+ 1.0
105
- 1.0
o

C
e
o

C
e

25
1.2
10
1.15
5
1.1
2
1.0
1
0.95
0.5

0.9
0.2
0.8
h1/d
k1 when
C < 0

T
C
V
N

2
7
3
7

:

1
9
9
5

3
8

Table (Continued)

Remarks
- CoeIIicient Re is determined
Iollow diagram 32 with z h1.
- CoeIIicient C1 is used in case
open rooI and have not rooI.
- When coeIIicient 4 is determined
Iollow Article 6.15 so b 0.7d and
h h1 0.7I.

When wind direction parallel wall
have loggia CI 0.1, with waved
rooI CI 0.04.
Building have rectangle plan shape
(Table 6.3) iI l/b 0.1 ~ 0.5 and
40
o
~ 50
o
then Cv 0.75; iI wind
load is uniIorm at point O then
eccentricity e 0.15b.

Resistance coeIIicient on Iront Iace Cx and Cv as
Iollows :
Cx k*Cx , Cv k*Cv
%,-e 6.1

c is determined Iollow Table 2. In Table 2
l/b with l,b are the largest and the smallest
dimension oI construction or part oI it in plan
perpendicular wind direction.
(continue diagram 33)
34. Construction shape right prism having
plan is square and polygon.

1
100
0.95
50
0.9
35
0.85
20
0.75
10
0.65
5
0.6
.
k
V,:e Ce2 when h1/d eq:,
K 1
- 0.8
K 5
-
1.05

- 0.6
2
-0.9
1
-0.8

- 0.5
1/2
-0.7
1/4
-0.55
Stye roo1
Roo1 1,t, sh,pe
.one when 5
o
,
sphere when 1/d
0.1
1/6
- 0.6
h1/d
C1

6 0 3 0
0
- 1 . 2
- 0 . 8
- 0 . 4
+ 0 . 4
+ 0 . 8
C
+ 1 . 0
1 8 0 1 5 0 1 2 0 9 0
T
C
V
N

2
7
3
7

:

1
9
9
5

3
9

Table (Continued)

Remarks
Iollow diagram 32 with z h1 and d
is circumscribed circle.
- When coeIIicient 4 is determined
Iollow Article 6.12 so h is height oI
construction, b is dimension oI plan
on axis y.
Table 6.2

Table 6.3

Table 6.4
(continue diagram 34)

T
C
V
N

2
7
3
7

:

1
9
9
5

4
0

Table (Continued)

Remarks
Iollow diagram 32 with z h and d
is diameter oI construction.
- : Use 0.005 m Ior wood
structure, use 0.01m Ior brick
structure, use 0.005 m Ior
concrete and reinIorce concrete
structure, use 0.001 m Ior steel
structure, use 0.01d Ior cables
have diameter is d, use h Ior
structure have Iaces which are
reinIorced by stiIIeners and
thickness oI stiIIener is h.
- With corrugated or wave rooI
CI 0.04
- With power transmission line Cx is
determined as Iollows: iI cables
have diameter K 20 mm then Cx is
allowed reduce 10.

Cx k*Cx
Where :
CoeIIicient k is determined Iollow Table 6.1 oI
diagram 34
CoeIIicient Cx is determined Iollow under chart
with rough Iaces (concrete, steel, wood ...)

When wind direction perpendicular axis oI
component use Cx 1.4.

35. Construction have around surIace is
cylindrical (tank, tower, chimney) capble,
conducting-wire and components oI structure
have pipe and enclosed shape.
36. Hollow steel structure have other
sections

12 1. 5
0
8 4
0. 4
0. 8
C x
1. 2
10
20 16 28 24 R e /10 32
5
10
-4
/d 00 5
10
-3
-2
T
C
V
N

2
7
3
7

:

1
9
9
5

4
1

Table (Continued)

Remarks
Aerodynamic coeIIicient in
diagrams 37, 38, 40 use Ior truss
which have under any
circumstances borderline and:
Ai/A 0.8.
- Wind load depends on limited
area oI borderline A.
- Direction X is coincided wind
direction and perpendicular truss
plan.
- See remark on diagram 37
Iollow Iormula on diagram 32 with
d is average diameter oI pipe, z is
distance between ground and upper
chord oI truss.
- In diagram oI construction: h is
the smallest dimension. II truss is
rectangle or polygon truss then h is
dimension smaller, iI truss is circle
truss then h is out side diameter, iI
truss is ellipse truss and the similar
shape then h is the smallest axis
length, b is distance between
trusses.

Cx 1/A* Cxi *Ai
With Cxi is aerodynamic coeIIicient oI
component i, use Cx 1.4 Ior shape steel, iI
component is steel pipes Cxi Iollow chart oI
diagram 35 and have to use e (Table 6.2
diagram 34).
Ai is projection area oI component i on the plan
Iront oI the wind.
A is area is limited by truss`s borderline.
When one row oI truss parallel each other: the
Iirst truss have Cxi Iollow diagram 37. The second
truss and continuous trusses have Cx2 Cx1*g.
II truss is made by shape pipes and Re K 4 * 10
5
then g 0.95.
37. Independent truss

38. Trusses parallel each other

Value g Ior shape steel and piping when
Re 4*10
5
and b/h as Iollow
6
1
0.93
0.83
0.72
0.61
0.5
4
1
0.9
0.78
0.65
0.52
0.4
2
1
0.87
0.73
0.59
0.44
0.3
1
0.99
0.81
0.65
0.48
0.32
0.15
1/2
0.93
0.75
0.56
0.38
0.19
0

0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
K 0.6

T
C
V
N

2
7
3
7

:

1
9
9
5

4
2

Table (Continued)

Remarks
- II bridge oI conveyer belt is Iull
enclosed we can ignore Iorces
parallel Z direction.
- II bridge oI conveyer belt is
partially opened then coeIIicient C
Iollow diagram 27.
- See remarks on diagram 37
- Every case C1 is calculated with
assumption wind direction
perpendicular to windward surIace
oI truss or tower.
- II wind direction diagonally to
tower which have square plan then
Ct is multiplied by other
coeIIicients: 0.9 Ior steel tower is
made by single component, 1.1 Ior
wood tower is made by
combinative component.
a) Exterior wall is enclosed and glossy with condition
20
o

- Y direction: Iollow diagram 2.
- X direction: equal 5 wind load on y direction.
b) Exterior wall is opened and discontinuous when rooI,
slab are enclosed
- X direction: on windward area oI cross piece or beam
in bridge oI conveyer belt length, coeIIicient c 1.2 iI
component is steel pipes, c 1,4 iI component is steel
shapes, in there bar area F Ii and beam area F a
x b
c) Exterior wall is enclosed and discontinuous : use Ior
case bridge oI conveyer belt have supported structure
(column, beam, cross piece) which lie over enclosed wall:
Resistance coeIIicient on Iront Iace is determined as
Iollows :T Cx*(1 g)*k1 with Cx is determined Iollow
diagram 37, g is determined like diagram 38, k is
determine as Iollow table:

39. Bridge oI conveyer belt
40. Spacing truss and hollow tower

Se.tions ,nd wind dire.tion k1
1.0
-
h
-
0.9
1.2
h
T
C
V
N

2
7
3
7

:

1
9
9
5

4
3

Table (Continued)
Remarks

- This diagram is used Ior multi-story Irame
without wall or other portions.
- CoeIIicient C Iollow diagram 38.

C
x
C
x
.sin
2

With C
x
is determined Iollowing the data oI
diagram 35.
41. Multi-story Irame
42. Cable and piping component are sloping
in the plan that is parallel with wind
direction.

T
C
V
N

2
7
3
7

:

1
9
9
5

4
4

Table (Continued)
Remarks

1. Cone and cylinder with circle bottom on the
ground:
- Cone: C
x
0.7
C
z
0.3
- Cylinder with circle bottom on the ground:
C
x
1.2
C
z
-0.3
2. Cone in the space:
a) Top oI cone is windward:
- Cone without bottom, when 300, C
x
0.35
- Cone without bottom, when 600, C
x
0.5
b) Top oI cone is leeward: values below are used
when Re ~ 10
5

- Cone without bottom: C
x
1.4
- Cone with bottom: C
x
1.2
43. Cone-shaped and cylindrical building
with circle bottom
1. Cone and cylinder with circle bottom on
the ground:

2. Cone and cylinder in the space:

TCVN -1995
6.10. At the area next to rooI border, rooItop border and rooI leg, contiguous sides
between transverse wall and longitudinal wall, iI exterior pressure is
negative then the local pressure must be considered. (Figure 1).

ocal pressure coeIIicient D is determined to Table 7.
1able 7 - Local pressure coefficient D
Local pressure area Coefficient D
- Area 1: width a counting Irom rooI border, rooI-top
border and rooI leg and wall corner
- Area 2: width a is next to area 1
2

1.5

Aotes:
1) At the local pressure area, aerodynamic coefficient C must be multiplied by
local pressure coefficient D.
2) When calculating total force of building, a wall or a roof system is not used
this local pressure coefficient.
3) Width a takes the minimum in 3 following values. 0.1b, 0.1l and 0.1h but not
exceeds 1.5m. See b, l, h dimensions on Figure 1.
4) Local pressure coefficient is only applied for buildings with roof slope ~
10
0
.
TCVN -1995

46
5) When there are the eaves then the roof areas includes eaves area. The
pressure of eaves is equal to the pressure of wall below eaves.
6.11. Dynamic component oI wind load must be counted in the calculation oI the
columnar building, tower, stack, electrical pole, columnar equipment,
conveyor, outdoor rack, multi-story buildings over 40m, one Iloor-one span
industry building Irame over 36m, ratio oI height on span is more than 1.5.
6.12. For high buildings and Ilexible structures (stack, columnar building, and
tower.) also checking aerodynamic instability.
Instructions to calculate and solutions to reduce the oscillation oI those
structures are established by the individual researches that are based on the
aerodynamic testing data.
6.13. The normal value oI dynamic component oI wind load W
p
on height Z is
determined as Iollowing:
6.13.1. For the buildings and structures which has the Iundamentally natural
oscillation Irequency I
1
(Hz) are more than limiting value oI natural
oscillation Irequency I
deIining in Article 6.14 are determined according

to Iormula:
W
p
W**4 (8)
Where.
W - Normal value oI static component oI wind load at eIIective
height is determined to Article 6.3.
- Aerodynamic coeIIicient oI wind load at height Z is determined
to Table 8.
4 - Space correlated coeIIicient oI dynamic pressure oI wind load is
determined Article 6.15.
1able 8 - Aerodynamic coefficient of wind load
TCVN -1995

47

Height Z, m
Aerodynamic coefficient for different terrain
A B C
5
10
20
40
60
80
100
150
200
250
300
350
K 480
0.318
0.303
0.289
0.275
0.267
0.262
0.258
0.251
0.246
0.242
0.239
0.236
0.231
0.517
0.486
0.457
0.429
0.414
0.403
0.395
0.381
0.371
0.364
0.358
0.353
0.343
0.754
0.684
0.621
0.563
0.532
0.511
0.496
0.468
0.450
0.436
0.425
0.416
0.398

6.13.2. For the buildings (and its parts) has the calculation diagram that is the
one degree oI Ireedom system (transverse Irame oI one story industry
building, water tower.), when I
1
I
, is determined according to
Iormula:
W
p
W***4 (9)
Where.
- Aerodynamic coeIIicient is determined by diagram at Figure 2,
depend on the parameter 1 and logarithmic diminution oI
oscillation.

1
* 940
*
f
w
o
1 (10)
- Reliable coeIIicient oI wind load, equal to 1.2.
W
o
- Value oI wind pressure (N/m
2
) is speciIied in Article 6.4
TCVN -1995

48
Curve 1 - For brick, concrete buildings and steel structure with covering
(00 0.3).
Curve 2 - For steel tower, steel post, chimney and columnar equipment
with reinIorced concrete pedestal (00 0.15).
6.13.3. Buildings with symmetrical plan have I
1
I
and constructions have I

1

I
I
2
is speciIied in Iormula (I
2
is second natural oscillation Irequency oI
building):
Wp m * * *y (11)
Where.
m - mass oI part oI building that its center oI gravity in the height Z.
- Dynamic coeIIicient, see Article 6.13.2.
y - Displacement oI building in the height Z correspond to the Iirst
natural oscillation mode
(Note that Ior building with symmetrical plan it is conservative to
take y equal to displacement due to static horizontal uniIorm
Iorces).
- CoeIIicient computed as Iollow (by divide building to r part in
which wind load is invariable):
r
k
k k
r
k
pk k
M y
W y
1
2
1
*
*
(12)
Where.
M
k
- The mass oI part k oI building.
1
Figure 2 - Dynamic coeIIicient
0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20
0
3
2
1
2
1
TCVN -1995

49
k
- Displacement oI centroid oI part k correspond to the Iirst natural
oscillation mode.
W
k
- UniIorm dynamic component oI wind load in part k oI building
is determined as Iormula (8).
For multi-story building with stiIIness, mass and the width oI windward
surIace are invariable at every elevation, it is conservative to deIine standard
value oI dynamic component oI wind load as Iollowing equation:
ph p
W
h
:
W * * * 4 . 1
(13)
Where
W
ph
- Standard value oI dynamic component oI wind load in
elevation h oI building is determined in equation (8).
6.14.6.12. imiting value oI natural oscillation Irequency I
(H
z
) which permit
not to calculate inertia generate when building oscillate with corresponding
natural oscillation, is determined in Table 9 subject to reductive value 0 oI
oscillation.
6.14.1. For brick, reinIorced concrete. For brick, concrete buildings and steel
structure with covering 00 0.3.
6.14.2. For steel tower, steel post, chimney and columnar equipment with
reinIorced concrete pedestal 00 0.15.
1able 9 - Limiting value of natural oscillation frequency f
L

Wind pressure
zone
F

H
z

00 0.3 00 0.15
I 1.1 3.4
II 1.3 4.1
III 1.6 5.0
IV 1.7 5.6
V 1.9 5.9
For cylindrical construction when I
1
I
need checking aerodynamic

stability.
TCVN -1995

50
b
h
a
Wind direction
Figure 3 - Coordinate to deIine correlative coeIIicient 4
6.15. Space correlative coeIIicient oI dynamic component oI wind pressure 4 is
calculated subject to computed surIace oI building on which dynamic
correlation is deIined.
Computed surIace include Iront wall surIaces toward wind direction and
rear wall surIaces, side walls, rooI and such structures that through which
wind pressure can transIer to other structures.
II computed surIace oI building is rectangular and parallel to basic axes
(see Figure 3) coeIIicient 4 is determined in Table 10 depend on parameters
8 and / Parameters 8 and / is in Table 11
1able 1: Space correlative coefficient of dynamic component of wind
pressure 4
8 (m)
/ (m)
5 10 20 40 80 160 350
0.1 0.95 0.92 0.88 0.83 0.76 0.67 0.56
5 0.89 0.87 0.84 0.80 0.73 0.65 0.54
10 0.85 0.84 0.81 0.77 0.71 0.64 0.53
20 0.80 0.78 0.76 0.73 0.68 0.61 0.51
40 0.72 0.72 0.70 0.67 0.63 0.57 0.48
80 0.63 0.63 0.61 0.59 0.56 0.51 0.44
160 0.53 0.53 0.52 0.50 0.47 0.44 0.38
1able 11: Parameters 8 and /
TCVN -1995

51
Basic 8 /
ZOY b h
ZOX 0.4a h
XOY b a

6.16. Buildings have I
1
I
need considering Iirst s oscillation mode when

calculating dynamic, s is determined Irom condition:
I
S
I
I
S1

6.17. Reliable coeIIicient oI wind load is 1.2 Ior assume service liIe oI
buildings and constructions are 50 years. When assume service liIe is
varies, calculated value oI wind load must be multiplied by the coeIIicient
in Table 12.
1able 12 - Coefficient to adjust wind load subject to varied assume service
life of building
Assume service liIe oI
building (year)
5 10 20 30 40 50
CoeIIicient to adjust
wind load
0.61 0.72 0.83 0.91 0.96 1

TCVN -1995

52
Appendix A
Method to define stress due to basic and special load combinations
1. When there are at least two load cases in the load combination, the total
internal Iorce X due to those loads (bending moment or torque moment, axial
Iorce or shear Iorce) will be deIined by Iormula:

m
i
i tci
m
i
tci
X X X
1
2 2
1
1 * (A.1)
Where
X
tci
- the stress is deIined by standard value oI each load, including
combination coeIIicient correspond to requirements at item 2.4.3
i
- reliable coeIIicient Ior each load
m - number oI load acting at the same time
2. II the loads induce 2 or 3 internal Iorces (X, Y, Z) at the same time (e.g.
normal-stress and bending moments in one or two direction) then in each load
combination, it should have 3 internal Iorce methods (X, Y, ), (Y, Z, X ), (Z,
X, ) in case oI 3 internal Iorces; 2 internal Iorce methods (X,Y), (Y,X) in
case oI 2 internal Iorces.
For method (X, Y, ), those internal Iorces are deIined by Iormulas:

m
i
i tci
m
i
tci
X X X
1
2 2
1
1 * (A.2)

m
i
i tci
m
i
i tci tci
m
i
tci
X
X

1
2 2
1
2 2
1
1 *
1 * *
(A.3)

m
i
i tci
m
i
i tci tci
m
i
tci
X
X

1
2 2
1
2 2
1
1 *
1 * *
(A.4)
Where:
X, Y, - the total internal Iorce that are induced by some temporary loads at
TCVN -1995

53
the same time. X
tci
, Y
tci
, Z
tci
- the internal Iorces are deIined according to
standard value oI each load including combination coeIIicient, Ior short-term
loads Iollow items 1, 4, 3, in case oI consideration about dynamic oI wind
load, Iollow item 5.13.
m,
i
- same as Iormula (A.1).
For method (Y, Z, X ) and (Z, X, ), internal Iorce is deIined according to
Iormula (A.2), (A.3) and (A.4) with permutation oI X, Y, Z.
In the Iormula (A.2), (A.3) and (A.4), the subtract sign (-) presents in case oI
deduction the absolute value oI internal Iorce, which is deIined by Iormula
(A.2) is dangerous, thus three Iormulas are under the same sign.
When establishing the load combination, in case the temporary load is
computed in order to bring about the extremum oI one oI internal Iorces, and
the others are obtained like as this consequence, thus the internal Iorce is
deIined by Iormula (A.2) and its correlative internal Iorces are deIined by
(A.3) and (A.4). For example, when establishing the load combination
(minimum axial Iorce and correlative moment), the minimum axial Iorce is
deIined by (A.2) and the correlative is deIined by moment by (A.3).
Aotes: Depending on the load combination to add the internal force due to
long-term load with bigger or smaller reliable coefficient (section 3.2)
TCVN -1995

54
Appendix B
List of bridge cranes with the different working conditions
1able B1
Working
condition
Type of bridge
cranes
Factories
ight

Medium

Heavy

Very
heavy
With hook Ior cargo

Hook has electric
trolley

With hook; types Ior
casting, Iorge, metal
temper.

With bucket; with
electromagnet; type oI
loading/unloading by
magnet bucket to bear
the cast block; type
Ior smashing to
pieces.
Maintenance workshop, machine
department oI thermo-electric Iactory.
Mechanical and assembly workshop oI
medium Iactory Ior mass manuIacture,
mechanical maintenance, packaged
cargo loading/unloading station.
Workshop oI huge Iactory Ior mass
manuIacture, non-packaged cargo
loading/unloading station, some
workshops in metallurgy Iactory
Workshops in metallurgy Iactory
Notes: the electric bridge crane works in medium working condition and the
hand-push bridge crane works in light working condition.
TCVN -1995

55
Appendix C
Load due to clash of bridge crane and stopper.
The standard horizontal load Py (10 KN), which arise by clash oI crane and
stopper and directs along crane way, is deIined by Iormula:
I
v * m
P
2
y

Where:
v - velocity oI crane at the moment oI clash, equal to nominal velocity
(m/s)
I - the maximum settlement oI the buIIer, equal to 0.1m Ior crane with soIt
wire and liIt capacity under 500 KN at light working condition, medium and
heavy working condition, equal to 0.2m Ior other cases.
m - equivalent weight oI crane, unit ton (10 KN), is deIined by Iormula:

k
k
M
M
l
* KQ P
2
P
*
g
1
m

Where:
g - gravity acceleration, equal to 9.81m/s2
PM - Crane`s weight, ton (10 KN).
PT - Trolley`s weight, ton (10 KN).
Q - Crane`s liIt capacity, ton (10 KN).
k -The coeIIicient, take equal to 0 Ior crane with soIt wire, 1 Ior crane with
hard wire.
k
- Crane`s range, m.
l - Distance between trolley and support, m.
The applied value oI load with reliable coeIIicient at section 5.8 is not larger
than the values, which are listed in below table C.1:
TCVN -1995

56
Table C.1
Specific characteristics Critical load, 10 KN
1. Crane operated by hand or electricity.
2. Versatile electric crane, medium and heavy
working condition with crane in casting workshop
3. Versatile electric crane, light working condition
4. Electric crane, very heavy working condition (in
metallurgy and special work)
- with soIt hook
- with hard hook
1

15
5

25
50
Appendix D
Map of wind pressure regions in Viet Nam
(See the scaned A3 paper)
TCVN -1995

57
Appendix E
1able E1 -Wind pressure region in administration.
!lace-name Region !lace-name Region
1. Ha Noi capital
- Urban
- Dong Anh district
- Gia am district
- Soc Son district
- Thanh Tri district
- Tu iem district
. Ho Chi Minh city
- Urban
- Binh Chanh district
- Can Gio district
- Cu Chi district
- Hoc Mon district
- Nha Be district
- Thu Duc district
. Hai !hong city
- Urban
- Do Son town
- Kien An town
- An Hai district
- An ao district
- Cat Hai district
- Bach ong Vi island
- Kien Thuy district
- Thuy Nguyen district
- Tien ang district
- Vinh Bao district
4. An Giang province
- ong Xuyen town
- Chau Doc town
- An Phu district
- Chau Thanh district
- Chau Phu district
- Cho Moi island
- Cho Moi district
- Phu Tan district
- Tan Chau district
- Tinh Bien district

II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B

II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A

IV.B
IV.B
IV.B
IV.B
IV.B
IV.B
V.B
IV.B
III.B
IV.B
IV.B

I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A

- Thoai Son district
- Tri Ton district
5. Ba Ria - Vung Tau
- Vung Tau city
- Con Dao district
- ong Dat district
- Xuyen Moc district
. Bac Thai
- Thai Nguyen city
- Bac Can town
- Song Cong town
- Cho Don district
- Bach Thong district
- Dai Tu district
- Dinh Hoa district
- Dong Hy district
- Na Ri district
- Pho Yen district
- Phu Binh district
- Phu uong district
- Vo Nhai district
. Ben Tre
- Ben Tre town
- Ba Tri district
- Binh Dai district
- Cho ach district
- Giong Trom district
- Mo Cay district
- Thanh Phu district
. Binh Dinh
- Qui Nhon city
- An Nhon district
- An ao district
- Hoai An district
- Hoai Nhon district

I.A
I.A

II.A
II.A
III.A
II.A
II.A

II.B
I.A
II.B
I.A
I.A
II.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
II.B
II.B
I.A
I.A

II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A

III.B
III.B
II.B (I.A)
II.B
III.B
TCVN -1995

58
Table E1 (Continued)

- Phu Cat district
- Phu My district
- Tay Son district
- Tuy Phuoc district
- Van Canh district
- Vinh Thanh district
9. Binh Thuan
- Phan Thiet town
- Bac Binh district
- Duc inh district
- Ham Tan district
- Ham Thuan (South)
- Ham Thuan (North)
- Phu Qui district
- Tanh inh district
- Tuy Phong district
10. Cao Bang
- Cao Bang town
- Ba Be district
- Bao ac district
- Ha Quang district
- Ha ang district
- Hoa An district
- Ngan Son district
- Nguyen Binh district
- Quang Hoa district
- Thach An district
- Thong Nong district
- Tra inh district
- Trung Khanh district
11. Can Tho
- Can Tho city
- ong My district
- O mon district
- Phung Hiep district
- Thot Not district
- Vi Thanh district

III.B
III.B
II.B (I.A)
III.B
II.B
I.A

II.A
II.A (I.A)
I.A
II.A
II.A
I.A (II.A)
III.A
I.A
II.A

I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A

II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A (I.A)
II.A
I.A
II.A

1. Dac Lac
- Buon Ma Thuat town
- Cu Giut district
- Cu M`ga district
- Dac Min district
- Dac Nong district
- Dac Rlap district
- E Ca district
- E H`leo district
- E Sup district
- Krong Ana district
- Krong Bong district
- Krong Buc district
- Krong Nang district
- Krong No district
- Krong Pac district
- ac district
- Mo Drac district
1. Dong Nai
- Bien Hoa city
- Vinh An town
- Dinh Quan district
- ong Khanh district
- ong Thanh district
- Tan Phu district
- Thong Nhat district
- Xuan oc district
14. Dong Thap
- Cao anh town
- Cao anh district
- Hong Ngu district
- ai Vung district
- Tam Nong district
- Tan Hong district
- Thanh Binh district
- Thanh Hung district
- Thap Muoi district

I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A

I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A (II.A)
II.A
I.A
I.A
I.A

I.A
I.A
II.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A

TCVN -1995

59
15. Gia Lai
- Play Cu town
- A Dun Pa district
- An Khe district
- Chu Pa district
- Chu Prong district
- Chu Se district
- Duc Co district
- K Bang district
- Krong Chro district
- Krong Pa district
- Mang Giang district
1. Ha Bac
- Bac Giang town
- Bac Ninh town
- Gia uong district
- Hiep Hoa district
- ang Giang district
- uc Nam district
- uc Ngan district
- Que Vo district
- Son Dong district
- Tan Yen district
- Tien Son district
- Thuan Thanh district
- Viet Yen district
- Yen Dung district
- Yen Phong district
- Yen The district
1. Ha Giang
- Ha Giang town
- Bac Me district
- Bac Quang district
- Dong Van district
- Hoang Su Phi district
- Meo Vac district
- Quan Ba district
- Vi Xuyen district
- Xin Man district
- Yen Min district

I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A

II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
I.A

I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
1. Ha Tay
- Ha Dong town
- Son Tay town
- Ba Vi district
- Chuong My district
- Dan Phuong district
- Hoai Duc district
- My Duc district
- Phu Xuyen district
- Phuc Tho district
- Quoc Oai district
- Thach That district
- Thanh Oai district
- Thuong Tin district
- Ung Hoa district
19. Ha Tinh
- Ha Tinh town
- Hong inh town
- Cam oc district
- Cam Xuyen district
- Duc Tho district
- Huong Khe district
- Huong Son district
- Ky Anh district
- Nghi Xuan district
- Thach Ha district
0. Hai Hung
- Hai Duong town
- Hung Yen town
- Cam Binh district
- Chau Giang district
- Kim Mon district
- Kim Thi district
- My Van district
- Chi inh district
- Nam Thanh district
- Ninh Thanh district
- Phu Tien district
- Tu oc district

II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B

IV.B
IV.B
IV.B
IIIB(IVB)
II.B
I.A (II.B)
I.A (II.B)
IIIB(IVB)
IV.B
IV.B

III.B
III.B
III.B
II.B
II.B
III.B
II.B
II.B
III.B
III.B
III.B
III.B

TCVN -1995

60

1. Hoa Binh
- Hoa Binh town
- Da Bac district
- Kim Boi district
- Ky Son district
- ac Thuy district
- ac Son district
- uong Son district
- Mai Chau district
- Tan ac district
- Yen Thuy district
. Khanh Hoa
- Nha Trang city
- Cam Ranh district
- Dien Khanh district
- Khanh Son district
- Khanh Vinh district
- Ninh Hoa district
- Truong Sa district
. Kien Giang
- Rach Gia town
- An Bien district
- An Minh district
- Giong Rieng district
- Go Quao district
- Ha Tien district
- Hon Dat district
- Kien Hai district
- Phu Quoc district
- Tan Hiep district
4. Kon Tum
- Kon Tum town
- Dac Glay district
- Vinh Thuan district
- Dac To district
- Kon Plong district
- Ngoc Hoi district
- Sa Thay district

I.A
I.A
II.B
I.A
II.B
II.B
II.B
I.A
I.A
II.B

II.A
II.A
II.A
I.A
I.A
II.A
III.B

I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
II.A
II.A
I.A
I.A
II.A
III.A
I.A

I.A
I.A
II.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
5. Lai Chau
- Dien Bien Phu town
- ai Chau town
- Dien Bien district
- Muong lay district
- Muong Te district
- Phong Tho district
- Tua Chua district
- Tuan Giao district
- Sin Ho district
. Lam Dong
- Da at city
- Bao oc town
- Cat Tien district
- Di inh district
- Da Hoai district
- Da Te district
- Don Duong district
- Duc Trong district
- ac Duong district
- am Ha district
. Lang Son
- ang Son town
- Bac Son district
- Binh Gia district
- Cao oc district
- Chi ang district
- Dinh ap district
- Huu ung district
- oc Binh district
- Trang Dinh district
- Van ang district
- Van Quan district
. Lao Cai
- ao Cai town
- Bac Ha district
- Bao Thang district
- Bao Yen district
- Bat Xat district

I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A

I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A

I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A

I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A

TCVN -1995

61

- Muong Khuong district
- Sa Pa district
- Than Uyen district
- Van Ban district
9. Long An
- Tan An town
- Ben uc district
- Can Duoc district
- Can Giuoc district
- Duc Hoa district
- Duc Hue district
- Moc Hoa district
- Tan Thanh district
- Tan Tru district
- Thach Hoa district
- Thu Thua district
- Vinh Hung district
0. Minh Hai
- Bac ieu town
- Ca Mau town
- Cai Nuoc district
- Dam Doi district
- Gia Rai district
- Hong Dan district
- Ngoc Hien district
- Thoi Binh district
- Tran Van Thoi district
- U Minh district
- Vinh oi district
1. Nam Ha
- Nam Dinh city
- Ha Nam town
- Binh uc district
- Duy Tien district
- Hai Hau district
- Kim Bang district
- y Nhan district
- Nam Ninh district
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A

II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
II.A
I.A
II.A
I.A

II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A

IV.B
III.B
IIIB(IVB)
III.B
IV.B
III.B
III.B
IV.B
- Nghia Hung district
- Thanh iem district
- Vu Ban district
- Xuan Thuy district
- Y Yen district
. Nghe An
- Vinh city
- Anh Son district
- Con Cuong district
- Dien Chau district
- Do uong district
- Hung Nguyen district
- Ky Son district
- Nam Dan district
- Nghi oc district
- Nghia Dan district
- Que Phong district
- Qui Chau district
- Qui Hop district
- Quynh uu district
- Tan Ky district
- Thanh Chuong district
- Tuong Duong district
- Yen Thanh district
. Ninh Binh
- Ninh Binh town
- Tam Diep town
- Gia Vien district
- Hoa u district
- Hoang ong district
- Kim Son district
- Tam Diep district
4. Ninh Thuan
- Phan Rang - Thap
Cham town
- Ninh Hai district
- Ninh Phuoc district
- Ninh Son district
IV.B
III.B
IV.B
IV.B
IV.B

III.B
I.A
I.A
III.B
II.B
III.B
I.A
II.B
III.B
II.B
I.A
I.A
I.A
III.B
I.A
II.B
I.A
II.B

IV.B
IV.B
III.B
III.B
III.B
IV.B
IV.B

II.A
II.A
II.A
I.A

TCVN -1995

62

5. !hu Yen
- Tuy Hoa town
- Dong Xuan district
- Song Cau district
- Song Hinh district
- Son Hoa district
- Tuy An district
- Tuy Hoa district
. "uang Binh
- Dong Hoi town
- Bo Trach district
- e Thuy district
- Minh Hoa district
- Quang Ninh district
- Quang Trach district
- Tuyen Hoa district
. "uang Nam-Da Nang
- Da Nang city
- Tam Ky town
- Hoi An town
- Duy Xuyen district
- Dai oc district
- Dien Ban district
- Giang district
- Hien district
- Hiep Duc district
- Hoang Sa district
- Hoa Vang district
- Nui Thanh district
- Phuoc Son district
- Que Son district
- Tien Phuoc district
- Thang Binh district
- Tra My district
. "uang Ngai
- Quang Ngai town
- Ba To district
- Binh Son district
- Duc Pho district

III.B
II.B
III.B
I.A
I.A
III.B
II.B (III.B)

III.B
I.A (II.B)
IA(II.B,IIIB)
I.A
III.B
II.B
II.B

II.B
II.B
III.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
I.A
I.A
II.B
V.B
II.B
III.B
I.A
II.B
II.B
III.B
I.A

III.B
I.A
III.B
III.B
- Minh ong district
- Mo Duc district
- Nghia Hanh district
- Son Ha district
- Son Tinh district
- Tra Bong district
- Tu Nghia district
9. "uang Ninh
- Cam Pha town
- Hon Gai town
- Uong Bi town
- Ba Che district
- Binh ieu district
- Cam Pha district
- Dong Trieu district
- Hai Ninh district
- Hoanh Bo district
- Quang Ha district
- Tien Yen district
- Yen Hung district
40. "uang Tri
- Dong Ha town
- Quang Tri town
- Cam o district
- Gio inh district
- Hai ang district
- Huong Hoa district
- Trieu Phong district
- Vinh inh district
41. Soc Trang
- Soc Trang town
- Ke Sach district
- ong Phu district
- My Tu district
- My Xuyen district
- Thanh Tri district
- Vinh Chau district
4. Song Be
- Thu Dau Mot town
II.B
III.B
II.B
I.A
II.B
I.A
II.B

III.B
III.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
IV.B
II.B
III.B
II.B
III.B
II.B
IV.B

II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
I.A
III.B
II.B

II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A

I.A

TCVN -1995

63

- Ben Cat district
- Binh ong district
- Bu Dang district
- Dong Phu district
- oc Ninh district
- Phuoc ong district
- Tan Uyen district
- Thuan An district
4. Son La
- Son a town
- Bac Yen district
- Mai Son district
- Moc Chau district
- Muong a district
- Phu Yen district
- Quynh Nhai district
- Thuan Chau district
- Song Ma district
- Yen Chau district
44. Tay Ninh
- Tay Ninh town
- Ben Cau district
- Duong Minh Chau district
- Go Dau district
- Hoa Thanh district
- Tan Bien district
- Tan Chau district
- Trang Bang district
45. Thai Binh
- Thai Binh town
- Dong Hung district
- Kien Xuong district
- Hung Ha district
- Quynh Phu district
- Thai Thuy district
- Tien Hai district
- Vu Thu district

I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A

I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A

I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A

IV.B
IV.B
IV.B
IV.B
IV.B
IV.B
IV.B
IV.B
4. Thanh Hoa
- Thanh Hoa city
- Bim Son town
- Sam Son town
- Ba Thuoc district
- Cam Thuy district
- Dong Son district
- Ha Trung district
- Hau oc district
- Hoang Hoa district
- ang Chanh district
- Nga Son district
- Ngoc ac district
- Nong Cong district
- Nhu Xuan district
- Quan Hoa district
- Quang Xuong district
- Tinh Gia district
- Thach Thanh district
- Trieu Yen district
- Tho Xuan district
- Thuong Xuan district
- Trieu Son district
- Vinh oc district
4. Thua Thien Hue
- Hue city
- A uoi district
- Huong Tra district
- Huong Thuy district
- Nam Dong district
- Phong Dien district
- Phu oc district
- Phu Vang district
- Quang Dien district
4. Tien Giang
- My Tho city
- Go Cong town
- Cai ay district

III.B
IV.B
IV.B
II.B
II.B
III.B
III.B
IV.B
IV.B
II.B
IV.B
II.B
III.B
II.B
I.A
III.B
III.B
III.B
III.B
II.B
II.B
II.B
III.B

II.B
I.A
II.B
II.B
I.A
III.B
II.B
III.B
III.B

II.A
II.A
II.A

TCVN -1995

64

- Cai Be district
- Cho Gao district
- Go Cong Dong district
- Go Cong Tay district
49. Tra Vinh
- Tra Vinh town
- Cang ong district
- Cau Ke district
- Cau Ngang district
- Duyen Hai district
- Tieu Can district
- Tra Cu district
50. Tuyen "uang
- Tuyen Quang town
- Chiem Hoa district
- Ham Yen district
- Na Hang district
- Son Duong district
- Yen Son district
51. Vinh Long
- Vinh ong town
- Binh Minh district
- ong Ho district
- Mang Thit district
- Tam Binh district
- Tra On district
- Vung iem district
5. Vinh !hu
- Viet Tri city
- Phu Tho town
- Vinh Yen town
- Doan Hung district
- Me inh district
- ap Thach district
- Phong Chau district

II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A

II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A

I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A

II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A
II.A

II.A
II.A
II.B
I.A
II.B
II.A
II.A

- Song Thao district
- Tam Dao district
- Tam Thanh district
- Thanh Hoa district
- Thanh Son district
- Vinh ac district
- Yen ap district
5. Yen Bai:
- Yen Bai town
- uc Yen district
- Mu Cang Chai district
- Tram Tau district
- Tran Yen district
- Van Chan district
- Van Yen district
- Yen Binh district
I.A
II.B
II.B
I.A
I.A
II.B
I.A

I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A
I.A

TCVN -1995

65
Appendix F
Wind pressure for meteorological stations
at mountain and island regions
The independent values oI meteorological stations, which are listed in table F1,
F2, are wind pressure with construction`s assumed service period oI 5, 10, 20 and
50 years.
1able F1: Wind pressure from some meteorological stations at mountain
region, applied for item .4.3.
Meteorological
station
Wind pressure corresponding to the cycle, daN/m
5 years 10 years 0 years 50 years
1. An Khe
2. Bac Can
3. Bac Son
4. Bao oc
5. Chiem Hoa
6. Con Cuong
7. Da at
8. Dac Nong
9. Ha Giang
10. Hoa Binh
11. Hoi Xuan
12. Huong Khe
13. Kon Tum
14. ac Son
15. uc Ngan
16. uc Yen
17. M`Drac
18. Playku
19. Phu Ho
20. Sinh Ho
21. Tua Chua
22. Than Uyen
23. That Khe
59
67
49
45
60
42
47
48
58
55
57
58
40
59
70
65
70
61
60
64
41
62
60
69
78
57
52
70
47
53
54
68
65
66
67
46
69
83
76
81
70
69
75
47
73
73
80
90
65
59
81
54
60
60
79
74
76
77
53
79
97
88
93
79
79
87
53
85
87
95
107
76
69
97
63
70
69
94
88
91
91
61
94
117
104
109
93
92
104
62
102
107
TCVN -1995

66
24. Tuyen Hoa
25. Tuong Duong
26. Yen Bai
62
52
58
72
61
68
83
71
77
98
86
91

1able F2: Wind pressure from some meteorological stations at island region,
applied for item .4.3.
Meteorological
station
Wind pressure corresponding to the cycle, daN/m
5 years 10 years 0 years 50 years
1. Bach ong Vi
2. Co To
3. Con Co
4. Con Son
5. Hon Dau
6. Hon Ngu
7. Hoang Sa
8. Phu Quoc
9. Phu Qui
10. Truong Sa
147
130
95
81
131
94
86
103
83
103
173
153
114
94
154
110
102
123
97
119
201
177
135
108
178
128
120
145
110
136
241
213
165
128
214
153
145
175
130
160

TCVN -1995

67
Appendix G
Method to define the height standard level for building and construction
When looking Ior coeIIicient k in table 5, iI the ground surrounding construction
is not Ilat then the standard level to calculate the height z is Iollowing:
1. In case the slope oI ground i 0.3, the height z is Irom base level to the
current level.
2. In case the slope oI ground 0.3 i 2, the height z is Irom the convention
level Zo, which is lower than ground level, to the current level.
The convention level Zo is deIined by Iigure G1.
H 3H
H
B
C
D
Zo Z2
Z
o
Zo
Zo Z1
A
Z1
0
.
3

2
Z
o
Z2
Figure G1
On the leIt oI point A: Z
o
Z
1

On the section BC: Z
o
H(2 I)/1.7
On the right oI point D: Z
o
Z
2

On the section AB and CD: Zo is deIined by interpolation
3. In case the slope oI ground i K 2, the convention level Zo to calculate the
height z is lower than ground level, which is deIined by Iigure G2.
TCVN -1995

68
H 3H
H
B
C
D
Zo Z2
Z
o
Zo
Zo Z1
A
Z1
Figure G2
Z2
i

~

2
On the leIt oI point C: Z
o
Z
1

On the right oI point D: Z
o
Z
2

On the section CD: Zo is deIined by interpolation

Standard TCVN 2737-1995 Loads and Effects - Design Standard

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TCVN VIETNAM STANDARD

TCVN 2737 : 1995

deIining in Article 6.14 are determined according

and constructions have I

need checking aerodynamic

need considering Iirst s oscillation mode when

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